[Female], 3.6. [Male], _summer_. Back of head and nape, spreading on
to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with
brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually
tinged with yellow. [Male], _winter_. Less distinctly streaked above;
cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less
tipped with yellowish. [Female], _summer_. Crown and back uniformly
streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray. [Female], _winter_.
Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish.
Range.--Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin
and San Joaquin Counties, California.
[Illustration: 474f.]
=474f. Ruddy Horned Lark= (_O. a. rubea_). Similar to No. 472e, but
nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than
in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with
blackish and more ruddy in tone, _not_ sharply defined from nape;
yellow areas richer in color.
Range.--Sacramento County, California.
[Illustration: 474g.]
=474g. Streaked Horned Lark= (_O. a. strigata_). Cinnamon areas less
extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back
_distinctly and widely_ streaked with blackish; forehead, line over
eye, throat and _breast_ washed with yellow.
Range--"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the
Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, south
to northern California." (Oberholser.)
=474h. Scorched Horned Lark= (_O. a. adusta_). W. [Male], 4; [Female],
3.8. Nearest to No. 474l, but the male differs in being nearly uniform
pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks;
color deeper, browner, more ruddy.
Range.--"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in
winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.)
=474i. Dusky Horned Lark= (_O. a. merrilli_). W. [Male], 4; [Female],
3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the
eye usually tinged with yellow.
Range.--"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British
Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada,
northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains
to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to
central California." (Oberholser.)
=474j. Sonoran Horned Lark= (_O. a. pallida_). W. [Male], 3.8;
[Female], 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged
with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with
yellowish. Resembles No. 474l, but is still paler.
Range,--"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of
California, Mexico." (Oberholser.)
=474l. Montezuma Horned Lark= (_O. a. occidentalis_). W. [Male], 4;
[Female], 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish
edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye
tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above;
differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above.
Range.--"In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in
winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast
Texas." (Oberholser.)
=474m. Island Horned Lark= (_O. a. insularis_). Similar to No. 474g,
but slightly darker above, breast usually _without_ a yellow tinge.
Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, California.
[Illustration: 446.]
=446. Couch Kingbird= (_Tyrannus melancholicus couchii_). L. 9.5.
_Ads._ Throat _white_, breast and belly yellow, tail _dark brown_;
crown gray with an orange patch, back grayish green; _Yng._ Similar,
but no crown-patch.
Range.--Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas.
[Illustration: 447.]
=447. Arkansas Kingbird= (_Tyrannus verticalis_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat
_light gray_ spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail _black_,
outer margin of outer feather _wholly white_; above resembling No.
446. _Yng._ With no crown-patch. _Notes._ Squeaky, rattling, rolling
notes; a noisy bird.
Range.--Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100A deg., north
to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to
the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America.
[Illustration: 448.]
=448. Cassin Kingbird= (_Tyrannus vociferans_). L. 9. _Ads._ Throat
and breast _dark gray_, belly yellow; tail black, outer web of outer
feather not wholly white; above as in No. 447. _Yng._ With no
crown-patch. _Notes._ Less noisy than No. 447. (Bendire.)
Range.--Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through
Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to southern
Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters south of
United States to Central America.
[Illustration: 449.]
=449. Derby Flycatcher= (_Pitangus derbianus_). L. 11. _Ads._ Back
brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch;
forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below
yellow. _Notes._ _Kiskadee_, repeated. (Richmond.)
Range.--Northern South America; breeds north as far as
Lower Rio Grande, Texas.
[Illustration: 451.]
=451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher= (_Myiodynastes luteiventris_). L. 8.
Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow
crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back
grayish brown streaked with dusky. _Yng._ With no crown-patch.
_Notes._ A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single
note. (Poling.)
Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona.
=452. Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus crinitus_). L. 9. Inner webs of
all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. _Ads._ Throat and breast
gray, belly _bright_ sulphur; back grayish _olive-green_; greenest
above and yellowest below of our larger _Myiarchi_. _Notes._ Loud,
chuckling, grating whistles.
Range.--Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida
and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern
Florida south to northern South America.
[Illustration: 453.]
=453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus mexicanus_). L. 9.2;
W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. _Ads._
Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back
grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. _Notes._ Resemble those
of No. 452. (Merrill.)
Range.--Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande,
Texas.
[Illustration: 453a.]
=453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher= (_M. m. magister_). Similar to
No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler.
Range.--"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest
New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico."
[Illustration: 454.]
=454. Ash-throated Flycatcher= (_Myiarchus cinerascens_). L. 8.; W. 4.
Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair
dusky at tip of inner web. _Ads._ Throat and breast pale grayish
white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web
of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our _Myiarchi_.
_Notes._ A rather resonant but wooden _chA"ck-pr-r-r-r_.
Range.--Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower
California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico
and Central America.
[Illustration: 454a.]
=454a. Nutting Flycatcher= (_M. c. nuttingi_). Similar to No. 454,
but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish,
tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky.
Range.--Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in
Central America.
=454b. Lower California Flycatcher= (_M. c. pertinax_). Similar to
No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less
yellow. (Brewster.)
Range.--Lower California.
=455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher= (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7.
_Ads._ Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers
margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish,
back grayish olive-green. _Notes._ A short mournful _peeur_.
Range.--Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona;
winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado.
Perching Birds Marked With Chestnut or Reddish Brown
[Illustration: 587.]
=587. Towhee; Chewink= (_Pipilo erythrophthalmus_). L. 8. Three outer
tail-feathers with white; iris red. _Ad._ [Male]. Above and breast
black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. _Ad._ [Female]. Above and
breast brown. Call, _chewink_ or _towheA(C)_; song, a loud, not over
musical _sweet bird sin-n-ng_, and a tremulous refrain _I'll try_.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia
and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from
Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas.
=587a. White-eyed Towhee= (_P. e. alleni_). Similar to No. 587, but
iris whitish; only two outer tail-feathers with white tips, or if on
third, a mere spot. _Notes._ Call, _towhee_, much sharper than that of
No. 587.
Range.--Florida, north along coast to South Carolina.
=588. Arctic Towhee= (_Pipilo maculatus arcticus_). L. 8.7. _Ad._
[Male]. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars
and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with
brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white
markings than in [Male]. _Notes._ Call, a Catbird-like _mew_; song,
suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical.
Range.--Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North
Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado,
Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas.
[Illustration: 588a.]
=588a. Spurred Towhee= (_P. m. megalonyx_). Similar to No. 588, but
blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on
back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather _less_ than 1.3
long.
Range.--Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from
Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range.
=588b. Oregon Towhee= (_P. m. oregonus_). Similar to No. 588a, but
darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much
deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer
tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper.
Range.--Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters
south to southern California.
=588c. San Clemente Towhee= (_P. m. clementA|_). Similar to No. 588a,
but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown.
(Ridgw.)
Range.--"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina
Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.)
=288d. San Diego Towhee= (_P. m. atratus_). Similar to No. 588a,
but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc.,
more restricted; rump deep black.
Range.--The southern coast district of southern California, south
into Lower California. (Ridgw.)
=588e. Mountain Towhee= (_P. m. magnirostris_). Similar to No. 588,
but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged
with olive. (Brewster.)
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.
=589. Guadalupe Towhee= (_Pipilo consobrinus_). Similar to No. 588b
in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter,
W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; _Ad._ [Male] sooty rather
than black. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Guadalupe Island, Lower California.
[Illustration: 457.]
=457. Say PhA"be= (_Sayornis saya_). L. 7.5. _Ads._ Breast rusty gray
changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail
_black_. _Notes._ A plaintive _phee-eur_; a short, plaintive,
twittering warble. (Bendire.)
Range.--Western North America, east to about Long. 100A deg.: breeds from
southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska;
winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and
Massachusetts.
[Illustration: 591.]
=591. Canon Towhee= (_Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus_). L. 9.; W. 3.7.
_Ads._ Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered
by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon.
_Notes._ Calls, a loud, metallic _chip_ repeated four times; in flight
a robin-like _screep-eep-eep_.
Range.--Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley,
Colorado, and Arizona; resident.
=591a. St. Lucas Towhee= (_P. f. albigula_). W. 3.3. Similar to
No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon.
Range.--Southern Lower California.
=591b. California Towhee= (_P. f. crissalis_) W. 3.9. Similar to
No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts
rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly.
Range.--California, west of the Sierra.
=591c. Anthony Towhee= (_P. f. senicula_). W. 3.7. Similar to
No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter.
Range.--Northern Lower California north to southern California.
[Illustration: 592.]
=592. Abert Towhee= (_Pipilo aberti_). L. 9. _Ads._ No crown-cap;
lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown.
_Notes._ Call, a loud, clear, sharp _chirp_. Song, resembling that of
the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.)
Range.--Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico,
north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah.
[Illustration: 506.]
=506. Orchard Oriole= (_Icterus spurius_) L. 7.3. _Ad._ [Male]. Black:
breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. _Ad._ [Female].
Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. _Yng.
Male._ First fall like [Female]; first spring like [Male], but throat
black. _Notes._ Song much richer and more finished than that of the
orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily
recognizable.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida
and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota;
winters in Central America and northern South America.
[Illustration: 592.1.]
=592.1. Green-tailed Townee= (_Oreospiza chlorura_). L. 7. _Ads._
Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen
white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown
reddish chestnut. _Notes._ Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song,
musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow.
Range.--Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies
to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and
eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 643.]
=643. Lucy Warbler= (_Helminthophila luciA|_). L. 4.2. _Ad._ [Male].
Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below
whitish. _Ad._ [Female]. Chocolate areas smaller. _Yng._ No chocolate
in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon.
Range.--Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and
southwestern Utah.
[Illustration: 660.]
=660. Bay-breasted Warbler= (_Dendroica castanea_). L. 5.6. _Ad._
[Male]. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of
neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. _Ad._
[Female]. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. _Yng. and Ad. in Winter._
Above olive-green streaked with black; below _buffy_ white, the flanks
usually with a trace of chestnut. _Notes._ Song, a very soft warble,
_tse-chee_, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact
spelling. (Langille.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and
northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in
Central and northern South America.
[Illustration: 596.]
=596. Black-headed Grosbeak= (_Zamelodia melanocephala_). L. 8.1.
_Ad._ [Male]. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts
bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch
in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers
white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with
black spots. _Ad._ [Female]. Under wing-coverts yellow as in [Male];
above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. _Yng._ [Male].
Like [Female] but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of
crown blacker. _Notes._ Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted
Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent.
Range.--Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico
north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States
into Mexico.
[Illustration: 761.]
_761. American Robin_ (_Merula migratoria_). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8.
Outer tail-feathers with white tips. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast and belly
rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. _Ad._
[Female]. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. _Winter._
Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed
by ashy. _Notes._ Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud,
hearty, _cheer-up cheerily_, _cheerily_, _cheerily_, repeated and
varied.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to
Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia;
winters from northern States southward.
=761a. Western Robin= (_M. m. propinqua_). Similar to No. 761, but
no white tips to tail-feathers. _Ad._ [Male]. Without black spots
in back.
Range.--Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the
Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and
southern Colorado southward.
=761b. Southern Robin= (_M. m. achrustera_). Similar to No. 761, but
smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5.
(Batchelder.)
Range.--Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands
of Virginia.
[Illustration: 762.]
=762. St. Lucas Robin= (_Merula confinis_). Resembling No. 761 in plan
of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no
black in head.
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.
[Illustration: 763.]
=763. Varied Thrush= (_Ixoreus nA|vius_). L. 10; W. 4.7. _Ad._ [Male].
Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above
slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers
with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band
with rusty. _Ad._ [Female]. Paler below, breast-band faintly
indicated; above washed with brownish. _Notes._ Song, a weird vibrant,
long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes.
Range.--Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California
north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast.
=763a. Pale Varied Thrush= (_I. n. meruloides_). Similar to No. 763,
but wing longer, 5.1; [Female] paler and grayer. (Grinnell.)
Range.--- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in
winter, through interior, to southern California.
Perching Birds Chiefly Dull Colored
[Illustration: 456.]
=456. PhA"be= (_Sayornis phA"be_). L. 7. _Ads._ Above grayish olive,
crown _blackish_; outer web of outer tail-feather _whitish_; below
white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill _black_.
_Yng._ Greener above, yellower below. _Notes._ _Pewit-phA"be_,
_pewit-phA"be_; call, _pee_, _pee_, rarely a flight song.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South
Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters
from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico.
[Illustration: 459.]
=459. Olive-sided Flycatcher= (_Nuttalornis borealis_). L. 7.4. _Ads._
Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most
of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown
darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ _Hip-hip_ or _quilp-quilp_,
less often a loud, emphatic _whip-pA(C)w-hip_. (Head.)
Range.--North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern
New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the
Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South
America.
[Illustration: 460.]
=460. Coues Flycatcher= (_Contopus pertinax pallidiventris_). L. 7.7.
_Ads._ Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown
slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. _Notes._ A plaintive musical
four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly
human-like quality.
Range.--Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south
of United States.
[Illustration: 461.]
=461. Wood Pewee= (_Contopus virens_). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. _Ads._ Above
dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly
yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. _Yng._ Greener above, yellower
below. _Notes._ _Pee-a-wee_, _peer_ and _pee_; all plaintive and
musical.
Range.--Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from
Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in
Central America.
[Illustration: 462.]
=462. Western Wood Pewee= (_Contopus richardsonii_). Similar to
No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less
yellow; under mandible brownish. _Notes._ A nasal, rather
emphatic _pAe"Ae"-a_.
Range.--Western United States, east to about Long. 100A deg.; breeds from
western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and
British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America.
=462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee= (_C. r. peninsulA|_). Similar to
No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from
nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.)
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California.
[Illustration: 466.]
=466. Traill Flycatcher= (_Empidonax traillii_). Similar to No. 466a,
but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill
averaging narrower.
Range.--Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern
California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas,
Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics.
=466a. Alder Flycatcher= (_E. t. alnorum_). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. _Ads._
Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and
sides faintly washed with yellow; above _brownish_ olive-green;
wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. _Notes._ _PAe•p_ of
alarm, and an explosive _Ae"Ae"-zAe"Ae"-e-A"p_ with stress on the rasping
_zAe"Ae"_. (Dwight.)
Range.--Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern
New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics.
[Illustration: 467.]
=467. Least Flycatcher= (_Empidonax minimus_). 5.4; W. 2.5. _Ads._
Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked.
_Yng._ Wing-bars more buffy. _Notes._ a vigorous _chebec_, _chebec_;
rarely a flight song, "_chebec_, _tooral-ooral_."
Range.--Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern
Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies)
north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central
America.
[Illustration: 468.]
=468. Hammond Flycatcher= (_Empidonax hammondi_). L. 5.5. _Ads._ Bill
smallest of our _Empidonaces, lower_ mandible _brown_; _throat_ and
breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above
grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller,
lower mandible browner, throat grayer.
Range.--Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico,
Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico.
[Illustration: 469.]
=469. Wright Flycatcher= (_Empidonax wrightii_). Similar to No. 468,
but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our
_Empidonaces_; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer
web of outer tail-feather white.
Range.--Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds
from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north
to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico.