_Ad._ [Male]. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered behind by ashy; back
olive-green; throat and breast yellow, belly whitish washed with
yellow, sides brownish. _Ad._ [Female]. No black mask; above dull
olive-green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or less washed
with yellow, belly whitish, sides brownish. _Yng._ [Male]. Similar to
Ad. [Male], but browner; breast yellow; cheeks and forehead with more
or less half-concealed black. _Notes._ Calls, _pit_, _chit_, or
_chack_; song, variable, often _wichity_, _wichity_, _wichity_.
Range.--"Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in
Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania
(Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in
upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; ... south in winter to
Bahamas ..." (Ridgw.)
=681a. Western Yellow-throat= (_G. t. occidentalis_). Similar to
No. 681d, but yellow below richer, border of mask whiter and broader.
Range.--Arid western United States; east to western portions of Great
Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern
California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern
Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St.
Lucas. (Ridgw.)
=681b. Florida Yellow-throat= (_G. t. ignota_). Similar to No. 681d,
but yellow below more extended and deeper, sides browner; black mask
wider; upperparts, especially hindhead, browner.
Range.--South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States from
southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf lowlands to
eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina
southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.)
=681c. Pacific Yellow-throat= (_G. t. arizela_). Similar to No. 681a,
but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, color duller, whitish margin
of mask narrower, yellow usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.)
Range.--"Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward;
breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to
Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." (Ridgw.)
=681d. Northern Yellow-throat= (_G. t. brachidactyla_). Similar to
No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. _Ad._ [Male]. More yellow
below, more olive-green above. _Ad._ [Female]. Usually with yellow
below brighter and more extended. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to
Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and south
through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States and
east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Central America.
(Ridgw.)
=681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat= (_G. t. sinuosa_). Similar to
No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly darker, especially on sides
and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw.)
Range.--Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California.
[Illustration: 682.]
=682. Belding Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis beldingi_). L. 5.7. _Ad._
[Male]. Black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow;
rest of plumage much as in No. 681a. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to [Male]
of No. 681, but larger.
Range.--Lower California.
[Illustration: 682.1.]
=682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat= (_Geothlypis poliocephala_). L. 5.7.
_Ads._ Lores and forehead black, crown gray, back olive-green;
underparts yellow.
Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into Mexico.
[Illustration: 645.]
=645. Nashville Warbler= (_Helminthophila rubricapilla_). L. 4.8.
No wing-bars; no white in tail. _Ad._ [Male]. A chocolate crown-patch;
rest of head and cheeks bluish gray; a white eye-ring; back
olive-green; below bright yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but
little or no chocolate in crown; yellow duller. _Yng._ Head
brownish; underparts washed with brownish, particularly on throat
and flanks. _Notes._ Song, _ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee_,
_chip-ee-chip-ee-chip_, first half like Black and White Warbler's,
second half like Chipping Sparrow's. (Langille.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York,
Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay
region; winters south of United States.
=645a. Calaveras Warbler= (_H. r. gutturalis_). Similar to No. 645,
but rump brighter; underparts richer yellow.
Range.--Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from the
Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern
Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico; southeast to
Texas. (Ridgw.)
[Illustration: 648.]
=648. Parula Warbler= (_Compsothlypis americana_). L. 4.5; W. 2.3.
_Ad._ [Male]. Above grayish blue, a _yellowish patch in the back_;
breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish
band; belly, wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white.
_Ad._ [Female]. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no chestnut.
_Notes._ A short, little, guttural, lisping trill.
Range.--Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas north
near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount Carmel,
Illinois (Brewst.); winters from Gulf States southward.
=648a. Northern Parula Warbler= (_C. a. usneA|_). Similar to No. 648,
but bill averaging slightly smaller, the wing longer, 2.4; black
breast-band averaging wider; the chestnut wash stronger.
Range.--Breeds in New England, New York and west along the northern
tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from
Gulf states southward.
=649. Sennett Warbler= (_Compsothlypis nigrilora_). L. 4.5. Similar
to No. 648, but yellow below reaching to belly; breast without black
and with only a slight brownish wash; lores and ear-coverts black.
_Notes._ Song probably resembles that of No. 648.
Range.--Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico.
[Illustration: 746.]
=746. Verdin= (_Auriparus flaviceps_). L. 4.2; W. 2.2; T. 1.9. _Ad._
[Male]. Head and throat yellow; forehead usually with some concealed
orange-brown; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; back brownish
gray; belly whitish. _Ad._ [Male]. Similar, but less yellow.
Range.--Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from
southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and
southern Nevada.
=746a. Baird Verdin= (_A. f. lamprocephalus_). Similar to No. 746, but
tail shorter; wing somewhat shorter; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0;
T. 1.6. (Oberholser.)
Range.--Lower California.
[Illustration: 650.]
=650. Cape May Warbler= (_Dendroica tigrina_). L. 5.1. _Ad._ [Male].
Ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut; crown blackish; back
olive-green with black spots; below yellow streaked with black;
wing-coverts broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. _Ad._
[Female] _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut.
_Yng._ [Female]. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged with
yellow; wing-bars, narrow. _Notes._ Song, a wiry "_a-wit_, _a wit_,
_a-wit_, _a-wit_", repeated. (Butler.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England,
rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south of
United States.
[Illustration: 652.]
=652. Yellow Warbler= (_Dendroica A|stiva_). L. 5.1. Inner vanes of
tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Crown _yellow_, back bright
yellowish green; below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown.
_Ad._ [Female]. _and Yng._ [Male]. Duller above, crown like back;
below much paler, few or no streaks. _Yng._ [Female]. Similar to last
but still duller. _Notes._ Song, a rather loud _wee-chee_, _chee_,
_chee_, _cher-wee_, variable in form but recognizable in tone.
Range.--North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver
north, and southwestern United States (western Texas to Arizona).
(Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and winters in Central
and South America.
=652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler= (_D. A|. sonorana_). Similar to No. 652,
but [Male] much yellower, less green above, the crown and rump bright
yellow; below brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer
sometimes almost wanting. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar to Ad. [Male] of No.
652, but grayer above and whiter below.
Range--Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and southern
Arizona; winters south of United States.
=652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler= (_D. A|. rubiginosa_). Similar to
No. 652, but [Male] darker above, the crown of about the same color
as back; [Female] duller.
Range.--Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in
Alaska; winters south of United States.
[Illustration: 653.]
=653. Mangrove Warbler= (_Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps_). L. 5.
Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Whole head reddish
chestnut; back olive-green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish
brown. _Ad._ [Female]. Olive-green above; yellow below.
Range.--Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central
America and Mexico.
[Illustration: 672.]
=672. Palm Warbler= (_Dendroica palmarum_). L. 5.2. No white
wing-bars; tail patches white. _Ads._ Crown dark chestnut; line over
eye, throat, and breast yellow; breast and sides with reddish brown
streaks; _belly_ much paler, often _grayish_ washed with yellow; back
olive-brown; rump brighter. _Ad. in Winter and Yng._ No crown-patch;
above grayish olive-brown indistinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below
grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; _under
tail coverts bright yellow_. _Notes._ Call, a recognizable _chip_;
song, a short, simple trill.
Range--Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America
west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley and
rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies.
[Illustration: 673.]
=672a. Yellow Palm Warbler= (_D. p. hypochrysea_). Similar to No. 672,
but underparts _entirely_ bright yellow; upperparts yellower. Winter
specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, east
of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and winters in Florida
and west to Louisiana.
=673. * Prairie Warbler= (_Dendroica discolor_). L. 4.7. Wing-bars
yellowish; tail-patches white. _Ad._ [Male]. Above bright olive-green
with reddish chestnut spots in the back; below yellow, sides with
black streaks. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut
spots smaller, sometimes absent. _Yng._ Similar to [Female] Ad., but
browner. _Notes._ Song, a high, thin _zee_, _zee_, _zee_, _zee_,
_zee-e_, _zee_, the next to last highest. (See page 196.)
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts,
southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern Florida
into the West Indies.
[Illustration: Lawrence Warbler.]
=Lawrence Warbler= (_Helminthophila lawrencei_). Resembles No. 641,
but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye
as in No. 642. It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some
15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to resemble those of both
No. 642 and No. 641.
[Illustration: Brewster Warbler.]
=Brewster Warbler= (_Helminthophila leucobronchialis_). Resembles
No. 642 above, but is white usually tinged with yellow below, this
type being connected with No. 641, by specimens showing more green
above and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are believed to
account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens
are known, chiefly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys.
Some songs resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641.
[Illustration: 644.]
=644. Virginia Warbler= (Helminthophila virginiA|). L. 4.5. No white in
wings or tail. _Ad._ [Male]. Above gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper
tail-coverts yellowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under
tail-coverts yellow. _Ad._ [Female]. Similar, but less (sometimes no)
chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; duller below. _Yng._ No
crown patch; below washed with buff, little or no yellow on breast.
_Notes._ Very musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so small
a bird. (Aitken.)
Range.--Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely
Wyoming) south into Mexico.
[Illustration: 655.]
=655. Myrtle Warbler= (_Dendroica coronata_). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of
breast and rump yellow. _Ad._ [Male]. Above blue-gray streaked with
black; throat white, breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer
tail-feathers with white. _Ad._ [Female]. Browner above, less black on
breast. [Male] _in winter_. Above brown, back indistinctly streaked
with black; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black.
_Yng._ [Female]. Similar, but less yellow on crown and sides.
_Notes._ Call, a characteristic _tchip_; song, a trill.
Range.--Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies;
breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to
Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into
West Indies and Central America.
[Illustration: 659.]
=659. Chestnut-sided Warbler= (_Dendroica pensylvanica_). L. 5. _Ad._
[Male]. Sides chestnut, crown yellow; back streaked black and greenish
yellow; cheek-patch and sides of throat black. _Ad._ [Female]. Crown
duller; chestnut and black reduced. _Yng._ Above bright yellow-green,
back with or without black spots; below grayish white, sides sometimes
with traces of chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. _Notes._ Song,
resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.)
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and
Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south in the
Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America.
[Illustration: 604.]
=604. Dickcissel= (_Spiza americana_). L. 6.2. _Ad._ [Male]. Breast,
bend of wing, line over eye and at side of throat yellow; throat-patch
black; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; no white in tail. _Ad._
[Female]. Less yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. _Notes._ Song,
an earnest, but unmusical _dick_, _dick_, _che-che-che_, _che_.
Range.--Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies,
breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in Atlantic States;
winters in Central and northern South America.
[Illustration: 618.]
=618. Bohemian Waxwing= (_Ampelis garrulus_). L. 8. Crested. _Ads._
Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, forecrown and sides of throat
chestnut-rufous; _throat_ and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and
primary coverts tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with
red tips; tail tipped with yellow.
Range.--Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far north;
winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually to
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California.
[Illustration: 619.]
=619. Cedar Waxwing= (_Ampelis cedrorum_). L. 7. Crested. _Ads._
Grayish brown; belly _yellowish_; under tail-coverts white; no white
tips on wing-quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with
yellow and rarely with red tips. _Notes._ A fine, lisping note; a
string of notes usually uttered when taking flight.
Range.--North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South
Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska
(?); winters from northern United States to Central America.
[Illustration: 628.]
=628. Yellow-throated Vireo= (_Vireo flavifrons_). L. 5.5. _Ads._
Throat and breast _bright_ yellow, belly white; above _bright_
olive-green, rump gray; two white wing-bars. _Notes._ Call, a scolding
_cack_; song like Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, _see me_;
_I'm here_; _where are you_? in varying forms; also a mellow trill.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to
Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics.
[Illustration: 683.]
=683. Yellow-breasted Chat= (_Icteria virens_). L. 7.5; T. 3.07.
_Ads._ Throat and breast bright yellow; lower belly white; above
olive-green; line over eye and at side of throat white. _Notes._ Call,
a gasping, mewing _keA"-yuck_ and _chut_, _chut_; song, of whistles,
caws and chucks, sometimes uttered in flight.
Range.--Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but
not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and
Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America.
=683a. Long-tailed Chat= (_I. v. longicauda_). Similar to No. 683,
but grayer above; tail slightly longer.
Range.--Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico
north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico.
[Illustration: 497.]
=497. Yellow-headed Blackbird= (_Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus_).
L. 10. _Ad._ [Male]. Black; head and breast orange yellow; outer
wing-coverts white, black tipped. _Ad._ [Female]. Brownish, line over
eye, throat and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white;
ear-coverts rusty. _Notes._ Call, a hoarse _chuck_; song, a variety of
hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; usually uttered with apparent
great effort and bodily contortion. The young utter a rolling,
whistling call.
Range.--Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois, and
northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally
from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California north to
the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; winters from
southwestern Louisiana, and California southward.
[Illustration: 501.]
=501. Meadowlark= (_Sturnella magna_). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. _Ads._ Above
black varied with chestnut and buff; below yellow, a black
breast-crescent; bars on middle tail-feathers _fused_ along shaft,
yellow of throat _not_ spreading on to its sides. _Notes._ Calls, a
nasal note and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of
rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or grace notes.
Range.--Eastern North America west to about Long. 100A deg., north to New
Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois
southward.
=501a. Texas Meadowlark= (_S. m. hoopesi_). Similar to No. 501b, but
yellow not spreading on to sides of the throat. _Notes._ Resemble in
character those of No. 501.
Range.--Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, west
along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Sonora,
Mexico.
=501b. Western Meadowlark= (_S. m. neglecta_). Similar to No. 501,
but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct, _not_ confluent
along shaft; yellow of throat spreading on to its sides; general
color paler. _Notes._ Calls, a liquid _chA"ck_ and a wooden, rolling
_b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r_; song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate
gurgles and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501.
=501c. Florida Meadowlark= (_S. m. argutula_). Similar to No. 591,
but smaller and darker; W. 4.4.
Range.--Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana.
[Illustration: 514.]
=514. Evening Grosbeak= (_Hesperiphona vespertina_).
L. 8. _Ad._ [Male]. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and crown black;
exposed part of tertials white. _Ad._ [Female]. Dingy brownish gray,
more or less tinged with yellowish; throat and belly whitish;
_tail-coverts_ and tail-feathers, on inner web, tipped with white.
_Notes._ Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that of
Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.)
Range.--Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter,
to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually through
New York to New England.
=514a. Western Evening Grosbeak= (_H. v. montana_). [Male] not
distinguishable from [Female] of No. 514; [Female] more buffy,
especially below.
Range.--Mountains of western United States from New Mexico north
to British Columbia.
EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
[Illustration: 474.]
=474[A]. Horned Lark= (_Otocoris alpestris_). L. 7.7, W. [Male], 4.3;
[Female], 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. _Ad._ [Male], _winter_.
Throat and line over eye distinctly _yellow_; black feathers over eye
lengthened, forming when raised little tufts; breast-patch, sides of
throat, line over eye and forecrown black, more or less tipped,
especially on head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish
indistinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-coverts
pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, sides pinkish brown;
tail mostly black, outer margin of outer feathers white. [Male],
_summer_. Yellow areas whiter; black areas more distinct; back pinker.
_Ad._ [Female], _winter_. Similar to [Male], but throat and line over
eye less yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly streaked.
[Female], _summer_. More distinctly streaked above. _Notes._ Call, a
_tseep_, _tseep_; song, an unmusical, twittering warble sung during
soaring flight.
[A] Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable
form are now recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of
them are too closely related to be distinguished even by
detailed descriptions. When breeding, they may be identified,
in life, by a knowledge of the area which each form alone
inhabits at this season. But during their migrations, and in
winter, when several forms may be associated, it is usually not
possible to identify them in the field. The reader is referred
to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The
Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884).
Range.--Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east of
Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) and in
the Mississippi Valley to Illinois.
[Illustration: 474b.]
=474b. Prairie Horned Lark= (_O. a. praticola_). W. [Male] 4;
[Female], 3.8. Line over eye _white_. Similar to No. 474, but smaller,
line over eye and forehead generally white, the throat often white and
never so yellow as in winter specimens of No. 474.
Range.--Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois
and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through
northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern
New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South
Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas.
=474d. Texan Horned Lark= (_O. a. giraudi_). W. [Male] 3.9; [Female],
3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat smaller and paler; throat,
forehead and line over eye yellow; _breast, in males, generally tinged
with yellow_.
Range.--Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande.
NORTHERN HORNED LARKS.
=474a. Pallid Horned Lark= (_O. a. arcticola_). W. [Male], 4.4;
[Female], 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; _no yellow_ in plumage;
throat, forehead and line over eye white; back brown with grayish
edgings.
Range.--"In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley
of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and
Montana." (Oberholser.)
=474k. Hoyt Horned Lark= (_O. a. hoyti_). W. [Male], 4.4; [Female],
4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye white; back darker, pink
areas richer than in 474a. An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and
474a.
Range.--"In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson Bay
to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, south
to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and
Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long Island)." (Oberholser.)
WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
[Illustration: 474c.]
=474c. Desert Horned Lark= (_O. a. leucolA|ma_). W. [Male], 4.1;
[Female], 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at
all, tinged with yellow; throat yellow; back brown edged with pinkish
gray; resembles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked
above.
Range.--"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western
Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern
side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas,
Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.)