§ 122. The strong inflection of adjectivs is in part the same as the
vocalic (or strong) inflection of the substantivs with which it was
originally identical. In Germanic, however, sum cases of the adj. hav
adopted the pronominal inflection, so that the identity between the
adjectival inflection and that of the substantivs is now confined to
certain cases. The nom. and acc. sg. of the neuter gender hav two forms
of the same value, a substantival and a pronominal one (in =-ata=). The
latter, however, is not uzed predicativly.
The Gothic adjectiv, like the substantiv, has three vocalic
declensions: (1) Adjectivs of the =a=-declension which correspond to
the substantival =a=-declension in the m. and n. (§ 89 et seq.) and in
the f. of the =ô=-declension (§ 96 et seq.).--A subdivision is formd by
the =ja=-stems, just as in the case of the corresponding substantivs.
(2) Adjectivs of the =i=-declension which correspond to the substantivs
in §§ 99-103. (3) Adjectivs of the =u=-declension belonging to the
substantivs in §§ 104-106.
Classes (2) and (3), however, contain but very few remains in Gothic.
The few adjectival =ja=-stems hav in most of the inflectional cases
past over to the 1st class, so that the normal strong declension of
the adjectivs in Gothic embraces only the =a=-declension and its
subdivision, the =ja=-stems.
NOTE. Subject to +strong+ inflection ar all pronouns (except =sama=
and =silba=, § 132, n. 3), the cardinal numbers, inasmuch as they
inflect adjectivly, and =anþar=, _the second_; also the adjectivs
of a more general meaning: =alls=, _all_; =ganôhs=, _enuf_;
=halbs=, _half_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =fulls=, _ful_.
§ 123. Paradim of the strong adjectival declension: =blinds=, _blind_.
The pronominal forms differing from the inflection of the corresponding
substantivs ar in the following paradim put in Italics:
Sing. M. N. | F.
N. =blinds= =blind=, _blindata_ | =blinda=
G. =blindis= | _blindaizôs_
D. _blindamma_ | =blindai=
A. _blindana_ =blind=, _blindata_ | =blinda=
|
Plur. |
N. _blindai_ =blinda= | =blindôs=
G. _blindaizê_ | _blindaizôs_
D. _blindaim_ | _blindaim_
A. =blindans= =blinda= | =blindôs=
§ 124. Here belong most of the extant adjectivs; e. g., =hails=,
_hole, helthy_; =siuks=, _sik_; =juggs=, _yung_; =triggws=, _tru,
faithful_; =swinþs=, _strong_; =ubils=, _evil_; =aiweins=, _eternal_;
=haiþiwisks=, _wild_; =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =ansteigs=, _gracious_;
=manags=, _much, many_; =môdags=, _angry_; =handugs=, _wise_.--Also
adjectiv pronouns; as, =meins=, _mine, my_; =þeins=, _thine, thy_;
=seins=, _his_; =jains=, _yun_; the superlativs (§ 137) and pps. pass.;
as, =numans=, _taken_; =nasiþs=, _saved_ (cp. § 134).
NOTE 1. According to § 78, n. 2, the =s= of the nom. sg. is
dropt, (1) after =s=; e. g., =swês=, =swêsis=, _own_; =gaqiss=,
=gaqissis=, _consenting_. (2) after =r= preceded by a short vowel:
=anþar=, _the second, the other_; =unsar=, _our_; =izwar=, _your_;
=ƕaþar=, _which of the two_. Accordingly, the nom. pl. =warai= must
hav had a nom. sg. =war=, _wary_.
NOTE 2. The rules for the hardening of final soft spirants (79)
must be noted; as, =frôþs=, =frôdis=, _wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=,
_good_ (§ 74); =liufs=, =liubis=, _dear_; =daufs=, =daubis=, _def_
(§ 56, n. 1).
NOTE 3. Stems having a =w= before the case-endings ar subject to
the rule for final =w= (§ 42) in the nom. sg. m. and n. The three
words of this kind occur only in other cases. Therefore the noms.
pl. =fawai=, =qiwai=, =usskawai= suggest as noms. sg. m. and n.
=faus=, =fau=, _few_; =qius=, =qiu=, _alive_; =usskaus=, =usskau=,
_wakeful_. According to =usskawjan= (_to awake_, § 42, n. 2), also
=usskaws= might be supposed insted of =usskaus=. For =lasiws=, s. §
42, n. 1.
NOTE 4. The pronominal adjectivs in =-ar=: =unsar=, =izwar=,
=anþar=, =ƕaþar=, hav in the n. sg. only the shorter forms:
=unsar=, =izwar=, etc.
§ 125. Adjectiv-stems with =ja= before the endings (=ja=-stems) hav
most of their forms like the paradim =blinds=. Only in few forms a
change is caused by the =j=. As in the case of nouns, we distinguish
between short and long adjectival =ja=-stems.
Paradim of a short =ja=-stem: =midjis=, _midl_:
Sing. M. N. | F.
N. =midjis= =midi=, =midjata= | =midja=
G. =midjis= | =midjaizôs=
D. =midjamma= | =midjai=
A. =midjana= =midi=, =midjata= | =midja=
Plur. |
N. =midjai= =midja= | =midjôs=
G. =midjaizê= | =midjaizô=
D. =midjaim= | =midjaim=
A. =midjans= =midja= | =midjôs=
§ 126. As regards inflection, the m. =midjis= is closely related to the
substantiv =harjis= (§§ 90. 92), the n. =midi= to the substantiv =kuni=
(§§ 93. 95). The fem. =midja= shows no deviation whatever.
Only a small number of adjectivs belong to this class: =aljis=,
_another_; =sunjis=, _tru_; =ga-wiljis=, _unanimous_; =unsibjis=,
_criminal_; =-fraþjis=, _minded_ (only in =grinda-=, =sama-fr.=);
=ƕarjis= (§ 160); also those whose stems end in a vowel (§ 44, c):
=niujis=, _new_; =-tôjis=, _doing_ (as, =ubiltôjis=, _evil-doing_).
NOTE 1. On account of the small number of these adjs. sum forms of
the abuv paradim ar not extant. Thus, the short form of the neuter
=midi= is givn in conformity with the long stems (§ 127), and that
of =niujis= would be =niwi=; only =niujata= occurs; the n. of
=-tôjis= would be =-taúi= (§ 26, a).
NOTE 2. The adj.-stem =frija-=, _free_, which occurs in the f. sg.
=frija=, =frijaizôs=, =frijai=, =frija=, and in the m. forms, acc.
sg. =frijana=, nom. pl. =frijai=, acc. =frijans=, has a contracted
nom. sg. m. =freis= (for =frijis=). Also the gen. sg., if extant,
would be =freis=.
NOTE 3. The nom. sg. f. of =niujis= is =niuja= (contrary to =þiwi=,
§ 98, n. 1).
§ 127. The long =ja=-stems inflect in the pl. like =midjis=. Paradim
=wilþeis= (stem =wilþja-=), _wild_, in the sg.:
Sing. M. N. | F.
N. =wilþeis= =wilþi=, =wilþjata= | =wilþi=
G. [=wilþeis= or =wilþjis=?] | [=wilþjaizôs=]
D. =wilþjamma= | =wilþjai=
A. =wilþjana= =wilþi=, =wilþjata= | =wilþja=
§ 128. The infl. of the m. is related to that of the sb. =haírdeis= (§§
90. 92), the infl. of the f. to that of =bandi= (§§ 96. 98; only =wôþi=
occurs; II. Cor. II, 15). None of the few adjs. of this class occurs in
the gen. sg.; =wilþjis= (Rom. XI, 24) probably stands for =wilþjins=;
s. § 132, n. 1.
Further exampls: =alþeis=, _old_; =faírneis=, _old_; =aírzeis=,
_astray_; =wôþeis=, _sweet_.
* * * * *
§ 129. According to § 122, only remains of the original adjs. of the
=i-= and =u=-declension ar extant in Gothic, viz.: nom. sg. of all
genders, acc. sg. n., and gen. sg. m. and n. All other extant cases hav
past over to the inflection of the =ja=-stems (§§ 125-127). The same
rule applies to the weak forms (§ 132, n. 1).
NOTE. The old form of the gen. sg. [m.] n. is seen in =skeiris=
(Skeir. 45) for the =i=-decl., in =filaus= (§ 131, n. 3) for the
=u=-decl.; the latter, of course, is only a partial proof for the
adj.
§ 130. The adjectival =i=-stems ar connected with the substantivs
=balgs=, =ansts= (§§ 99-103). Exampls: =hrains=, _clean_; =gamains=,
_common_; =brûks=, _uzeful_; =analaugns=, _hidn_; =anasiuns=, _visibl_;
=andanêms=, _agreeabl_; =andasêts=, _abominabl_; =sêls=, _kind_
(=unsêls=, _wicked_); =suts=, _sweet_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =gafáurs=,
_sober_ (=unfáurs=, _talkativ_); =aljakuns=, _of different kind_. The
paradim =hrains= inflects thus:
Sing. M. N. | F.
N. =hrains= =hrain= [=hrainjata=] | =hrains=
G. [=hrainis=] | [=hrainjaizos=]
D. =hrainjamma= | =hrainjai=
A. =hrainjana= =hrain= [=hrainjata=] | =hrainja=
Plur. |
N. =hrainjai= =hrainja= | =hrainjôs=
etc. |
NOTE 1. A gen. sg. f. as wel as a longer n. form (like =hrainjata=)
ar not extant.
NOTE 2. A word may with certainty be referd to this class, (1)
if it occurs in the nom. sg. f. (=hrains=), (2) if besides the
nom. sg. m. and n. also cases with =j= ar found. But if only the
nominativs m. and n. (=hrains=, =hrain=) occur, the word may
inflect like =blinds= (123); if only =j=-cases (as, =hrainjamma=)
ar found, it may decline like =wilþeis=, =midjis= (§§ 127.
125).--Other adjectivs, however, ar without sufficient proof, but
for other considerations, included in this class; e. g., =skauns=,
_beutiful_; =auþs=, _desolate_, _waste_; =hauns=, _base_; =bleiþs=,
_merciful_; =gadôfs=, _fit_; =*mêrs=, _famous_ (in =wailamêr=,
nom. sg. n.).--Cp. Kluge, Stammbildg., §§ 178. 197. 229-231;
Beitr., 14, 167; 15, 489; Brgm., II, 287.
NOTE 3. Adjectival =i=-stems may be inferd from adverbs in =-iba=
(§ 210); e. g., =arniba=, =gatêmiba=.
§ 131. The adjectival =u=-stems ar related to the substantivs =sunus=
(fem. =handus=), =faíhu= (§§ 104-106). Exampls: =hardus=, _hard_;
=qaírrus=, _meek_; =þaúrsus=, _dry_; =tulgus=, _stedfast_; =manwus=,
_redy_; =aggwus=, _narrow_; =aglus=, _difficult_; =seiþus=, _late_;
=þlaqus=, _tender_; =twalibwintrus=, _twelv years_ (lit. _winters_)
_old_. Paradim =hardus=:
Sing. M. N. F.
N. =hardus= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardus=
G. [=hardaus=?] | [=hardjaizôs=]
D. [=hardjamma=] | [=hardjai=]
A. =hardjana= =hardu=, =hardjata= | =hardja=
Plur. |
N. =hardjai= [=hardja=] | =hardjôs=
etc. |
NOTE 1. Whether adjectivs belong to this class is seen from the
nom. sg. in which the abuv adduced exampls occur (the only f.
forms being =þaúrsus= and =tulgus=; Beitr., 15, 570; 16, 318).
=laushandus=, _empty-handed_; =hnasqus=, _soft_; =kaúrus=, _hevy_,
ar merely inferd from their =ja=-cases.
NOTE 2. From the adv. =glaggwuba= (§ 210) an adj. =glaggwus= (§ 68)
can be inferd.
NOTE 3. The original adj. =*filus=, _much_, is preservd in Goth. in
the nom. acc. sg. n. uzed substantivly and adverbially: =filu=, the
gen. =filaus= being uzed adverbially.