t
§ 69. Gothic =t= corresponds to Greek τ, and stands frequently both
initially and medially. E. g. (a) +initially+: =tunþus=, _tooth_;
=triu=, _tree_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =tagr=, _tear_; =taíhun=, _ten_;
=twai=, _two_; =tamjan=, _to tame_; =trauan=, _to trust_. =st=:
=steigan=, _to mount_. (b) +medially+: =watô=, _water_; =haírtô=,
_hart_; =baitrs=, _bitter_; =itan=, _to eat_; =giutan=, _to pour_;
=sitan=, _to sit_; =witan=, _to know_.
Final =t= remains unchanged; as, =wait=, _I know_; =at=, _at_; =wit=,
_we two_.
NOTE 1. =t= is dubld in =atta=, _father_; =skatts=, _muney_.
NOTE 2. =t= before =t= in derivativ and inflected words becums =s=
(§ 81); as, =ushaista=, _very poor_ (cp. =haitan=); =blôstreis=,
_wurshipper_ (cp. =blôtan=, _to wurship_); 2nd pers. sg. prt.
=waist= (1st =wait=), =haíhaist= (inf. =haitan=, _to be calld_);
weak prt. =gamôsta= (1st pers. =gamôt=); =kaupasta= (inf.
=kaupatjan=, _to cuf_); =wissa= (< =wista=, 1st =wait=).
§ 70. Gothic =þ= corresponds to Gr. θ (as, =Þômas=, Θωμᾶς; =Naþan=,
Ναθάν); its sound-value was that of a voiceless dental spirant = the
NE. surd th in thin. Also the Greek θ denoted at that time, as it stil
does in New Greek, a similar sound.
NOTE 1. Greek authors represent the Goth. =þ= by θ; as, Θευδέριχος.
Latin writers express Goth. =þ= mostly by th; as, =Theodoricus=,
=Theodomirus=, but also often by t. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 104;
'Ostg.', 170 et seq.--In like manner sum later prints hav =th= for
=þ= (s. § 1, n. 3).
NOTE 2. Latin authors often uze d beside th for medial =þ= in
proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp.
Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.
NOTE 3. Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth. =þ=, cp. IF.
4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth. =þ= and Gr. θ, s.
Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.
§ 71. =þ= in Gothic words is very frequent. E. g. (a) +initially+:
=þulan=, _to suffer_; =þanjan=, _to strech_; =ga-þaírsan=, _to wither_;
=þaúrsus=, _witherd_; =þaúrstei=, _thirst_; =þata= (prn.), _that_;
=þu=, _thou_; =þreis=, _three_; =þliuhan=, _flee_; =ga-þláihan=, _to
cumfort, console_; =þwahan=, _to wash_. (b) +medially+: =brôþar=,
_brother_; =tunþus=, _tooth_; =wiþrus=, _lam_; =fraþi=, n.,
_understanding_; =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =anþar=, _other_; =ƕaþar=,
'_uter_'; =waírþan=, _to becum_; =qiþan=, _to say_. (c) Also +final+
=þ= remains unchanged; as, =þiuþ=, n., _good_ (gen. =þiuþis=); =qaþ=,
prt. of =qiþan=; =aiþs=, acc. =aiþ=, _oath_.
NOTE 1. =þþ= occurs in =aiþþau=, _or_ (§ 20), and, by assimilation,
for =h-þ=: =niþþan=, etc.; s. § 62, n. 3.
NOTE 2. =þ= finally and before the =s= of the nom. very often
stands for =d=, and must be kept apart from the =þ= mentiond under
(c) which remain =þ= +medially+ also; s. § 74.
NOTE 3. =þ= becums =s= before =t= (§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt.
=qast= (inf. =qiþan=), =warst= (inf. =waírþan=), =snaist= (inf.
=sneiþan=, _to cut_).
NOTE 4. =d= stands for medial =þ= in =weitwôdida=, _testimony_; Jo.
III, 32.
d
§ 72. Goth. =d= corresponds to Greek δ. The New Greek pronunciation
of δ is that of a soft (voiced) dental spirant (ð = NE. th in thou).
Gothic =d=, at least medially after a vowel, likewise had the
sound-value of this spirant. But d initially and medially after n, r,
l, z, has the value of a soft (voiced) stop.
§ 73. Examples of =d=: (a) +initially+: =daúr=, n., _door, gate_;
=daúhtar=, _daughter_; =dal=, _dale, valley_; =dauns=, _odor_;
=daddjan=, _to suckl_; =ga-daúrsan=, _to dare_; =driusan=, _to fall_;
=dwals=, _foolish_. (b) +medially+: =sidus=, _custom_; =wadi=, n.,
_wager_; =midjis=, '_medius_'; =widuwô=, _widow_; =biudan=, _to offer_;
=bindan=, _to bind_; =haírda=, _herd_; =waldan=, _to rule_; =mizdô=,
_reward_; =fadar=, _father_; =frôdei=, _understanding_ (cp. =frôþs=,
=frôdis=, _intelligent_); =fidwôr=, _four_; =þridja=, '_tertius_';
=þiuda=, _peple_; =-ida=, as in =auþida=, _desert_; =gahugds=, _mind_;
=gards=, _house_ (_yard_); =hardus=, _hard_; =hund=, _hundred_; =and=,
_on, in_; =alds=, _age_ (cp. =alþeis=, _old_), =kalds=, _cold_;
=gazds=, _sting_.
NOTE. In Gothic words =dd= is found only in =waddjus=, _wall_ (ON.
veggr); =daddjan=, _to suckl_; =twaddjê= (gen. of =twai=, _2_;
ON. tweggja); =iddja=, _I went_; hense always in the combination
=ddj=.--Cp. § 68, n. 1; and Brgm., I, 127.
§ 74. Finally and before the =s= of the nominativ =d= remains only
after a consonant; e. g., =hund=, =nimand= (3d pers. pl. prs.),
=gards=, =alds=, =gazds=, =gahugds=. But postvocalic =d= becuming final
(and before the =s= of the nominativ) is changed into =þ=, because =þ=
denotes the hard sound corresponding to =d=. Such eufonic =þ=s from
medial =d=s constitute the greater number of the Gothic final =þ=s, the
smaller number ar original (also medial) =þ=s. (§ 71, n. 2). E. g.
=staþs=, =stadis=, _place_ (but =*staþs=, =staþis=, _shore_); =haubiþ=,
=haubidis=, _hed_; =liuhaþ=, =liuhadis=, _light_; =frôþs=, =frôdis=,
_wise_; =gôþs=, =gôdis=, _good_; =báuþ=, prt. of =biudan=; =bidjan=,
_to pray_, prt. =baþ=; --all pps. of wvs.; as, =nasiþs=, =nasidis=;
=salbôþs=, =salbôdis=; furthermore all final =þ=s in verbal inflection
(3d pers. sg., 2nd pl.); as, =nimiþ=, =nêmuþ=, =nêmeiþ=,--but with
enclitic =-uh=: =nimiduh=, =nêmuduh=, =nêmeiduh=; --advs. like =ƕaþ=,
_whither_ (cp. § 213); prep. =miþ=, _with_.
NOTE 1. The change of final =d= into =þ= does not occur in all
cases in our manuscripts. This exception does not concern the
original text of Wulfila, but is only a deviation from the normal
state of orthografy, which is proved by the fact that final =d=
occurs exceedingly often only in Lu., especially in the first ten
chapters, not quite rarely also in Jo., more rarely in the other
books. Exampls from the sixth chapter of Lu. ar: =samalaud= (34),
=gôds= (35. 43), =gôd= (43), =mitads= (38), ptc. =gamanwids=
(40), =gasulid=, and especially frequently verbal forms: =taujid=
(2), =ussuggwud= (3), =faginôd=, =laikid= (23), =habaid= (24),
=usbaírid= (45), etc.--Sinse yunger forms of speech ar a
characteristic feature of the gospel of Lu. (§ 221, 1), they might
be regarded as representativs of a later development of the Goth.
language, introduced into our text by sum writers (for similar
cases in East-Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171). Others explain
the forms with final =d= as being due to their original position
before words beginning with a vowel according to which the forms
=nimiþ= and =nimid= would be 'dublets' ('satzdubletten').--Cp. also
Kock, Zs. fda., 26, 226 et seq., who shows that these =d=s for
=þ=s ar most frequent after unaccented vowels (as in =mitads=), but
after an accented vowel only when the latter is long or a difthong,
rarely after a short accented vowel (as in =mid=; Lu. VII, 11.)
NOTE 2. Sinse the final =þ= has by all means to be regarded as the
regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms
with medial =d= occur: =biuþs=, =biudis=, _table_; =rauþs=, _red_;
=usdauþs=, _zelous_; =gamaiþs=, _maimd_; =môþs=, _anger_; =knôþs=,
_stock, race_. Hense also =garaiþs=, _redy_; =unlêds=, _poor_,
which, beside the forms with medial =b=, hav onse each the final
forms =garaid= and =unlêds=, respectivly. But both forms occur in
Lu.
With final =d= +only+ ar repeatedly found: =weitwôds=, _witness_,
acc. =weitwôd=; twice =gariuds= (=gariud=), _honorabl_; only
+one+ final form with =d= (but none with =þ=) occurs in =braids=,
_broad_; =dêds=, _deed_; =wôds=, _mad, possest_; =grids=, _step,
grade_; =skaískaid= (prt. of =skaidan=). The normal forms would
be =dêþs=, =wôþs=, etc., for the forms with =d= insted of =þ= ar
hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.
NOTE 3. The occurrence of this final =þ= for thematic =d= must
not be confounded with that of =þ= in words that hav also medial
=þ= beside =d= in other words from the same root; as, =frôd-=
(nom. =frôþs=), _prudent_; =frôdei=, _prudence_; but =fraþi=,
_understanding_, =fraþjan=, _to understand_; =sad-= (nom. =saþs=),
_satisfied_, but =ga-sôþjan=, _to satisfy_; =sinþs=, _a going,
way_, but =sandjan=, _to send_; =alds=, _age_, but =alþeis=, _old_.
Cp. § 79, n. 2.
NOTE 4. =þ= is seldom found where medial =d= is expected; as,
=guþa= (for =guda=); Gal. IV, 8; =unfrôþans=; Gal. III, 3.
§ 75. The =d= of the weak preterit, which stands mostly after vowels
(=nasida=, =habaida=), remains intact after =l= and =n= (=skulda=,
=munda=), while after =s=, =h=, =f= it becums =t=: =kaupasta=, =môsta=,
=daúrsta=, =þâhta=, =brâhta=, =þûhta=, =brûhta=, =waúrhta=, =baúhta=,
=ôhta=, =mahta=, =áihta=, =þaúrfta=; it is changed into =þ= in =kunþa=;
=ss= is assimilated from =st= in =wissa=.
Conform to this rule ar the respectiv ptcs. =nasiþs=, =habaiþs=,
=skulds=, =munds=, but =waúrhts=, =baúhts=, =mahts=, =binaúhts=,
=þaúrfts=, =kunþs=. Cp. § 187, n. 1; § 197 et seq.; §§ 208. 209.
NOTE. =d= becums =s= before the =t= of the 2nd pers. prt. (§ 81):
=baust= (1st =bauþ=, inf. =biudan=); so, also, before consonants
in derivativ words; as, =gilstr=, _tax, tribute_ (< =gildan=);
=usbeisns=, _expectation_ (< =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_).
s
§ 76. =s= is a hard (voiceless) dental spirant and corresponds to Gr.
σ. =s= occurs very often in Gothic words, especially initially. E. g.
(a) +initially+: =sunus=, _sun_; =sitan=, _to sit_; =skadus=, _shade_;
=speiwan=, _to spit_; =standan=, _to stand_; =straujan=, _to strew_;
=slêpan=, _to sleep_; =smals=, _small_; =snutrs=, _wise_; =swaíhra=,
_father-in-law_.
(b) +medially+: =kiusan=, _to choose_; =wisan=, _to be_; =wasjan=, _to
clothe_; =þûsundi=, _thousand_; =gasts=, _guest_; =fisks=, _fish_;
=asneis=, _hired man_; =hansa=, _host_; =aúhsa=, _ox_; =þaúrsus=,
_witherd_.
(c) Also +final+ =s= remains unchanged; as, =gras=, _grass_; =mês=,
_table_; =was= (prt. of =wisan=), _was_; =hals=, _neck_.
NOTE 1. =ss= occurs frequently; e. g., =ƕassei=, _sharpness_;
=qiss=, _speech_; =wissa= (prt. of =witan=); suff. =-assus=
(=þiudinassus=, _kingdom_, etc.).
NOTE 2. Final =s= stands in most cases for medial =z=, especially
the final inflectional =s=. Cp. § 78; dropping of the =s= of the
nominativ in § 78, n. 2.
NOTE 3. For =s= from =t=, =þ=, =d=, before consonants (=t=), s. §
69, n. 2; § 71, n. 3; § 75, n. 1.
NOTE 4. Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirants =s=
and =þ=, cp. IF., 342.
§ 77. The sign =z= corresponds in Greek words to ζ; as, =Zaíbaídaius=,
Ζεβεδαῖος; =azymus=, ἄζυμος. Its sound, like that of the Gr. ζ both at
Wulfila's time and in New Greek, was the corresponding soft sound of
=s=, hense a voiced dental spirant (E. z).
§ 78. (a) In Goth. words =z= occurs never +initially+.
(b) +Medial+ =z= is frequent. But final =z= becums =s=, the
corresponding hard sound (cp. § 79). E. g.
=azêts=, _easy_; =hazjan=, _to praise_; =hazeins=, _praise_; =dius=,
gen. =diuzis=, _animal_; =hatis=, gen. =hatizis=, _hatred_; =hatizôn=,
_to be angry_; =huzd=, _trezure_; =gazds=, _sting_; =mizdô=,
_reward_; =azgô=, _ashes_; =marzjan=, _to offend_; =talzjan=, _to
teach_; --comparativs: =maiza=, '_major_'; =frôdôza=, =alþiza=, etc.;
--pronominal forms; as, =izwara=, =þizôs=, =þizê=, =blindaizôs=; 2nd
pers. sing. midl: =haitaza=.
(c) Most of the Gothic final =s=s represent =z=, especially the
inflectional =s=; this reappears as =z= when it becums medial by an
enclitic addition, for exampl, the =s= of the nom. =ƕas=, _who?_,
but =ƕazuh=; =is=, _he_, but =izei=, _who_; =us=, _out_, but =uzuh=,
=uzu=; =dis-= (as in =dizuhþansat=; Mk. XVI, 8); =þôs=, nom. pl. f.,
but =þôzuh=; =weis=, _we_; =weizuh=; =wileis=, 2nd pers. sg., but
=wileizu=; advs.: =mais= (compar. =maiza=), _more_; =áiris=, _erlier_
(compar. =áiriza=), etc.
NOTE 1. =z= is but rarely employd for final =s=: =minz=, _less_;
II. Cor. XII, 15 (Codex B), for =mins= elsewhere; =riqiz= (4
times), _darkness_, beside =riqis=, gen. =riqizis=; =aiz=, _brass,
muney_ (only Mk. VI, 8); =mimz=, _flesh_; I. Cor. VIII, 13.--For a
different view of final =s= for =z=, s. Wilmanns, Dtsch. Gramm., I,
p. 86.
NOTE 2. The =s= (=z=) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) after =s= (=ss=,
=z=): =drus=, m., gen. =drusis=, _fall_; =swês=, gen. =swêsis=,
adj., _one's own_; =laus=, =lausis=, _loose_; =us-stass=, f.,
gen. =usstassais=, _resurrection_; (2) after =r= immediately
preceded by a short vowel: =waír=, =waíris=, _man_; =baúr=, _sun_;
=kaisar=, _Cæsar_; =anþar=, _other_; =unsar=, _our_; but =s=
remains unchanged after a long syllabl: =akrs=, _field_; =hôrs=,
_whoremonger_; =skeirs=, _clear_; =swêrs=, _honord_; =gáurs=,
_sorrowful_. An exception is the onse occurring nom. =stiur=,
_steer, calf_. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et
seq.--At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic,
the loss of the nominativ=-s= occurs more extensivly. So alredy in
the Documents (Neap. Doc.: =Gudilub=, =Ufitahari=); cp. Wrede, loc.
cit.
NOTE 3. =z= and =s= interchange in the prt. of =slêpan=; =saíslêp=;
Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14; =saízlêp=; Jo. XI,
11. I. Cor. XV, 6; --in the neuters in =-is= (gen. =agisis= and
gen. =hatizis=); s. 94, n. 5.
NOTE 4. The =z= (s. c, abuv) of the prep. =us= is in compounds
assimilated to a following =r= (cp. § 24, n. 2); e. g., =urruns=,
_a running out_; =urreisan=, _to (a)rise_; =urrûmnan= (beside
=usrûmnan=, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11), _to expand_; onse =ur=
for the prep. =us=: =ur riqiza=; II. Cor. IV, 6.--=us= remains
unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as, =usagjan=, _to
frighten_; =usbeidan=, _to abide, expect_ (cp. § 56, n. 2). =z=
for =s= before a vowel appears only in =uzôn= (prt. of =*usanan=,
_to expire_); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and in =uzêtin= (dat. of =*usêta=,
_manger_); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.
NOTE 5. When =us= is affixt to a word beginning with =st=, only
one =s= is sumtimes writn: =ustaig= (prt. of =us-steigan=); Mk.
III, 13; =ustôþ=; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25; =ustandiþ= (prt. and prs.
of =us-standan=); Mk. X, 34; =ustassai= (nom. =usstass=); Lu. XIV,
14.--Cp. =twistandans= (in B = =twis-standans= in A); II. Cor. II,
13; =diskritnan= (for =dis-skritnan=); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no
analogon for =sp=.