k
§ 57. Goth. =k= corresponds to Greek κ, Lt. c; e. g., =Kêfas=, Κηφᾶς;
=aíkklêsjô=, ἐκκλησία; =laíktjô=, _lectio_. Goth. =k= in Greek words
represents also χ; as, =kaúrazein=, Χοραζίν; =ark-aggilus=, ἀρχάγγελος.
The Gr. sign χ is but rarely retaind, always in =χristus= (s. § 2). Cp.
Wrede, 'Ostg.', 54.
NOTE. The labialized =k= (=kw=) has a special sign (=q= § 59) in
Gothic.
§ 58. Exampls of =k=: (a) +initially+: =kniu=, _knee_; =kaúrn=, _corn_;
=kuni=, _kin_; =kalds=, _cold_; =kiusan=, _to choose_; =kalbô=, f.,
_calf_; --=sk=: =skeinan=, _to shine_; =skaidan=, _to separate_. (b)
+medially+: =brikan=, _to break_; =aukan=, _to increase_; =akrs=,
_field_; =reiks=, _mighty_; =mikils=, _great_; =waúrkjan=, _to work_;
=laikan=, _to leap_; =rakjan=, _to strech_; +finally+: =ik=, _I_;
=mik=, _me_; =juk=, _yoke_.
NOTE 1. =kk= occurs in =smakka=, _fig_; =sakkus=, _sack_.
NOTE 2. In derivativ words =h= takes the place of =k= before =t=
(§ 81); as, =saúhts=, _sickness_ (cp. =siuks=); =wahtwô=, _wach_
(cp. =wakan=); =brûhta= (prt. of =brûkjan=); =þâhta= (prt. of
=þagkjan=).--Sinse there occur no exampls of the 2nd pers. prt.
of verbs in =k= (as, =wakan=, =aukan=, =têkan=), it is uncertain
whether the =k= before =t= remaind =k= or was changed into =h=
(=wôkt= or =wôht=?).
q
§ 59. The Gothic sign =q= does not occur in the Greek alfabet, the
corresponding sign being borrowd from the Latin (Q). In Lt. words it
corresponds to Lt. qu (=qartus=; Rom. XVI, 23) to which it most likely
corresponds also fonetically. The Lt. qu denoted a labialized k-sound
which was a simpl consonant not forming position. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12,
481 et seq.
NOTE. The dubl sign =kw= (=kv=) which is uzed beside =q= for the
Gothic character is due to the perception that in the cognate
languages Gothic =q= is represented by a combination of consonants
which appears as k with a w-sound closely attacht to it, and is
therefore exprest by two signs: in OE. by cw, in ON. by kv, in
OHG. MHG. NHG. by qu. Hense Goth. =qiþan=, _to say_, = OE. cweþan,
ON. kveþa, OHG. quedan. But from this nothing certain can be
inferd about the fonetic value of Goth. =q=, altho it is +possibl+
that its pronunciation was precisely the same as that of NHG. NE.
qu.--Cp. also § 41, n. 1.
§ 60. Exampls of =q=: =qinô=, _woman_; =*qius=, pl. =qiwai=, _alive_;
=qaírnus=, _mil_; =qiman=, _to cum_; =qrammiþa=, _moisture_; =naqaþs=,
_naked_; =aqizi=, _ax_; =riqis=, _darkness_; =sigqan=, _to sink_, prt.
=sagq=.
h
§ 61. Gothic =h= in Greek words stands for the ruf breathing (as,
=Haíbraius=, Ἑβραῖος; =Hêrôdês=, Ἡρώδης), but the ruf breathing is
often disregarded (as, =ôsanna=, ὡσαννά). Accordingly, Goth. initial
=h= had the value of a mere breathing. Medially and finally it may stil
hav had the value of a fricativ sound (HG. ch). Cp. the assimilations
(§ 62, n. 3) and breaking (§ 62, n. 1). Also initially before
consonants, (=hl=, =hn=, =hr= (=ƕ=)), the =h= had probably retaind a
stronger sound.
NOTE 1. Latin writers render Gothic =h= by their h (as,
=Hildibald=, =Hildericus=); but they also omit it; as, =Ariamirus=,
=eils= = =hails= in the epigram (s. § 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379;
cp. Dietrich, p. 77.
NOTE 2. Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic: =ƕ= (§§ 63.
64).
NOTE 3. In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between
vowels; as, =Iôhannês=, Ιωάννης; =Abraham=, Ἀβραάμ. Cp. Es. Tegnér,
Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.
§ 62. Exampls for =h=: (a) +initially+: =haúrn=, _horn_; =hana=,
_cock_; =haírtô=, _hart_; =hails=, _hole, sound_; =hund=, _hundred_;
=hafjan=, _to heav_; --+initial combinations+: =hlaifs=, _bred_;
=hliuma=, m., _hearing_; =hlifan=, _to steal_; =hlûtrs=, _pure_;
=hlahjan=, _to laf_; =hnaiws=, _low_; =hrains=, _clean_; =hrôpjan=, _to
call_; =hrôt=, n., _roof_.--(b) +medially+: =faíhu=, _muney_; =taíhun=,
_ten_; =teihan=, _to show_; =tiuhan=, _to pul_; =saíhs=, _six_;
=nahts=, _night_; =liuhtjan=, _to light_; =filhan=, _to conceal_;
=swaíhra=, '_socer_'.--(c) +finally+: =jah=, _and_; =-uh=, _and_ (cp. §
24, n. 2); =falh= (prt. of =filhan=); =taúh= (prt. of =tiuhan=), etc.
NOTE 1. Before =h= (as before =r=) =i= is broken to =aí=, =u= to
=aú=; cp. §§ 20. 24.
NOTE 2. Dropping of =n= before =h=, which made the preceding vowel
long: =fâhan= (< =fanhan=), =þûhta= (< =þunhta=), etc.; cp. § 50,
n. 1; § 5, b; § 15, b.
NOTE 3. Final =h= in =-uh= (or =-h=; § 24, n. 2), =jah=, =nih=, may
be assimilated to the initial sound of a following word. But rarely
in the gospels (cod. argent.) and in codex B, and only before
particls or prns. beginning with =þ=; frequently, however, also
before other consonants, in codex A and Skeir; as, =wasuþþan= (=
=wasuh-þan=, _but it was_); Mk. I, 6; =sumaiþþan= (= =sumaih-þan=,
_but sum_); Mt. XXVI, 67; =sijaiþþan= (= =sijaih-þan=, _but it
shall be_); Mt. V, 37; =jaþþê= (= =jah-þê=, _and if_); =niþþan= (=
=nih-þan=, _and not_); --before +other+ consonants in A: =jalliban=
(= =jah liban=, _and liv_); II. Cor. I, 8; =jaggatraua= (= =jah
gatraua=, _and I trust_); Rom. XIV, 14; =jaddu= (= =jah du=, _and
to_); II. Cor. II, 16; =jabbrusts= (= =jah brusts=); II. Cor. VII,
15; =nukkant= (= =nuh kant=, _knowest thou now?_); I. Cor. VII, 16;
exceptionally also in the codex argent., but only in Lu.: =janni=
(= =jah ni=); Lu. VII, 32; =nissijai= (= =nih sijai=); Lu. XX, 16.
NOTE 4. Final =h= is sumtimes dropt (in consequence of having lost
its sharp sound? But cp. Beitr., XV, 277): =ƕarjô= (for =ƕarjôh=);
Mk. XV, 6; =ƕammê= (for =ƕammêh=); Gal. V, 3; =ƕarjanô= (for
=ƕarjanôh=); Skeir. 43; oftener =inu= (in A) for =inuh=, _without_;
the =h= of consonant-combinations is dropt in =hiuma=; Lu. VI, 17.
VIII, 4 (elsewhere =hiuhma=, _multitude_); =drausnôs=; Skeir. 50
(beside =drauhsna=, _crum_); =als= (for =alhs=); Mk. XV, 38, etc.
All these cases ar probably due to the copyists, and most of them
hav therefore been amended by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila,
LIII et seq.--Also superfluous =h= occurs: =snauh= (for =snau=); I.
Thess. II, 16; here, however, it is perhaps the enclitic =-h= (=
=-uh=, § 24, n. 2).
NOTE 5. In derivativ words =h= occurs in certain cases beside =k=
(s. § 58, n. 2) and =g= (§ 66, n. 1).
ƕ
§ 63. The sound of =ƕ= is peculiar to the Gothic, and has no equivalent
in Gr. The Gothic sign (whose alfabetic position is that of the Greek
ψ) is uzually exprest by =hv= (=hw=), because all the corresponding
words of the remaining Germanic languages (at least initially) hav
hw (hu, hv); as, Goth. =ƕeits= = OHG. hwîz, OS. OE. hwît, ON. hvîtr,
_white_. But there ar reasons which justify the assumption that the
Goth. =ƕ= was a simpl consonant. Fonetically, it may be regarded as
a labialized =h= (or a voiceless =w= = NE. wh? Grundr., I, 411). It
is therefore recommendabl to represent the simpl Gothic sign by the
unitary ligature =ƕ=. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.; Beitr., 12, 218
et seq.
NOTE. =ƕ= and =hw= ar not identical in Gothic. This is proved
by the fact that in composition the final =h= and the following
initial =w= ar not exprest by =ƕ=, but by =hw=: =þaírhwakandans=,
_keeping wach (thruout)_; Lu. II, 8; =ubuhwôpida= (=
=uf-uh-wôpida=; =ufwôpida= < =uf-wôpjan=), _and he cried out_; Lu.
XVIII, 38.--The simpl sound of =ƕ= is also evident from the fact
that the verb =saíƕan= is inflected like the verbal stems ending in
a singl consonant (§ 34, n. 1), and that in reduplication =ƕ= is
treated like a singl consonant (=ƕaíƕôp=, § 178). Cp. Holtzmann,
altd. gr. I, 25, together with § 41, n. 1, abuv.
§ 64. Exampls of =ƕ=: +initially+: =ƕas=, _who_; =ƕaírnei=, f., _skul_;
=ƕaírban=, _to walk about_; =ƕeila=, _time_; =ƕôpan=, _to boast_;
=ƕeits=, _white_; =ƕaiteis=, _wheat_; --+medially+: =aƕa=, _water_;
=saíƕan=, _to see_; =leiƕan=, _to lend_; =þeiƕô=, _thunder_; =nêƕa=,
_near_; =aíƕa-tundi=, f., _brambl-bush_; --also +finally+: =saƕ=,
=saƕt= (prt. of =saíƕan=), =nêƕ=, _near_.
NOTE. =i= and =u= ar broken before =ƕ= as wel as before =h=; cp. §
62, n. 1.
§ 65. =g= corresponds to Greek γ, also as a guttural nasal; as,
=synagôgê=, συναγωγή; =aggilus=, ἄγγελος.--The pronunciation of the
Gothic initial =g= was quite certainly that of a soft (voiced) stop;
final and medial =g= was possibly a spirant.
NOTE 1. Latin authors render =g= in Gothic names by g, but
also by c; as, =Caina= beside =Gaina= (Jornandes), =Commundus=
(= =Gummundus=); medially, especially before =i=, it is often
dropt; as, =Eila= beside =Agila=, =Egila=, =Aiulf= (= =Aigulf=),
=Athanaildus= (= =Athanagildus=); cp. Dietrich, p. 73 et seq.
NOTE 2. For the pronunciation of medial =g= as a spirant the Latin
representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.',
173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that final =g=
does not becum =h= (cp. =b-f=, =d-þ=). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276
et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the
pronunciation of medial and final =g=; then the value of a stop
seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).
§ 66. =g= occurs frequently in Goth. words, both initially and
medially. E. g. (a) =gasts=, _guest_; =guma=, _man_; =gulþ=, _gold_;
=gôþs=, _good_; =giutan=, _to pour_; =greipan=, _to gripe, seiz_;
=graban=, _to dig_. (b) =agis=, _aw_; =wigs=, _way_; <bgawigan=, _to
move_; =steigan=, _to mount_; =ligan=, _to lie_; =þragjan=, _to run_;
--=augô=, _ey_; =tagr=, _tear_; =tigus=, _ten_; =aigan=, _to hav_;
suffixal =g=: =mahteigs=, _mighty_; =môdags=, _angry_.
Also final =g= remains unchanged: =ôg=, _I fear_; =mag=, _I can_; =wig=
(acc. of =wigs=, _way_), etc.
NOTE. =g= becums =h= before a suffixal =t= attacht to it (§ 81);
e. g., =mahts=, =mahta= (prs. =mag=), =ôhta= (prs. =ôg=), =baúhta=
(inf. =bugjan=), =brâhta= (inf. =briggan=). But there seems
to be no change of consonants before the =t= of the 2nd pers.
prt. Only =magt= (1st =mag=) is found (201).--Also elsewhere in
word-formation an interchange between =h= and =g= takes place in
words belonging to the same root: =taíhun=, _10_; and =tigus=,
_decad_; =filhan=, _to conceal_, and =fulgins=, adj., _hidn_;
=faginôn=, _to rejoice_, and =fahêþs= f., _joy_; =huggrjan=, _to
hunger_, and =hûhrus=, _hunger_; =juggs=, _yung_; compar. =jûhiza=;
concerning the interchange between =áig= and =áih=, s. § 203, n. 1.
Cp. § 79, n. 2.
§ 67. =g= denotes also a guttural nasal (s. § 50); e. g., (=n= + =g=):
=laggs=, _long_; =briggan=, _to bring_; =tuggô=, _tung_; =figgrs=,
_finger_; =gaggan=, _to go_; --(=n= + =k=, =q=): =drigkan=, _to drink_;
=þagkjan=, _to think_; =þugkjan=, _to seem_; =igqis=, _(to) yu both_;
=sigqan=, _to sink_; =stigqan=, _to thrust_.
NOTE 1. Beside the singl letter =g= uzed to express the guttural
nasal, =gg= is sumtimes found (so regularly in codex B): =siggqan=,
=driggkan=, =iggqis=; =g= is not dubld before =g=; the only
case, =atgagggand= (Mt. IX, 15) is corrected by the editors. The
reverse error occurs three times: =faúragagja= (for =faúragaggja=,
_steward_); Lu. VIII, 3. XVI, 1; =hugridai= (for =huggridai=); I.
Cor. IV, 11. Cp. Vulfila by Bernhardt, p. LI.
NOTE 2. The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few
times in Lu.; as, =þank=; XVII, 9; =bringiþ=; XV, 22.
§ 68. The combination =ggw= deservs special notice. (1) It is a
guttural nasal + =gw=, as is proved by the ng of the remaining Germanic
languages (also of the ON.): =aggwus=, _narrow_ (OHG. engi, ON. ǫngr);
=siggwan=, _to sing_ (OHG. singan, ON. syngva); =saggws=, _song_. Here
perhaps belongs also =unmanariggws=, _unrestraind, wild_ (cognate with
OHG. ringi? Dtsch. Litteraturzeitg. 1888, p. 770).
(2) Another =ggw= corresponds to West-Germanic uw (OHG. uu or uuu; cp.
ahd. gr., §§ 112. 113), to ON. gg(v); this =gg= certainly denotes a
stop: =triggws=, _faithful_ (OHG. triuwi, ON. tryggr); =bliggwan=, _to
beat_ (OHG. bliuwan); =*glaggwus=, _exact_ (OHG. glauwêr, ON. glǫggr);
=skuggwa=, _mirror_ (ON. skyggja; cp. Goth. =skawjan=).
NOTE. Concerning the =ggw= of the words givn under (2) and the
analogous =ddj= (§ 73, n. 1), cp. Beitr., IX, 545; Göttinger
Nachrichten, 1885, No. 6; Brgm., I, 157; Scherer, 'Kleinere
Schriften', I, p. XII et seq.--Concerning the East-Gothic names
=Triggua=, =Trigguilla=, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 78 et seq.