adopted against the Matabele: of firing a volley, riding back and
reloading their guns, and then charging again. There were no better
horsemen in the world than these farmers, for they had been accustomed
from early youth to ride and to hunt the game which then abounded in the
country they came from. But the din caused by the Zulus striking their
shields with their short spear shafts was so great that the horses
became almost unmanageable, and for an instant it seemed as if all was
lost. Then realising that there was one chance left, they directed all
their fire upon the horns of the Zulu army, that had closed in, shot
down hundreds, and dashed through the opening thus made.
Commandant Uys was wounded by a spear thrust, but as he fell from his
horse he called out to his followers to leave him and fight their way
out, for he must die. All except ten of them escaped by the road that
had been opened, but the pack horses, baggage, and spare ammunition had
to be left behind. Of the ten who died there, one was Commandant Pieter
Lavras Uys. Another was his gallant son Dirk Cornelis Uys, a boy only
fifteen years of age, who could have escaped, but seeing his father on
the ground and a Zulu raising a spear to stab him, he turned to assist
his parent, and fell by his side. The others who lost their lives were
David, Jacobus, and Jan Malan, Louis, Pieter, and Theunis Nel, Joseph
Kruger, and Frans Labuschagne. Potgieter’s division retreated in time,
on finding that it was being drawn into broken ground, and got safely
away. The expedition then, being unable to keep the field owing to the
loss of all the stores of the division under Uys, fell back to the camp
on the Bushman’s river, and Potgieter and his men shortly afterwards
returned to Winburg.
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
The aged father of Pieter Uys survived him only three months. He went
down into Natal with the other members of the party, and in July died
there. Mr. Maritz too, broken in health by anxiety and trouble, died on
the 23rd of September of the same year. Thus of the most prominent
leaders of the emigration, all had passed away in this short time except
Mr. Potgieter, who lived until 1853.
SYNOPTICAL INDEX.
SKETCH I.
Alfonso, son of the Burgundian Count Henrique: assumes the title of king
of Portugal, 7; which in A.D. 1143 is confirmed by Pope Innocent II,
ib.; in 1147 he obtains possession of Santarem and Lisbon, and extends
the boundary of Portugal southward to the Tagus, ib.
Africa: is almost entirely unexplored by Europeans in the early years of
the fifteenth century, 4
Alani, the: in the fifth century of our era invade the Iberian
peninsula, but most of them are afterwards driven by the Visigoths into
Africa, 6
Alexandria: before A.D. 1500 is the chief market in which Europeans
obtain Indian products, 3
Alexandrian libraries: destruction of, 11
Algarves, emirate of the: in 1250 is conquered by the Christians, and in
1263 is annexed to Portugal, which thus acquires its present dimensions,
8
America: is entirely unknown to Europeans in the early years of the
fifteenth century, 4
Arabs, the: before A.D. 1500 know more than Europeans of the geography
of Africa, 11; in the eighth century of our era conquer the whole of the
Iberian peninsula except the territory held by the Basques, 6; their
rule at first is mild, ib.; in the eleventh century of our era the
caliphate is broken into fragments, ib.; when a struggle with the
Christian population commences which lasts for centuries, ib.; gradually
a number of little independent Christian states come into existence, 7;
among which in A.D. 1095 is a county that afterwards expands into the
kingdom of Portugal, ib.
Arnold’s _History of Rome_: reference to, 4
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Australia: in the fifteenth century is entirely unknown to Europeans, 4
d’Azambuja, Diogo: in January 1482 founds São Jorge da Mina, 25
de Barros, João: _Da Asia_, reference to, 14
Basques, the: occupy the Iberian peninsula, 4; are exterminated or
driven by the Celts into the Pyrenees, 5
Beazley’s _Prince Henry the Navigator, the Hero of Portugal and of
Modern Discovery_: reference to, 14
Belief of seamen at the beginning of the fifteenth century as to the
ocean beyond Cape Nun, 13
Bragança: creation of the first duke of by Affonso V, 9
Busk’s _History of Spain and Portugal_: reference to, 4
Cabral, Gonçalo Velho: in 1432 discovers the island Santa Maria in the
Azores, 15
Caliph of Cordova: is for a time the supreme authority in the Iberian
peninsula, 6
Caliph of Damascus: for a time is ruler of the Iberian peninsula, 6
Cam, Diogo: in 1484 reaches the mouth of the Congo, 16; in 1485 sets up
a marble pillar on Cape Cross in latitude 22° S., ib.
Cape Blanco: in 1441 is reached by Nuno Tristão, 15
Cape Bojador: in 1434 is passed by Gil Eannes, 15
Cape Correntes: before A.D. 1500 is the southern terminus of ordinary
navigation by the Persians and Arabs, owing to fear of danger beyond it,
11
Cape Nun: belief of seamen as to the ocean beyond, 13
Cape Verde: in 1444 or 1445 is discovered and named by Diniz Dias, 15
Carthaginians: occupy stations in the southern part of the Iberian
peninsula, 5; from which in B.C. 206 they are expelled by the Romans, 5
de Castanheda, Fernão Lopes: _Descobrimento e Conquista da India pelos
Portuguezes_, reference to, 17
Celts: occupation of the Iberian peninsula by, 5
Ceuta, opposite Gibraltar: in 1415 is taken by the Portuguese from the
Moors, 9
de Cinta, Pedro: in 1461 reaches Cape Palmas, 16
[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]
Commerce between Europe and India before A.D. 1500: mode of conducting,
3
Compass, the: use of in Western Europe in the early years of the
fifteenth century, 12
Convicts: use made of by the Portuguese, 18
Cross set up by Bartholomeu Dias at Angra Pequena: destruction of, 20
Dias, Bartholomeu: in August 1486 sails from the Tagus, 17; near the
equator leaves his storeship behind, 19; reaches Angra dos Ilheos, now
called Angra Pequena, where he sets up a marble pillar, ib.; touches
next at Angra das Voltas, 20; passes the Cape of Good Hope without
knowing it, 21; and reaches Angra dos Vaqueiros, probably the present
Mossel Bay, ib.; where he sees Hottentots with cattle, but cannot
communicate with them, as they flee inland in fear, ib.; sails eastward
and reaches an island in the bay now called Algoa, on which he erects a
cross, 22; visits the mainland and examines it eastward to a prominent
rock, which receives the name Penedo das Fontes on account of two
springs of water found there, ib.; here the seamen protest against going
farther, but he induces them to persevere a little longer, 23; reaches
the mouth of a river which he names the Infante, ib.; there the
expedition turns back, 24; when returning he discovers the Cape of Good
Hope, and erects a cross somewhere on the Cape peninsula, ib.; rejoins
his storeship, which he burns, ib.; touches next at Prince’s Island in
the bight of Biafra, 25; where he finds some Portuguese in distress, and
takes them on board his ship, ib.; visits São Jorge da Mina, where he
takes some gold on board, ib.; and in December 1487 reaches Lisbon
again, ib.
Discovery of an ocean route between Europe and India: effect of, 3
Eastern Asia: in the early years of the fifteenth century is very
imperfectly known to Europeans, 4
Edrisi: incorrect map of South Africa of, 4
Egypt: before A.D. 1517 is independent, but in that year is reduced to
be a Turkish province, 3
English crusaders: assist the Portuguese against the Moslems, 7
Fogaça, João: in 1487 is commander of São Jorge da Mina, 25
Genoese: visit Madeira and even the Canary islands before the
Portuguese, 15
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Geographical ignorance in Europe in the early years of the fifteenth
century, 4
Gibbon’s _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_: references to, 4 and 11
de Goes, Damião: _Chronica do Felicissimo Rei Dom Emanuel da Gloriosa
Memoria_, reference to, 17
Goths: see Visigoths
Greeks: are supposed to have formed trading stations on the coast of
Portugal, 5
Habrão, Rabbi: travels of, 26
Henrique, a Burgundian noble, in A.D. 1095 becomes first count of
Portugal, 7
Henrique, the Infante Dom, commonly known to Englishmen as Prince Henry
the Navigator: is third son of King João I and Philippa of Lancaster,
13; prosecutes maritime exploration as much as possible, ib.;
establishes himself at Sagres with this object, 14; in 1460 dies, 16
Indian commerce with Europe: route of before A.D. 1500, 3
Indians: in early times knew more than Europeans of the geography of
Africa, 11
_Indice Chronologico das Navegações, Viagens, Descobrimentos, e
Conquistas dos Portuguezes nos Paizes Ultramarinos desde o Principio do
Seculo XV_: references to, 14 and 26
Jayne, K. G.: _Vasco da Gama and his Successors_: reference to, 32
João I, grand master of the order of Saint Benedict of Avis: in A.D.
1385 is elected by the cortes king of Portugal, 9; is assisted against
Castile by John of Gaunt, whose daughter he marries, ib.; enters into a
treaty of close friendship with England, ib.
João II: breaks the power of the feudal nobles of Portugal, and becomes
an absolute monarch, 10
Josepe, a Portuguese Jew: travels of, 26
Kings of Portugal before A.D. 1500, succession of: Affonso I, Sancho I,
Affonso II, Sancho II, Affonso III, Diniz, Affonso IV, Pedro, Fernando,
with whom the Burgundian dynasty came to an end; João I, of the dynasty
of Avis, Duarte, Affonso V, João II, Emanuel.
[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]
Legends of vessels having been carried by storms and currents from the
Indian to the Atlantic ocean, 12
de Lima, Dom Rodrigo: in 1515 proceeds to Abyssinia as ambassador of the
king of Portugal, 27
Lisbon: is supposed by some historians to have been founded by a
Hellenic colony, 5
Madeira: in 1420 is visited by Portuguese explorers, 14; in 1425 a
commencement in colonising the island is made, 15
Major’s _Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navigator and their Results_:
reference to, 14
Maps of South Africa by Ptolemy and Edrisi: incorrectness of, 4
Mozambique current: at Cape Correntes runs southward with great
velocity, 11
_Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia and
Madagascar, performed in H.M. Ships Leven and Barracouta under the
direction of Captain W. F. W. Owen, R.N._: reference to, 20
Negro slaves: in 1443 the first are brought to Portugal by Nuno Tristão,
15
Ocean route between Europe and India: effect of the discovery of, 3
Ourique: battle of, 7
de Paiva, Affonso: in May 1487 leaves Santarem to search for Prester
John, 26; proceeds to Naples, Rhodes, Alexandria, Cairo, Tor, Suakin,
and Aden, and then to Abyssinia, ib.; dies in the East, ib.
Palæolithic men in Portugal: relics of, 4
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco: is found by Bartholomeu Dias in distress at
Prince’s Island, and is taken by him to Lisbon, 25; is author of a
volume termed _Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis_, 31 and 32
Perestrello, Bartholomeu: voyages of, 14
_Periplus of the Erythrean Sea_: reference to, 11
Persians: before A.D. 1500 know more than Europeans of the geography of
Africa, 11
Phœnicians: occupy stations in the southern part of the Iberian
peninsula, 5
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Pires, João, of Covilhão: in May 1487 leaves Santarem to search for
Prester John, 26; proceeds to Naples, Rhodes, Alexandria, Cairo, Tor,
Suakin, and Aden, then crosses the Indian ocean to Cananor, Calicut, and
Goa, passes over to Sofala, and back to Aden and Cairo, ib.; where he
receives further orders from Portugal, and proceeds to Aden and Ormuz,
thence back by way of Aden to Abyssinia, where he is detained till his
death, 27
Po, Fernando: in 1471 crosses the equator, 16
Porto Santo: discovery of, 14
Portugal: outline of the early history of, 4; primitive inhabitants of,
ib.; is occupied by the Basques, ib.; who are followed by the Celts, 5;
the country is conquered by the Romans, ib.; and becomes Romanised in
civilisation, religion, and language, ib.; in the fifth century of our
era is overrun by the Visigoths, who establish themselves as an
aristocracy in the country, 6; in the eighth century the Arabs conquer
the whole peninsula except the territory occupied by the Basques, ib.;
in A.D. 1095 the northern portion of Portugal becomes independent of the
Arabs, 7; and in 1143 is acknowledged by Pope Innocent II as an
independent kingdom, ib.; it is called Portugal from o Porto, the port
at the mouth of the Douro, ib.; it is gradually enlarged until 1263,
when it attains its present dimensions, 8; it is favourably situated for
prosecuting discovery by sea, 4; but in the early years of the fifteenth
century it has not much shipping, ib.
Prester John, a mythical potentate: reference to, 18
Ptolemy: incorrect map of South Africa of, 4 and 24
Ravenstein, E. G.: paper in the _Geographical Journal_ by, entitled _The
Voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias_, 1482-88, 28 _et seq._
Romans: establish their authority in the Iberian peninsula, 5
São Jorge da Mina: is established in January 1482, and is the first
permanent settlement of the Portuguese on the western coast of Africa.
It is now called Elmina, and is a British possession, 25
Ships of the fifteenth century: description of, 12
Slave trade: is ruinous to Portugal, 16
Stephens’ _History of Portugal_: reference to, 4
Stone implements: are found in Portugal of very crude workmanship, 4
Suevi, the: in the fifth century of our era invade the Iberian
peninsula, where their descendants still remain, 6
[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]
Tangier: in 1437 the Portuguese are repulsed in an attack upon, 9
Toro: battle of, 10
Vandals: in the fifth century of our era invade the Iberian peninsula,
but are afterwards driven by the Visigoths into Africa, 6
Vas, Tristão: voyage of, 14
Venetians: before A.D. 1500 are the distributors of Indian products over
Europe, 3
Vidal, Captain: reference to, 20
Visigoths, the: in the fifth century of our era occupy the Iberian
peninsula, where their descendants still remain, 6
_Voyage of Nearchus_: reference to, 11
Zarco, João Gonçalves: voyage of, 14
SKETCH II.
Adolf of Nassau, brother of William prince of Orange: death of in
battle, 58
Agoada de São Bras of the Portuguese: is now called Mossel Bay, 122
Albert, Cardinal Archduke: in January 1596 becomes governor-general of
the submissive Netherlands, 110; administration of, ib. et seq.; in 1621
dies, 152
Alkmaar: unsuccessful siege of by the Spaniards, 68
Alva, duke of: in 1567 is sent by Philippe II to the Netherlands with a
strong Spanish army, 56; murderous administration of, 56 to 70; in
December 1573 leaves the Netherlands, 70
Amsterdam, city of: on the 8th of February 1578 is gained by the
patriots, 87; in later years has a preponderating influence in the
government of the East India Company, 133
Ango, Jean: in 1527 sends three ships from Dieppe to India, 36; but they
are all lost, ib.; in 1529 assists in sending two others to India, 37;
but this venture is also unfortunate, ib.
Anjou, duke of: in 1581 is elected their sovereign by twelve of the
Netherland provinces, 93; on the 17th of February 1582 is inaugurated at
Antwerp, 94; acts in a perfidious and violent manner, 95; is obliged to
flee from Antwerp, ib.; returns to Paris, and in June 1584 dies, 96
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Antwerp: description of the city, 80; in November 1576 it is pillaged by
Spanish troops, ib.; it is besieged by the duke of Parma, and on the
17th of August 1585 is obliged to capitulate, 100
Antwerp cathedral: in August 1566 is greatly injured by a party of
fanatics, 55
Antwerp citadel: is constructed by the duke of Alva to overawe the
townspeople, 57
Artois, count of: before 1544 admits the precedence in rank of the kings
of France, 44
Artois, province of: in 1544 comes under the government of the emperor
Charles V, 48; after taking part in the resistance to Spanish tyranny,
on the 17th of May 1579, with Hainaut and Lille, is reconciled to
Philippe II, and for ever lost to the patriot cause, 88
d’Ataide, Dom Estevão: in 1607 successfully defends Fort São Sebastião
at Mozambique against the Dutch under Paulus van Caerden, 139; and also
in 1608 against a stronger Dutch force under Pieter Willemszoon
Verhoeff, 146
_Atlas of Mercator and Hondius_: reference to, 50
_Atlas_ of Ortelius: reference to, 50
d’Avila, Don Juan Alvarez, Spanish admiral: on the 25th of April 1607 is
killed in the great battle in Gibraltar Bay, 151
Azores, the: in 1466 are presented by Affonso V of Portugal to his aunt
the duchess of Burgundy, 46; they are thereafter termed the Flemish
islands until 1640, when they revert to Portugal, ib.
Baffin, William, the famous Arctic navigator: in 1620 visits Table
Valley, 159
Bali: is visited by the first Dutch expedition to India, 123
Bantam: is visited by the first Dutch expedition to India, 123
Barendszoon, Willem: in 1594 explores the polar seas in search of a
passage to China, but finds the way blocked by ice, 116; in 1595 makes
another attempt, but again without success, 117; in 1596 tries again,
passes the winter in Nova Zembla, and dies when attempting to return
home, 117 and 118
Batavi, the, a Nether Teuton tribe: about a century before the Christian
era take possession of the territory between the extreme forks of the
Rhine, 42
Beggars: in 1566 the title is adopted by the patriot party in the
Netherlands, 55
[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]
_Begin ende Voortgangh van de Vereenighde Nederlantsche Geoctroyeerde
Oost Indische Compagnie_: references to, 117 and 122
Belgium: in 1624, after the death of the archduchess Isabella, passes
again under the direct rule of Spain, 152; successive diminutions of
territory since that date, ib.; on the 7th of September 1714 it is ceded
to the emperor Charles VI, ib.
Bergen-op-Zoom: is besieged by Alexander Farnese, but in November 1588
the siege is raised, 108
Biesbosch, the: in 1421 is formed, 43
Bilderdyk’s _Geschiedenis des Vaderlands_: reference to, 41
Bishops: are greatly increased in number in the Netherlands by Philippe
II of Spain, in order to extend the inquisition, 52
Blok’s _History of the People of the Netherlands_: references to, 41,
50, 52, and 71
Boisot, Louis, admiral of Zeeland: in January 1574 destroys a Spanish
flotilla in the Schelde, 72; and part of another Spanish flotilla at
Antwerp, 74; commands the flotilla that relieves Leyden, 75 and 76; in
June 1575 loses his life in attempting to relieve Zierikzee, 78
_Bom Jesus_, Portuguese galleon: in August 1608 is captured by the Dutch
near Mozambique, 147
Bossu, count of, admiral of a Spanish fleet: in October 1573 is defeated
by the Sea Beggars in a desperate battle in the Zuyder Zee, 69
Both, Pieter: in 1599 commands an expedition sent to India, 125; in
November 1609 is appointed first governor-general of Netherlands India,
149; and in December 1610 assumes the duty at Bantam, 150
Boulger’s _History of Belgium_: reference to, 42
Breda, town of: on the 4th of March 1590 is gained by the patriots, 108
Brill, town of: in 1572 is seized by the Sea Beggars under William de la
Marck, 62; when revolting cruelties are perpetrated upon their
opponents, 63; the town is thereafter held by the patriots, ib.; from
1585 to 1616 it is occupied by English troops as security for the
payment of money lent to the patriots by Queen Elizabeth, 101 and 115
Bruges: before A.D. 1500 is the emporium of the Italian merchants for
Indian products, 45; in May 1584 it is betrayed to the Spaniards, 96
Brussels: on the 13th of March 1585 capitulates to the Spaniards, 100
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Cabires: the horde of Bantu so called by the Portuguese invade the
territory of the monomotapa and lay it waste, 136; the Portuguese go to
the assistance of the Kalanga chief, but are defeated and obliged to
retire, ib.
van Caerden, Paulus: in 1601 gives Mossel Bay its present name, 126; in
March 1607 with a strong force attacks Mozambique, 139; but in May is
obliged to give up the attempt to get possession of it, 143
Cæsar: conquers the Celtic portion of the Netherlands and also compels
the Frisians to pay tribute, but admits the Batavi to an alliance with
Rome, 43
Calais: is taken by the French from the English in the reign of Queen
Mary, 51
Candish, Thomas: in 1586-1588 sails round the world, 40
Charlemagne: in the eighth century of our era becomes sovereign of the
Netherlands, 44
Charles V, Emperor: from his Burgundian ancestors inherits the
sovereignty of all the Netherlands except Gelderland, Utrecht, the
Frisian provinces, Liege, Artois, and Flanders, 48; in 1524 he adds
Friesland to his dominions, in 1528 Overyssel and Utrecht, in 1536
Groningen and Drenthe, in 1543 Gelderland, and in 1544 Flanders and
Artois, ib.; so that in and after 1544 the whole country, with the
exception of the bishopric of Liege, is united under one monarch with
Spain, 49; character of his government, ib.; in October 1555 he
abdicates, and his son Philippe II of Spain becomes sovereign of all the
Netherland provinces except Liege, 51
Churches in the Southern Netherlands: violation of, 55
Coligny, Admiral: murder of, 65
Commencement of the struggle of the Netherlands against Spain, 58
Convicts sent from England to South Africa: account of, 165
_Corbin_, the: in 1601 sails from St. Malo to India, but in July 1602 is
lost at the Maldives, 37
Cory, a Hottentot taken to England and made much of there: account of,
163 and 164
Council of Blood: is established at Brussels by the duke of Alva, 57
de Couto’s _Da Asia_: references to, 122 and 128
_Croissant_, the: in 1601 sails from St. Malo to India, but is lost on
her homeward passage, 37
Crusades, the: have a beneficial effect upon the Netherlands, 45
[Sidenote: Synoptical Index.]
Danish ships: in 1619 first visit Table Bay, 168
Dassen (Conies) Island: in 1605 receives its name, 156
Davis, John: in 1598 sails to India in the Dutch service, 123; in 1601
visits Table Bay on his second voyage to India, 155; and again in 1605
on his third outward passage, ib.; in December of this year he is killed
by Japanese pirates, ib.
Dendermonde: on the 17th of August 1584 is reconciled to Philippe II,
and is thereafter lost to the patriot cause, 98
Deventer: on the 29th of January 1587 is betrayed by Sir William Stanley
to Spain, 104; on the 10th of June 1591 is recovered by the patriots,
109
Dias, Estevão: career of, 36 and 37
Dirkszoon, Cornelis: in October 1573 gains a great victory in a naval
battle with a Spanish fleet, 69
Disastrous encounters with Hottentots in Table Valley, 163
Dollart, the: in 1277 is formed, 43
Don John of Austria: in 1576 is appointed by Philippe II
governor-general of the Netherlands, 82; on the 3rd of May 1577 takes
the oaths of office at Brussels, 84; administration of, 84 to 88; on the
1st of October 1578 dies, 88
Drake, Sir Francis: in 1577-1580 makes his celebrated voyage round the
world, 38 and 39; in April 1587 destroys a great Spanish fleet in the
harbour of Cadiz and another in the Tagus, 106
Drenthe: particulars concerning the province of, 90
Dutch East India Company: causes of the formation of, 130; in March 1602
comes into existence, ib.; conditions of the charter granted by the
states-general, ib.; capital of the Company, 132; its advantage to the
State, 132; later modifications of the charter, 133
Dutch ships in Spanish ports: in 1598 are seized and confiscated, 116
Egmont, count of: wins the great battles of St. Quentin and Gravelines
for Philippe II, 51; execution of, 59
English convicts sent to South Africa: account of, 165
English ships: in 1591 for the first time visit Table Bay, 40
Ernest, archduke: in January 1594 becomes governor-general of the
submissive Netherlands, 109; on the 20th of February 1595 dies, 110
[Sidenote: Historical Sketches.]
Farnese, Alexander, prince of Parma: on the 31st of January 1578
annihilates the patriot army at Gemblours, 86; in October 1578 becomes
governor-general of the Netherlands, 88; administration of, 88 to 109;
in 1590 goes to France with a strong army to assist the duke of Mayenne
against Henry of Navarre, 108; but after breaking the blockade of Paris
returns to the Netherlands, ib.; on the 3rd of December 1592 dies, 109
Fitch, Ralph: travels of, 39 and 40
Fitzherbert and Shillinge, two English commodores: in 1620 in Table
Valley proclaim the sovereignty of James I of England over Africa to the
dominions of another Christian prince, 159 and 160; but this is not
confirmed in England, 160