2293. The appositive participle is a loose substitute for a subordinate
sentence introduced by a relative or by a conjunctive particle.
2294. (1.) The appositive participle may represent a relative sentence:
as,
#nōvī ego Epicūrēōs omnia sigilla venerantēs#, _DN._ 1, 85, _why, I know
Epicureans who bow the knee to all sorts of graven images_. #Conōn mūrōs
dīrutōs ā Lȳsandrō reficiendōs cūrat#, N. 9, 4, 5, _Conon superintended
the rebuilding of the walls which had been destroyed by Lysander_. The
future participle is poetic and late (2283): as, #servēs itūrum Caesarem
in Britannōs#, H. 1, 35, 29, _guard Caesar who against the Britons is to
march_.
2295. (2.) The appositive participle, representing other sentences, may
express various relations: as, (_a._) time, (_b._) cause or means,
(_c._) purpose, (_d._) concession, (_e._) hypothesis, (_f._) description
or the manner of an action, like an adverb.
For the ablative absolute in such relations, see 1362-1374, particularly
1367.
(_a._) Time: #vehemēns sum exoriēns, quom occidō vehementior#, Pl. _R._
71, _furious am I at my rising, when I set more furious still_. #occīsus
est ā cēnā rediēns#, _RA._ 97, _he was murdered on his way home from a
dinner-party_. #ūnam noctem sōlam praedōnēs commorātī, accedēre
incipiunt Syrācūsās#, _V._ 5, 95, _the freebooters, after tarrying but
one night, began to draw near Syracuse_. The future is late (2283): as,
#prīmum omnium virōrum fortium itūrī in proelia canunt#, Ta. _G._ 3, _as
the chief of all brave heroes, they sing of him when they are on the
point of going to battle_, of Hercules.
(_b._) Cause or means: #mōtum exspectāns dīlectum habēre īnstituit#, 6,
1, 1, _since he anticipated a rising, he determined on recruiting
troops_. #moveor tālī amīcō orbātus#, _L._ 10, _I am certainly affected
at being bereaved of such a friend_. #dextrā datā fidem futūrae
amīcitiae sanxisse#, L. 1, 1, 8, _by giving his right hand he gave a
pledge of future friendship_. #quae contuēns animus accēdit ad
cōgnitiōnem deōrum#, _DN._ 2, 153, _through the contemplation of these,
the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods_. The future participle is
late: as, #neque illīs iūdicium aut vēritās, quippe eōdem diē dīversa
parī certāmine postulātūrīs#, Ta. _H._ 1, 32, _they had neither sound
judgement nor sincerity, since on the same day they were to make
conflicting demands with equal vehemence_.
(_c._) Purpose: the future participle, commonly with a verb of motion:
#ad Clūsium vēnērunt, legiōnem Rōmānam castraque oppugnātūrī#, L. 10,
26, 7, _they came to the neighbourhood of Clusium, to assail the Roman
legion and camp_. #ascendit ipse, lātūrus auxilium#, Plin. _Ep._ 6, 16,
9, _he went aboard in person to go to the rescue_. #laetō complērant
lītora coetū vīsūrī Aeneadas#, V. 5, 107, _in happy company they’d
filled the strand to see Aeneas’ men_. #rediēre omnēs Bonōniam, rursus
cōnsiliātūrī#, Ta. _H._ 2, 53, _they all went back to Bologna for a
second consultation_. This use appears first in C. Gracchus as cited by
Gellius, then once in Cicero and Sallust each, and a few times in the
poets. From Livy on, it grows commoner. In the poets, Livy, and Tacitus,
it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis: as,
#ēgreditur castrīs Rōmānus, vāllum invāsūrus nī cōpia pugnae fieret#, L.
3, 60, 8, _the Roman marches out of camp, proposing to assault the
stockade unless battle were offered_.
(_d._) Concession: #quī mortālis nātus condiciōnem postulēs
immortālium#, _TD._ 3, 36, _thou who, though born to die, layest claim
to the state of the deathless_. #bēstiīs, quibus ipsa terra fundit
pāstūs abundantīs nihil labōrantibus#, _Fin._ 2, 111, _the beasts, on
which, though they toil not, earth lavishes sustenance in profusion_.
Often with #tamen# or the like accompanying the verb: as, #ibī̆
vehementissimē perturbātus Lentulus tamen et sīgnum et manum suam
cōgnōvit#, _C._ 3, 12, _thereupon Lentulus, though thrown into the most
extreme confusion, did yet recognize his own hand and seal_. For
#quamquam# and #quamvīs#, see 1900, 1907. Ovid and Propertius sometimes
have #licet# (1710): as, #isque, licet caelī regiōne remōtōs, mente deōs
adiīt#, O. 15, 62, _he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh, though they
are far away in heaven’s domain_. The future participle is rare and
late.
(_e._) Hypothesis: #quid igitur mihī̆ ferārum laniātus oberit nihil
sentientī?# _TD._ 1, 104, _what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do
me if I have no feeling?_ #appārēbat nōn admissōs prōtinus Carthāginem
itūrōs#, L. 21, 9, 4, _it grew obvious that, if not given audience, they
would go to Carthage forthwith_. For other examples, see 2110. For the
participle with #quasi# or #ut#, and in late writers with #tamquam# or
#velut#, see 2121. The future participle is rare and late.
(_f._) Description or manner: #haec properantēs scrīpsimus#, _Att._ 4,
4^a, _I have written this hastily_, i.e. _in haste yours truly_.
#dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre#, L. 2, 20,
13, _the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in
triumph_. #incendēbat haec flētū et pectus verberāns#, Ta. 1, 23, _he
lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast_.
#vīnctōs aspiciunt catēnīs līberōs suōs#, _V._ 5, 108, _they behold
their own children held in bondage_.
2296. The participle with a negative may be translated by _without_: as,
#id illa ūnivorsum abripiet haud existumāns quantō labōre partum#, T.
_Ph._ 45, _my lady’ll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it
cost to get_. #nōn rogātōs ultrō offerre auxilium#, L. 34, 23, 3, _that
without being asked, they offer assistance of their own accord_.