2282. The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to
express a permanent condition: as,
#ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus
dēsīderat#, _Br._ 317, _the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker,
inspired and dramatic and sonorous_. #L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus#,
Varro, _RR._ 3, 2, 17, _Abuccius, an eminently learned man_. #aliī
facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī#, _O._ 20, _others are brilliant, even
bright and elegant_. #id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns#, T.
_Andr._ 508, _I give you notice this will happen, that you may be
prepared_.
2283. The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan
poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, has #futūrus# in this use
with #rēs# and a few other words, and has #ventūrus# once.
#dā mānsūram urbem#, V. 3, 85, _grant a city that shall abide_. #firmus
pariēs et dūrātūrus#, Ta. _D._ 22, _a strong and durable wall_. #sīgna
ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum#, _DN._ 2, 12, _signs of future events
are disclosed by the gods_. For the future participle with forms of
#sum#, see 1633.
2284. Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are
capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an
adjective.
(_a._) #nōmen invictī imperātōris#, _V._ 4, 82, _the invincible
general’s name_. #pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō#, H. _S._ 1, 6, 69, _pure and
guiltless if I live_ (749). (_b._) #solūtus venēficae scientiōris
carmine#, H. _Epod._ 5, 71, _freed by some craftier witch’s charm_.
#homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs#, _V._ 4, 126, _Verres, most accomplished of
men_. (_c._) #tibi sum oboediēns#, Pl. _MG._ 806, _I’m your obedient_
(1200). #tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse
accommodāta#, _Fam._ 3, 3, 2, _I feel confident that you will do what
you shall feel most appropriate to my interests_ (1201). For the
genitive with such participles, see 1266.
2285. A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often
contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract
substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus
used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.
This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in
precisely the same way that the gerundive construction (2240) expresses
uncompleted action.
(_a._) Joined with substantives: #iniūriae retentōrum equitum
Rōmānōrum#, 3, 10, 2, _the outrages of Roman knights detained_, i.e. _in
the detention of Roman knights_. #servātī cōnsulis decus#, L. 21, 46,
10, _the credit of saving the consul_. #male administrātae prōvinciae
urgēbātur#, Ta. 6, 29, _he was charged with maladministration of his
province_. #ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs?# Cat. 31, 7, _oh what is
sweeter than the putting off of care?_
(_b._) Joined with prepositions: #ab conditā urbe ad līberātam#, L. 1,
60, 3, _from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof_.
#post nātōs hominēs improbissimus#, _Br._ 224, _the greatest reprobate
since the creation of man_. #ante cīvitātem datam#, _Arch._ 9, _before
the gift of the citizenship_.
(_c._) In the nominative: very rare before Livy: #dēpressa hostium
classis#, _Arch._ 21, _the sinking of the enemy’s fleet_. #angēbant
ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae#, L. 21, 1, 5, _what
tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia_.
#cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs#, J. 6, 7, _whose
sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed_.
2286. This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy,
who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with
prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it
both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in
Terence), it is found with the substantives #opus# and #ūsus#, in Cato
with #post#, in Varro with #propter#: as, #mī homine conventōst opus#,
Pl. _Cur._ 302, _I needs must see the man_. #propter mare congelātum#,
Varro, _RR._ 1, 2, 4, _by reason of the freezing of the sea water_. For
the participle alone with #ūsus est# and #opus est#, see 1382.