2279. (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the
verb of the sentence.
#āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit#, _DN._ 2, 101, _the air by
streaming to and fro produces winds_. #convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam#,
T. _Eu._ 234, _I met a man as I was coming to-day_. #manūs tendentēs
vītam ōrābant#, L. 44, 42, 4, _with hands outstretched they begged their
lives_. #Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim#, oracle in
_Div._ 2, 115, _Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a
mighty realm_. #benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās#, Pl. _Merc._
289, _thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy_. #cōnsecūtus id
quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, _having
accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat_.
#Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat#, _TD._ 3, 27,
_after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth_.
#lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs#, 4, 9, 1, _the
envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought
the matter over_.
2280. (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with
past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous
action. So occasionally a perfect passive.
(_a._) #Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre#, S. _I._ 69, 1, _supposing
that it was Metellus, they closed their gates_. #gāvīsus illōs retinērī
iussit#, 4, 13, 6, _with pleasure he gave orders for their detention_.
#persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur#, 1, 5, 4,
_they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go_. #sōlātus iussit
sapientem pāscere barbam#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 35, _consoling me he bade me
grow a philosophic beard_. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero
very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon
in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it
is frequent. (_b._) #servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō#, L. 2,
36, 1, _he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in
the circus_. With this compare #servus per circum, cum virgīs
caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est#, _Div._ 1, 55, _a slave with the
fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the
while_ (1872). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force (2279) in
#verberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam#, T. _Andr._ 199, _I’ll give
you a flogging and then put you in the mill_.
2281. For the perfect participle with forms of #sum# and #fuī#, see
1608, 1609; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.