1915. In particular present or future statements, #antequam# and
#priusquam# introduce a present, either indicative or subjunctive; in
future statements the future perfect is also used, and regularly when
the main verb is future perfect: as,
#antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam#, _C._ 4, 20, _before I
come back to the motion, I will say a little about myself_ (1593). #est
etiam prius quam abīs quod volo loquī#, Pl. _As._ 232, _there’s
something else I want to say before you go_. #antequam veniat in Pontum,
litterās ad Cn. Pompēium mittet#, _Agr._ 2, 53, _before he reaches
Pontus, he will send a letter to Pompey_. #prius quam ad portam veniās,
est pistrīlla#, T. _Ad._ 583, _there’s a little bakery just before you
get to the gate_. #nihil contrā disputābō priusquam dīxerit#, _Fl._ 51,
_I will not argue to the contrary before he has spoken_ (1626). #neque
prius, quam dēbellāverō, absistam#, L. 49, 39, 9, _and I will not leave
off before I have brought the war to an end_. #sī quid mihī̆ acciderit
priusquam hōc tantum malī vīderō#, _Mil._ 99, _if anything shall befall
me before I see this great calamity_. #neque prōmittō quicquam neque
respondeō prius quam gnātum vīderō#, T. _Ph._ 1044, _I’m not promising
anything nor making any answer before I see my son_ (1593). Tacitus uses
neither the present indicative nor the future perfect.
1916. In old Latin the future and the perfect subjunctive also occur:
as,
#prius quam quoiquam convīvae dabis, gustātō tūte prius#, Pl. _Ps._ 885,
_before you help a single guest, taste first yourself_; but Terence does
not use the future, and it is found only once or twice later. #nūllō
pactō potest prius haec in aedīs recipī, quam illam āmīserim#, Pl. _MG._
1095. _on no terms can I take my new love to the house, before I’ve let
the old love drop_; but usually the perfect subjunctive is due to
indirect discourse.
1917. In particular past statements #antequam# and #priusquam# introduce
the perfect indicative, especially when the apodosis is negative. The
imperfect subjunctive rarely occurs, chiefly in late writers.
(_a._) #omnia ista ante facta sunt quam iste Ītaliam attigit#, _V._ 2,
161, _all these incidents occurred before the defendant set foot in
Italy_. #neque prius fugere dēstitērunt quam ad Rhēnum pervēnērunt#, 1,
53, 1, _and they did not stay their flight before they fairly arrived at
the Rhine_. #prius quam hinc abiīt quīndecim mīles minās dederat#, Pl.
_Ps._ 53, _the captain had paid down fifteen minae before he left here_.
(_b._) #nec prius sunt vīsī quam castrīs adpropinquārent#, 6, 37, 2,
_they were not seen before they drew near to the camp_. This use of the
imperfect subjunctive, not to be confounded with that mentioned in 1919,
is not found in old Latin or in Cicero. It is found in Nepos and Livy.
1918. The present indicative also occurs in particular past statements
in old Latin: as, #is priusquam moritur mihi dedit#, Pl. _Cu._ 637,
_before he died he gave it me_. The indicative imperfect occurs four
times in Livy and once in late Latin, the pluperfect once in old Latin
and once in Cicero.
1919. When the action of the protasis was forestalled, or when action
conceivable or purpose is expressed, #antequam# and #priusquam#
regularly introduce the imperfect subjunctive in particular past
statements: as,
#plērīque interfectī sunt, priusquam occultum hostem vidērent#, L. 35,
29, 3, _most of them were slain before they could see the hidden enemy_.
#antequam verbum facerem, dē sellā surrēxit#, _V._ 4, 147, _before I
could utter a word he arose from his seat_. #pervēnit priusquam Pompēius
sentīre posset#, Caes. _C._ 3, 67, 4, _he arrived before Pompey should
be able to learn of his coming_ (1725). The present and perfect
subjunctive occur rarely, generally when the main clause contains a
present of vivid narration (1590). The imperfect is not found in old
Latin.
1920. The perfect indicative or imperfect subjunctive with #antequam# is
often used attributively with nouns denoting time: as,
#fābulam docuit, annō ipsō ante quam nātus est Ennius#, _Br._ 72, _he
exhibited a play just a year before Ennius was born_. #ducentīs annīs
ante quam Rōmam caperent, in Ītaliam Gallī trānscendērunt#, L. 5, 33, 5,
_two hundred years before they took Rome, the Gauls crossed over to
Italy_. The pluperfect also occurs, when the main verb is pluperfect:
as, #Stāiēnus bienniō antequam causam recēpisset, sescentīs mīllibus
nummūm sē iūdicium conruptūrum dīxerat#, _Clu._ 68, _Stajenus had said
two years before he undertook the case, that he would bribe the court
for six hundred thousand sesterces_.
1921. The pluperfect subjunctive is rarely introduced by #antequam# or
#priusquam# except in indirect discourse: as,
#antequam dē meō adventū audīre potuissent, in Macedoniam perrēxī#,
_Pl._ 98, _before they should be able to hear of my arrival, I proceeded
to Macedonia_ (1725). #āvertit equōs in castra priusquam pābula
gustāssent Trōiae Xanthumque bibissent#, V. 1, 472, _he drave the horses
off to camp, or ever they should taste of Troja’s grass and Xanthus
drink_ (1725).
1922. It may be mentioned here that #postrīdiē quam# and #prīdiē quam#
occur a few times in Plautus and Cicero with the indicative; #postrīdiē
quam# with the indicative in Suetonius; and #prīdiē quam# with the
subjunctive in Livy, Valerius Maximus, and Suetonius.
#posteā quam# or #postquam#.
#ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#.
1923. With #posteā quam#, #postquam# (#posquam#), _after_, the following
words may conveniently be treated: #ubī̆#, #ut#, _when_; #ubī̆ prīmum#,
#ut prīmum#, #cum prīmum#, _when first_, and in Plautus #quom extemplō#;
#simul atque# (or #ac#, less frequently #et# or #ut#, or #simul# alone),
_at the same time with_, _as soon as_.
#postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#, accompany the
indicative.
For examples of the use of tenses, see 1924-1934.
1924. In clauses introduced by #posteā quam# or #postquam#, the
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, found a dozen times in the
manuscripts of Cicero’s works and elsewhere, is generally corrected in
modern editions or usually the conjunctive particle is emended to
#posteā quom# (#cum#). But the subjunctive may of course be used with
this and the other particles mentioned in 1923 for special reasons, as
with the indefinite second person (1731), by attraction (1728), and in
indirect discourse (1725). For the subjunctive of repeated past action
with #ubī̆# and #ut#, see 1932. The infinitive of intimation occurs in
Tacitus (1539): as, #postquam exuī aequālitās, prōvēnēre dominātiōnēs#,
Ta. 3, 26, _after equality between man and man was dropped, there came a
crop of tyrants_.
1925. In narration the perfect indicative is regularly used in clauses
introduced by #postquam#, #ubī̆#, #ut#, #cum prīmum#, #simul atque#
(1739): as,
#postquam tuās litterās lēgī, Postumia tua mē convēnit#, _Fam._ 4, 2, 1,
_after I read your letter, your Postumia called on me_. #postquam aurum
abstulimus, in nāvem cōnscendimus#, Pl. _B._ 277, _after we got away the
money, we took ship_. #ubī̆ ad ipsum vēnī dēvorticulum, cōnstitī#, T.
_Eu._ 635, _when I came exactly to the side street, I pulled up_. #ubī̆
sē diūtius dūcī intellēxit, graviter eōs accūsat#, 1, 16, 5, _when he
came to see that he was put off a good while, he takes them roundly to
task_. #quī ut perōrāvit, surrēxit Clōdius#, _QFr._ 2, 3, 2, _when he
had finished speaking, up jumped Clodius_. #ut abiī abs tē, fit forte
obviam mihi Phormiō#, T. _Ph._ 617, _when I left you, Phormio happened
to fall in my way_. #crīmen eius modī est, ut, cum prīmum ad mē dēlātum
est, ūsūrum mē illō nōn putārem#, _V._ 5, 158, _the charge is of such a
sort that, when first it was reported to me, I thought I should not use
it_. #cum prīmum Crētae lītus attigit, nūntiōs mīsit#, L. 37, 60, 4, _as
soon as he touched the shore of Crete, he sent messengers_. #ut prīmum
loquī posse coepī, inquam#, _RP._ 6, 15, _as soon as I began to be able
to speak, I said_. #quem simul atque oppidānī cōnspexērunt, mūrum
complēre coepērunt#, 7, 12, 5, _as soon as the garrison espied him, they
began to man the wall_. #at hostēs, ubī̆ prīmum nostrōs equitēs
cōnspexērunt, impetū factō celeriter nostrōs perturbāvērunt#, 4, 12, 1,
_but as soon as the enemy caught sight of our cavalry, they attacked and
threw our men into disorder_. The conjunction #simul atque# is very
rarely found in old Latin.
1926. The present indicative of vivid narration (1590) sometimes occurs:
as,
#postquam iam puerī septuennēs sunt, pater onerāvit nāvim magnam#, Pl.
_Men. prol._ 24, _after the boys were seven year olds, their father
freighted a big ship_. #quid ait, ubi mē nōminās#, T. _Hau._ 303, _what
sayeth she when you name me?_ #ubī̆ neutrī trānseundī initium faciunt,
Caesar suōs in castra redūxit#, 2, 9, 2, _neither party taking the
initiative in crossing, Caesar marched his men back to camp_. Verbs of
perceiving, especially #videō#, occur oftenest in this use, which is
common in Plautus and Terence: as, #postquam videt nūptiās adparārī,
missast ancilla īlicō#, T. _Andr._ 513, _after she sees a marriage on
foot, her maid is sent forthwith_. #abeō ab illīs, postquam videō mē
lūdificārier#, Pl. _Cap._ 487, _seeing myself made game of, I leave
them_. #quem posteā quam videt nōn adesse, ardēre atque furere coepit#,
_V._ 2, 92, _seeing that the man does not appear, he began to rage and
fume_. #ubī̆ hoc videt, init cōnsilium importūnī tyrannī#, _V._ 5, 103,
_seeing this, he adopted the policy of a savage tyrant_. Plautus uses
also #quom extemplō#. Such protases often take on a causal sense (see
also 1930).
1927. The present or perfect with #postquam# or #ut# is sometimes used
in expressions equivalent to an emphasized accusative or ablative of
time, the main verb being #est# or #sunt#: as, #septingentī sunt annī
postquam inclita condita Rōma est#, E. in Varro, _RR._ 3, 1, 2, _’tis
seven hundred years since glorious Rome was founded_. #domō ut abiērunt
hic tertius annus#, Pl. _St._ 29, _this is the third year since they
left home_. #annus est octāvus ut imperium obtinēs#, Ta. 14, 53, _it is
the eighth year since you acquired empire_. For a similar use of #cum#,
see 1871.
1928. The pluperfect with #postquam#, denoting resulting state (1615),
occurs less frequently: as,
#tum cum P. Āfricānus, posteā quam bis cōnsul fuerat, L. Cottam in
iūdicium vocābat#, _Caecil._ 69, _at the time when Africanus, after he
had twice been consul, was bringing Cotta to judgement_. #postquam
omnium oculōs occupāverat certāmen, tum āversam adoriuntur Rōmānam
aciem#, L. 22, 48, 4, _when every eye was fairly riveted on the
engagement, that instant they fell upon the Romans in the rear_. Not in
Plautus, once in Terence, and rare in classical writers.
1929. The pluperfect, less frequently the perfect, with #postquam# is
used attributively with nouns denoting time.
In this use #post# is often separated from #quam#, and two constructions
are possible: (_a._) Ablative: #annō post quam vōta erat aedēs Monētae
dēdicātur#, L. 7, 28, 6, _the temple of Moneta is dedicated a year after
it was vowed_. Without #post#: #quadringentēsimō annō quam urbs Rōmanā
condita erat, patriciī cōnsulēs magistrātum iniēre#, L. 7, 18, 1, _four
hundred years after Rome town was founded, patrician consuls entered
into office_. (_b._) Accusative, with an ordinal, and #post# as a
preposition, or, sometimes, #intrā#: #post diem tertium gesta rēs est
quam dīxerat#, _Mil._ 44, _the deed was done the next day but one after
he said it_. See 2419.
1930. The imperfect with #postquam# expresses action continuing into the
time of the main action. Such a protasis, especially when negative,
usually denotes the cause of the main action: as,
#Appius, postquam nēmō adībat, domum sē recēpit#, L. 3, 46, 9, _Appius,
finding that nobody presented himself, went back home_. #posteā quam ē
scaenā explōdēbātur, cōnfūgit in huius domum#, _RC._ 30, _after being
repeatedly hissed off the stage, he took refuge in my client’s house_.
In old Latin this use is found only once, in Plautus; it is most common
in Livy, but occurs frequently in Tacitus. So occasionally the present,
generally when the main action is present (see also 1926): as, #postquam
nec ab Rōmānīs vōbīs ūlla est spēs, nec vōs moenia dēfendunt, pācem
adferō ad vōs#, L. 21, 13, 4, _now that it has become plain that you
have no hope from the Romans, and that your walls are no protection to
you, I bring peace unto you_. #postquam līberast, ubī̆ habitet dīcere
admodum incertē sciō#, Pl. _E._ 505, _now that she’s free, I’m quite too
ill informed to say where she lives_. #quae omnia intellegit nihil
prōdesse, posteā quam testibus convincitur#, _V._ 5, 103, _he knows that
all this is fruitless, now that he is being refuted by witnesses_. The
perfect with #postquam# or #ut# occurs occasionally in this use with the
present in the main clause: as, #animus in tūtō locōst, postquam iste
hinc abiīt#, Pl. _Ps._ 1052, _my mind is easy, now that fellow’s gone_.
#nam ut in nāvī vecta’s, crēdō timida ‘s#, Pl. _B._ 106, _for after your
voyage, of course you’re nervous_.
1931. #postquam# and #ut# have sometimes the meaning of _ever since_ or
_as long as_: as,
#postquam nātus sum, satur numquam fuī#, Pl. _St._ 156, _since I was
born I’ve never had enough to eat_. #tibī̆ umquam quicquam, postquam
tuos sum, verbōrum dedī?# Pl. _Most._ 925, _have I once ever cheated you
as long as I have been your slave?_ #neque meum pedem intulī in aedīs,
ut cum exercitū hinc profectus sum#, Pl. _Am._ 733, _I have n’t set foot
in the house ever since I marched out with the army_. #ut illōs dē rē
pūblicā librōs ēdidistī, nihil ā tē posteā accēpimus#, _Br._ 19, _we
have had nothing from you since you published the work On the State_.
#ubī̆#, #ut#, #simul atque#.
1932. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# (#ac#) often introduces a clause
denoting indefinite or repeated action: as,
#adeō obcaecat animōs fortūna, ubī̆ vim suam refringī nōn vult#, L. 5,
37, 1, _so completely does fortune blind the mind when she will not have
her power thwarted_. #ubī̆ salūtātiō dēflūxit, litterīs mē involvō#,
_Fam._ 9, 20, 3, _when my callers go, I always plunge into my book_
(1613). #omnēs profectō mulierēs tē amant, ut quaeque aspexit#, Pl.
_MG._ 1264, _all the ladies love you, every time one spies you_. #simul
atque sē īnflēxit hīc rēx in dominātum iniūstiōrem, fit continuō
tyrannus#, _RP._ 2, 48, _for the moment our king turns to a severer kind
of mastery, he becomes a tyrant on the spot_. #Messānam ut quisque
nostrūm vēnerat, haec vīsere solēbat#, _V._ 4, 5, _any Roman, who
visited Messana, invariably went to see these statues_ (1618). #hostēs,
ubī̆ aliquōs singulārēs cōnspexerant, adoriēbantur#, 4, 26, 2, _every
time the enemy saw some detached parties, they would charge_. The
imperfect in this use is not common in classical writers, and occurs but
once, with #ubī̆#, in old Latin; the pluperfect is rare before the
silver age. Clauses with #ut# generally contain some form of #quisque#
(2396). Plautus uses #quom extemplō# with the present and perfect. The
subjunctive is found with #ubī̆# and #ut quisque# in cases of repeated
past action (1730).
1933. #ubī̆#, #ut#, or #simul atque# rarely introduces an imperfect or
pluperfect of definite time: as,
#quid ubi reddēbās aurum, dīxistī patrī#, Pl. _B._ 685, _what did you
tell your father when you were returning the money?_ #ubī̆ lūx
adventābat, tubicinēs sīgna canere#, S. _I._ 99, 1, _when daylight was
drawing on, the trumpeters sounded the call_. #ubī̆ nēmō obvius ībat,
plēnō gradū ad hostium castra tendunt#, L. 9, 45, 14, _finding nobody
came to meet them, they advanced double quick upon the enemy’s camp_
(1930). The use of these tenses referring to definite time is very rare
in old Latin, and found only with #ut# in Cicero.
1934. #ubī̆# or #simul atque#, referring to definite time, introduces
the future or future perfect, when the apodosis is also future: as,
#simul et quid erit certī, scrībam ad tē#, _Att._ 2, 20, 2, _as soon as
there is anything positive, I will write to you_. #ego ad tē statim
habēbō quod scrībam, simul ut vīderō Cūriōnem#, _Att._ 10, 4, 12,
_I shall have something to write you, as soon as ever I see Curio_. #nam
ubī̆ mē aspiciet, ad carnuficem rapiet continuō senex#, Pl. _B._ 688,
_when the old man sees me, he’ll hurry me off to Jack Ketch without any
ado_. #ubi prīmum poterit, sē illinc subdūcet#, T. _Eu._ 628, _she’ll
steal away as soon as she can_. Plautus has also #quom extemplō# in this
use, and Pliny the Younger #ut primum#.
#utī# or #ut#.
1935. The relative adverb #utī# or #ut# (711) is found in the oldest
Latin in the form #utei#, but #ut# was the prevalent form even in the
time of Plautus. As a conjunctive particle, it accompanies both the
indicative and the subjunctive. For #ut# in wishes, see 1540; in
questions, 1568.