1801. The agreement of the relative has already been spoken of in a
general way (1082-1098). For convenience, however, it may be set forth
here more explicitly.
1802. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and
number, but its case depends on the construction of the sentence in
which it stands: as,
#Hippiās glōriātus est ānulum quem habēret, pallium quō amictus, soccōs
quibus indūtus esset, sē suā manū cōnfēcisse#, _DO._ 3, 127, _Hippias
prided himself that he had made with his own hand the ring that he wore,
the cloak in which he was wrapped, and the slippers that he had on_.
This holds of all relatives with inflected form, such as #quīcumque#,
#quālis#, #quantus#, &c., &c.
1803. When the relative refers to two or more antecedents of different
gender, its gender is determined like that of a predicate adjective
(1087): as,
#mātrēs et līberī, quōrum aetās misericordiam vestram requīrēbat#, _V._
5, 129, _mothers and babies, whose years would appeal to your sympathy_
(1088). #ōtium atque dīvitiae, quae prīma mortālēs putant#, S. _C._ 36,
4, _peace and prosperity, which the sons of men count chiefest of
blessings_ (1089). #fortūna, quam nēmō ab incōnstantiā et temeritāte
sēiunget, quae digna nōn sunt deō#, _DN._ 3, 61, _fortune, which nobody
will distinguish from caprice and hazard, qualities which are not
befitting god_ (1089). Sometimes the relative agrees with the nearest
substantive: as, #eās frūges atque frūctūs, quōs terra gignit#, _DN._ 2,
37, _the crops, and the fruits of the trees that earth produces_.
1804. The relative is sometimes regulated by the sense, and not by the
form of the antecedent: as,
#equitātum praemittit quī videant#, 1, 15, 1, _he sends the cavalry
ahead, for them to see_ (1095). #ūnus ex eō numerō, quī ad caedem parātī
erant#, S. _I_. 35, 6, _one of the number that were ready to do murder_
(1095). #duo prōdigia, quōs improbitās tribūnō cōnstrictōs addīxerat#,
_Sest._ 38, _a pair of monstrosities, whom their depravity had delivered
over in irons to the tribune_. #scrība pontificis, quōs nunc minōrēs
pontificēs appellant#, L. 22, 57, 3, _a clerk of the pontiff, which
clerks they call nowadays lesser pontiffs_, i.e. #quōs scrībās. Vēiēns
bellum exortum, quibus Sabīnī arma coniūnxerant#, L. 2, 53, 1, _a Vejan
war broke out, with whom the Sabines had allied themselves_, i.e.
#bellum cum Vēientibus.#
1805. A relative referring to a proper name and explanatory appellative
combined, may take the gender of either: as, #flūmine Rhēnō, quī agrum
Helvētium ā Germānīs dīvidit#, 1, 2, 3, _by the river Rhine, which is
the boundary between Helvetians and Germans_. #ad flūmen Scaldem quod
īnfluit in Mosam#, 6, 33, 3, _to the river Scheldt, that empties itself
into the Maas_.
1806. With verbs of indeterminate meaning (1035), the relative pronoun
sometimes agrees with the predicate substantive: as, #Thēbae ipsae, quod
Boeōtiae caput est#, L. 42, 44, 3, _Thebes itself, which is the capital
of Boeotia_. Often, however, with the antecedent: as, #flūmen quod
appellātur Tamesis#, 5, 11, 8, _the river which is called the Thames_.
1807. When the relative is subject, its verb agrees with the person of
the antecedent: as,
#haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram#, _Fam._ 12, 14, 7,
_all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend_. #inīquos es, quī
mē tacēre postulēs#, T. _Hau._ 1011, _thou art unfair, expecting me to
hold my tongue_. So also when the antecedent is implied in a possessive:
as, #cum tū nostrā, quī remānsissēmus, caede tē contentum esse dīcēbās#,
_C_. 1, 7, _when you said you were satisfied with murdering us, who had
staid behind_.
1808. For an accusative of the relative with an ablative antecedent the
ablative is rarely used: as, #notante iūdice quō nōstī populō#, H. _S_.
1, 6, 15, _the judge condemning--thou know’st who--the world_. This
represents the older interrogative conception: #notante
iūdice--quō?--nōstī, populō# (1795).
1809. A new substantive added in explanation of an antecedent is put
after the relative, and in the same case: as, #ad Amānum contendī, quī
mōns erat hostium plēnus#, _Att._ 5, 20, 3, _I pushed on to Amanus,
a mountain that was packed with the enemy_. This use begins with Cicero;
but from Livy on, the explanatory word is also put as an appositive,
with the relative following: as, #Decius Magius, vir cui nihil dēfuit#,
L. 23, 7, 4, _Magius, a man that lacked nothing_.
1810. An adjective, especially a comparative, superlative, or numeral,
explanatory of a substantive in the main sentence, is often put in the
relative sentence: as,
#palūs quae perpetua intercēdēbat Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7,
26, 2, _a morass, that lay unbroken between, hindered the Romans from
pursuit_.
1811. When reference is made to the substance of a sentence, the neuter
#quod# is used, or more commonly #id quod#, either usually in
parenthesis: as,
#intellegitur, id quod iam ante dīxī, imprūdente L. Sūllā scelera haec
fierī#, _RA._ 25, _it is plain, as I have said once before, that these
crimes are committed without the cognizance of Sulla_. In continuations,
#quae rēs#: as, #nāvēs removērī iussit, quae rēs māgnō ūsuī nostrīs
fuit#, 4, 25, 1, _he ordered the vessels to be withdrawn, a course which
proved very advantageous for our people_.
[Erratum:
1811 ... quae rēs māgnō
text unchanged: word generally spelled “magn-” (see endnote on
first edition)]