1693. A sentence coordinate in form with another sentence is often
equivalent in meaning to a subordinate sentence. Such sentences are
called _Intermediate Coordinate Sentences_.
The most varied relations of a subordinate sentence may be thus
expressed by a coordinate sentence, and the combination of the two
coordinate sentences is in sense equivalent to a complex sentence.
1694. Such coordinated sentences are a survival of a more primitive
state of the language. They occur oftenest in Plautus and Terence, in
Cicero’s philosophical works and letters, in Horace’s satires and
epistles, and in Juvenal. In general they have been superseded by
complex sentences, even in the oldest specimens of the language.
1695. I. The relation of the two members may not be indicated by the
mood, but left to be determined from the context.
Thus, in the combination #amat, sapit#, Pl. _Am._ 995, _he is in love,
he shows his sense_, the two members #amat# and #sapit# are alike in
form. But in sense, #sapit# is the main member and #amat# is the
subordinate member. Just what the relation of the #amat# is, whether it
is #sī amat#, _if he is in love_, #cum amat#, _when he is in love_,
#quod amat#, _because he is in love_, or #etsī amat#, _though he is in
love_, &c., &c., is left to the reader to make out. The following are
some of the commonest combinations of this class:
1696. (1.) The coordinated member may stand instead of the commoner
accusative and infinitive with a verb of perceiving, thinking, knowing,
or saying (2175). Such are #crēdō#, #fateor#, #opīnor#, #putō#, #certum
est#, &c.: as,
#lūdōs mē facitis, intellegō#, Pl. _Per._ 802, _you are making game of
me, I am aware_. #nārrō tibī̆: plānē relēgātus mihī̆ videor#, _Att._ 2,
11, 1, _I tell you what, I seem to myself regularly banished_. #spērō,
servābit fidem#, Pl. _E._ 124, _I hope he’ll keep his word_ (2235).
1697. (2.) The coordinated member may be a direct question or an
exclamation.
Thus (_a._) in enquiries calling for an answer: as, #sīgnī dīc quid
est#, Pl. _Am._ 421, _tell me, what is there in the shape of seal?_
(1251). Or (_b._) in ejaculation: as, #viden ut astat furcifer?# Pl.
_Most._ 1172, _seest how the knave is posing there?_ #vidēte quaesō,
quid potest pecūnia#, Pl. _St._ 410, _see pray how all-commanding money
is_. This construction occurs oftenest in comedy, and with an imperative
meaning _say_, _tell_, or _look_. The subordinate construction is the
rule: see 1773.
1698. (3.) The coordinated member rarely represents a relative sentence
(1816): as,
#urbs antīqua fuit, Tyriī tenuēre colōnī#, V. 1, 12, _there was an
ancient town, which Tyrian settlers held_. #est locus, Hesperiam Graī
cōgnōmine dīcunt#, V. 1, 530, _there is a place, the Greeks by name
Hesperia call_, imitated from #est locus Hesperiam quam mortālēs
perhibēbant#, E. in Macrob. _Sat._ 6, 1, _there is a place which sons of
men Hesperia called_.
1699. (4.) The coordinated member may represent a subordinate temporal
member: as,
#vēnit hiemps, teritur Sicuōnia bāca trapētis#, V. _G._ 2, 519, _has
winter come, in mills is Sicyon’s olive ground_ (1860). #vix prōram
attigerat, rumpit Sāturnia fūnem#, V. 12, 650, _scarce had he touched
the prow, Saturnia snaps the rope_, i.e. #cum rumpit# (1869). #lūcēbat
iam ferē, prōcēdit in medium#, _V._ 5, 94, _it was just about light,
when he presents himself before them_. #fuit ōrnandus in Mānīliā lēge
Pompēius; temperātā ōrātiōne ōrnandī cōpiam persecūtī sumus#, _O._ 102,
_when I had to glorify Pompey in the matter of the Manilius law, I went
through the ample material for glorification in moderate language_.
1700. (5.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a member with
#ut#, expressing result (1965): as,
#iam faxō sciēs#, T. _Eu._ 663, _I’ll let you know at once_, i.e.
#sciās# (1712) or #ut sciās# (1965). #iam faxō hīc erunt#, Pl. _B._ 715,
_I’ll warrant they shall soon be here_. #adeō rēs rediīt, adulēscentulus
victus est#, T. _Hau._ 113, _things came to such a pass the youngster
was put down_. #cētera dē genere hōc, adeō sunt multa, loquācem
dēlassāre valent Fabium#, H. _S._ 1, 1, 11, _the other cases of the
kind, so plentiful are they, might tire the gabbling Fabius out_. #ita
haec ūmōre tigna pūtent, nōn videor mihi sarcīre posse aedīs meās#, Pl.
_Most._ 146, _so sopping rotten are these joists, I don’t think I can
patch my house_. #ita avidō ingeniō fuit, numquam indicāre id fīliō
voluit suō#, Pl. _Aul. prol._ 9, _so niggardly was he, he’d never point
it out to his own son_. #tanta incepta rēs est, haud somnīculōsē hoc
agundumst#, Pl. _Cap._ 227, _so big a job have we begun, not drowsily
must this be done_.
1701. (6.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a conditional
protasis: as,
(_a._) #fīliam quis habet, pecūniā opus est#, _Par._ 44, _a man has a
daughter, he needs money_. #trīstis es, indignor#, O. _Tr._ 4, 3, 33,
_if you are sad, I feel provoked_. (_b._) #sī iste ībit, ītō; stābit,
astātō simul#, Pl. _Ps._ 863, _if he shall move, move thou; but shall he
stand, stand by his side_. #in caelum, iusseris, ībit#, J. 3, 78, _say
but the word, he’ll mount the sky_. (_c._) #subdūc cibum ūnum diem
āthlētae, Iovem Olympium inplōrābit#, _TD._ 2, 40, _cut off an athlete
from his food just a day, he will pray to Jupiter aloft in Olympus_
(1574). (_d._) #Zēnōnem rogēs, respondeat totidem verbīs#, _Fin._ 4, 69,
_you may ask Zeno, he would answer in just as many words_ (1556). (_e._)
#tū quoque magnam partem opere in tantō, sineret dolor, Īcare, habērēs#,
V. 6, 31, _thou too a goodly space in work so vast, had grief allowed,
O Icarus, hadst filled_ (1559). #at darēs hanc vim M. Crassō, in forō
saltāret#, _Off._ 3, 75, _but had you given this chance to Crassus, he
would have capered in the market place_ (1559). #nam absque tē esset,
hodiē numquam ad sōlem occāsum vīverem#, Pl. _Men._ 1022, _for were it
not for you, I ne’er should live this blessed day till set of sun_
(1560, 2110). (_f._) #ūnā fuissēmus, cōnsilium certē nōn dēfuisset#,
_Att._ 9, 6, 6, _had we been together, we certainly should not have
lacked a programme_ (1561).
1702. (7.) The coordinated member may be equivalent to a concession: as,
#id fortasse nōn perfēcimus, cōnātī quidem sumus#, _O._ 210; _though we
have perhaps not attained unto this, yet we have attempted it_. #ergō
illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?# _Fin._ 2, 13,
_do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means, and I not?_
1703. (8.) The coordinated member may denote efficient cause or reason:
as,
#peregrīnus ego sum, Sauream nōn nōvī#, Pl. _As._ 464, _I am a stranger,
and I don’t know Saurea_. #mulier es, audācter iūrās#, Pl. _Am._ 836,
_because you are a woman, you are bold to swear_. #tacent, satis
laudant#, T. _Eu._ 476, _their silence is sufficient praise_.
1704. (9.) The coordinated member may represent the protasis of a
comparative sentence with #ut# (1937): as,
#ita mē dī ament, honestust#, T. _Eu._ 474, _so help me heaven, he is a
proper man_. #sollicitat, ita vīvam, mē tua, mī Tirō, valētūdō#, _Fam._
16, 20, _your health, dear Tiro, keeps me fidgety, as I hope to live_.
1705. II. The subordinate idea is often indicated by the subjunctive of
desire coordinated with another verb, usually with one which has a
different subject.
Thus, the combination #amēs: oportet#, _you should love; it is right_
(1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one
whole, #amēs oportet#, _Fin._ 2, 35, _it is right you should love_. The
verb with which the subjunctive is coordinated specifies more exactly
the general idea of desire contained in the subjunctive itself. The
tense of the coordinate subjunctive is regulated by that of the other
verb.
1706. The negative employed with coordinated subjunctives is the adverb
#nē#, _not_.
Thus, the combination #vidē: nē mē lūdās#, _see to it; don’t you fool
me_ (1547), in which the two verbs are used separately, blends into one
whole, #vidē nē mē lūdās#, Pl. _Cur._ 325, _see to it you don’t fool
me_. Similarly, #metuō: nē peccet#, _I am afraid; let her not slip up_
(1548), becomes #metuō nē peccet#, Pl. _Per._ 624, _I am afraid she may
slip up_. From its frequent use in sentences of subordinate meaning,
#nē# came at an early period to be regarded as a subordinating
conjunction also, _lest_, _that . . . not_, as well as an adverb, and
took the place of the less usual #ut nē#. Hence members with #nē# are
more conveniently treated under the head of subordination (1947).
1707. (1.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of wishing.
Such are #volō#, #nōlō#, rarely #mālō#, #optō#, #placet#, &c.: as,
#animum advortās volō#, Pl. _Cap._ 388, _I wish you would pay heed_
(1548). #quid vīs faciam?# T. _Hau._ 846, _what wilt thou I should do?_
(1563). #vin conmūtēmus? tuam ego dūcam et tū meam?# Pl. _Tri._ 59,
_would you like to swap? I take your wife, and you take mine?_ (1563).
#mālō tē sapiēns hostis metuat, quam stultī cīvēs laudent#, L. 22, 39,
20, _I would rather a wise enemy should fear you, than stupid
fellow-citizens admire you_ (1548). Coordination is the rule with
#velim#, #vellem#, &c., used in the sense of #utinam# (1540): as, #dē
Menedēmō vellem vērum fuisset, dē rēgīnā velim vērum sit#, _Att._ 15, 4,
4, _about Menedemus I could wish it had been true, about the queen I
hope it may be true_. #tellūs optem prius īma dehīscat#, V. 4, 24,
_I would the earth to deepest depths might sooner yawn_. #L. Domitius
dīxit placēre sībī̆ sententiās dē singulīs ferrent#, Caes. _C._ 3, 83,
3, _Domitius said his view was they should vote on the men separately_.
1708. (2.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of request,
entreaty, encouragement, exhortation, charge, direction, command. Such
are #precor#, #rogō#, #ōrō#, #petō#, #hortor#, #postulō#, #moneō#,
#cēnseō#; #mandō#, #imperō#, #praecipiō#, #dēcernō#; and chiefly in old
Latin, #iubeō#: as,
(_a._) #reddās incolumem precor#, H. 1, 3, 7, _deliver him up safe I
pray_. #rogat fīnem ōrandī faciat#, 1, 20, 5, _he requests him to make
an end of entreaty_. #ā tē id quod suēstī petō, mē absentem dēfendās#,
_Fam._ 15, 8, _I ask you to do as you always do, stand up for me when I
am away_. #nōn hortor sōlum sed etiam rogō atque ōrō, tē colligās
virumque praebeās#, _Fam._ 5, 18, 1, _I not only exhort you, but more
than that I beg and entreat you, pull yourself together and quit you
like a man_. #postulō etiam atque etiam cōnsīderēs quō prōgrediāre#, L.
3, 45, 10, _I charge you think again and again what you are coming to_.
#tē moneō videās, quid agās. magnō opere cēnseō, dēsistās#, _V._ 5, 174,
_I advise you to consider what you are doing. I earnestly recommend you
to stop_. #hunc admonet iter cautē faciat#, 5, 49, 3, _he warns him he
must pursue his march with care_. (_b._) #huic mandat Rēmōs adeat#, 3,
11, 2, _he directs him to go to the Remans_. #praecipit ūnum omnēs
peterent Indutiomarum#, 5, 58, 5, _he says they must all concentrate
their attack on Indutiomarus_. #huic imperat quās possit adeat
cīvitātēs#, 4, 21, 8, _he orders him to visit such communities as he
can_. #senātus dēcrēvit darent operam cōnsulēs nē quid rēs pūblica
dētrīmentī caperet#, S. _C._ 29, 2, _the senate decreed the consuls must
see to it that the commonwealth received no harm_. #iube maneat#, T.
_Hau._ 737, _tell her she must stay_. #mīlitēs certiōrēs facit,
paulisper intermitterent proelium#, 3, 5, 3, _he tells the soldiers they
must stop fighting a little while_. #abī, nūntiā patribus urbem Rōmānam
mūniant#, L. 22, 49, 10, _go tell the fathers they must fortify Rome
town_. #dīxī equidem in carcerem īrēs#, Pl. _St._ 624, _I’m sure I told
you you must go to jail_. #scrībit Labiēnō cum legiōne veniat#, 5, 46,
3, _he writes to Labienus he must come with a legion_. #lēgātiōnem
mittunt sī velit suōs recipere, obsidēs sibī̆ remittat#, 3, 8, 5, _they
send an embassy, if he wishes to get his own men back, he must send back
the hostages to them_.
1709. (3.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with expressions of
propriety or necessity. Such are #oportet#, #optumum est#, #opus est#,
#decet#, #necesse est#.
#mē ipsum amēs oportet, nōn mea#, _Fin._ 2, 85, _it is myself you should
love, not my possessions_. #quoniam habēs istum equom, aut ēmerīs
oportet, aut hērēditāte possideās, aut surripuerīs necesse est#, _Inv._
1, 84, _since you are in possession of that horse, you must either have
bought him or inherited him, or else you must necessarily have stolen
him_. #sed taceam optumumst#, Pl. _E._ 60, _but I’d best hold my
tongue_. #nihil opust rescīscat#, Pl. _Mer._ 1004, _she needn’t find it
out at all_. #condemnētur necesse est#, _RA._ 111, _be condemned he
needs must_.
1710. (4.) The subjunctive is sometimes coordinated with verbs of
permission or concession. Such are #permittō# in Sallust and Livy,
#concēdō#, also #sinō#, mostly in the imperative, chiefly in old Latin
and poetry, and the impersonal #licet# (used thus often in Cicero,
rarely before or after): as,
#supplēmentum scrīberent cōnsulēs, permissum#, L. 27, 22, 11, _leave was
given that the consuls might fill up the army_. #sine sciam#, L. 2, 40,
5, _let me know_. #sine modo adveniat senex#, Pl. _Most._ 11, _let but
the old man come_. #fremant omnēs licet, dīcam quod sentiō#, _DO._ 1,
195, _though everybody may growl, I will say what I think_. See 1904.
1711. (5.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with the imperative
#cavē̆#, #cavētō#, #cavēte#, _beware_, used in the sense of #nē# (1585):
as,
#cavē faciās#, _Att._ 13, 33, 4, _don’t do it_. #cave dīrumpātis#, Pl.
_Poen. prol._ 117, _don’t break it off_ (1075).
1712. (6.) The subjunctive is often coordinated with verbs of giving,
persuading, accomplishing, taking care. In this case the subjunctive has
the meaning of purpose or result. Such are the imperative #cedo#, and
#dō#, #persuādeō#, #impetrō#, #cūrō#, also #faciō#, particularly #fac#
and #facitō#: as,
#cedo bibam#, Pl. _Most._ 373, _give me to drink_. #date bibat
tībīcinī#, Pl. _St._ 757, _give the piper to drink_. #huic Sp. Albīnus
persuādet rēgnum Numidiae ā senātū petat#, S. _I._ 35, 2, _Albinus
induces him to ask of the senate the throne of Numidia_. #tandem
inpetrāvī abīret#, Pl. _Tri._ 591, _at last I’ve coaxed him to clear
out_. #fac sciam#, _Fam._ 7, 16, 3, _let me know_. #faxō sciās#, Pl.
_Men._ 644, _I’ll let you know_, much oftener #sciēs# or #scībis#
(1700). #fac bellus revertāre#, _Fam._ 16, 18, 1, _mind you come back a
beauty_ (1579).
1713. A subjunctive is now and then loosely coordinated with verbs in
general, to indicate the purpose of the action: as,
#ēvocāte hūc Sōsiam, Blepharōnem arcēssat#, Pl. _Am._ 949, _call Sosia
here, let him fetch Blepharo_. #clārē advorsum fābulābor, hic auscultet
quae loquar#, Pl. _Am._ 300, _I’ll speak distinctly face to face, that
he may hear what I shall say_. #operam hanc subrupuī tibī̆, ex mē
scīrēs#, Pl. _Am._ 523, _I did this secretly for you, that you might
learn from me_. #manibus date līlia plēnīs, purpureōs spargam flōrēs#,
V. 6, 883, _lilies in handfuls give, I fain would scatter purple
flowers_, that is, _that I may scatter_.