1636. Two or more independent simple sentences may be coordinated to
form a compound sentence in one of two ways: either without a
connective, or with a connective.
What applies to the coordination of sentences, also applies to the
coordination of the parts of sentences in abridged sentences (1057).
(A.) WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.
1637. When simple sentences or parts of sentences are coordinated
without any connective, this mode of arrangement is called _Asyndetic
Coordination_ or _Asyndeton_.
Asyndeton, whether in unabridged or in abridged sentences, is more usual
with three or more members than with two. It occurs particularly often
in Plautus, Terence, Ennius, and Cato, also in Cicero, especially in his
early works and letters.
1638. The sentences in which asyndeton occurs are commonly such as might
be connected by words meaning _and_ or _but_; less often by words
meaning _as_, _for_, &c. Asyndeton is especially common:
1639. (_a._) In animated narration of events happening at the same
moment, in description, and in climaxes. Also in mention of colleagues
in office, and in many set phrases and formulas: as,
#vēnī, vīdī, vīcī#, Caesar in Suet. _Iul._ 37, _came, saw, overcame_.
#nostrī celeriter ad arma concurrunt, vāllum cōnscendunt#, 5, 39, 3,
_our men rush speedily to arms, clamber up the palisade_. #huic s. c.
intercessit C. Caelius, C. Pānsa, tribūnī pl.#, _Fam._ 8, 8, 7, _this
decree of the senate was objected to by Caelius and Pansa, tribunes of
the commons_. #hī ferre agere plēbem#, L. 3, 37, 7, _there were these
people worrying and harrying the commons_ (1535).
1640. (_b._) In contrasts or antitheses: as,
#opīniōnis commenta dēlet diēs, nātūrae iūdicia cōnfirmat#, _DN._ 2, 5,
_the fictions of speculation are swept away by time, but the judgements
of nature are confirmed_. Particularly when either member is positive,
the other negative: #vincere scīs, Hannibal, victōriā ūtī nescīs#, L.
22, 51, 4, _you know how to conquer, Hannibal, but not how to use
victory_, says Maharbal after Cannae, 216 B.C.
1641. Asyndeton is very common with two or more imperatives: as,
#ēgredere ex urbe, Catilīna, līberā rem pūblicam metū, in exsilium
proficīscere#, _C._ 1, 20, _go forth from Rome, Catiline, relieve the
commonwealth from its fear, depart into exile_. Particularly when the
first is #age#, _come on_, _mark me_, or #ī#, _go_ (1572). But from
Horace on, #ī nunc#, _go to now_, is followed by #et# with a second
imperative in derisive orders. In old Latin, the imperatives may be
joined by #et# or even #atque#.
1642. Asyndeton is also common with parentheses. These often take the
place of a modern foot-note: as, #lēgātus capite vēlātō fīlō (lānae
vēlāmen est) ‘audī, Iuppiter,’ inquit#, L. 1, 32, 6, _the envoy with his
head covered with a ‘filum’ (that is to say a wrap of wool) says ‘bow
down thine ear, Jupiter.’_ Parentheses however are often introduced,
from Terence on by #nam#, and from Sallust and Cicero on, by #et#,
#neque#, #autem#, #enim#, &c.
(B.) WITH A CONNECTIVE.
(1.) CONJUNCTIONS AS CONNECTIVES.
1643. Simple sentences or parts of sentences may be connected by
copulative, disjunctive, or adversative conjunctions.
(_a._) COPULATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.
1644. Copulative conjunctions denote union, and connect both the
sentences and their meaning. They are #et#, #-que#, #atque# or #ac#,
_and_, and #neque# or #nec#, _neither_.
1645. (1.) #et#, _and_, is the commonest copulative, and connects either
likes or unlikes; with two members only, it is either used between them,
or is prefixed for emphasis to both: as,
#Dumnorīx apud Sēquanōs plūrimum poterat et Helvētiīs erat amīcus#, 1,
9, 3, _Dumnorix was very influential among the Sequani and a friend to
the Helvetians_. #Dēmocritus alba discernere et ātra nōn poterat#, _TD._
5, 114, _Democritus could not tell white and black apart_. #et
discipulus et magister perhibēbantur inprobī#, Pl. _B._ 425, _both pupil
and master were rated as knaves_.
1646. With three or more members, #et# is either used between the
members or, frequently, prefixed for emphasis to all. Often, however, it
is omitted throughout (1637), or a third member is appended by #-que#
(1651): as,
#persuādent Rauricīs et Tulingīs et Latovicīs utī ūnā cum hīs
proficīscantur#, 1, 5, 4, _they induce the Rauricans, Tulingans, and
Latovicans to join them in their march_. #is et in custōdiam cīvēs
Rōmānōs dedit et supplicātiōnem mihī̆ dēcrēvit et indicēs maximīs
praemiīs adfēcit#, _C._ 4, 10, _this person voted in the first place to
put Roman citizens in ward, then to decree a thanksgiving in my honour,
and lastly to reward the informers with liberal gifts_.
1647. Two members belonging closely together as a pair, and connected by
#et#, #atque#, or #-que#, are sometimes put asyndetically with another
member or members: as,
#Aeduī ferunt sē dēiectōs prīncipātū; queruntur fortūnae commūtātiōnem
et Caesaris indulgentiam in sē requīrunt#, 7, 63, 8, _the Aeduans set
forth that they were cast down from the chief place; they complain of
the change of fortune, and say they miss Caesar’s former kindness to
them_. #nūntiātum est equitēs Ariovistī propius tumulum accēdere et ad
nostrōs adequitāre; lapidēs in nostrōs conicere#, 1, 46, 1, _it was
reported that Ariovistus’s cavalry were moving nearer the hillock and
galloping up to the Romans; that they were throwing stones at our men_.
1648. #et# has sometimes the meaning of _also_ or of _and also_,
particularly when there is a change of speakers, or before a pronoun:
as, #et hoc sciō#, Plin. _Ep._ 1, 12, 11, _I know that too_. Sometimes
also after #vērum#, #nam#, and #simul#, especially when a pronoun
follows. Not in Caesar.
1649. (2.) #-que#, _and_, combines members which belong together and
make a whole, though they may be different or opposed to each other; the
second member is often a mere appendage: as,
#rogat ōratque tē#, _RA._ 144, _he begs and entreats you_, or _he
earnestly entreats you_. #lībertī servolīque nōbilium#, _RA._ 141, _the
freedmen and slaves of the great_, or _retainers, bond and free_. #omnēs
ea, quae bona videntur, sequuntur fugiuntque contrāria#, _TD._ 4, 12,
_everybody runs after what seems good and avoids the opposite_. #-que#
is usually put after the first word of the new member. It is
particularly common in old or legal style.
1650. The combination #-que . . . -que#, _both . . . and_, is very
common in poetry: as, #noctēsque diēsque#, E. in _CM._ 1, _both night
and day_. In prose, it is used by Sallust when the first word is a
pronoun: as, #mēque rēgnumque meum#, _I._ 10, 2, _both myself and my
throne_; and by Livy to connect two relative sentences: as, #omnēs
quīque Rōmae quīque in exercitū erant#, 22, 26, 5, _everybody, both
people in Rome and people in the army_.
1651. After two members without a connective, a third member is
sometimes appended by #-que#: as,
#satis habēbat hostem rapīnīs, pābulātiōnibus, populātiōnibusque
prohibēre#, 1, 15, 4, _he was satisfied with keeping the enemy from
plundering, foraging, and ravaging_.
1652. (3.) #atque#, or before any consonant except #h# often #ac#,
_and_, _and besides_, adds something belonging essentially to what goes
before, but more important as a supplement or extension; as,
#sē ex nāvī prōiēcit atque in hostēs aquilam ferre coepit#, 4, 25, 4,
_he sprang overboard and furthermore proceeded to bear the eagle upon
the enemy_. #magna dīs immortālibus habenda est atque huic Iovī Statōrī
grātia#, _C._ 1, 11, _we owe a great debt of gratitude to the gods
immortal in general, and to yon Jove the Stayer in particular_. #atque
. . . atque# occurs for #et . . . et# once in Vergil, and once in Silius
Italicus.
1653. #atque# is used in comparisons, after words of likeness and
unlikeness: as,
#parī spatiō trānsmissus, atque ex Galliā est in Britanniam#, 5, 13, 2,
_the journey across is just as long as it is from Gaul to Britain_.
#īdemque iussērunt simulācrum Iovis facere maius et contrā, atque anteā
fuerat, ad orientem convertere#, _C._ 3, 20, _and they furthermore gave
orders to make a statue of Jupiter, a bigger one, and to turn it round
to the east, the opposite of the way it originally faced_. Sometimes
#et# is thus used after #alius#, #aliter#, #aequē#, #pariter#, &c.: see
the dictionary.
1654. With adjectives and adverbs in the comparative degree, #atque#
sometimes takes the place of #quam# _than_, when the first member of
comparison is negative (1895): as, #amīcior mihi nūllus vīvit atque is
est#, Pl. _Mer._ 897, _I have no greater friend alive than that man is_.
So in Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, Catullus, Vergil, rarely in Cicero,
and in Horace even when the first member is positive.
1655. A sentence is often introduced by #et#, #-que#, or #atque#, where
_but_ would be used in English, particularly so when a positive sentence
follows a negative one: as,
#Sōcratēs nec patrōnum quaesīvit nec iūdicibus supplex fuit adhibuitque
līberam contumāciam#, _TD._ 1, 71, _Socrates did not try to find an
advocate nor bow the knee to his judges, but he was plain-spoken and
defiant_. #nostrōrum mīlitum impetum hostēs ferre nōn potuērunt ac terga
vertērunt#, 4, 35, 2, _the enemy could not stand the dash of our people,
but turned their backs_. #hominis nē Graecī quidem ac Mȳsī potius#,
_QFr._ 1, 1, 19, _a creature who is not even a Greek, but more of a
Mysian_.
1656. Two sentences, one of which would ordinarily be introduced by a
subordinating temporal conjunction, are sometimes, mostly in poetry,
coordinated by #et# or #-que#: as, #dīxit et in silvam pennīs ablāta
refūgit#, V. 3, 258, _she spake, and on her pinions sweeping, vanished
to the wood_, i.e. #simul atque dīxit, refūgit#.
1657. (4.) #neque# or #nec#, _neither_, _nor_, _and . . . not_, _but
. . . not_, is used as a negative copulative, sometimes as a negative
adversative: as,
#opīniōnibus volgī rapimur in errōrem nec vēra cernimus#, _Leg._ 2, 43,
_we are swept into error by the delusions of the world and cannot make
out the truth_. #nōn enim temere nec fortuī̆tō creātī sumus#, _TD._ 1,
118, _for we were not created at adventure nor by accident_. #subsidiō
suīs iērunt collemque cēpērunt, neque nostrōrum mīlitum impetum
sustinēre potuērunt#, 7, 62, 8, _they went to aid their people and
carried the hill, but they could not stand the fiery onset of our
soldiers_. #neque# or #nec# is often repeated: as, #nec meliōrēs nec
beātiōrēs esse possumus#, _RP._ 1, 32, _we can neither be better nor
wiser_.
1658. #nec# is rarely used in the sense of #nē . . . quidem#, _not
even_, _not . . . either_: as, #nec nunc#, H. _S._ 2, 3, 262, _not even
now_, a free quotation of #nē nunc quidem#, T. _Eu._ 46. #nec . . .
quidem#, _and not even_, is used once or twice for the common #ac nē
. . . quidem# or #et nē . . . quidem#.
1659. Instead of #neque# or #nec#, _and not_, the copulatives #et#,
#atque#, rarely #-que#, followed by a negative, #nōn#, #nēmō#, #nihil#,
&c., are sometimes used in Cicero and Livy, less often in old Latin, and
rarely in Caesar and Sallust: as, #quid tū fēcissēs, sī tē Tarentum et
nōn Samarobrīvam mīsissem?# _Fam._ 7, 12, 1, _what would you have done,
if I had sent you to Tarentum, and not to Samarobriva?_ Particularly
thus #et nōn#, or oftener #ac nōn#, in corrections. But ordinarily
#neque# or #nec# is preferred to #et nōn#, and #nec quisquam#, &c., to
#et nēmō#, &c. (1445).
1660. When #neque# is followed by another negative, the assertion is
positive (1452): as,
#nec hoc ille nōn vīdit#, _Fin._ 4, 60, _and the man did not fail to see
this_. This positive use begins with Varro. In old Latin two negatives,
and particularly #neque . . . haud#, are often used, as in old English,
to strengthen the negation (1453).
1661. After a general negative, a word may be emphasized by #nē ...
quidem# or #nōn modo#, or the parts of a compound sentence may be
distributed by #neque . . . neque#, without destroying the negation: as,
#nihil in locīs commūnibus, nē in fānīs quidem, nihil istum neque
prīvātī neque pūblicī tōtā in Siciliā relīquisse#, _V._ 4, 2, _that the
defendant has left nothing untouched in public places, no, not even in
the temples, nothing either in the way of private or of public property,
in all Sicily_. Similarly when a coordinate member is appended with
#neque#: as, #nequeō satis mīrārī neque conicere#, T. _Eu._ 547,
_I can’t quite puzzle out or guess_.