1410. The accusative is accompanied by the following prepositions:
#ad#, _to_, #adversus# or #adversum#, _towards_, _against_, #ante#, in
composition also #antid-#, _before_, #apud#, _near_, _at_, #circā#,
#circum#, #circiter#, _round_, _about_, #cis#, #citrā#, _this side of_,
#contrā#, _opposite to_, #ergā#, _towards_, #extrā#, _outside_, #īnfrā#,
_below_, #inter#, _between_, #intrā#, _within_, #iūxtā#, _near_, #ob#,
_against_, #penes#, _in the possession of_, #per#, _through_, #pōne#,
#post#, in Plautus #postid#, #poste#, #pos#, _behind_, #praeter#,
_past_, #prope# (#propius#, #proximē#), #propter#, _near_, #secundum#,
_after_, #subter#, _under_, #suprā#, _above_, #trāns#, _across_, #uls#,
#ultrā#, _beyond_. For the various shades of meaning and applications of
these prepositions, see the dictionary.
1411. Prepositions which accompany the accusative may be easily
remembered in this order:
ante, apud, ad, adversum,
circum, cis, ob, trāns, secundum,
penes, pōne, prope, per,
post, and all in -ā and -ter.
1412. Of the above named words some are not used as prepositions till a
relatively late period.
Thus, #īnfrā# is first used as a preposition by Terence and once only;
#circā# somewhat before and #citrā# about Cicero’s time; #ultrā# first
by Cato; #iūxtā# by Varro. In Cicero #iūxtā# is still used only as an
adverb, in Caesar and Nepos as a preposition.
1413. The substantive forms #prīdiē#, _the day before_, and #postrīdiē#,
_the day after_, are sometimes used with an accusative like
prepositions, mostly in Cicero, to denote dates: as, #prīdiē nōnās
Māiās#, _Att._ 2, 11, 2, _the day before the nones of May_, i.e.
_6 May_. #postrīdiē lūdōs Apollinārīs#, _Att._ 16, 4, 1, _the day after
the games of Apollo_, i.e. _6 July_. For the genitive with these words,
see 1232.
1414. The adverb #vorsus# or #versus#, _wards_, occurs as a post
positive (1434) preposition rarely: once in Sallust, #Aegyptum vorsus#,
J. 19, 3, _Egyptwards_, in Cicero a few times, twice in Pliny the elder.
#usque#, _even to_, occurs with names of towns in Terence (once),
Cicero, and later; with appellatives in Cato (once) and late writers.
1415. #clam#, _secretly_, is ordinarily an adverb. But in old Latin it
is used often as a preposition, _unknown to_, with an accusative of a
person. Terence has once the diminutive form #clanculum#, _Ad._ 52. With
the ablative only in the MSS. of Caesar, once, #clam vōbīs#, _C._ 2, 32,
8, _without your knowledge_, and in _Bell. Afr._ 11, 4.
1416. #subter#, _under_, is used in poetry, once by Catullus and once by
Vergil, with the locative ablative: as, #Rhoetēō subter lītore#, Cat.
65, 7, _beneath Rhoeteum’s strand_.