508. Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain
Greek case endings: as, #lampas#, _torch_, G. #lampados#, Ac. #lampada#.
Plural: N. #lampades#, Ac. #lampadas#. #āēr#, _air_, has usually the
accusative #āera#, and #aethēr#, _upper air_, always has #aethera#. In
the plural nominative and accusative, #cētus#, _swimming monster_,
#melos#, _strain of music_, and #pelagus# (493), _the deep_, have #-ē#:
as, #cētē#. Genitive #-ōn#, rare: as, #epigrammatōn#, _epigrams_. Dative
and ablative #-matīs# from words in #-ma#, #-matis#: as, #poēmatīs#,
_poems_ (401).
509. Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined
like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on,
Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry;
they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest
forms are:
Genitive #-os#: as, #Pān#, #Pānos#; #-ūs#, with nominative #-ō#: as,
#Mantō#, #Mantūs#. Dative #-i#, rare: as, #Mīnōidi#. Accusative #-a#,
common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with
those of places, and even in prose: as, #Acheronta#; always #Pāna#;
#-ō#, with feminines in #-ō#, #-ūs#: as, #Dīdō#. Vocative: #Pallās#,
#Pallā#; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the
vocative. Plural: Nominative #-es#: as, #Arcades#. Dative #-sin#, rare:
as, #Lēmniasin#. Accusative #-as#, very common: as, #Lelegas#; in prose,
#Macedonas#; also in words not Greek: as, #Allobrogas# (Caes.).
510. Names in #-eus#, like #Orpheus#, are usually declined like #-o-#
stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G. #Orpheos#, D.
#Orphei# or #Orphī#, Ac. #Orphea#. Accusative rarely #-ēa#: as,
#Ī̆lonēa#.
511. Some names in #-ēs# have the genitive in #-is# or #-ī# and the
accusative in #-em# or #-ēn# (401): as, #Sōcratēs#, G. #Sōcratis# or
#Sōcratī#, Ac. usually #Sōcratem#, also #Sōcratēn#. #Achillēs# and
#Ulixēs# have in the genitive #-eī#, #-e͡i#, or #-ī#. Names in #-clēs#
have rarely the accusative #-clea#: as, #Periclea#.
512. Some names in #-is# have forms either from a stem in #-id-#, or
from one in #-i-#: as, #Paris#, G. #Paridis#, D. #Paridī#, Ac.
#Paridem#, #Parim# or #Parin#, V. #Pari#.
STEMS IN -i- AND MIXED STEMS.
_The Third Declension._
Genitive singular #-is#, genitive plural #-i-um#.
513. Stems in #-i-# include both substantives and adjectives, gender
words and neuters.
For the gender of substantives, see 570.
514. The nominative of gender stems in #-i-# ends usually in #-s#
(or #-x#), sometimes in #-l# or #-r#; that of neuter substantives has no
suffix, and ends usually in #-e#, sometimes in #-l# or #-r#.
515. Most stems in #-i-# have as many syllables in the nominative as in
the genitive.
Such words are called _Parisyllabic_ words, or _Parisyllables_: as,
nominative #cīvis#, _citizen_, two syllables; genitive #cīvis#, _of a
citizen_, also two syllables.
516. Stems in #-i-# are declined in the main like consonant stems, but
have #-im# in the accusative of some substantives, and #-ī# in the
ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in
the plural they have #-ium# in the genitive, #-īs# often in the
accusative of gender words, and #-ia# in the nominative and accusative
neuter.