CONSTITUTIONAL QUESTIONS.
The constitutional requirements of a country are never determined
solely by its political needs. Some account must be taken of its prior
history, for theories of government are apt to sink deep into the mind
of a people and to become unconsciously a part of its political
outlook. No form of education is less conscious or more abiding in its
effects. It may even happen that the fabric which such theories
created has been deliberately overthrown with the popular consent, but
none the less the theories are still there in some form or other to
obtrude themselves in future experiments. It is always worth while,
therefore, in any reconstruction to look at the ideas of government
which held sway before, whether in the shape of a professed creed or
in the practical form of institutions. The constitutional history of
South Africa is not long, and it is not complex. In Natal and Cape
Colony we possess two specimens of ordinary self-governing colonies.
Natal, which began life as a Crown colony, subject to the Governor of
the Cape, was granted substantive independence by charter in 1856, and
in 1893 was given representative government. It possesses a nominated
legislative council of nine members, and an elective legislative
assembly of thirty-nine members, elected on an easy franchise. Cape
Colony also began as a Crown colony, and followed nearly the same
path. Her legislative council was created in 1850, and by an
ordinance of this legislature in 1872, ratified by an Act of the
Imperial Parliament, she obtained full representative institutions.
Her council and her house of assembly are each elected and on the same
franchise. In these two colonies we have, therefore, types of
colonial autonomy--that is to say, an unfettered executive and
freedom to legislate subject to the consent of the Governor and the
Crown in Council, a limitation which is daily becoming more of a
pious fiction. In Southern Rhodesia we have a specimen of that very
modern experiment, government by a commercial company. It is a
provisional form, and has been made to approximate as far as is
reasonably possible to a Crown colony. The executive power is in the
hands of the company's officials, subject to an indirect control by
the Imperial Resident Commissioner, the High Commissioner, and
ultimately by the Crown. There is a legislative council, partly
nominated by the company and partly elected, and all legislation is
contingent upon the sanction of the imperial authorities. Lastly,
there are the native states, the Crown colony of Basutoland, and the
protectorates of Bechuanaland, North-West Rhodesia, and Swaziland,
all of which are directly or indirectly under the authority of the
High Commissioner. So far there is no constitutional novelty--Crown
colonies advancing to an ordinary type of self-government, or
remaining, provisionally or permanently, under full imperial control.
There remain the late Governments of the Republics, which to the student
of constitutional forms show certain interesting peculiarities.[30]
These constitutions were framed by men who had no tradition[31] to
fall back upon, if we exclude the Mosaic law, and no theories to give
effect to--men who would have preferred to do without government, had
it been possible, but who, once the need became apparent, brought to
the work much shrewdness and good sense. The Natal emigrants in 1838
had established a Volksraad, but the chief feature in their scheme was
the submission of all important matters to a primary public assembly, a
Homeric gathering of warriors. By the time the Sand River and
Bloemfontein Conventions were signed and the two republics became
independent, the people were scattered over a wide expanse of country,
and some form of representation was inevitable. At the same time, it
had become necessary to provide for a military organisation coextensive
with the civil. In the Transvaal transient republics had arisen and
departed, like the changes in a kaleidoscope. Around both states there
was a native population, actively hostile and potentially dangerous.
Some central military and civil authority was needed to keep the
country from anarchy. But if the farmers were without political
theories, they had a very vigorous sense of personal independence; so
the doctrinal basis of the new constitution lay in the axiom that one
burgher in the State is as good as another, and that the people are the
final repository of power. In this at least they were democratic,
though from other traits of democracy they have ever held aloof.
The _Constitutie_ of the Orange Free State was rigid--that is, it
could be altered only by methods different from those of ordinary
legislation: in the Transvaal _Grondwet_, on the other hand, there
was no provision for change at all, and reforms, when necessary, were
made in the ordinary legislative manner. The _Constitutie_ created one
supreme legislature, the Volksraad, elected by the qualified white
population. The President was elected by the whole people, though the
Volksraad, like the Roman consuls, reserved the power to make
nominations, which were generally accepted. The Volksraad had not only
supreme legislative power, but, while formally independent of the
President and the executive, it could reverse any executive Act,
except the exercise of the President's right of pardon and the
declaration of martial law. It was limited only by its own charter,
which forbade it to restrict the right of public meeting and petition
(one of the few Bill of Rights elements in this constitution), and
bound it to promote and support the Dutch Reformed Church. The
Transvaal _Grondwet_ began by making the Dutch Reformed Church an
established national Church (a provision repealed later), and
declaring that "the people will not tolerate any equality between
coloured and white inhabitants in Church or State." No man was
eligible for a seat in the Volksraad unless he was a member of a
Protestant Church.[32] In the Transvaal, as in the Orange Free State,
the Volksraad was the supreme legislative authority, but when any law
was proposed the people were given the opportunity of expressing their
opinion in a mild form of the referendum. The President was elected by
the whole people and acted as chief of the executive, though
responsible to the Volksraad, which could dismiss him or cancel his
appointments. He could sit and speak in the Volksraad, but had no
vote. The chief military authority was the Commandant General, who was
elected by all the burghers, and under him there was a long hierarchy
of district commandants and field-cornets. The local administrative
officer for civil matters was the landdrost or district magistrate. It
is unnecessary to consider the Second Volksraad, which was an
ineffective advisory body elected on a wider franchise, a mere sop to
the Cerberus whose hundred tongues were clamouring for representation.
But there was one curious development of considerable historic
interest. In cases of urgency the Volksraad could pass laws without
reference to the people at large, but such an enactment was called a
resolution (_besluit_) as contrasted with a law (_wet_), and was
supposed to have only a provisional force. But the habit grew of
calling most matters "specially urgent," and allowing the old popular
referendum to fall into desuetude.
The common feature of both constitutions was the immense nominal powers
of the legislatures. Nominally they had the right to make all
appointments, to veto the President's action, and to say the last word
in all questions of revenue and expenditure. But certain facts wrought
against this legislative supremacy. The members came from districts
widely apart, and there was no serious attempt to form groups or
parties; the President could sit and speak in the Volksraad, and he
might be elected as often as he could persuade the people to elect him.
The way was paved for the tyranny of a strong man. In the Orange Free
State, that country of mild prosperity and simple problems, the system
worked admirably; but in the Transvaal, when burning questions arose,
the republican methods for all serious purposes broke down, and were
replaced by a dictatorship. There remain, however, certain doctrines
from the old _regime_ which will have to be reckoned with under the
new. The supremacy of the legislature is not one, for no Boer cared
much for the dogma, and Mr Kruger ruled on the simple maxim, "L'etat
c'est moi." But the democratic principle of equality among citizens is
one cherished belief, and another is the absolute disqualification of
all coloured races.[33] The Boer is not a parliamentarian in the
ordinary sense, and he did not grieve when his Volksraad was slighted
and made impotent; but he likes his representative to go to Pretoria,
as a sort of tribute to his importance, and, if he is to vote, he
demands to vote on an equal basis with all. He was attached to his
local administration with its landdrost system, and any change which
bore no relation to the old plan might begin by confusing and end by
souring him.
We have therefore to face two existing constitutional traditions--among
the British from the Cape or Natal or over-seas, the old love of
colonial self-government; among the Boers, at least in the Transvaal, a
kind of ingenuous republican independence, quite consistent with a
patient tolerance of absolutism, but not so easy to adapt to the
gradations of our representative system. Hence in many ways the Boer is
far more likely to remain patient for years under a Crown colony
Government than the English or colonial new-comer. He does not
particularly want to vote or interfere in administration, so long as
he has no personal grievance; but it might annoy him to see the
franchise denied to him and given to his cousin who was a little richer
or better educated, when he remembered the old _Grondwet_ doctrines of
equality, and it would certainly exasperate him to learn that any
native had been granted a civic status beyond him.
* * * * *
Such being the constitutional history, we may turn to the present. The
term Crown colony is used so loosely that very few of its many critics
could define the peculiar features of this form of government. "One of
the greatest of all evils," wrote Lord Durham in the famous Report
which has become the charter of colonial policy, "arising from this
system of irresponsible government, was the mystery in which the
motives and actual purposes of their rulers were hid from the
colonists themselves. The most important business of government was
carried on, not in open discussions or public acts, but in a secret
correspondence between the Governor and the Secretary of State." This
feature, more than any other, tends to dissatisfaction. The Crown
colony system is necessarily a secret one. The newspapers, till
blue-books are issued, are informed only as much or as little as the
authorities may think good for them; and the natural critics of all
administration have the somewhat barren pleasure of finding fault with
a policy after it has become a fact. There is no safety-valve for the
escape of grievances, no official channel even for sound local advice.
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if it seems an intolerable
burden to men full of anxiety about the methods by which they are
governed.
The Crown colony system is not new to Africa. It existed for years in
the Cape and Natal; it still exists in its most rigid form over
native states, and at its worst it does not spurn public opinion in
the fashion of the Kruger _regime_--it simply neglects it. The name is
really a misnomer, for it is no part of the English colonial system.
The American Revolution is sometimes described as the revolt of an
English people from Crown colony government, but in those days the
thing was not in existence. It is fundamentally the method invented to
govern a race which is incapable of free representative institutions,
or to tide over a temporary difficulty. The Governor is absolute,
subject to the conditions of his appointment and the instructions
accompanying his letters-patent. He may be assisted by a council, but
it is his privilege, on reasons shown, to override his council. He is
the sole local fountain of executive and legislative power. But if he
is absolute in one sense, he is strictly tied in another. The methods
of his administration are subject to certain regulations issued by the
Colonial Office. The Secretary of State must approve his appointments,
and all important administrative acts, as well as all legislation.
Further, in serious questions the Home Government exercises a general
oversight of policy before the event, and the Governor in such
matters is merely the mouthpiece of the Cabinet. It is in itself a
rational system, and works well under certain conditions. In a
serious crisis, when large imperial issues are involved, and when
local policy is but a branch of a wider policy, it is highly
important that this day-to-day supervision should exist; and in a
case where speed is essential, Crown colony methods, though slow
enough in all conscience, are rapidity itself compared with the
cumbrous machinery of representative government.
The necessity of treating the Transvaal and the Orange River Colony
temporarily as Crown colonies was beyond argument. Reconstruction began
in the midst of war, when the material of self-government was wanting.
It goes on amidst unsettled and dimly understood conditions, where
certain facts of policy stand out in a strong light and all else is
shadow. It involves many financial transactions in which the Home
Government is deeply interested; and it is natural that a close
administrative connection should be thought desirable. It comes at the
end of a costly war, and it is right that England should have a direct
say in securing herself against its repetition. The racial problem is
still too delicate to submit to the arbitrament of popular bodies; and
if it were settled out of hand there might remain an abiding cause of
discontent. The time is not ripe for self-government, the country has
not yet found herself, having but barely awakened from the torpor of
war and begun to set her house in order. Again, there are factors to be
borne in mind in re-creating the new colonies which extend far beyond
their borders. It is impossible to imagine that due consideration could
be given to them by the ablest elective body in the world, called
together in the present ferment. Above all, what is to be done must be
done quickly. The wants of the hour are too urgent for delays. There
must be some authority, trusted by the British Cabinet, capable of
determining the needs of the situation, and giving summary effect to
his decision.
On this all thinking men in the new colonies are agreed. I do not
suppose that any of the more serious critics of the expedient would
be prepared to propose and defend an alternative. But irritation
remains when reason has done its best, and it is not hard to see the
causes. One is the natural disinclination of Englishmen to be ruled
from above, a repulsion which they feel even when arguing in its
favour. Another is the secrecy of Crown colony government, to which I
have already referred. It is painful to find matters of vital
importance to yourself decided without your knowledge, even when you
have the fullest confidence in the deciding power. There is also,
perhaps, a little distrust still left in South Africa of the British
Government,--not of particular Ministers, but of the vague entity
behind them--a distrust which has had in the past such ample
justification that it is hard to blame it. The colonial mind, too, is
averse to English officialdom, even when represented by the several
highly competent men who have shared in the present administration.
Red-tape, which in its place is most necessary and desirable, seems to
lurk in the offices of men who are in reality trying hard to deal with
facts in the simplest way. A certain amount of formal officialdom is
necessary in all government. There must be people to keep an office in
order, to make a fetich of etiquette, to insist on a stereotyped
procedure, and to see the world dimly through a mist of "previous
papers." It is a useful, but not very valuable, type of man, and we
cannot wonder that a South African, who imagines that such a one has,
what he rarely has, an influence in grave decisions, should view with
distrust the form of government which permits him. It is a mistake,
but one based on an honest instinct.
Self-government is the goal to which all things hasten, and critics of
the present administration check their complaints at the thought of
that beneficent day. Meanwhile it is our business to set things in
order so that the chosen of the people, when they enter into their
inheritance, may find it swept and garnished. Representative
institutions should not spring full grown from an Order in Council,
like Athene from the brain of Zeus: if they do, there is apt to be a
painful crudeness about their early history. The way should be
prepared by gentle means, for, after all, it is a country in which the
bulk of the residents have had no experience of governing themselves.
The experiment has so far been tried in two ways. The municipalities
represent the highest level of intelligence and political training; in
municipal affairs, therefore, it is safe to begin at once with
representation. The first town councils were for all practical
purposes Government departments, nominated by Government and assisted
on their difficult career by Government supervision. But a nominated
town council is an anomaly even within a Crown colony, since a town
council is not concerned with high politics but only with the
administration of the area in which its citizens choose to dwell, and
any owner of property has a right to a voice in determining the ways
in which his property shall be safeguarded. The basis of any municipal
franchise is the payment of rates, which imply the ownership of
property; and questions of race, loyalty, even of education, have no
logical place in what is simply a practical union for the protection
of proprietary interests and the care of the amenities of civilised
life. The question of elective municipalities is therefore a simple
one, and as soon as a municipal law could be put together, the system
was inaugurated. This is not the place to examine the type of
municipal franchise adopted in the Transvaal, which is a skilful
compendium of various colonial precedents. But on one matter, the
coloured and alien vote, there was manifested a vigorous tendency to
conservatism and exclusion. As I have said, this is a province where
racial distinctions have no logical place. If a black man is a
ratepayer he has the citizen's right to vote. Nor can we on purely
rational grounds confine this franchise to British subjects. But the
country thought differently. As the municipal was her only form of
representation, political considerations crept in unawares, and the
result, while logically indefensible, has a certain practical
justification. For in a time of reconstruction a community is apt
rather to narrow than enlarge its boundaries, feeling above all things
the need of a compact front against the unknown. In time, no doubt,
the true theory of municipal franchise will reassert itself, and if,
when the time comes, a constructive policy towards the subject races
has also come into being, the delay will have been not in vain.
A more important step towards self-government was the creation of
nominated legislative councils for both colonies, which held their
first meetings in the early part of 1903. In the Transvaal there were
sixteen official members representing the different Government
departments, and fourteen non-official members selected from
representative Englishmen and Boers in the country. In the Orange
River Colony there were six official members and four non-official.
Some of the new measures which concerned more deeply the people of the
colonies were kept back on purpose for the opinion of the new
councils. Such were the new gold and diamond laws, the municipal
franchise law, and the ordinances governing the disposal of town
lands. So far the expedient has promised well; an outlet has been
created for public opinion, though for the present such opinion cannot
carry with it practical force; and the procedure of Government has
ceased to be a state secret, and is patent to any one who has the
curiosity or the patience to attend the council's debates. It is
interesting to observe how the unofficial members already appear in a
quasi-representative capacity, and are beginning to attach themselves
to particular districts, for which, so far as airing grievances and
obtaining information go, they perform most of the duties of an
elected member. There is no reason why such members should not be
elected instead of nominated, and in this way provide a trial for the
form of franchise on which autonomy is to be based. There are many
obvious difficulties in any franchise for the new colonies, and it
would be well for such difficulties to be realised and faced while the
whole matter is still mainly academic, and errors are not yet attended
with practical disaster.
* * * * *
The franchise for the new colonies is the constitutional problem which
is of the most immediate importance. It will not be wise to delay the
era of self-government long, for between the most elastic Crown colony
and the narrowest free colony there is an inseparable gulf, and though
it may be said justly that with an elective legislature the colonies
have something very like freedom, the one thing needful will still be
lacking. It is not enough to put the oars into their hands; we must
cut the painter before they are truly free. There is one postulate in
all franchise discussions which is likely to be vigorously attacked.
The franchise must be based in the first instance upon the principle
of giving adequate representation to all districts and every interest;
but, once this has been recognised, the second principle appears--of
providing for the supremacy of the British population. That saying of
Dogberry's, "An two men ride of a horse, one must ride behind," is a
primary law not only of equitation but of politics in the treatment of
a conquered country. For conquered it is, and there is little use
disguising it: we have not been fighting for the love of it or for
fine sentiment, but to conquer the land and give our people the
mastery. The last word in all matters must rest with us--that is, with
the people of British blood and British sympathies. Both men must be
on the horse, or, apart from parable, each race must have fair and
ample representation. To deny this would be to sin against sound
policy. But not to take measures to see that our own race has the
casting vote is to be guilty of the commonest folly. "An two men ride
of a horse, one must ride behind."
Whoever denies this principle may spare himself the trouble of reading
further, for it is proposed to treat it as axiomatic. The first type
of franchise need not be permanent: a day may come when it will be
needless to consider the distinction of Dutch and British. But as it
was right and politic on the conclusion of war to disarm our
opponents, so it is right and politic in the first franchise to put no
weapon of offence into their hands. The primary adjustment of the
franchise and the primary distribution of seats must be made with this
clear end in view--to secure a working majority for the British people.
It is obvious that the words "British population" are vague, and
include many odd forms of nationality, but the thing itself is simple,
the class whose interests and sentiment are on the British side, who
seek progress on British lines. It does not follow that the majority
of the Dutch will go into opposition, but it is ordinary prudence to
keep on the safe side. Such a policy involves no distrust of the Dutch
population, but is the common duty of those who for a certain period
must, as conquerors, take the initiative in administration, and, as
bearing the responsibility, preserve an adequate means of control.
The terms of the franchise are a more difficult matter. In Cape Colony
citizenship and a low property qualification are the chief conditions.
In Southern Rhodesia, whose franchise law is an especially clear and
sensible code, an oath of loyalty is accepted in lieu of technical
citizenship, and an easy educational test is demanded--the ability of
a voter to sign his name and write his address and occupation. In
Natal there is a sharp distinction drawn between Europeans and all
others. To them the only tests are citizenship, and the ownership or
occupation of property of a certain value, or the receipt of a certain
amount of income. The native is practically disqualified by a law
denying the franchise to any person subject to special courts or
special laws, and though a means of escape is provided, the conditions
are too complex even for more intelligent minds than the native. It is
an ingenious but not wholly satisfactory device. Asiatics are excluded
by the law which denies votes to natives, or descendants in the male
line of natives, of any country which does not enjoy the blessings of
representative government; and though in their case also there is a
way of escape, it is almost equally difficult. The root distinction
between types of franchise lies in the method employed to exclude an
undesirable class, whether a direct one, by disqualifying in so many
words, or an indirect, by setting one standard of qualification for
all, to which, as a matter of fact, the undesirable class cannot
attain. The balance of argument is, on the whole, on the side of the
second method, which has been adopted in Cape Colony and Rhodesia,
though, perhaps, with too low a standard. But the first method, if
followed more frankly than in Natal, has something to be said for it.
There is no reason why the better class of Indians should not vote, if
their race is considered fit to mix on equal terms with English
society elsewhere; but to my mind there is a very good reason why the
native should not vote--at least, not for the present. The easy way of
securing this result is the old method of the Transvaal _Grondwet_,
which said shortly, "There shall be no equality between black and
white." It is the way, too, which, under the Conditions of Surrender,
would have to be adopted in any trial franchise put into force before
self-government. I am not sure whether it is not the most philosophic
as well as the simplest way, for it denies the native the franchise
not for a lack of property or educational qualification, but for
radical mental dissimilarity. In any case it is a matter which must be
left for the people of the colony to settle for themselves. But for
all others, while the property basis of the franchise should be low,
there are grounds for thinking that a reasonably high educational test
should be added. The lower type of European and the back-veld Dutchman
have in their present state no equitable right to the decision, which
the franchise gives, on matters which they are unable to come within a
measurable distance of understanding. The fact that the fool may have
a vote at home is no reason for exalting him to the same level in a
country which is not handicapped by a constitutional history. Some
form of British citizenship, obtainable by a short and simple method,
must also be demanded if the land is to remain a British colony.
Once the franchise has been determined there remains the division of
constituencies. The axiom has already been explained which appears to
govern this question. But in the absence of anything approaching
correct census returns it is difficult to suggest, even tentatively, a
distribution of seats. The fairest way to secure the representation of
all interests seems to be to divide constituencies into three types.
First, there are the large towns, which for the present, to take the
Transvaal, may be limited to Johannesburg and Pretoria. These would be
given members according to their population. Second, come groups of
country burghs, such groups as the Northern Burghs, with Nylstroom,
Warm Baths, Piet Potgieter's Rust, and Pietersburg; and the Eastern
Burghs, with Middelburg and Belfast, Lydenburg and Barberton. Here,
too, members would be allotted according to population, though the
number of voters required to form a constituency should be fewer.
Lastly, there would be the country districts, substantially the present
fourteen magisterial divisions, and there the numbers of a constituency
would be still smaller. That it is fair to differentiate in favour of
the counties against the burghs, and in favour of the burghs against
the large towns, will appear on a brief consideration. The interests of
the different constituencies in a city, at least in a new city, are
practically identical. In the country burghs the interests vary, but
still within narrow limits. In the counties, on the other hand, there
is often a very wide variation. The dwellers in Barberton have wholly
different problems and grievances from the dwellers in Bloemhof or
Standerton. But while this principle is right, the former axiom must be
kept in mind, that, provided fair representation is granted to all, the
constituencies must be so arranged as to ensure British predominance.
Certain counties will, I believe, be on the whole British in
time--Bloemhof, Marico, Zoutpansberg, possibly Waterberg, possibly
Lydenburg, undoubtedly Barberton. The burghs, too, will yield on the
whole a British voting population. In all likelihood, therefore, our
purpose will be secured by the division of constituencies which I have
suggested, even allowing for a differentiation in favour of the rural
districts. Figures are still impossible in the absence of a census, but
on the roughest estimate there may be in the Transvaal at the present
moment a Boer population of 100,000, with a voting proportion of
30,000, and a British population of perhaps 150,000, with a voting
proportion of 50,000 or upwards. In the Orange River Colony before the
war the voters' roll showed just over 17,000, and if we put the vote on
an enlarged franchise at 20,000, we may be near the mark. The position
of the latter colony will not change greatly in the next decade, but
the Transvaal may easily in a few years show a million inhabitants and
more. With a population thus constantly increasing and liable to great
local fluctuations, redistribution may soon become a vexed question and
a source of political chicanery. It would be well if the endless
friction which attends redistribution courts and commissions could be
saved by some automatic system under which sudden local inequalities
could be speedily and finally adjusted.
* * * * *
The greatest constitutional calamity which could befall South Africa
would be for the Dutch in the new colonies to go as a race into
opposition. I have said that they are not born parliamentarians, and
that, to begin with at least, they will be a little strange to the
forms and methods of English representative government. But they are
a strong and serious people, and if they desire, as a race, to form
an opposition, they will learn the tactics of a parliament as readily
as their kinsmen have done in the Cape. It will be difficult to form
out of so practical and stable a folk such an opposition as the
Nationalist party in Ireland; but if they have real grievances to
fight for, it is conceivable that the Dutch people might be organised
into as solid a voting machine as the Irish peasantry under the
control of the Land League and the Church. Attempts will doubtless be
made to bring this about. Certain institutions will spare no pains to
secure so promising a recruit in their policy of emphasising every
feature in the South African situation which tends to disunion. On
the other hand, certain of the natural leaders of the Dutch people,
who have acquired the spurious race-hatred which intriguers and
adventurers have built up during the past twenty years, in a
desperately discreet and orthodox manner may work to the same end.
But fortunately there are signs that the party division, when it
comes, will be lateral and not vertical. It is a phenomenon often
observed in a long war, that a day of apathy sets in, differences
arise in a party, and one section begins to dislike the other far
more than it hates the common enemy. This phenomenon, which in war
spells disaster, is salutary enough in civil politics. In both races
there are signs of divisions, and on each side there is a party
unconsciously drawing nearer to their old opponents. The majority of
the Dutch have little rancour, except against each other; to many
the Bond is as much an object of suspicion as, let us say, Mr
Chamberlain. The old nebulous Pan-Afrikander dreams were in no way
popular with the Transvaal Boer, who would have been nearly as much
annoyed at being harassed with an Afrikander federation as at being
annexed to Natal. Besides, he is not a good party man, being too
sincere an individualist. Intrigue of the carpet-bag and secret-league
variety he will never shine in, and he does not desire to, though apt
enough at a kind of rustic diplomacy. There is, further, a party ready
made for him. He is frankly anti-Johannesburg, a pure agrarian.
Already the anomalous labour party of the Rand are making overtures to
him, and with loud declamations on his merits strive to attract his
sympathies. On certain matters he may join them, but it will be an odd
union, and not a long one. Town and country will never long remain in
conjunction, and there are few items, indeed, of a labour programme to
which he would subscribe.
It is difficult to draw with any confidence the political horoscope of
the new colonies. Certain eternal antitheses will exist,--Capital and
Labour, Rand and Veld, Progress and the staunchest of staunch
Conservatisms,--but none of them seem likely to coalesce so as to form
any permanent division of parties. It is as easy to imagine Rand
capitalists and country Dutch united on certain questions as Boer and
Labour. Possibly the old distinction of Liberal and Tory in some form
or other will appear in the end. It is said that the colonies are
aggressively Liberal; but these are different from other colonies, and
the groundwork of Conservatism already exists. We have a plutocracy
and a landed aristocracy. We have also in the legal element a class,
in its South African form, peculiarly tenacious of the letter of the
law. We have an established kirk in all but name, and a racial
tradition of resistance to novelty. With the growth of a rich and
leisured population, and of social grades and conventions, there will
come a time when politics may well be divided between those who are
satisfied with things as they are, and those who hunger for things as
they cannot be--with, of course, a sprinkling of plain men who do
their work without theories. We shall have the doctrinaire idealist,
doubtless, to experiment on the labour and native questions; and in
place of having politics based on interests, we may have them based in
name and reality on creeds and dogmas, which is what English
constitutionalism desires. All such developments are just and normal,
and in any one the land may find political stability.
There is one contingency alone which must be regarded with the
greatest dread--the growth of a South African party, which is South
African because anti-British. The war raised colonial loyalty to a
height; but such loyalty is like a rocket, which may speedily expire
in the void in a blaze of brightness, or may kindle a steady flame if
the material be there. We must remember that we have in the Dutch a
large population to which the British tie means nothing; a large and
important class, in the cosmopolitan financiers, who may be covertly
hostile to British interests; and even in some of the most sterling
and public-spirited citizens men who, if the Dutch Government had
allowed them, would have surrendered their nationality and become
citizens of the republics. South African loyalty, splendid as it is,
is rather fidelity to British traditions than to that overt link which
constitutes empire. You will, indeed, hear the true theory of colonial
policy well stated and strongly defended; but it must not be
forgotten that in South Africa it is still somewhat of an exotic
plant, and wants careful tending before it can come to maturity.
Unadvised action on our part may nip the growth, and give a chance for
a party which might declare, to adopt the words of the old loyalists
of Lower Canada, that it was determined to be South African even at
the cost of ceasing to be British. A too long or too straitly ordered
tutelage might do it, or a harsh dictation on some local question of
vital interest, or the continuance of the old calumnies about the
Rand, the old vulgar sneer at the colonial-born. It is well to
remember that while the land is a Crown colony it is one only in name,
and that all the tact and discretion which we use in dealing with
self-governing colonies should be used in this case also.
Such a party may arise, but there is no reason in the nature of things
for its existence. South African and British are not opposites. As I
understand the theory of colonial government, England stands towards
her colonies as a parent who starts his sons in the world, wishing
them all prosperity; and though in after-years he may exercise the
parental right of giving advice, he will not attempt to coerce the
action of those who have come to years of maturity. The tie is
strongest when it is not of the letter but of the spirit. At the same
time it is well to preserve certain outward and visible signs of
descent,--well for the fatherland, better for the colonies, who draw
from that fatherland their social and political traditions and their
spiritual sustenance. At the moment South Africa is in a transition
stage. Her public opinion is scarcely formed on any subject; she is
full of vague aspirations, uneasy yearnings, and half-fledged hopes.
She will develop either into the staunchest of allies in any imperial
federation, or the most recalcitrant and isolated of colonies. She has
enough and to spare of good men who desire nothing more than that the
African nation, when it comes, should be a British people, and if she
is trusted whole-heartedly, she will not betray the trust. She will
even accept advice and reproof in proper cases, for, unless we drive
her to ingratitude, she is not ungrateful for the blood and treasure
which Britain has spent on her making. But she is like a young
well-bred colt, whose mouth may be easily spoiled by over-bitting, and
whose temper will be ruined by the bad hands or too hasty temper of
its trainer.
Two important constitutional questions remain. One is the great policy
of Federation, which looms as a background behind all sporadic
constitutional forms. The second concerns that part of the imperial
forces which is to be stationed in South Africa--a matter which is not
only an army question but one deeply affecting colonial interests. To
these the two succeeding chapters are devoted.
[30] Mr Bryce, in his 'Studies in History and Jurisprudence,'
vol. i. pp. 430-467, has a valuable examination of the
old Transvaal and Orange River Colony constitutions.
[31] Stray dogmas from the French Revolution had undoubtedly
some share in the ferment preceding the Great Trek, but
I cannot think that the voortrekkers carried any such
baggage with them to the wilderness.
[32] The original _Grondwet_ declared that no Roman Catholic
Church, nor any Protestant Church which did not teach
the Heidelberg Catechism, should be admitted within the
Republic.
[33] There was no reason _in law_ under the old Orange Free
State Government why a native should not have the
municipal franchise through ownership, and an Asiatic
through occupation of town property. But in practice--a
practice deduced from the spirit of the
_Constitutie_--no such voters were registered.