=Ilyer, Menashe= (=Manasseh=), Talmudist_History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Volume 3 [of 3] From the Accession of Nicholas II until the Present Day

II 114 ff

acquires modern culture, II 114

criticises spiritual leaders, II 115

book of, burned, II 115

pleads for modifications of religious law, II 115

unappreciated by contemporaries, II 116

=Imperial Messenger= (_Pravityelstvyenny Vyestnik_), official

organ of Russian Government, minimizes pogroms, II 255

warns against pogrom protests, II 291

foreshadows new pogroms, II 299

criticised by _Moscow News_, II 299

=Informing and Informers=, see Mesirah

=Inkerman, Heights of=, near Sevastopol, Jewish soldiers killed

at, II 149

=Inns= (=and Taverns=), keeping of, forms important Jewish pursuit,

I 265, 362

Jews in White Russia forbidden from, I 311

permitted by Senate, I 312

forbidden by Statute of 1804, I 342 f

See Arendar, Propinatzya, and Villages

=Innocent IV.=, pope, bull of, condemning ritual murder libel

(1247), referred to, I 179

=Intelligenzia=, Jewish, in Russia, assimilation of, II 206 ff

in league with Russian Government, II 211 f

indifferent to things Jewish, II 212

Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment acts on behalf of, II

215

disillusionment of, II 324 ff

=Interior, Russian=, the (Russian empire outside Pale of Settlement),

barred to Jews of annexed White Russia (1790, 1791), I 316

Jewish manufacturers, merchants, and artisans permitted to

sojourn temporarily in (1804), I 344

Governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia in, opened to Jewish

agriculturists (1804), I 342 f

Council of State considers admission of Jewish merchants into,

II 35 f;

negatived by Nicholas I., II 36

Jews admitted into, on temporary "furlough" (1835), II 40

Jews, illegally residing in, severely punished (1838), II 42

prominent Jews of St. Petersburg plead for opening of (1856),

II 160

admission of Jews into, discussed by Council of State and "Jewish

Committee," II 161 ff

Jewish guild merchants admitted into (1859), II 162

Jews with learned degrees admitted into (1861), II 166

Jews with higher education admitted into (1879), II 167

Jewish artisans (mechanics and distillers) admitted into (1865),

II 170

Jews begin to settle in, II 171

Alexander II. refuses to admit "Nicholas soldiers" into, II

171;

but yields (1867), II 172

discharged Jewish soldiers barred from (1874), II 354 f

"Jewish Committee" discusses admission of Jews into (1880),

II 196 ff

five "Gubernatorial Commissions" advocate opening of, II 275

"illegal" Jews in, persecuted, II 342 ff, 385

old settlers from among "illegal" Jews permitted to remain

in (1880), II 404

admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 5% (1887), II

350;

restriction placed on Statute books (1908), III 158

admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 3% (1898),

III 29

pogrom in (Nizhni-Novgorod), II 360

Government endeavors to annul admission of privileged Jews

into, II 399

expulsion of Jews from, II 428

barred to Jews (under Nicholas II.), III 20 f

Jewish soldiers forbidden to spend furlough in (1896), III

Jews in, forbidden to acquire real estate in villages (1903),

III 81

attempt to expel families of mobilized Jewish soldiers from,

III 95

Jewish veterans of Russian-Japanese War and families of other

privileged Jews admitted into (1904), III 98 f

pogroms in (October, 1905), III 130

expulsion of Jews from (under Nicholas II.), III 157

See Pale of Settlement, and Residence, Right of

=Ionian Islands=, emigration from, to Black Sea settlements,

I 13 f

=Iphicleides=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 15

=Isaac=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Isaac=, of Chernigov, corresponds with Gaon in Bagdad, I 33

=Isaac=, Jewish physician at Polish court, I 132

=Isaac ben Jacob=, see Alfasi

=Isaacs, Henry=, Lord Mayor of London, disapproves of protest

meeting against pogroms, II 382

=Ishmaelites=, see Mohammedans

=Ispravnik=, title of Russian official, II 301, 409

=Israel=, son of Shakhna, succeeds his father as rabbi of Lublin,

I 123

=Israel=, of Ruzhany, executed on ritual murder charge, I 162

=Israel, Baal-Shem-Tob=, called Besht, founder of Hasidism, I

222 ff

born in Podolia, I 222

sent to heder, I 222

neglects studies, I 222

strange conduct of, I 222

studies Practical Cabala, I 222 f

settles in Brody, I 223

marries sister of rabbi, I 223

retires to solitude in Carpathian mountains, I 223

occupies humble position in Tlusta (Galicia), I 223

considered an ignoramus, I 223

begins to practise as _Baal-Shem_, I 223

reputed as miracle-worker, I 224

called "good _Baal-Shem_," or _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 224

disparages exclusive Talmud study, I 224, 226

recognizes authority of Cabala, I 224

objects to Cabalistic asceticism, I 224, 226

inculcates cheerfulness, I 225

emphasizes faith and prayer, I 225, 226 f

settles in Medzhibozh (Podolia), I 225

doctrine of, I 225 f

evolves belief in _Tzaddik_, I 227

disciples of, I 227 f

acknowledged by rabbi of Brody, I 228

sends epistle to Palestine, I 228

believed to associate with biblical prophets, I 228

popular discourses of, I 228

laments conversion of Frankists, I 229

takes part in Frankist disputation, I 229

sayings of, selected by disciple, I 230, 237

See also Municipality and Autonomy

=Kaidanover, Aaron Samuel=, rabbi of Cracow, Hebrew author, I

200

=Kaidanover, Hirsch=, son of former, Hebrew author, I 202

=Kakhanov=, governor-general of Vilna, rebukes Jewish deputation

of welcome, II 383

=Kalarash= (government of) pogrom at, III 128

=Kalayev=, Russian revolutionary, assassinates Grand Duke Sergius,

III 110

=Kalinovski=, Polish commander, defeated by Cossacks, I 145

=Kalish=, leading city of Great Poland, I 42

Synod of, issues canonical laws against Jews, I 57, 62

surrenders to Swedes, I 155

city and province of, annexed by Prussia, I 292

Jews settle in, I 41

Jews of, petition Casimir IV for renewal of charter, I 61

communities in province of, destroyed, I 156

Alexander I. receives Kahal of, I 358

Abel Gumbiner, head of yeshibah in, I 200

Warta, in province of, place of Polish Diet, I 58

=Kalkreuth=, Count, patron of Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Kalman=, Jewish printer in Lublin, I 131

=Kalmansohn, Jacques=, author of pamphlet advocating Jewish reforms

in Poland, I 385

=Kalmanovich=, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims

of Kishinev pogrom, III 91;

and of Homel pogrom, III 102

=Kalmycks=, tribe of, I 367

=Kamenetz-Podolsk= (Podolia), Dembrovski, bishop of, arranges

disputation at, I 214 f

Talmud burned at, I 215

Vilna Gaon appeals against Hasidim to Kahal of, I 373

pogrom at, III 128

=Kaniev= (Ukraina), Starosta of, maltreats Jews, I 169

=Kant, Immanuel=, praises Solomon Maimon, I 240

=Kantakuzenka= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 33

=Karabchevski=, Russian lawyer, acts as council for Jewish victims

of Kishinev pogrom, III 91

=Karaites=, in Byzantine empire, I 28

in Crimea, I 28 f

in Chufut-Kale (Crimea), I 35

in Lithuania, I 60

K. of Lithuania, receive autonomy from Casimir IV., I 61

autonomy of K's. of Troki confirmed by Alexander Yaguello,

I 64

form separate municipality in Troki, I 73

K's. of Tavrida granted equal rights, I 318 f; II 160

excluded from bar but inofficially admitted, II 352 f

Isaac Troki, Karaite, author of anti-Christian treatise, I

137 f

Simha Pinsker, historian of, II 160

=Karaulov=, deputy to Third Duma, defends Jews, III 156

=Karlin=, near Pinsk (government of Minsk), Hasidim establish

themselves in, I 372

Aaron of, hasidic leader, I 234

Solomon of, hasidic leader, I 372

"=Karliners=," nickname for Hasidim in Lithuania, I 372, 375

=Karnyeyev=, governor of Minsk, inquires into condition of peasantry,

I 322 f

=Karpov=, member of "Jewish Committees," advocates Jewish emancipation,

II 196 ff

=Karpovich= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, II 315

=Kattowitz= (Prussia), conference of "Lovers of Zion," at, II

376

=Katzaps=, nickname for Great-Russians in Little Russia, II 248;

III 115, 117

=Katzenellenbogen, Saul=, rabbi of Vilna, objects to heterodoxy

of Menashe Ilyer, II 115 f

=Kauffmann=, governor-general of Vilna, appoints commission to

investigate Brafman's charges, II 189

=Kaulbars=, military governor of Odessa, fails to check pogrom,

III 129

=Kazan= (Central Russia), Jews of Vitebsk exiled to (1654), I

154

cantonists stationed in, II 25

suicide of cantonists in, II 27

mosques destroyed in government of, I 254

=Kazimiezh= (_Polish_, Kazimierz), suburb of Cracow, established

as Jewish ghetto, I 64

Jews of, restricted in business, I 75

=Kedars=, name for Polovtzis, conquerors of Crimea, I 29

=Kempster=, United States commissioner, sent to Russia, II 407

=Keneset Israel=, Hebrew periodical, II 372, III 58

=Kerch=, pogrom at, III 120; see Bosporus

=Kertz=, Crimean city, probably identical with Kerch, I 26

=Khagan=, title of Khazar king, I 20 ff

=Khappers=, Yiddish name for recruiting agents, II 23

=Kharkov= (city), Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II

Jews expelled from, II 319

merchants of, protest against exclusion of Jews, II 319

_Bilu_, organization of Palestine pioneers, formed in, II 321

=Kharkov= (government), Jews permitted to visit fairs of (1734)[62],

I 251

Gubernatorial Commission appointed for, I 273

governor of, condemns Jews, II 276;

advocates school-norm, II 339

=Khazars=, various forms of name, I 18

appear in Caucasus, I 19

establish kingdom on Volga, I 19

penetrate as far as Kiev, I 19

establish another center in Crimea, I 19 f

church attempts conversion of, I 20

converted to Judaism, I 20 f

invite teachers from Babylonia, I 21

inner life of, I 22

Jewish merchants travel through kingdom of, I 23

Jews of Byzantium flee to, I 23 f

Hasdai Ibn Shaprut corresponds with king of, I 24 ff

K's. defeated by Russians, I 28

withdraw to Crimea, I 28

K's. in Crimea destroyed by Russians and Byzantines, I 28

relatives of last king of, flee to Spain, I 28

Jews from kingdom of, attempt conversion of Vladimir, I 30

settle in principality of Kiev, I 31

civilizing influence of, on Kiev, II 252

=Khazars, Sea of=, name for Caspian Sea, I 23

=Khazaria=, name for Crimea, I 28 ff

=Khelm= (province of Lublin), bishop of, imprisons Jews on charge

of host desecration, I 86

rabbi of, author of Polish pamphlet defending Jews, I 283

=Kherson= (city), visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch,

II 418

=Kherson= (government), seat of Zaporozhian Cossacks, I 143

Jews settled as agriculturists in, I 363 f, II 71

included in Pale (Statute of 1835), II 40

pogroms in, II 251, 304, III 33, 100

governor of, deplores effect of Jews on their domestics, I

404

Localities in:

Alexandria, III 100

Anayev, II 251

Borki, II 378

Kantakuzenka, III 33

=Khlopitzki=, Polish dictator, declines offer of Jewish volunteers,

II 105

=Khlops=, nickname for Polish peasants, I 140, 182;

see Serfs

=Khmelnitzki= (_Polish_, Chmelnicki), =Bogdan=, I 144 ff

elected Hetman by Cossacks, I 144

forms alliance with Tartars of Crimea, I 144

defeats Polish army, I 145

heads rebellion of Ukrainians against Poles, I 145

organizes massacre of Jews, I 145

sends detachment of Cossacks against Niemirov, I 146

derides Polish generals, I 149

besieges Lemberg, I 150 f

demands delivery of Jews, I 151

receives ransom and withdraws, I 151

defeated by Poles, I 152

signs Treaty of Byelaya Tzerkov (1651), I 152

enters into negotiations with Tzar Alexis, I 152 f

extent of K. massacres, I 157

recollection of K. massacres stirs later Ukrainians, I 182

185

reports of K. massacres arouses Sabbatai Zevi, I 205

K. massacres described by Gogol, II 139;

and Bogrov II 242

See Cossacks

=Kholonyevski=, member of Polish Diet, objects to extension of

Jewish rights, I 288

=Khomyakov=, Russian poet, condemns régime of Nicholas I., II

141

=Khovanski=, governor-general of White Russia, ordered to provide

livelihood for Jews expelled from villages, I 406

recommends discontinuation of expulsion, I 407

recommends proceedings in ritual murder trial of Velish, II

76 ff

believes to have discovered monstrous crime, II 78

asks governors of Pale for incriminating material, II 80

censured by Nicholas I., II 80

exposed as Jew-baiter by Council of State, I 81

=Khoza Kokos=, Jew of Crimea, agent of Grand Duke Ivan III. of

Moscow, I 35

arranges alliance between grand duke and Khan of Crimea, I

writes to Ivan III. in Hebrew, I 35

=Khwarism=, city in Asia, I 26

=Kiev= (city), Khazars make raids on, I 19

captured by Lithuanians (1320), I 94

forms part of Polish empire, I 94, 140

incorporated, together with Little Russia, in Russian empire

(1654), I 94

ceded to Russia by Poland (1667), I 159

Metropolitan of Greek-Orthodox Church resides in, III 125

Jews settle in, I 31

Jews and Khazars in, II 252

Khazar Jews appear in, to convert Prince Vladimir (986), I

30 f

Greek-Orthodox priests in, preach hatred against Jews, I 31

pogroms at (12th century), I 32

Jews of, protected by Prince Svyatopolk II., I 32

fire at, damages Jews (1124), I 32

"Jewish Gate" at, mentioned in Russian Chronicles, I 32

visited by early Jewish travellers, I 32 f

Jews, fleeing from Germany, settle in, I 33

Moses, rabbi of, mentioned in early Hebrew sources, I 33

"Skharia," Jew of, settles in Novgorod (15th century), I 36

burghers of, obtain right of excluding Jews (1619), I 95

Jews permitted to settle in (1794), I 317, II 31

Nicholas I. orders expulsion of Jews from (1827), II 30 ff

authorities of, secure postponement of expulsion, II 33

Nicholas I. insists on expulsion from, II 36

closed to Jews by Statute of 1835, II 40

Jews permitted to visit K. temporarily, II 172

privileged categories of Jews settle in (under Alexander II.),

II 264

Government agents prepare pogrom at (after accession of Alexander

III.), II 248

pogrom at (April, 1881), II 251 ff, 287;

tried in court, II 264

"illegal" Jews expelled from (May, 1881), II 263 f

wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1882), II 319;

(1886), II 346

Jews of, subjected to raids, or _oblavas_, II 346; III 20

wives of Jewish artisans in, forbidden to trade, II 385

visited by White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 418

persecution of Jews in (under Nicholas II.), III 19 f

Jews made to pay for night raids, III 20

Government frustrates project of trade bank in, III 25 f

Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114

pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128

Jewish students excluded from Polytechnicum at (1907), III

152

1200 Jewish families expelled from (1910), III 157

Stolypin assassinated at (1911), III 164

impending pogrom at, stopped, III 165

Beilis ritual murder case in, III 165 f

Jewish printing-press in, II 43;

transferred to Zhitomir, II 43

Jewish printers of Slavuta imprisoned in, II 123

Censorship Committee in, ordered to examine Jewish books, II

Professor Mandelstamm, resident of, II 298, 304, III 47

Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, student in, III 81

_Jüdisches Volksblatt_ appears in, III 59

=Kiev= (province, or government), subject to Poland, I 140

estate in, owned by Polish nobles, I 140

ceded to Russia (1667), I 159

part of, annexed by Russia (1793), I 292

Jews of, flee to Tatars (1648), I 145

Jews forbidden to settle in (1649), I 151

Jews in part of, exterminated, I 157

few Jewish survivors in, I 246 Haidamacks massacre Jews in

(1768), I 183 f

included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1804), I 342;

(1835), II 40

Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337

Jews of, invited to send delegates to city of Kiev (1807),

I 349

Hasidism spreads in, I 382; II 119 f

Jews expelled from villages in (1830), II 32;

expulsion postponed until 1835, II 33

number of Jewish artisans in, II 168

Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estates in (1864), II 173

economic activity of Jews in, II 194

pogroms in (1881), II 256 f

Court of Appeals of, tries Homel pogrom, III 101

Localities in:

Berdychev, II 256 f

Chernobyl, I 382, II 119

Ruzhin, II 120

Shpola, III 33

Smyela, II 256

Uman, I 184 f, 383, II 122

Bibikow, governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 47;

arrests Israel of Ruzhin, II 120 f

Vasilchikov, Count, favors transfer of Jewish artisans to Russian

Interior, II 168

Dondukov, Korsakov, points out economic danger of Jews, II

193 f

Drenteln, fierce anti-Semite, II 276, 316 f, 319, 341

=Kiev=, principality of, claims overlordship over Russian lands,

I 29

influenced by Byzantium, I 29 ff

passes under sovereignty of Tatars, I 33;

see Kiev (city)

=Kievlanin=, anti-Semitic paper in Kiev, III 20

=Kings, Polish=, favor Jews because of financial advantages,

I 69

elected by Poles, I 89

keep Jewish body-physicians, I 132

counteracted by Diets, I 160

lose their authority, I 168

=Kirgiz=, tribe, placed in Russian law above Jews, II 367

=Kiselev=, count, appointed chairman of Committee for Radical

Transformation of Jews (1840), II 50, 157

addressess circular to governors-general concerning projected

Jewish reforms (1845)[63], II 65 f

receives petitions in favor of Jews from Moses Montefiore,

II 688

advocates mitigation of Jewish restrictions (1856), II 157

=Kishinev=, modern Jewish school in, II 52

Jews of, accord friendly reception to Max Lilienthal, II 56

"Congregation of New Testament Israelites" in, II 225

"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38

pogrom at (1903), III 69 ff;

stirs Jewish national sentiment, III 82;

avenged by Jewish youth, II 81, 132;

stimulates emigration, III 85;

intensifies animosity of Nicholas II., III 93;

tried in court, III 90 ff

authorities of, impeached before Senate, III 92

Jews accused of seeking to avenge K. massacre, III 95, 101

fear of new pogrom at, causes emigration, III 96 f

Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogroms, III 114

pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121

=Kitovich=, Polish writer, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 180

=Klaus=, name for hasidic house of prayer, II 124

=Klausner, Joseph=, Hebrew writer, editor of _ha-Shiloah_, III

58, 163

=Klopstock=, German poet, imitated in Hebrew, II 135

=Kmita, Peter=, voyevoda of Cracow, accepts bribes from Jewish

merchants, I 76

=Kobrin= (province of Grodno), Bezalel of, Hebrew author, I 201

=Kochubay=, Minister of Interior, appointed chairman of Committees

for Amelioration of Jews (1802), I 335 f

instructs governors to allay fears of Jews, I 336

assisted by Speranski, I 340

recommends postponement of expulsion of Jews from villages,

I 347

assists settlement of Jewish agriculturists in New Russia,

I 363

accepts dedication of pamphlet by Nyevakhovich, I 387

recommends severe measures against "Judaizers," I 402

=Koenigsburg= (Prussia), visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239

visited by Menashe Ilyer, II 114

Jewish socialists arrested in, III 223 f

Hebrew periodicals published in, II 223

=Kohan, Jacob=, Hebrew poet, III 162

=Kohen, Sabbatai=, see Cohen

=Kokovtzev=, Minister of Finance, favors Jewish franchise, III

122

=Kol Mebasser=, Yiddish periodical, II 218

=Kollontay= (_Polish_, Kollontaj), radical member of Polish Diet,

I 280

suggests abolition of Jewish autonomy, I 282

assists Jews in struggle for rights, I 291

=Kolomea= (Galicia), capital of Pokutye province, I 150

=Königsberg=, see Koenigsburg

=Konotop= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at, intensified by

Jewish self-defence, II 257

=Koppelman, Jacob=, Hebrew author, I 133

=Koretz= (Volhynia), Phineas of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Korff=, Baron, advocates admission of Jewish artisans into Russian

Interior, II 170

=Korobka=, or basket tax, name explained, II 61;

see Tax

=Korolenko=, Russian writer, signs protest against Jewish persecutions,

II 387

writes public letter in defence of Jews, II 388

portrays Kishinev massacre, III 76 f

=Korostyshev=, hasidic center, II 120

=Korsun= (province), Poles defeated by Cossacks at (1648), I

145

=Kosciuszko=, spelling and pronunciation of name, I 292

leads Polish uprising of 1794, I 292

liberal and democratic, I 292 f

permits formation of Jewish regiment, I 294

announces it in special army order, I 294 f

captured by Russians, I 296

Zayonchek, general under, I 296, II 91

=Kosovo= (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223

Nahman of, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Kostantinia, Sea of=, name for Black Sea, I 26

=Kostomarov=, Russian historian, defends ritual murder libel,

II 205

=Kotzebue=, governor-general of New Russia, fails to check Odessa

pogrom (1871), II 192

=Kotzk= (_Polish_, Kock), near Warsaw, Berek Yoselevich killed

in vicinity of, I 303

hasidic dynasty of, II 122

=Kovalevski=, Minister of Public Instruction, advocates admission

into Russian Interior of graduates of secondary schools, II 164

=Kovno= (city), Jews of, barred from city government (1805),

I 370

growth of pauperism in, III 24

"Bund" holds convention in (1899), III 57

Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights (1905),

III 108

Abraham Mapu, Hebrew writer, native of, II 226 ff

Isaac Elhanan Spector, rabbi of, II 304

=Kovno= (government), part of, called Zhmud, I 293, II 133

formed originally part of government of Vilna, I 317

constituted 1872, I 317

forms part of Lithuania, II 39

vitally affected by expulsion of Jews from border zone (1843),

II 63

placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov (1863), II 188

Lutostanski, anti-Semitic writer, priest in, II 203

Friedman from, deputy to Third Duma, III 153

Localities in:

Dusyaty, III 115

Salant, II 133

Vilkomir, II 236

=Kozhenitz= (Poland), Israel of, hasidic leader in Poland, I

384, II 122

=Kozhmyan=, member of Polish Council of State, objects to emancipation

of Jews, II 93

=Kozlovska=, witness in ritual murder case of Velizh, II 82

=Kozodavlev=, Russian assistant-minister of Interior, member

of "Jewish Committee," I 352

=Kozubales=, tax to Catholic academies in Poland, I 161, 166

=Kramshtyk=, president of Warsaw community, arrested for participating

in Polish Insurrection, II 181

=Krasinski, Vincent=, Polish general, author of pamphlet on Jews

of Poland, II 96 f

=Kraushar=, quoted, I 136

=Krechatinikov=, Russian general, captures Haidamack leaders,

I 186

=Kremenchug= (government of Poltava), pogrom at (October, 1905),

III 128

=Kremenetz= (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council

of Four Lands, I 110

massacre at (1648), I 149

Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127

native place of Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff[64]

=Kremsier= (Moravia), meeting-place of Austrian Parliament, II

179

=Kreslavka= (government of Vitebsk), Frank, Jewish physician,

resident of, I 331, 386

=Krestentzya=, form of lease, forbidden to Jews, I 404 f

=Kretingen= (province of Zhmud), Berek Yoselovich born at, I

293

=Krochmal, Nahman=, Galician thinker, associates with Isaac Baer

Levinsohn, II 126

work of, compared with that of Levinsohn, II 127

=Kronenberg=, convert, protests against Polish anti-Semitism,

II 178

=Kronenstadt=, fortress near St. Petersburg, place of imprisonment,

II 42

=Krueger=, Russian official, accuses Jews of Saratov of ritual

murder, II 151

=Krushevan=, journalist and petty official in Kishinev, III 69

editor of _Bessarabetz_, III 69 ff

carries on violent agitation against Jews, III 69 ff

invited by Plehve to publish =Znamya=, anti-Semitic paper,

in St. Petersburg, III 70

accuses Jews of ritual murder, III 71

incites to pogroms, III 71

wounded by Dashevski, III 81 f

=Krushnitza=, ancient Polish capital, Jew elected king at, I

=Krysa, Leib=, represents Frankists at religious disputation,

I 217

baptized, I 217

=Kuantung= (=Shantung=) Peninsula, Jews expelled by Russians

from, III 94

=Kukhazhevski= (=Polish=, Kucharzewski), Polish anti-Semitic

candidate to Russian Duma, defeated by Warsaw Jews, III 167

=Kulak=, Russian name for village boss, II 318, 325

=Kupernik=, Jewish lawyer, acts as council for victims of Homel

pogrom, III 102

=Kursk= (government), number of artisans in, II 168

=Kut=, Crimean city, I 26

=Kutais= (city in Caucasia), ritual murder case at, II 204

=Kutaysov=, Count, declares pogroms result of Jewish "exploitation,"

II 271

=Kutover=, Gershon, rabbi of Brody, brother-in-law of Besht,

I 223

receives message from Besht in Palestine, I 228

=Kuty= (Galicia), Besht settles in neighborhood of, I 228

=Kuyavia=, former Polish province, I 75; II 90

=Ladi= (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman,

founder of _Habad_, and his successors, I 234; II 117

=Lakh=, Ukrainian nickname for Pole, I 142, 184

=Lambat=, Crimean city, I 26

=Lamsdorff=, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, has interview

with Herzl, III 84

=Landed Property=, see Villages

=Landau, Adolph=, Russian-Jewish publicist, II 221

=Language=, use of Polish L., abandonment of Yiddish, and restriction

of Hebrew advocated by Poles (1788-1791), I 273, 281

use of Polish in business [and elimination of Hebrew and Yiddish]

advocated by Friesel, governor of Vilna (1800), I 327

use of Russian, Polish, or German in legal documents and in

business suggested by Dyerzhavin (1800), I 333

Russian, Polish, or German made obligatory for Jewish schools

and for public documents and business [Statute of 1804], I 345

reading and writing knowledge of Russian, Polish, or

German required for Jewish members of municipalities

[Statute of 1804], I 345

Jewish deputies plead for use of Hebrew in business, I 349

followers of David Friedländer call upon Polish Jews to abandon

Yiddish and adopt L. of country, I 386

Statute of 1835 requires use of Russian, or other local

dialect, for public and business documents, and forbids

Hebrew categorically, II 40

Kahal elders required to read and write Russian [1835], II

Isaac Baer Levinsohn calls on Jews to study L. of country,

II 126

Jews of Poland forbidden use of Hebrew and Yiddish

in civil affairs, legal documents, and business

correspondence [Act of 1862], II 182

Jews of Poland retain use of their L., II 195

freedom of L. demanded by League for Equal Rights [1905], III

112

fight between Hebrew and Yiddish (1908), III 161

See Hebrew, Polish, Russian, and Yiddish

=Lanskoy=, Minister of Interior, favors admission into Russian

Interior of Jewish graduates of secondary schools, II 164

corresponds with officials concerning admission of Jewish artisans

into Russian Interior, II 168

=Lantzkorona= (_Polish_, Lanckorona, Podolia), assembly of Frankists

at fair of, I 213, 215

=Lapin, Shalom=, of Grodno, suspected of ritual murder, II 73

=Lapkovski, Benish=, from government of Vitebsk, elected Jewish

deputy, I 393

=Laski, John=, Polish chancellor, edits Polish code of laws,

I 71

=Laschenko= organizes pogrom at Ananyev, government of Kherson,

II 251

=Lavrov=, Russian revolutionary in London, II 223

=Layze= (=Lazarus=), son of Jewish arendar, I 266

=Lazhentzka, Dorothy=, of Sokhachev, sentenced on charge of having

sold host to Jews, I 86

=League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People

in Russia=, the, organized in Vilna (1905), III 111

program of, III 111 f

establishes Central Bureau in St. Petersburg, III 112

conventions of, III 131, 133 f

protests against pogroms, III 132

sends greetings to Dashevski, avenger of Kishinev pogrom, III

132

decides to call All-Russian Jewish National Assembly, III 133

Jewish Duma deputies accept program of, III 134

presided over by Vinaver, III 134

represents doctrine of National-Cultural Autonomism, III 144

stands above class and party affiliations, III 145 f

disintegration of, III 146 f

=League of Jewish Socialists=, in London, II 223

=League of Jewish Workingmen=, see "Bund"

=League of Russian People=, organization of Black Hundred, III

141

favors re-establishment of unlimited autocracy, III 149

secures pardon for pogrom makers, III 150

forms "Second Government," III 141, 151

badge of, demonstratively worn by Nicholas II., III 151

See Black Hundred

"=Learned Jew=" (_Uchony yevrey_), Russian title for Jewish Government

expert, II 239

=Lebensohn, Abraham Baer= (called "Adam"), Hebrew poet, II 134

prominent in Maskilim circle of Vilna, II 136

=Lebensohn, Micah Joseph=, son of former, Hebrew poet, II 226

=Legal Profession=, see Bar

=Leipsic=, Russian-Jewish merchants visit fair of, I 359 f

place of publication, II 135

=Lekkert, Hirsch=, shoots at governor of Vilna, III 67

=Lelevel= (_Polish_, Lelewel), Polish historian, issues manifesto

to Jews, II 107 f

calls upon Poles to be friendly to Jews, II 178

eulogized by Jews at memorial service, II 180

=Lemberg= (Lvov, _Polish_, Lwow), leading city of Red Russia,

I 74, 196

anti-Jewish riots in (1463), I 63 f

Jews of, restricted in commerce, I 74

besieged by Khmelnitzki(1648), I 150 f

authorities of, refuse to deliver Jews, I 151

Jesuit college students in, attack Jews, I 161

Jews of, organize self-defence, I 161; but are massacred (1664),

I 162

Pikolski, monk in, conducts agitation against Jews, I 174

Jews of, receive communal autonomy (1356), I 53;

granted communal constitution(1692), I 191

rights of Kahal elders upheld by voyevoda of, I 190

Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,

I 110

rabbis assembled at, excommunicate adherents of Sabbatai Zevi,

I 211

disputation between Frankists and Orthodox at, I 216 f, 229

conversion of Frankists at, I 217

Isaiah Horowitz (_Sheloh_) educated in, I 135

Rabbis of:

Joshua Falk Cohen, head of yeshibah, I 128

David Halevi (Taz), I 130, 206

Meir of Lublin, I 129

Hayyim Rapoport, I 216

Solomon, I 115

=Le Nord=, newspaper in Brussels, organ of Russian Government,

II 393

=Lenchitza= (_Polish_, Leckyca, province of Kalish), Jews of,

executed on ritual murder charge, I 100

Solomon Ephraim of, criticises yeshibahs, I 119 f

=Leon=, Jewish physician, executed by Ivan III., I 37

=Leshek=, Polish prince, receives Jewish delegation from Germany,

I 40

=Leshek The White=, Polish ruler, favorable to Jews, I 42

=Lesnaya= (White Russia), battle at, I 248

=Lessing=, referred to by Nyevakhovich, Russian-Jewish writer,

I 387

=Levanda, Leon= (=Lev=), Russian-Jewish writer, native of Lithuania,

II 238

teacher in Jewish Crown school, II 239

"Learned Jew" in Vilna, II 239 f

novels by, II 239 f

joins Palestine movement, II 240, 332

corresponds with Bogrov, II 241

=Levendahl=, Russian official, inspires Kishinev massacre, III

71, 77

=Levi Itzhok=, of Berdychev, hasidic leader, I 232 f

saintliness of, I 233, 382

Hebrew author, I 382

=Levin, Shmaryahu=, member of Central Committee of League for

Equal Rights, III 112

deputy to First Duma, III 134

denounces Bialystok pogrom, III 137, 139

demands equal rights for Jews, III 137

=Levinsohn, Isaac Baer=, called "the Russian Mendelssohn," II

125 ff

born in Volhynia, II 125

associates with Maskilim of Galicia, II 125 f

author of _Te'udah be-Israel_, II 126;

conclusions of, II 126

author of anonymous anti-hasidic satire, II 127

author of _Bet Yehudah_, II 127 f

suggests plan of Jewish reforms, II 128;

and modifications in Jewish religious life, II 129

keeps in contact with Russian dignitaries, II 129 f

receives subsidies from Russian Government, II 129, 132

advocates prohibition of "harmful" books, II 129 f

_naiveté_ of, II 130

publishes refutation of blood accusation, II 131

author of apologetic treatise _Zerubbabel_, defending the Talmud,

II 131

compared with scholars in other lands, II 131

dies unappreciated, II 132

=Levita, Benedict=, of Cracow, granted monopoly of importing

Hebrew books, I 131

=Levy, Lipman=, financial agent at Russian Court, I 248

=Lewin, L.=, quoted, I 111

=Lewin, Mendel=, of Satanov (Podolia), Hebrew writer, I 388

=Liberum Veto=, Polish parliamentary law, source of anarchy,

I 92, 168

=Lieberman, A.= (=Freeman=), Jewish socialist, II 223 f

=Lieders=, Russian viceroy in Poland, arrests Jewish leaders,

II 181

=Lieven=, Russian Minister of Public Instruction, receives memorandum

from Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 129

=Lifschitz, Gedaliah=, of Lublin, Hebrew author, I 133

=Lilienblum, Moses Leib=, advocates religious reforms, II 236

joins Russified _intelligenzia_, II 237

writes "Sins of Youth," II 237

joins "Love of Zion" and later Zionist movement, II 237, 328

f, 376, III 42, 49

=Lilienthal, Max=, native of Bavaria, II 52

director of modern Jewish school in Riga, II 52

commissioned by Russian Government to carry out school reforms,

II 53

visits Vilna, II 54; meets with approval of local Maskilim,

II 136 f

meets with opposition in Minsk, II 55

presents report to Uvarov, Minister of Public Instruction,

II 55

tours Russian South and South-west, II 56

assured by Jewish communities of co-operation, II 56

campaign of, hailed by Jewish leaders of western Europe, II

not supported by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 136

emigrates to America, II 59

quoted, II 55

=Lippomano=, papal nuncio, instigates host trial of Sokhachev,

I 86 f

=Liquor=, use of, encouraged by Hasidim, II 124 f

=Liquor Trade=, see Propination

=Literature=, rabbinic L. in Poland, I 121 ff; see also Hebrew,

Yiddish, and Russian

=Lithuania=, Kiev incorporated in, I 94

Volhynia annexed by, I 59

"Union of Lublin," between Poland and L. (1569), I 88

annexed by Russia (1795), I 297

Jews emigrate from Crimea into, I 35

important Jewish communities in, I 59

Jews of, obtain charter from Vitovt (1388), I 59

favorable economic condition of Jews in, I 60, 72 f

Jewish tax farmers in, I 72, 94

Karaites in, I 60

Jews expelled from (1493), and allowed to return (1503), I

65, 70 f

Jews of, suspected of sheltering proselytes, I 80;

and of planning to leave country, I 81

cleared of suspicion by royal charter (1540), I 81

"=Lithuanian Statute=" (1566) imposes restrictions on Jews, I

blood accusations in, I 87 f, 96, 162 ff

"Union of Lublin" affects unfavorably Jews of, I 88

Ukrainian rebels penetrate into, I 149

invaded by Russians (1654 ff), I 153 ff, 156, 264

Jews, persecuted by Cossacks, flee to, I 157

Jewish cultural center moves to, I 159 f

Jewish conditions in, described by Solomon Maimon, I 239 f

Jews of, barred from Russia, I 243 f;

yet penetrate into Moscow, I 245

numbers of Jews in, I 263 f

included in Pale (1795), I 317;

(1804), I 342;

(1835), II 39

Polish nobility of, advocate Jewish reforms (1800), I 325 f

Jews establish woolen mills in, I 363

Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72

Jews admitted to municipal government in, I 369;

but speedily disfranchised, I 370

Jews of, loyal to Russia in Polish insurrections of 1861 and

1863, II 107, 182 f

Russian authorities of, believe Brafman's charges against Jews,

II 189

pogroms checked in, II 267, 276

Jewish labor movement in, III 55

Jews of, called Litvaks, object of Polish anti-Semitism, III

166 f

Jewish communities of, represented on Council of Four Lands,

I 110;

but later form separate Council (1623), I 112, 193 f, 195

Michael Yosefovich appointed "senior" of Jews of, I 72

Kahals of, granted right of _herem_ (1672), I 190

different intellectual development in, I 221

strong position of Rabbinism and Talmudism in, I 199 f, 221,

II 113

Elijah of Vilna, champion of Rabbinism in, see Elijah of Vilna

yeshibahs of, adopt method of Elijah of Vilna, I 381 f

Messianism preached among Jews of, I 208

Hasidim penetrates into, I 230 ff, 237

type of Hasidism in, I 232 f

rabbis of, oppose Hasidism, II 233, 237 f

Kahals of, appealed to against Hasidism, I 373

Hasidism weak in, I 274, 372

Hasidim of, denounced to Russian authorities, I 376

spirit of denunciation (_mesirah_) among Jews of, I 377 f

disintegration of Kahals in, I 275 f

Jews of, plead for preservation of Kahal courts, I 320

greater political sense among Jews of, I 379

rabbis of, arbitrate between Kahal and rabbi of Vilna, I 276

rabbis of, appeal to I. B. Levinsohn to refute blood accusation,

II 131

opposition to secular learning among Jews of, II 114 f

Haskalah movement in, see Haskalah and Vilna

Hebrew writers originate from, II 238

=Little Poland=, see Poland, Little

=Little Russia=, see Russia, Little

=Livadia=, summer residence of Alexander III., II 429, III 18

=Livonia=, inhabitants of, demand admission of Jews, I 256

Empress Elizabeth refuses to admit Jews into, I 257

Jews expelled from (1744), I 257

Jewish newcomers expelled from (1829), II 32;

see Baltic Provinces

=Lizno= (Galicia), Elimelech of, hasidic leader, I 232

=Lobanov-Rostoveki=, chairman of Committee for Amelioration of

Jews (1871), II 191

=Lobzovo=, near Cracow, residence of Estherka, favorite of Casimir

the Great, I 53

=Lodz=, Jewish labor movement in, III 55

pogrom at, III 119 f

economic success of Jews in, stimulate Polish boycott, II 166

=Loewenthal=, professor, sent by Baron Hirsch to Argentina, II

416

=Lokhvitz= (province), massacre at (1618), I 145

=London=, Moses Montefiore of, goes to Russia, II 68

M'Caul, missionary in, II 131

Jewish Socialist Society in, II 223

Mansion House Meeting held in (February 1, 1882), II 288 ff

Lord Mayor of, presides at meeting, II 288;

and joins pogrom committee, II 291

bishop of, joins pogrom committee, II 291

secret circular of Plehve circulated in, II 381

new protest meeting planned in, II 382

Guildhall Meeting held in (December 10, 1890), II 388 ff

effect of protest meeting in, felt in St. Petersburg, II 397

Moscow refugees in, II 408

Jewish Colonization Association in, II 414, 419

Fourth Zionist Congress held in, III 45

_L. Times_ publishes account of pogroms and persecutions, II

287;

attacks Russia, II 381, 389 f;

publishes secret letter of Plehve, III 77

=Longinus=, see _Dlugosh_

=Lopukhin=, Russian prosecutor general, receives denunciation

against Hasidim, I 375 f

=Loris-Melikov=, Russian statesman, favors popular representation,

II 245

discusses Jewish question with American Minister, II 293

=Louis of Hungary=, Polish king (1370-1382), persecutes Jews,

I 54

=Louisiana=, Jewish agricultural colonies, in, II 374

"=Love of Zion=," see Zionism

=Lovich=, Synod of (1720), forbids building or repairing of synagogues,

I 171

=Lozno= (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman,

founder of _Habad_, I 234, 330, 372, 376, 378, II 117

=Lubavichi= (government of Moghilev), residence of Shneor Zalman's

successors, II 117

=Lubbock, Sir John=, protests against pogroms, II 288

=Lubenski=, Polish Minister of Justice, objects to emancipation

of Jews, I 300 f

suggests law barring Jews from liquor trade, I 304

=Lublin=, leading city of Little Poland and capital of Poland,

I 42, 110

"Union of" (1569), I 88

=Lublin= (province), annexed by Austria (1795), I 297

ritual murder cases in, I 96, 100

Crown Tribunal in, tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172

conference of rabbis and Kahal elders meet at, I 109 f, 123

Council of Four Lands meets periodically at, I 110, 152, 194

community of, receives royal permission to open yeshibah (1567),

I 115

printing-press in, I 131, 196

disputations between Jews and Christians at, I 136

Gedaliah Lifschitz, Hebrew author, of, I 133

Jacob Itzhok, hasidic leader, of, I 384

Martin Chekhovich, Christian theologian, of, I 136

Rabbis of:

Shalom Shakhna, father of Polish Talmudism, I 105, 122

Israel, son of former, I 123

Joshua Falk Cohen, I 112, 128

Solomon Luria (_Maharshal_), I 125

Mordecai Jaffe, I 127

Meir of (=Maharam=), I 128 f, 199

Samuel Edels (=Maharsho=), I 129

Towns in:

Shchebreshin, I 158

Voistovitza, I 178

Zamoshch, I 203

=Lubliner=, Polish-Jewish writer and patriot, II 109

=Lubny= (province of Poltava), Cossack massacres at (1637), I

144; (1648), I 145

=Lubomirski=, Polish Crown Marshal, imposes tax on Jews sojourning

in Warsaw, I 268 f

=Lueger=, anti-Semitic burgomaster of Vienna, III 32

=Luga= (government of St. Petersburg), Alexander I. causes expulsion

of Jews from, I 409

=Lukasinski, Valerian=, Polish army officer, defends Jews, II

97 f

=Lukov= (province of Shedletz), I 287

=Luria, Isaac= (Ari), name explained, I 134

influence of Cabala system of, on Poland, I 134, 202

study of writings of, forbidden before age of forty, I 214

writings of, studied by Besht, I 223

prayer-book of, accepted by Hasidim, I 231

=Luria, Solomon= (Reshal or Maharshal) native of Posen, I 124

rabbi in Ostrog and Lublin, I 125

follows casuistic method of Tosafists, I 125

criticises _Shulhan Arukh_, I 125

gravitates towards mysticism, I 126

criticises study of Aristotle in yeshibahs, I 120

leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199

=Lutherans=, Isaac Troki argues with, I 137; see Reformation

=Lutostanski, Hippolyte=, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 203

receives acknowledgment from Alexander III., 203, 244

=Lutzk= (Volhynia), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35

important Jewish community in, I 59

Karaites in, I 60

Jews of, expelled (1495), I 65

=Lvov=, see Lemberg

=Lvov=, Russian statesman, discloses connection between Government

and pogroms, III 125 f

=Lyck= (Prussia), _ha-Maggid_, published in, II 217

=Lysyanka= (province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184

=Maeotis=, see Azov, Sea of

"=Magdeburg Law=," name explained, I 44

granted to Germans in Poland, I 44

bestowed on city of Lemberg, I 53

granted to Karaites of Lithuania, I 61;

and confirmed, I 64

taken advantage of by Polish estates to oppress Jews, I 74

Jews exempted from jurisdiction of, I 94

Jewish Kahal forms counterpart to, I 103; see also Autonomy

=Magister=, Russian university degree, explained, II 165

=Magistracies=, see Municipalities

=Maimon, Solomon=, born in Lithuania, I 239

receives talmudic education, I 239

studies in Germany, I 239 f

student of Kantian philosophy, I 240

writes "Autobiography," I 240

quoted, I 221

=Maimonides=, philosophic writings of, studied by Moses Isserles,

I 126; and Mordecai Jaffe, I 132

studied and interpreted by Solomon Maimon, I 240

influences Shneor Zalmon, I 382

does not appeal to Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383

invoked by Maskilim in support of secular learning, II 126

quoted, II 119

=Makarov= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Makov=, chairman of Commission for Revision of Laws concerning

Jews, II 336

=Malakh, Hayyim=, Sabbatian propagandist, I 208

joins Judah Hasid, I 209

heads party of pilgrims to Palestine, I 209

holds Sabbatian services in Jerusalem, I 210

=Melchevski=, Polish bishop, invites David Friedländer to render

opinion on Polish-Jewish question, II 90

=Maliss, Eda=, victim of pogrom, II 302

=Manasseh, I., and II.=, kings of Khazars, I 26

=Manassein=, Minister of Justice, excludes Jews from Russian

bar, II 352

=Mandelstamm=, successor to Max Lilienthal, II 118

=Mandelstamm=, professor, of Kiev, insists on necessity of organizing

emigration, II 298

attends conference of Jewish notables in St. Petersburg, II

304

denounces Ignatyev's offer to settle Jews in Central Asia,

II 306

supports Zionist leaders in Western Europe, III 47

=Manifesto=, name explained, II 246

coronation M. of Alexander II. abolishes Jewish conscription,

II 155 f

M. of Alexander III. promising to uphold autocracy, II 246

coronation M. of Alexander III. disregards Jews, II 338

M. of Nicholas II., on birth of heir-apparent Alexis, offers

trifling alleviations to Jews, III 98

M. of October 17, promising Constitution, III 127; followed

by pogroms, III 127 ff

Vyborg M., see Vyborg

=Mankup= (=Mangup=), Crimean city, I 26

=Manning=, cardinal, protests at Mansion House Meeting against

pogroms, II 289 f

joins pogrom committee, II 291

expresses sympathy with Guildhall Meeting, II 390

=Mansion House Meeting=, see London

_Mapu, Abraham_, Hebrew writer, II 226 ff

=Margolis, M.=, Jewish expert, invited by Pahlen Commission,

II 369

=Marini=, general of Dominican Order, deprecates persecution

of Polish Jews, I 165

=Mark= (=Mordecai=), victim of blood accusation, I 100

=Markovich, Moses=, "general syndic" of Polish Jews, I 160

=Marriage=, among Jews, restrictions placed upon, by Polish Diet

(1775), I 267; disregarded, I 268

limitation of number of M's proposed by Poles, I 282

age of, restricted by Russian law (1835), II 40

early M's in vogue, II 112

=Marseilles=, Altaras of, visits Russia, II 69

=Masalski=, bishop of Vilna, employs Berek Yoselovich, I 294

=Maskilim=, see Haskalah

=Massacres=, see Pogroms

=Masudi=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23 f

=May Laws=, see Temporary Rules

=Maximova=, witness in ritual murder case, II 82

=Mazovia=, Polish principality and province, I 42, 85

annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297

=M'Caul=, London missionary, attacks Talmud, II 131

=Me'assef=, Hebrew periodical, I 386; II 137

=Meat Tax=, see Tax

=Meath, Earl of=, addresses Guildhall Meeting, II 391

=Mechanics=, see Artisans

=Mechislav=, prince of Great Poland, forbids violence against

Jews, I 42

=Mechislav= (=Meshko=), Polish king, mentioned on coins, I 42

=Medicine=, see Physicians

=Medzhibozh= (Podolia), Besht settles in, I 225

visited by his disciples, I 228

residence of Borukh Tulchinski, I 384;

and his disciples, II 121

=Meir= of Lublin (_Maharam_), rabbi and scholar, I 128 f

leaves profound impress on posterity, I 199

=Meir=, of Shchebreshin, describes Cossack persecutions, I 158

=Meir=, of Tarnopol, Hebrew author, I 201

=Meisels, Berush=, rabbi in Cracow, and member of Austrian parliament,

II 179

rabbi in Warsaw, and active in Polish Insurrection (1863),

II 179 ff

=Melammed=, see Heder

=Melitopol= (government of Tavrida), pogrom at, III 115

=Melitzah=, conventionalized Hebrew style, II 225, 228

=Menahem=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Mendel=, chief rabbi of Great Poland, I 104

=Mendel Kotzker=, hasidic leader, II 122

=Mendel=, of Lubavichi, see Shneorsohn

=Mendel=, of Vitebsk, hasidic leader, I 234

=Mendele Mokher Sforim=, see Abramovich

=Mendelssohn, Moses=, "Father of Enlightenment," I 238, II 125

"Enlightenment" of, contrasted with Russian Haskalah, II 137

followers of, among Polish and Russian Jews, I 239, 331, 384,

385, 387

Isaac Baer Levinsohn, called "the Russian M.," II 125

Bible translation of, rendered into Russian, II 118

David Friedländer, pupil of, approached by Polish Government,

II 90

attacked by Smolenskin, II 235

Wessely, associate of, II 135

=Mengli-Guiray=, Khan of Crimea,

communicates with prince of Moscow through Jewish agents, I

35 f

=Menorah=, represented on tombstones in Tauris, I 16

=Merchants=, the, form separate estate in Russia, I 308

exempted from military service, II 20

called to military service (1874), II 200

few first-guild Jewish M's. in Pale, II 162

Jewish M. permitted temporary visit to Interior (1835), II

admission of, into Interior voted down by Council of State,

II 35 f;

discussed by Committee for Amelioration of Jews, II 161 f

Jewish first-guild M's. admitted into Interior (1859), II 62,

343

attempt to exclude Jewish M's. from Interior (under Alexander

III.), II 399

permitted to remain in Moscow, III 14;

but restricted in rights, III 15

See Commerce

=Meshcherski=, Count, editor of anti-semitic weekly _Grazhdanin_,

II 380, 413

=Meshko=, see Mechislav

=Mesirah= ("Informing") develops among Jews under Russian rule,

I 377

discharged rabbi of Pinsk engages in, I 377 f

in Novaya Ushitza, II 84 f, 121

in Mstislavl, II 85 ff

=Messianism=, preached in Poland, I 204 ff

superseded by Hasidism, I 222

defended by Smolenskin, II 235

"Love of Zion" viewed with suspicion by Orthodox as rival of,

II 377

Messianic character of Political Zionism, III 48

=Methodius=, Slavonian missionary, engages in disputation with

Jews, I 18

=Metternich=, represents Austria at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle,

I 399

=Mezherich= (or =Mezhirich=), Volhynia, hasidic center, I 229

Baer of M., called "Mazhiricher Maggid," I 227, 229 f, 384,

II 120

=Michinski=, =Sebastian=, Polish anti-Semitic writer, I 97

=Mickiewicz=, see Mitzkevich

=Mikhailishok= (government of Vilna), residence of Abraham Lebensohn,

II 134

=Mikolski=, Polish priest, favors Frankists, I 216

=Mikweh Israel=, agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322

=Miletus= (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14

=Military Service= (or =Conscription=), Jews of Poland free from,

I 304

payment of ransom in lieu of, confirmed by Polish law (1812),

I 304;

(1817), II 95;

(1831), II 107

imposed on Jews of Poland (1843), II 109

imposed on Jews of Austria, II 30

merchants in Russia exempted from, by paying conscription tax,

I 318; II 15

merchants subjected to (1874), II 200

imposition of, on Jews planned by Alexander I., II 15

conceived by Nicholas I. as means of de-Judaization, II 15

danger of imposition of, on Jews set forth by Novosiltzev,

II 16

Jews alarmed by rumors concerning imposition of, II 17

imposed upon Jews by conscription ukase of August 26, 1827,

II 18 ff, ukase reaffirmed in Statute of 1835, II 41

juvenile M. S., see Cantonists

certain classes of Jews exempted from, II 20

weight of, falls principally on burghers, II 29

horrors of, II 24 ff, 27 ff, 145 ff

Jews of Old-Constantinov "protest" against, II 21 f

early marriages due to fear of, II 28

alleviations in, proposed by Council of State and rejected

by Nicholas I., II 36

ineffectiveness of, in reforming Jews pointed out by Council

of State (1840), II 48

term of, reduced for graduates of Crown schools (1844), II

Jewish agriculturists exempted from, II 71

shunned by Russians in general, II 146

evaded by Jews, II 146

barbarous penalties decreed for evasion of (1850), II 147 f

severities of, repealed by Alexander II. (1856), II 155 ff

tax in lieu of, proposed for graduates of secular schools and

rejected (1859), II 164

newly regulated by Law of 1874, II 199 ff

discriminations against Jews in new M. S. Statute of 1874,

II 200 f, 355

evasion of, punished by fining family of recruit (1886), II

356

fine for evasion of, stimulates emigration, II 373, 414

Jewish emigrants relieved from, II 420

See Army, Recruits, and Soldiers

=Milton=, indirect effect of, on Hebrew literature, II 135

=Minor=, rabbi of Moscow, refuses blackmail offer of Lutostanski,

II 203

dismissed from office and exiled by Russian Government, II

423 f

=Minsk= (city), Jews of, complain against abuses of Kahal, I

275

Kahal of, decides to send deputation to Tzar, I 336

Jews of, communicate with Jews of Vilna concerning Hasidism,

I 373

Max Lilienthal opposed by Jews of, II 55

visited by Alexander II., II 187

minutes of Kahal of, used by Brafman as incriminating material,

II 189

growth of pauperism in, III 24

Convention of Russian Zionists at, III 45, 51, 59

pogrom at, III 119

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121

Jehiel Halperin, rabbi of, I 200

Naphtali, resident of, Hebrew author, I 201

Pollak, resident of, offers to establish agricultural farms,

III 25

=Minsk= (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1793),

I 292

included in Pale (1794), I 316 f;

(1804), I 342;

(1835), II 39

famine in, I 322 f

Polish nobles of, propose restrictions for Jews, I 322 ff

Jewish deputies from, active in St. Petersburg, I 337

Jews of, asked to elect delegates, I 349

massacre of Jews and Russians threatened by Poles in, I 357

Solomon of Karlin killed by troops in, I 372

placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188

Brafman, accuser of Jews, native of, II 187

Localities in:

Bobovnia, II 80

Mir, II 113

Nesvizh, I 239

=Mint=, Polish, administered by Jews, I 42

=Mir= (government of Minsk), yeshibah at, II 113

=Mishnah=, term explained, II 114

=Mithnagdim=, name of opponents of Hasidim, I 238, 372

oppose Hasidim, I 274, 278, 372, 375

=Mitropolit=, highest ecclesiastic title in Russia, III 125

=Mitzkevich= (_Polish_, Myckiewicz), Adam, Polish poet friendly

to Jews, II 108

=Mizrahi=, Orthodox Zionists, III 47

=Mladanovich=, Polish governor of Uman, betrays Jews, I 184

killed by Haidamucks, I 185

=Mocatta, Moses=, English translator of Isaac Troki's work, I

130

=Modebadze, Sarre=, Gruzinian girl, alleged victim of ritual

murder, II 204

=Moghilev, on the Dnieper= (city), I 98

Jews of, transferred to outskirts of city (1633), I 98;

and barred from Christian neighborhood (1646), I 98 f

Jews of, expelled by invading Russians (1654), I 153;

and massacred by Russian soldiers, I 154, 245

echo of Sabbatian propaganda, in, I 205

rabbinical conference at, protests against Hasidism, I 238

Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373

Shmerling, deputy from, dies at St. Petersburg Conference (1882),

II 304

pogrom at (1904), III 100 f;

avenged by Jewish youth, III 107

=Moghilev= (government), forms part of White Russia, I 187, 262,

307

communities of, form federation, I 196

Polish Jewish prisoners of war from, form nucleus of Moscow

community, I 245

Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315

made part of Pale (1794), I 317;

(1835), II 40

Jewish deputies from, arrive in St. Petersburg (1803), I 337

Jews of, invited to send delegates (1807), I 349

Jews from apply to be settled as agriculturists in New Russia,

I 363

Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368

Jews expelled from villages of (1823), I 406

governor of, reprimanded for accusing Jews falsely, II 87

governor of, decrees "polite manners" for Jews, II 383

governor of, censures Jews of Homel, III 89

Localities in:

Dubrovna, I 252

Homel, III 87 ff

Ladi, I 239, II 117

Lozno, I 234, II 117

Lubavichi, II 117

Monostyrchina, II 86

Mstislavl, II 85 ff, 383

=Moghilev, on the Dniester= (Podolia), I 98

=Mohammedans=, king of Khazars invites representative of, I 21

destroy Synagogue and are punished by Khazar king, I 22

protected by Khazars against Russians, I 26

persecuted in Russia, I 254

excluded from Russian bar, II 252 f

=Mohilever, Samuel=, rabbi of Bialystok, joins "Love of Zion"

movement, II 376 f

=Moldavo-Wallachia=, Jews export goods from Poland to, I 67 f

=Moldavia=, Lithuanian Jews accused of sending proselytes to,

I 81

_Moment_, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162

=Monastyrchina= (government of Moghilev), Itzele of, pleads for

Jews, II 86

=Montagu, Sir Samuel=, of London, expelled from Moscow, II 345

=Montefiore, Sir Moses=, corresponds with Max Lilienthal, II

visits Russia and pleads for Jews, II 68

fund in honor of, established by "Lovers of Zion," II 376

=Moravia, Jacob Frank= moves to, I 219

Kremsier, city in, II 179

=Moravski=, Polish Minister of War, objects to Jewish volunteers,

II 105

=Mordecai= (=Motele=), of Chernobyl, hasidic leader, II 119

=Mordvinov=, member of Council of State, saves Jews of Velizh

from ritual murder charge, II 81 f

=Morenu=, title of ordained rabbi, I 117

=Moscow, Principality= (=Tzardom=) =of= [=Muscovy=], growth of,

I 29

Jews of Tauris brought into contract with, I 33

Crimean Jews render services to rulers of, I 35 f

closed to Jews, I 60, 242

Little Russia incorporated in (1654), I 94, 153;

(1657), I 159

Jews barred from (1610), I 244

rulers of Muscovy invade Polish provinces, I 153 f, 244;

and troops of, expel or massacre Jews, I 154, 243, 245 f

See Moscow (city)

=Moscow= (city), "Judaizing heresy" spreads in, I 36 f

Jewish court-physician burned in, 37

Jewish merchants from Poland and Lithuania penetrate into,

I 242 f

Ivan the Terrible refuses to admit Jews to (1550), I 243

influx of Poles and Jews into, I 244

Polish-Jewish prisoners of war permitted to stay in, I 245

Jewish cloth merchants permitted to visit, I 245

Jews barred from (1676), I 245

Borukh Leibov pays visit to, I 251; and converts Voznitzin

to Judaism, I 251 f

Jewish merchants of White Russia pay visits to, I 315

Russian merchants of, protest against admission of Jews, I

315

Jewish merchants excluded from (1790, 1791), I 316

Jewish merchants permitted temporary sojourn in (1835), II

Jewish physicians, though admitted to Interior, excluded from,

II 167

burgomaster of, objects to admission of Jews to city government,

II 199

Jews expelled from (under Ignatyev), II 264, 319

Russian merchants plead for admission of Jews to, II 319

Sir Samuel Montagu, of London, expelled from, II 345

admission of Jews to schools and university of, restricted

to 3% (1887), II 350;

restriction placed on statute books (1908), III 157 f

Jews harassed in, II 385, 397

Russian celebrities of, sign protest against Jewish persecution,

II 387

Dolgoruki, governor-general of, lenient towards Jews, II 401

Grand Duke Sergius appointed governor-general of, II 400

Alexeyov, burgomaster, of, agitates against Jews, II 400 f

Istomin, agent of Pobyedonostzev, appointed to important post

in, II 401

ukase, expelling Jews from city and government of, decreed

(March 28, 1891), II 402;

wording of ukase affected by hope for foreign loan, II 408

"illegal" Jews raided and imprisoned, II 403

Alexander III. pays visit to, II 404

discharged Jewish soldiers forbidden to remain in, II 404

Jewish artisans and tradesmen expelled from, II 404 f

horrors of expulsion from, II 405 f

news of expulsion from, suppressed in Russian press, II 407;

reported in foreign press, II 407

expulsion from, witnessed by United States commissioners, II

407;

causes protest of President Harrison of United States, II

408 f

expulsion from, affects unfavorably Russian loan in Paris,

II 408

M. refugees deported from St. Petersburg, II 410

expulsion of Jews from, continued, II 413;

causes emigration to Western Europe and America, II 410,

413, 420

visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418

synagogue of, closed (1892), II 423

Minor, rabbi of M., and Schneider expelled from, II 423 f

conversion of synagogue of, into charitable institution ordered

by Alexander III., II 424

"Marranos" in, II 425

request of Jews of, to open synagogue for Coronation services,

refused, II 112

complete fashioning of synagogue of, ordered (1897), III 13

Jewish merchants left in, persecuted and expelled, III 14 f

new settlement of Jewish merchants in, prohibited (1899), III

International Congress of Medicine held in, III 15

Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 109

Grand Duke Sergius, governor-general of, assassinated, III

110

Russian laborers from, assist in Zhitomir pogrom, III 115

armed uprising in (December, 1905), III 131

Troitza monastery, in vicinity of, II 203

Minor, rabbi of, II 203, 423 f

Pobyedonostzev, professor at University of, III 245

_Russ_, newspaper in, deprecates sympathy with pogrom victims,

II 278

headquarters of People's Freedom, revolutionary party, II 279

_Moscow News_ criticises _Imperial Messenger_ for connivance

at pogroms, II 279

Bogolyepov, professor in, anti-Jewish minister of Public Instruction,

III 27 f

_Mitroplolit_, head of Russian Church, resides in, III 125

=Moser=, see Mesirah

=Moses=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Moses=, of Kiev, early Jewish scholar, corresponds with Gaon

in Bagdad, I 133

=Moses=, rabbi of Great Poland, confirmed in office by Polish

king (1518), I 104

=Moses Ben Abraham=, rabbi, author of Polish pamphlet defending

Jews, II 98

=Moskal=, nickname for Russians among Poles, III 36

=Motele=, see Mordecai

=Moyetzki=, Polish priest, anti-Jewish writer, I 96

=Moyshe= (=Moses=), Jewish martyr in Zaslav, I 177

=Mstislavl= (government of Moghilev), anti-Jewish riot at, stopped

by Peter the Great, I 248

Jews of, accused of mutiny (1844), II 85 ff

Jews of, threatened with public whipping, II 383

=Munich= (Bavaria), Max Lilienthal born in, II 52

=Municipalities= (=Magistracies=), autonomy of Polish M. guaranteed

by Magdeburg Law, I 44

subject Jews to economic restrictions, I 70, 74 f

of several cities combine against Jews, I 75

form compacts with Kahals, I 84 f

obtain right of excluding Jews, I 85

arrogate jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f

Jews engaged in litigations with, I 171

Jews placed under control of (1768), I 267

Russian Government regulates relation of Jews to (1785 ff),

I 308 ff

Jewish merchants of White Russia admitted as members of (1783),

I 310, 367 f

Jews complain against oppression of, I 311 f

hostility of Christian burghers bars Jews from, I 320, 369

Jewish membership in, restricted to one-third, I 368;

(1836), II 41;

(1870), II 199, 425

Jews of Lithuania declared eligible to (1802), I 369

Jews of Lithuania barred from (1805), II 41

participation of Jews in, discussed by special Government Committee,

II 198 f

Jews of Pereyaslav invited to resign from, II 266

Jews take conspicuous part in, II 425

Jews deprived of votes in (1892), II 425 f

local authorities ordered to appoint Jewish members, II 426

League for Equal Rights calls on Jewish appointees in, to resign

(1905), III 112

Jewish Government appointees resign, III 113

combined deputation of Zemstvos and M. favors universal suffrage,

III 122

See Kahals and Zemstvos

=Muravyov=, Minister of Justice, misrepresents facts of Homel

pogrom, III 101

=Muravyov, Michael=, governor-general of Vilna, subdues Poles,

II 183

appointed military dictator of six governments, II 188

pursues policy of Russification, II 188, 239

=Muravyov, Nikita=, leader of "Northern" revolutionaries, I 410

limits political rights of Jews to Pale, I 413

=Musar= (Ethical Literature), name explained, I 201

flourishes in Poland, I 201 f

=Muscovy=, see Moscow, principality of

=Mysticism=, see Cabala

=Nagartava=, agricultural Jewish colony, pogrom at, III 35

=Nahman=, of Belzhytz, see Jacob of Belzhytz

=Nahman=, of Bratzlav, hasidic leader, I 382

makes pilgrimage to Palestine, I 383

deprecates rationalism, I 383 21

dies at Uman, I 383

grave of, visited annually by devotees, II 122

adherents of, persecuted by other Hasidim, II 122

=Nahman=, of Horodno, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Nahman=, of Kosovo, disciple of Besht, I 227

=Nahum=, see Nohum

=Names=, Jews of St. Petersburg ordered to use mutilated first

N. (1890), II 397 f

Jews prohibited from using Russian first N. (1893), II 427

=Naphtali=, of Minsk, Hebrew author, I 201

=Napoleon=, creates duchy of Warsaw, I 297 f

"Code of N." introduced into duchy of Warsaw, I 298

"suspensory decree" of (1808), duplicated in duchy of Warsaw,

I 299

announces to Jews of Europe convocation of "Great Synhedrion,"

I 346

marches towards Russia (1806), I 347

influence of, over Jews feared by Russian Government, I 347

presented by Russian authorities to Jews as enemy of Judaism,

I 348

denounced by Holy Synod as "savior" of Jews, I 348 f

wins friendship of Alexander I., I 350 f

invades Russia (1812), I 354

meets with sympathy of Poles, I 355

Russian Jews prejudiced against, I 356 f

marches through Palestine, I 383

=Narodnaya Vola= ("=The People's Freedom="), revolutionary party,

II 279;

see Revolution

=Narodnichestov= ("=Populism="), II 222;

see Revolution

=Narol= (Volhynia), massacre at (1648), I 149

=Naryshkin=, Russian dignitary, opposes Jewish suffrage, III

122

=Nathan=, successor of Nahman of Bratzlav, II 122

=Nationalism, Jewish=, preached by Smolenskin, II 233 ff

growth of, in Russia, II 372

rise of, III 40 ff

National-cultural Autonomism (spiritual nationalism), II 327,

332, III 41, 51 ff, 144

effect of, on Jewish Labor Movement, III 57

national emancipation (and self-determination) demanded by

League for Equal Rights, III 112, 133

calling of Russian-Jewish National Assembly decided upon by

League, III 133

national-cultural Jewish institutions prohibited and suppressed,

III 160 f

strength of, III 163

=Nationalist Society=, organization of Russian Black Hundred,

III 114

=Neidthart=, city-governor of Odessa, assists pogrom, III 129

=Nekhludov=, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, favors

emancipation of Jews, II 196 ff

=Nemirov=, see Niemirov

=Neo-Hebraic Literature=, see Hebrew

=Nesselrode=, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, forwards memorandum

on Jews to Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

discusses plan of settling Russian Jews in Algiers, II 69

=Nestor=, Russian chronicler, refers to Jews, I 31

=Nesvizh= (government of Minsk), Solomon Maimon born in vicinity

of, I 239

Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Vilna Kahal, imprisoned in, I

276

Eliezer Dillon, Jewish deputy, native of, I 358

=Netter, Charles=, sent by _Alliance Israélite_ to help emigrants

in Brody, II 269

=Neu Freie Presse=, Vienna daily, Dr. Herzl acts as correspondent

of, in Paris, III 42

=Neuman=, rabbi in St. Petersburg, member of Executive Committee

of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214

=Nevel=, Jews, driven from villages, huddled together in, I 407

=New Israel=, Jewish sect in Odessa, II 334 f

=New Jersey=, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374

=New Russia=, see Russia, New

=New York=, Max Lilienthal accepts post as rabbi in, II 59

Joseph Jacobs settles in, II 287

Cox, Congressman from, addresses Congress on persecutions in

Russia, III 284 f

protest meeting against pogroms held in, II 296 f

Jewish emigrants settle in, II 374

Shalom Aleichem dies in, III 62

place of publication, II 290, 297

=Nicholas I.=, emperor of Russia (1825-1855), II 13-153

policy of, foreshadowed by Alexander I., I 390

character of reign of, I 391, II 13, 140 f

era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61

coronation of, celebrated by Hebrew poet, II 135

ascends throne through resignation of brother, II 13

suppresses uprising of Decembrists, I 410, II 13

characterizes Jews as "leeches," II 14

plans to de-Judaize Jews through military conscription, II

15 f

signs Conscription Ukase (August 26, 1827), II 17

decrees expulsions of Jews, II 30 ff

rejects plea for postponement of expulsion, II 33

rejects recommendations of Council of State in favor of Jews,

II 35 ff

signs "Statute concerning Jews" (1835), II 39

sentences Jews with expired passports to penal service, II

subjects Hebrew books to censorship (1836), II 42 ff

dissolves "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 400

interested in conversion of Jews, II 44 f

appoints Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews (1840),

II 49

places Jewish schools under Government supervision (1842),

II 56

orders opening of Government schools for Jews (1844), II 57

expels Jews from 51-verst zone (1843), II 62

approached on behalf of Jews during stay in England, II 63

German Jews plan gift to, II 67

receives Moses Montefiore, II 68

prohibits Jews from leaving Pale, II 70

interested in spreading agriculture among Jews, II 71 f, 197,

III 24

closes synagogues in Velizh on ritual murder charge (1826),

II 78

believes ritual murder accusation, II 78 f

warns Commission of Inquiry, at Velizh, against exaggerations,

II 80

sanctions acquittal of Velizh Jews (1835), II 82

reiterates belief in ritual murder, II 83

inflicts severe punishment on Jews of Mstislavl, II 86

deports Jewish printers to Siberia, II 123

orders "assortment" of Jews (1851), II 142 f

prohibits Jewish dress (1851), II 144 f

issues draconian conscription measures (1850), II 147;

(1853), 148 f

appoints committee to investigate blood accusation (1854),

II 151, 203

eclipsed by Alexander III., II 354

See "Nicholas Soldiers"

=Nicholas II.=, emperor of Russia (1894-1917), III 7-169

reign of, characterized, III 7

ascends throne, III 7

pledges himself to uphold autocracy, III 8

thanks Jews for address of welcome, III 8

surrounds himself with reactionaries, III 9

influenced by Pobyedonostzev, III 9 f

objects to abrogation of Pale, III 11

Jews of Moscow restrained from celebrating coronation of, III

economic collapse of Russian

Jewry during reign of, III 22 ff

Jews barred from liquor trade, III 22

calls Hague Conference, III 35 disappoints hopes of liberals,

III 66

appoints Plehve, III 67

hatred of, toward Jews, intensified by Kishinev massacre, III

grants trifling privileges to Jews on birth of heir-apparent,

III 99

makes partial concession to revolution (1904), III 106

orders shooting of demonstrators (January, 1905), III, 106

forced to make further concessions (February 18, 1905), III

110

patronizes Black Hundred, III 113 f

receives deputation of Zemstvos and municipalities, III 122

defers consideration of Jewish question, III 123

abets counter-revolutionary pogroms (October, 1905), III 127

pursues double-faced policy, III 130

receives deputation of Black Hundred, III 131

dissolves First Duma, III 135, 139

objects to mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 141

changes electoral law, III 142

expresses confidence in Black Hundred, III 149

pardons pogrom perpetrators, III 150

wears ostentatiously badge of Black Hundred, III 151

ratifies restrictive school norm of 1887 (1908), III 157

extends school norm to Jewish "externs" (1911), III 159

witnesses assassination of Stolypin at Kiev, III 164

checks pogrom at Kiev, and

stirs up Beilis case, III 165

"=Nicholas Soldiers=," term explained, II 29

forbidden to live outside Pale, II 29

permitted to live outside Pale (1867), II 29, 172

=Nicholayev= (government of Kherson), Jews expelled from (1829),

II 32 f

excluded from Pale and closed to Jews (1835), II 4

included in Pale by Alexander II., II 172

pogrom at (April 19, 1899), III 34;

(October, 1905), III 128

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 128

=Niemen=, river, Lithuanians settled on banks of, I 59

part of Jewish Pale, I 317

=Niemirov= (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at (1648), I 146 f

pogrom at, commemorated annually, I 152

Jacob Joseph Cohen, rabbi of, I 227, 230

name of, used as substitute for Kishinev, III 79

=Nietzscheanism=, preached by Hebrew writer, III 60

=Nikitin=, Russian-Jewish writer, quoted, I 315

=Nisselovich=, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153

collects signatures for abrogation of Pale, III 156

=Nissi=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Nizhni-Novgorod=, Jews permitted to visit fair of (1835), II

pogrom at (1884), II 360 f

=Nobility=, in Poland, see Shlakhta

=Nohum=, of Chernobyl, hasidic preacher and leader, I 232, 382;

II 119

=Nordau, Max=, Zionist discourses of, discussed in Russia, III

denies future of diaspora, III 52

=Norov=, Minister of Public Instruction, suggests

admission into Russian Interior of Jewish graduates of

Russian schools (1857), II 163

=North-West= (Lithuania and White Russia), rabbinism

of, contrasted with Hasidism of South-west (Ukraina and

Poland), I 199, 221, 274

Hasidism weak in, I 371 f;

and different from Hasidism of South-west, I 233 ff

Kahals in, stronger than in South-west, I 274, 379

=Notkin=, see Shklover

=Novaya Ushitza= (Podolia), Jews of, accused of collective crime,

II 84 f

Israel of Ruzhin implicated in case against Jews of, II 121

=Novgorod=, Jews of Kiev emigrate to, I 36 f

Jews of Vitebsk exiled by Russians to (1654), I 154

=Novgorod-Seversk=, former name of government of Poltava, I 321

included in Pale (1794), I 317

=Novo-Moskovsk= (government of Yekaterinoslav), pogrom at (1883),

II 360

=Novoshelski=, burgomaster of Odessa, favors admission of Jews

to municipal government, II 199

=Novosiltzev, Nicholas=, Russian Commissary in Poland, II 16

warns against imposing conscription on Jews, II 16 f

proposes plan of reorganization of Polish Jews, II 92 f

plan of, discussed and rejected by Polish Council of State,

II 93 f

=Novosti= ("=The News="), liberal paper in St. Petersburg, II

379

suppressed for expressing sympathy with Moscow exiles, II 407

=Novoye Vremya= ("=The New Time="), St. Petersburg daily, adopts

anti-Semitic policy, II 205

becomes organ of reaction, II 247

advocates repression of Jews, II 278, 381

commends pogrom at Warsaw, II 282

exerts anti-Jewish influence on Government circles, II 380

read by Alexander III., II 380

attacks Rothschild of Paris, II 410

utilizes Dreyfus Affair for attack upon Jews, III 32

report of Shpola pogrom in, quoted, III 33

Suvorin, publisher of, produces anti-Semitic play, II 38

libels Jews in Russo-Japanese war, III 95

=Nyeshava= (_Polish_, Nieszawa), Diet of, adopts anti-Jewish

"Statute" (1454), I 63

"Statute" of, confirmed by Piotrkov Diet (1496), I 64

=Nyevakhovich, Judah Leib= (=Lev=), author of Russian pamphlet

on Jewish question, I 386 f

becomes Russian playwright, I 388

embraces Christianity, I 388

descendants of, occupy prominent Government positions, I 388

=Nyezhin= (government of Chernigov), pogrom at (1881), II 267;

(October, 1905), III 129

=Obadiah=, king of Khazars, I 26;

invites Jewish sages from Babylonia, I 21

=Oblavas=, or raids, on Jews of Moscow, II 403

on Jews of Kiev, III 20

=Obolanin=, procurator-general of Senate, gives anti-Jewish instructions

to Dyerzhavin, I 229

=Obolenski=, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise,

III 122

=Octobrists=, conservative Russian party, name explained, III

153

demand exclusion of Jews from office of Justice of Peace, I

156

=Odessa=, Jewish families in, converted to Christianity, I 400

Jewish model school in, II 52, 133, 137

Lilienthal kindly received by Jews of, II 56

Bezalel Stern, resident of, appointed on Rabbinical Commission,

II 57

center of Haskalah, II 132 f

pogrom at (1871), II 191 ff, 215 f;

effects of, II 216, 239

burgomaster of, advocates admission of Jews to municipal government,

II 199

Pirogov, school superintendent of, encourages Jewish cultural

aspirations, II 207, 209

branch of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established

in, II 215 f;

discontinued as result of pogrom, II 216

_ha-Melitz_, published in, II 217

Jewish periodicals in Russian published in, II 219

Smolenskin removes to, II 234

Lilienblum settles in, II 237

Osip Rabinovich, founder of Russian-Jewish literature, resides

in, II 238

Government emissaries prepare pogrom in, II 248

pogrom at (May, 1881), II 257 f

Jewish students of, organize self-defence, II 258

"New Israel," Judeo-Christian sect, founded in, I 334

center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376

headquarters of Palestine Relief Society, II 422

Jews of, warned by city-governor, II 383

visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418

growth of pauperism among Jews of, III 24

pupils of Jewish Agricultural School in vicinity of, barred

from land ownership, III 25

Order _Bne Moshe_ founded by Ahad Ha'am in, III 49

_ha-Shiloah_ edited in, III 58, 162

Jews of, organize self-defence (1904), III 96

Grigoryev, city-governor of, prevents pogrom, III 97;

dismissed, III 151

chief-of-police of, fired at by Jew, III 107

Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 109

Russian Nationalist Society of, incites to pogrom, III 114

pogrom at (October, 1905), III 128 f

Jewish self-defence of, sentenced by court-martial, III 150

Jews of, assaulted by Black Hundred, III 151

governor-general of, condemns Jews, II 276

Gurko, governor-general of, suggests restrictive school norm,

II 339

governor of, recommends forbidding Jewish emigrants to return

to Russia, II 414

=Odoyevski=, Count, advises Catherine II. concerning admission

of Jews into Russia, I 259

=Ofen=, see Buda

=Offenbach= (Germany), Jacob Frank settles in, I 220

=Olbia=, on Black Sea, Jewish settlement in, I 14

=Old-Constantine= (=Staro-Constantine=), see Constantinov

"=Old Testament Believers=," term of assimilated Polish Jews,

II 96, 100 ff

=Oleshnitzki, Zbignyev=, archbishop of Cracow, denounces Casimir

IV. for protecting Jews, I 62

starts campaign against Jews, I 62 f

dictates anti-Jewish "Statute" of Nyeshava, I 63

=Omsk, Territory of= (Siberia), lands in, set aside for Jewish

colonists, II 71

=Oppenheim=, German-Jewish painter, stops painting ordered for

Nicholas I., II 67

=Orlov= (government), "Judaizers" in, I 402

=Orlov=, Count, president of Council of State, urges punishment

of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 162

=Orsha= (government of Moghilev), pogrom at, III 128

=Orshanski, Ilya= (=Elias=), Russian-Jewish writer, II 238 f

=Orshanski, Dr.=, brother of former, reports interview with Ignatyev,

II 284 f, 297

=Oryol= (city), Jews expelled from, II 264

anti-Semitic play produced at, III 38 f

=Ostrog= (Volhynia), Jewish community of, represented on Council

of Four Lands, I 110

Cossack massacre at (1648), I 149

bombarded by Russian army (1792), I 292

Jewish conference at (1798), I 324

Rabbis of:

Solomon Luria (_Reshal_), I 125

Samuel Edels (_Maharsho_), I 129

David Halevi (_Taz_), I 130

Naphtali Cohen, I 204

=Ostropol=, Samson of, Cabalist and martyr, I 148 f

=Ostropoler, Hershel=, "court-fool" of Tzaddik Borukh Tulchinski,

I 348

=Ostrov=, at extreme end of Jewish Pale, II 70

=Ostrovski, Anton=, commander of National Guard in Warsaw, II

106

defends Jews, II 107

=Ottocar=, of Bohemia, Jewish charter of, serves as model for

Boleslav of Kalish, I 45

=Otyechstvennyia Zapiski= ("Records of the

Fatherland"), radical Russian magazine, records Jewish

question as economic problem, II 325

quoted, II 325

=Oxman=, Jewish informer, II 84

=Padua=, Polish Jews study medicine at University of, I 105,

132

=Pahlen=, Count, chairman of "Pahlen Commission," II 336 f

=Pahlen=, governor of Vilna, suggests removal of Jewish disabilities,

III 93

=Pale of Settlement= (Russian, _cherta osyedlosti_),

foreshadowed in decree of May 7, 1786, restricting Jews

to annexed White Russia, I 314 f

enlarged as result of second partition of Poland (1793), I

316 f

formally sanctioned by Law of June 23, 1794, I 317

enlarged as result of third partition of Poland (1795), I 317

Courland added to (1795), I 321

defined in Statute of 1804, I 342

Kiev excluded from (1827), II 31 ff

Courland [and Livonia] excluded from (1829), II 32

Sevastopol and Nicholayev excluded from (1829), II 32

accurately defined in Statute of 1805, II 39 f

Nicholas I. watches over strict maintenance of, II 70

number of Jews and Jewish artisans in, II 168

Commission for Amelioration of Jews considers thinning out

of (1871), II 193

gubernatorial commission appointed for every government of

(1881), II 273

Ignatyev refuses to add to, II 285, 306

Rostov and Taganrog excluded from (1887), II 346

admission of Jews to schools in, restricted to 10% (1887),

II 350;

restriction placed on Statute books (1908-1909), III 157

admission of Jews to universities in, restricted to 7%, II

disproportionately large number of Jewish recruits in, II 355

congestion in cities of, II 385

Jews in, compared with prisoner in cell, II 389

Moscow refugees driven into, II 406

visited by United States commissioners, II 407

visited by Arnold White, emissary of Baron Hirsch, II 417

Yalta excluded from (1893), II 428 f

governor of Vilna recommends abrogation of, III 11

zealously maintained under Nicholas II., III 16, 20 f

growth of pauperism in, III 23 f

localities in, barred to Jews in 1882, reopened to them (1903),

III 80 f

preservation of, affirmed by Third Duma (1908), III 154

one hundred and six Duma deputies favor abrogation (1910),

III 156

exclusion of Jews from villages in, see Villages

See also Interior, and Residence, Right of

=Palestine=, Teutonic Order originates in, I 63

Cabalists of, influence Polish Jewry, I 134

Sabbatian propaganda carried on in, II 205

mass emigration of Polish Jews to (1700), I 209 f

Shneor Zalman accused of collecting money for, I 376

Nahman of Bratzlav makes pilgrimage to, I 383

Lelevel, Polish historian, promises Polish help in restoration

of, II 108

restoration of Jews to, preached by Smolenskin, II 236;

advocated by Levanda, II 240

_Bilu_ pioneers emigrate to (1882), II 321 f

beginnings of Jewish colonization in, II 322

"Lovers of Zion" establish colonies, in, III 42

Jewish national center in, championed by Lilienblum, II 328

ff;

and, as an alternative, by Pinsker, II 331

expulsion from Moscow stimulates emigration to, II 416

attempt at mass emigration to (1891), II 421 f

feeble results of colonization in, III 42

colonization of, made part of Basle program, III 44

modern Hebrew writers in, III 163

=Ilyer, Menashe= (=Manasseh=), Talmudist with modern tendencies,