EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL CONSOLIDATION
(pp. 143-169)
Formy natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh,
St. Petersburg., 1910, pp. 399-423, 778-783.
Dubnow, "Letters," St. Petersburg, introduction and pp. 294-361.
_Svoboda i Ravienstvo_, 1907, Nos. 30-32, 38, 39, 40, 41,
43-45, 46.
Stenographic Reports of the Duma for 1908-1909.
"A Study of Internal Affairs," in _Yevr. Mir._, 1909, Book I.
_Russian Jew. Encycl._, vol. VII, p. 374.
J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya Literatura ("The New Jewish
Literature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912.
M. Pines, Histoire de la Litterature Judéo-Allemande, Paris,
1910.
INDEX
INDEX
=Aaron= (=I.=), king of Khazars, I 26
=Aaron= (=II.=), king of Khazars, I 26
=Aaron=, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148
=Aaron=, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 234
=Aaron Samuel Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover
=Abderrahman III.=, caliph of Cordova, I 24
=Abraham=, son of Isaac, Polish minter, I 42
=Abraham Prokhovnik=, see Prokhovnik
=Abrahams, Israel=, quoted, I 160
=Abramius=, Russian priest, objects to erection of synagogue,
I 252
=Abramovich, Shalom Jacob= (_Mendele Mokher Sforim_), Hebrew
and Yiddish writer, II 231 ff, III 60 f
=Abydos=, near Constantinople, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206,
219
=Adam=, see Lebensohn, Abraham Baer
=Adamovich, Mary=, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 73
=Adrianople=, Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 207
=Agriculture=, among Jews in Lithuania, I 60, 68, II 72
in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89
championed by Nota Shklover, I 338;
by Isaac Baer Levinsohn and by Maskilim in general, II 126
promoted by Russian Government, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71
hampered by it, II 48, 197, III 10, 24 f;
see also Colonization
=Ahad Ha'am=, pen-name of Asher Ginzberg, II 423
Hebrew writer and thinker, II 423, III 59 f
exponent of Spiritual Zionism, II 48 ff
associated with Palestinian colonization, III 49
founder of Order _Bne Moshe_, III 49
participates in Zionist Convention, III 51
founder and editor of _Ha-Shiloah_, III 58, 162 f
=Ahijah=, the prophet, alleged teacher of _Besht_, I 228
=Aix-la-Chapelle=, Jewish question discussed at Congress of,
I 398 f
=Akhal-Tekke=, oasis in Central Asia, offered to Jews for settlement,
II 306
=Akmolinsk=, territory of, in Siberia, II 367
=Aksavok, Ivan=, Russian publicist, advocates limited emancipation
of Jews, II 208
defends pogroms, II 278
=Aktziznik=, Russian name for farmer of excise dues, II 186,
241
=Albedinski=, governor-general of Warsaw, suppresses pogrom,
II 282
=Albo, Joseph=, philosophic work of, studied in Poland, I 133
f
=Alexander the Great=, indirectly responsible for Jewish immigration
into Eastern Europe, I 13 f
=Alexander= (=Yaghello=), grand duke of Lithuania
(1492-1506) and king of Poland (1501-1506), grants
autonomy to Karaites, I 64 f
favors Jewish capitalists, I 65, 71
expels Jews from Lithuania, and confiscates their property
(1495), I 65
allows Jews to return to Lithuania and restores their property
(1503), I 65, 70 f
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132
=Alexander I.=, emperor of Russia (1801-1825), I 335-413
receives report of "Jewish Committee," I 341 f
sanctions Jewish Statute of 1804, I 342
agrees to postponement of expulsion from villages, I 347
invites Jews to send deputies, I 351
establishes friendly relations with Napoleon, I 350 f
orders again expulsion from villages, I 361
again postpones it, I 352
Hasidim indebted to, I 356
releases Shneor Zalman, hasidic leader, I 378
praises patriotism of Jews, I 358
accords friendly reception to Jewish deputations, I 358, 359,
392 f
appealed to by Christian residents of Vilna and Kovno against
Jews, I 369 f
orders investigation of ritual murder, II 74
issues decree forbidding charge of ritual murder, II 74
grants autonomy to Poland, II 88
appoints his brother Constantine military commander of Poland,
II 16
receives report on Jews of Poland, II 94
appealed to by Poles against Jews, II 97, 99
vetoes Polish law barring Jews from liquor trade, II 94
reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff
favors conversion of Jews, I 396
establishes "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 396 f
refuses to dissolve it, I 400
sanctions severe measures against "Judaizers," I 403
receives memorandum of Lewis Way on Jews of Russia, I 398
renews oppression of Jews, I 404
decrees expulsion from villages in White Russia, I 406
appoints new "Jewish Committee," I 407
objects to residence of Jews in Russian Interior, I 409
contemplates introduction of military service among Jews, II
15
favors agriculture among Jews, II 197, III 24;
see I 363 ff
beginnings of revolutionary movement under, I 410
=Alexander II.=, emperor of Russia (1855-1881), II 154-242
descendants of Jewish converts prominent during reign of, I
388
releases imprisoned Jewish printer, II 124
confirms sentence of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 152
pardons them later, II 153
abolishes juvenile conscription, II 155 f
sanctions opening of Russian Interior to first guild merchants,
II 162;
to university graduates, II 166, 348;
to artisans, II 170
promotes handicrafts among Jews, II 346 f
Jewish trade school named after, III 13
does not favor agriculture among Jews, II 197
refuses right of universal residence to "Nicholas Soldiers,"
II 171 ff;
finally grants it, II 29, 172
restricts appointment of rabbis and teachers, II 175
sanctions removal of Jewish disabilities in Poland, II 95,
181 f
admits Jews to bench, III 26
receives memorandum from Brafman, II 187
approves of popular representation, II 245
grants liberties to Zemstvos, II 386
assassinated, II 243, 279
influence of, on succeeding reign, II 349
laws in favor of Jews enacted by, repealed by successor, II
399
Jewish policy of, declared ineffective, II 271, 309
era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61
=Alexander III.=, emperor of Russia (1881-1894), II 243-429
prejudiced against Jews while yet crown prince, II 202, 203,
244
influenced by Pobyedonostzev, II 245
holds conferences to decide policy of state, II 244
promises to maintain autocracy, II 246
receives Jewish deputation, II 260 f
endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jewish policy, II 272
appoints Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272
regrets necessity of suppressing pogroms, II 284
disregards Jews in coronation manifesto, II 338
bent on limiting admission of Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349
closes Jewish school of handicrafts, II 347
supports anti-Jewish minority of Pahlen Commission, II 370
affected by "miraculous" escape in railroad accident, II 378
condemns Jews for Crucifixion, II 379
reads and supports anti-Semitic papers, II 380
disregards Solovyov's appeal in favor of Jews, II 390
appealed to by Mayor of London in favor of Jews, II 390
angered by London appeal, II 393
United States Congress decides to appeal to, II 395
endorses emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414
favors liquor state monopoly as anti-Jewish measure, III 22
refuses petition of Jewish soldiers to remain in Moscow, II
404
expels heads of Moscow Jewish community, II 424
threatens to sell at auction Moscow synagogue, II 424, III
12
causes expulsion of Jews from Yalta, II 429, III 18
death of, II 429
Jewish sect promises to name children after, II 334
=Alexandria=, Egypt, emigration from, to South Russia, I 16
=Alexandra= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 100
=Alexandrovka=, village in Podolia, II 301
=Alexeyev=, member of Russian Senate, investigates condition
of Jews, I 347 f, 352
=Alexeyev=, burgomaster of Moscow, opposes Jews, II 400 f
=Alexis Michaelovich=, Russian Tzar, annexes Little Russia, I
152 f, 244
invades Polish provinces, I 245
expels Jews from Moghilev, I 153
persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154
imposes death penalty on converts to Judaism, I 253
=Alexis=, son of Nicholas II, birth of, occasions manifesto,
III 98
=Alexius=, Russian priest, converted to Judaism, I 36
=Alfasi=, work of, studied in Poland, I 118
=Algiers=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 69
=Aliens=, Jews in Russian law designated as, II 367
_Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums_, quoted, II 55
founded by Ludwig Philippson, II 67, 219
hails end of persecution in Russia, II 67
=Alliance, the Holy=, inaugurates European reaction, I 390
assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
=Alliance Israélite Universelle=, headed by Crémieux, II 153
suspected by Russian anti-Semites, II 189, 194
assists Russian-Jewish emigrants, II 268 f, 297
establishes agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322
=Alma=, locality in Crimea, I 26
=Altaras, Isaac=, of Marseilles, visits Russia, II 69
=Alter, Isaac Itche Meier=, hasidic leader in Poland, II 122
=Alubika=, locality in Crimea, I 26
=Alus=, locality in Crimea, I 26
=America=, see Argentina and United States
=American Hebrew, The=, quoted, II 296
=Amoraim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200
=Amsterdam=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 204
Jews of, petition Peter the Great, I 246
=Ananyev= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, II 251
=Anapa=, see Gorgippia
=Andreas=, of Brixen, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179
=Andrusovo=, Treaty of (1667), provides for cession of Polish
territory to Russia, I 159;
and release of prisoners, I 245
=Anna= (=or Anne=), Russian empress, permits retail trade to
Jews, I 251
expels Jews from Little Russia, I 254
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 258
=Anti-Semitism=, in Poland, I 281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff
German A., referred to by Russian dignitaries, II 309
contrasted with Russian, III 6 f
in Russia, condemned by Russian writers, II 208
denounced by Solovyov, II 387
effect on Zionism, III 48 f
=Anti-Trinitarians=, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland,
I 79, 136
=Antwerp=, Russian Jews in, II 420
=Apostol=, see Daniel Apostol;
see also Conversion
=Apter, Joshua Heshel=, hasidic leader, II 121
=Arabs=, backward condition of, II 375
Jews in Palestine buy land from, II 422
=Arakcheyev, Alexis=, Russian reactionary, I 395, 406, II 19
=Arbeiter Stimme=, socialistic organ in Yiddish, III 56
=Archangel=, government of, II 367
=Arendar=, name explained, I 93
position of, I 93, 112, 265 f
in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152
maltreated by Poles, I 169 f
=Arendator=, see Arendar
=Argentina=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419
=Arians=, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164
Isaac Troki argues with, I 137
=Aristotle=, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126
=Arisu=, Slavonic tribe, I 26
=Armenians=, in Crimea, I 34
in Lemberg, I 53
=Armleder=, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50
=Army=, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f
Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154,
293
Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354
number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355
ff, 394.
promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant,
II 157
Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155
f
See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers
=Aronovich, Joseph=, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394
=Artemisia=, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16
=Arthur=, president of United States, submits to Congress papers
relating to Russian Jews, II 294
=Artisans=, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264
excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266
form special estate in Russia, I 308
form part of "burgher class," II 405
encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344
opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360
exempted from military service, II 20
granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170
fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f
restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347
wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385
attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale,
II 399
school for A., closed, II 347
bank for A., opposed, III 25 f
expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14
Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415
=Asefat Hakamim=, Hebrew magazine, II 223
=Ash, Shalom=, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162
=Asher=, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f
=Ashkenasi, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132
=Asia, Central=, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian
Jews, II 285, 306
=Asia Minor=, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16
establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412;
see also Turkey
=Assimilation=, see Polonization and Russification
"=Assortment=" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas
I., II 64 ff, 141 ff
reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157
=Astrakhan= (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19
=Astrakhan= (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254
opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342
villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343
Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367
=Atyeney ("Athenaeum")=, Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208
=Augustus II.=, king of Poland (1697-1704), I 167
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168
expels Jews from Sandomir, I 173
=Augustus III.=, king of Poland (1733-1763), I 167
ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168, 180
appealed to by Jews of Posen, I 175
acquits Jews of ritual murder charge, I 176
grants safe conduct to Frankists, I 215
acts as God-father to Frank, I 218
Austria, Jews flee from, to Poland, I 66
Polish Jews export goods to, I 67
Polish Jews pass, on way to Palestine, I 209
shares in partitioning of Polish territory, I 186, 262, 274,
371
Frank stays in, I 220
Berek Yoselevich arrested in, I 297
wages war against duchy of Warsaw, I 303
forbids Jews to communicate with Paris, I 346 f
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f
Jews of, forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
grants emancipation to Jews, II 30
imposes military duty on Jews, II 30
Jewish policy of, serves as model for Russia, II 46, 49
Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II 121
Parliament of, meets in Kremsier, II 177
Jewish socialists expelled from, II 224
Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
Government of, supports plans of Baron Hirsch, II 416
anti-Semitism rampant in, III 42
=Autocracy=, upheld by Alexander III., II 246;
by Nicholas II., III 8
re-establishment of, favored by Black Hundred, III 149
=Autoemancipation=, doctrine of, propounded by Leo Pinsker, II
330 ff
contrasted with emancipation, II 331
=Autonomism=, national-cultural, doctrine of, propounded by Dubnow,
III 41, 51 ff
adopted as political platform, III 144
=Autonomy=, Jewish, in ancient Tauris, I 16
granted, or confirmed, by kings of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72
f, 83 f, 98, 104, 105
rise and development of, I 103 ff, 188 ff
_magna charta_ of (1551), I 105 ff
curtailment of, advocated by Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282
Jews of Poland plead for preservation of, I 291
recognized by Russian Government (1776), I 308 ff
curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f
recognized in modified form in Statute of 1804, I 344
larger amount of, demanded by Jews, I 349
abolition of, recommended by Council of State (1840), II 49
abolished by Nicholas I. (1844), II 59 ff
scheme of, proposed for kingdom of Poland, II 92
abolished in Poland (1822), II 102
abolition of last remnants of, recommended by Committee of
Russian Government, II 195
St. Petersburg Jews, plead for, II 370
demanded by adherents of national-cultural Autonomism, III
53 f;
by "Bund," III 57;
by Vilna community, III 109;
by League for Equal Rights, III 112;
by Russian Jewry in general, III 161;
see also Kahal
=Azariah=, alleged biblical prophet, quoted to substantiate ritual
murder libel, II 73
=Azov, Sea of=, Jewish settlements on shores of, I 14 f
movement of Khazars towards, I 19
=Baal-Shem=, name explained, I 223
Joel, I 203
founder of Hasidism acting as, I 224
_Israel Baal-Shem-Tob_, see Israel
=Bab Al-Abwab= (now Derbent), city in Caucasia, I 26
=Babunj=, land of, synagogue destroyed in, I 22
=Babylonia=, Judaism of, influences Khazars, I 20
scholars of, invited by Khazars 21, I 27
Poland compared with, I 122
=Baer=, of Lubavici, head of _Habad_ sect, II 117
=Baer=, of Mezherich, disciple of Israel _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 227,
I 229 f, I 232
disciples of, carry Hasidism to North, I 234;
establish Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34
great-grandson of Israel of Ruzhin, II 120
=Bagdad=, caliphate of, relation of Khazars to, I 22
city of, threatened by Russians, I 26 f
Gaon of, communicates with Jewish scholars in Russia, I 33
=Bahurs=, or Yeshibah students, supported by Jewish communities
in Poland, I 116
large number of in Lithuania, II 113
affected by _pilpul_ method, I 119
study Aristotle, I 120
=Bak-Tadlud=, city in Caucasia, I 26
=Bakchi-Sarai=, Tartar capital, I 35
=Bakst=, professor, attends Jewish conference in St. Petersburg,
II 304
opposes Jewish emigration from Russia, II 306
=Balkan Peninsula=, movement of Khazars towards, I 20
=Balta= (Podolia), pogrom at, II 299 ff, 314, 316, 321
rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II 316
visited by governor-general, II 316 f
Jewish community of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg, II
316 f
=Baltic Provinces=, number of Jews in, II 168
new Jewish settlers expelled from, II 32
Jews barred from (1835), II 40
expulsion of old settlers from, repealed, II 428
in throes of terrorism (1905), III 130;
see Courland and Livonia
=Bank=, St. Petersburg lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to
Alexander III., II 261
=Baptism=, see Conversion
=Bar= (Podolia), massacre at, I 149
Polish conference of, I 183
=Bar=, the Russian, established 1864, II 173
Jews admitted to, II 73
excluded from, II 352 f; III 26 f
Bar Association of St. Petersburg protests against Beilis case,
II 166
=Baranov=, Russian Senator, dispatched to White Russia, I 406
"=Bare-Footed Brigade=," the, nickname for tramps, II 253
active in pogroms, 253, 256
=Bartnit=, city in Crimea, I 26
=Baruch=, see Borukh
=Bashi-Buzuks=, Turkish irregular troops, II 253
pogrom makers compared with, II 253, 289
=Basil=, the Macedonian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews,
I 23
=Basil=, Christian martyr, I 17
=Basil=, grand duke of Moscow, I 242
=Basle=, Council of, adopts canonical laws against Jews, I 63
Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f, 84 f, 144
"Program," III 44;
modified by Ahad Ha'am, 50
=Basurman=, Russian name for non-Orthodox, I 35
=Batory, Stephen=, king of Poland (1576-1586), forbids charge
of ritual murder and desecration, I 89, 96
ratifies and amplifies Jewish privileges, I 89
defends Jews of Posen, I 90
patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f
grants license to Jewish printer, I 131
attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132
recaptures city of Polotzk, I 243
=Bavaria=, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish writer, native of, I 138
Max Lilienthal, native of, II 52
=Beaconsfield, Earl of=, champions equal rights for Jews, II
202
hostile to Russia, II 288
=Beards=, shaving of (and of earlocks), recommended by Polish
reformers, I 282, and by Kalmansohn, I 385
"bearded regiment" in Warsaw, II 106;
see Earlocks
=Beilis, Mendel=, accused of ritual murder, III 82, 164 ff
nickname for Jews in Poland, III 167
=Bekri, Al-=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 21
=Belza=, Polish judge, arranges libel against Jews, I 101
=Belzhytz= (Province of Lublin), Jacob of, author of polemical
treatise in Polish, I 136
=Bench=, the Russian, Jews excluded from, II 352 f, III 26
=Benckendorff=, chief of Russian gendarmerie, II 21
=Benedict XIV.=, appealed to by Jews of Poland, I 179
=Benjacob=, bibliographer in Vilna, II 136
=Benjamin=, king of Khazars, I 26
=Benjamin of Tudela=, Jewish traveller, I 32; II 233
=Benjamin II.= (Joseph Israel), Jewish traveller, II 233
=Benjamin III.=, name of fictitious traveller in Yiddish and
Hebrew novel, II 233
=Berdychev= (government of Kiev), Levi Itzhok, hasidic leader,
resident of, I 232 f, 382
Jews of, release fellow-Jews from prison, I 266
Jews of, support Polish cause, I 292
Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, of, I 388
Max Lilienthal accorded friendly reception at, II 56
Halperin, resident of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II
57
Mendele Mokher Sforim, resident of, II 232
pogrom at, averted by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f
visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108
=Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph=, Hebrew writer, III 60
=Berek=, Kahal elder, I 172
=Berek Yoselovich=, see Yoselovich
=Bergson, Jacob=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103
=Berkovich, Joseph=, son of Berek Yoselovich, calls for Jewish
volunteers to Polish army, II 105
=Berlin= (Germany), Mendelssohn circle in, centre of enlightenment,
I 238
attracts Jewish students from Poland and Russia, I 239, 388,
II 114
"Berliner" synonymous with heretic, I 278, 384
enlightenment of, hated by hasidic leaders, I 383
influences Warsaw, I 300 f, 384 f
epidemic of conversions in, I 388
Congress of, II 202
Jewish socialists in, II 223
stock-exchange of, affected by pogrom at Rostov, II 358
refugees from Moscow arrive in, II 408
Russian Jews emigrate to, II 420
place of publication, I 386, III 51, 52, 58, 60
=Berlin, Shmerka=, of Velizh, accused of ritual murder, II 75,
77
=Berlin, Slava=, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II
77
=Berlin=, Jewish scholar, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander
III., II 261
=Berliner, A.=, quoted, I 179
=Bernardine Monks=, in Poland, active in ritual murder libel,
I 100 f, 177
=Bersohn=, Polish-Jewish writer, quoted, I 105
=Berthenson, I.=, converted Jew, Russian court physician, II
214
=Besht=, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob
=Bessarabetz=, anti-Semitic paper in Kishinev, III 169 ff
=Bessarabia=, included in Pale (1835), II 40
Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72
expulsions from, II 385
anti-Semitic agitation in, III 69 ff
von Raaben, governor of, III 74, 77
Urussov, governor of, III 93, 97;
see Kishinev
=Bezalel=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 167
=Bezalel=, of Kobrin, Hebrew author, I 201
=Bialocerkiew=, see Byelaya Tzerkov
=Bibikov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticises Jews in official
report, II 47
arrests Israel of Ruzhyn, II 120 f
=Bialik, Hayyim Nahman=, Hebrew poet, III 63, 162
composes poem on Kishinev massacre, III 79 f
=Bialystok=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297
=Bialystok= (city, government of Grodno), Samuel Mohilever, rabbi
of, II 378
Poles threaten massacre of Russians and Jews in, I 357
Jewish labor movement in, III 55
pogroms at, III 114 f, 120, 136 f;
discussed by First Russian Duma, 137 f
=Bible=, studied by Khazars, I 21
taught in Yiddish translation in Poland, I 114
study of, encouraged by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126
=Bible Society=, of London, model of Russian Bible Society, I
396
Lewis Way, representative of, champions cause of Russian Jews,
I 397
=Bible Society=, the Russian, established under Alexander I.,
I 396
=Bielsk= (Lithuania), Jew of, accused of ritual murder, I 87
_Bielski_, Polish chronicler, quoted, I 80
"=Bilu=," society of Palestinian pioneers, organized in Kharkov,
II 321 f
=Bismarck=, German chancellor, favors equal rights for Jews,
II 202
=Black Death=, the, stimulates immigration of Jews into Poland,
I 50
penetrates to Poland, I 52
ravages of 1648 compared with those of, I 157
=Black Hundred=, the, patronized by Nicholas II., III 113, 151
deputation of, received by Nicholas II., III 131
supposed to number 100,000, III 126
organized as "League of Russian People," III 141
gain in Second Duma, III 142
triumph of, III 149 ff
active in organizing pogroms, III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136
engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff
take advantage of Jewish rightlessness, III 132
intimidate Jews during elections, III 134, 153
insult Jewish deputies in Duma, III 156;
see League of the Russian People
=Black Sea=, the, ancient Jewish settlements on shores of, I
13 ff
Khazars move in direction of, I 19, 28
Petahiah of Ratisbon travels to, I 33
establishment of Jewish colonies in neighborhood of, advocated,
I 331
=Blaine, James G.=, American Secretary of State, expresses resentment
at persecution of Russian Jews, II 395 f
=Blinov=, Russian student, killed while defending Jews, III 116
=Blondes, David=, Jewish barber in Vilna, accused of ritual murder,
III 37
=Board of Deputies=, Jewish organization in London, pleads for
Russian Jews, II 262
=Bobovnya= (government of Minsk), Jewish convert from, slanders
Jews, II 80
Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
III 121
=Bobrov, District of= (government of Voronyezh), Judaizing sect
spreads to, I 401
=Bogdanov=, Russian soldier, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II
151
=Bogdanovich=, Russian general, organizes pogroms, III 125 f
=Bogolepov=, Minister of Public Instruction, bars Jews from schools,
III 27 f
assassinated by Russian terrorist, 29
=Bogrov, Grigory=, Russian-Jewish writer, II 241 f
=Bogrov=, assassinates Stolypin, III 164 f
=Bohemia=, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
oppressed Jews of, emigrate to Poland, I 41
Jews from, form community in Cracow, I 104
Magdenburg Law adopted in many parts of, I 41
talmudic learning carried from, to Poland, I 122
Mordecai Jaffe, native of, famous rabbi in Poland, I 127
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious guidance, I 125
=Boleslav the Pious= (_Polish_, Boleslav Pobozny), of Kalish,
prince of Great Poland, grants charter to Jews, I 45 ff
charter of, ratified by successors, I 51, 59;
embodied in Polish code of law, I 71
=Boleslav the Shy= (_Polish_, Boleslav Wstydliwy), Polish prince,
encourages immigration of Germans, I 44
=Bona Sporza=, Polish queen, sells office of state, I 76
=Bonaparte=, see Napoleon
=Border Zone=, along Polish-Prussian and
Polish-Austrian border (Twenty-one-Verst Zone), barred
to Jews by Polish Government (1823), II 95
law excluding Jews from, repealed by Alexander II., II 95,
181
along Western Russian border (Fifty-Verst Zone), villages in,
barred to new Jewish settlers (1835), II 40, 366
expulsion of Jews from entire B. Z. ordered, II 63;
but not executed, II 64
new attempt to expel Jews from, II 385
=Borispol= (government of Poltava), pogrom at, II 267
=Borki= (government of Kherson), railroad accident to Alexander
III., in neighborhood of, affects his policies, II 378
=Borukh Leibov=, Jewish tax-farmer, I 249
publicly executed, I 251 ff
=Borukh Shklover=, translates Euclid into Hebrew, I 381
=Borukh of Tulchyn=, hasidic leader, I 232
succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II 121
=Bosporan Era, The=, I 15
=Bosporus=, the Cimmerian, or Taurian, also called Panticapaeum
(now Kerch), ancient Jewish community in, I 14 f
Greco-Jewish inscription found in, I 15
bishop of, instructed to convert Jews, I 18
=Boycott=, economic, against Jews in Poland, III 166 ff
=Brafman, Jacob=, Jewish apostate, accuses Jews of forming illegal
Kahal organization, II 187 ff
author of "Book of the Kahal," I 189
accuses _Alliance Israélite_ of heading world Kahal, II 189
accuses Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment of forming part
of Kahal, II 216
influences Russian authorities, II 190, 193 ff, 240
example of, followed by Lutestanski, II 202
=Bramson, L.=, member of Central Committee of League for Equal
Rights, III 112
deputy to First Russian Duma, III 134
=Bratzlav= (Podolia), Polish deputy from, objects to extension
of Jewish rights, I 288
Nahman of, leader of "Bratzlav Hasidim," I 382 f; II 121 f
former name for government of Podolia, I 317
=Breslau=, Church Council of, adopts anti-Jewish restrictions,
I 47 ff;
ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57
visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239
=Brest-Kuyavsk=, name explained, I 75
anti-Jewish riot in, I 75
home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133
=Brest-Litovsk=, name explained, I 75
Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73
Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals,
I 110;
and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112
Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94
Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72
Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104
supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I
173
Jews expelled from (1495), I 65
Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81
Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94
Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243
Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190
Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections,
I 192
pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119
=Briskin, Arye=, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl,
II 85
=British East Africa=, see Uganda
=British Government, The=, see England
=Brodski=, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade
bank, III 25 f
=Brody= (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists,
I 214;
and Hasidim, I 237
Besht settles in, 223
Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II
133
rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321
=Bruchsaal= (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation
at, I 359, 391
=Bruhl=, Polish Prime Minister, I 180
=Brünn=, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219
=Brussels=, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393;
place of publication, II 178
=Bryce, James=, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting
against pogroms, II 290
=Buarezm=, see Khwarizm
=Buchner, Abraham=, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f
=Buckee=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 209
=Buda= (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish
restrictions, I 49;
ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57
=Budak=, city in Crimea, I 26
=Budberg=, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee
to consider Jewish legislation, I 347
=Budek=, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow,
I 56
=Budny, Simon=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews,
I 136
=Budushchnost= ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III
59
=Buenos Ayres=, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421
=Bukovina, The=, I 150
Hasidism gains footing in, II 121
=Bulan=, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25
=Bulgar, The=, Slav tribe, I 26
=Bulgaria=, on the way to Khazaria, I 25
called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews,
II 202
villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289
=Bulgarin, Thaddeus=, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139
=Bulyghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from
Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110
Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121
recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122
"the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124
"=Bund=," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland,
and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff
holds secret conventions, III 56 f
demands Jewish-national rights, III 57
arranges demonstrations, III 68;
and strikes, III 130
held responsible for pogroms, III 89
boycotts First Duma, III 134
refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148;
see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism
=Burghers= form estate in Poland, I 44
hostile to Jews, I 70
enter into relations with, I 84 f
receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279
form estate in Russia, I 308
restricted in right of transit, I 322
bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29;
later relieved, II 200
subject to corporal punishment, II 405
artisans included in estate of, II 405
segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I.,
142 f
=Burgomaster=, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425
=Burtas=, Slav tribe, I 26
=Butrymovich= (_Polish_, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member
of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f
offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283
his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385
=Byelaya Tzerkov= (_Polish_, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651),
readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152
=Byzantine Sea, The=, see Black Sea
=Byzantium, Empire of=, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris,
I 17 ff
Jews persecuted in, I 23 f
Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28
relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff
defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28
relation of, to Russia, I 30
relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24
=Cabala=, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f
attracts Solomon Luria, I 126
esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133
vies with Rabbinism, I 199
study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214
adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214
studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235
preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382
=Cabala=, Practical, name explained, I 134
spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff
introduced from Italy, I 208
studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224
=Cadets, The=, see Constitutional Democrats
=Calahora, Arie-Leib=, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f
=Calahora, Mattathiah=, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f
=Calahora, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132
=Caliphate=, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement
of Khazars, I 19
relation of, to Khazars, I 22
=Caliphate, of Cordova=, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with
other lands, I 24
=Calvinists=, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155
=Candia=, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134
=Campe=, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134
=Canada=, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421
immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10
=Candidate=, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165
=Candle Tax=, see Tax
=Canterbury, Archbishop of=, sends representative to London protest
meeting against pogroms, II 289
joins pogrom relief committee, II 291
=Cantonists=, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19
institution by Nicholas I., II 19
sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f
hunters, or "captors," of, II 23
martyrdom of, II 24 ff
forced conversion of, II 26, 45
institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109
abolished by Alexander II., II 156;
see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers
=Capistrano=, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62
=Capitals=, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first
and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40
Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded
from (1865), III 167
admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350
admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III
29
=Capiton=, Christian martyr, I 17
=Carlowitz=, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208
=Carmelites=, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against
Jews, I 95
monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100
bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174
=Caro, Joseph=, author of _Beth-Yoseph_, I 123
author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh
=Carpathian Mountains, The=, Besht retires to, I 223
=Casimir the Great= (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates
country, I 50 f
ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f
annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53
grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53
infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f
charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59
referred to as patron of Jews, II 98
=Casimir IV.=, king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy
towards Jews, I 61 f
grants Jews new charter, I 61 f
attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62
forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63
fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews,
I 64
charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83
=Casimir the Just=, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during
reign of, I 42
=Caspian Sea, The=, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23
Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26;
dislodged from, I 28
=Castellan=, title of Polish official, explained, I 287
=Catherine I.=, empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish
tax-farmer (1727), I 249
=Catherine II.=, The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious
ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183
refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f;
and into Little Russia, I 260 f
attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306
ff
appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f
attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff
lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff
favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366
curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366
endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367
admits Jews to South Russia, I 316
substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320
=Caucasus, The=, ancient trade route leading through, I 23
Khazars originate from, I 19
Khazars occupy cities in, I 26
Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342;
but not in villages of, I 343
"Judaizers" deported to, I 403
ritual murder trial in, II 204
=Censorship=, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four
Lands, I 195 f
Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281
disregard of, severely punished, II 123
enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130
hasidic books subjected to, II 212
Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136
interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f
suppresses _ha-Emet_, II 223;
_Voskhod_, 407, III 98;
_Novosti_, II 407
rages throughout Russia, II 371
suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358;
and of Moscow expulsion, II 407
prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews,
II 387
forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning
Jews, II 387
confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388
grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31;
see also Printing
=Census=, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197
in White Russia (1772), I 307
in Russia (1816-1819), I 390
Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166;
see Statistics
=Central Committee=, see Committee
=Champagny=, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with
Polish Government, I 299
=Charles IX.=, French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I
89
=Charles XII.=, Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169
=Charnetzki=, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f
=Charter=, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905),
I 40
issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff
included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71
ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f;
burned, I 61
issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f
granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f
granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81
ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f
old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89;
by Vishniovetzki, I 160;
by Augustus II., I 168;
by Augustus III., I 168, 180
Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105
ff
Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund
II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243
granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159
"Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I
183
Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84
offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III
84;
see also Statute
=Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam=, member of Committee for
Amelioration of Jews, I 335
chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland,
II 89, 91
opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93
=Chatzki, Thaddeus=, Polish historian, makes special study of
Jewish problem, I 263 ff
proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288
suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385
=Chatzkin=, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207
=Chazars=, see Khazars
=Chekhovich, Martin=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with
Jews, I 136 f
=Chenstokhov= (_Polish_, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov,
Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f
occupied by Russian troops, I 219
pogrom at, III 36 f
=Cherkaski=, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation
of Jews in municipal government, II 199
=Cherkassy= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120
=Chernigov= (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149
pogrom at, III 128
ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247
home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33
home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38
=Chernigov= (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140
closed to Jews (1649), I 151
opened again to Jews (1651), I 152
Jews of, exterminated, I 157
ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
few Jews left in, I 246
made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40
pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129
court of, sentences rioters, II 315
Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341
governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays,
II 411
localities in:
Gorodnya, I 247
Karpovich, II 315
Konotop, II 257
Nyezhin, II 267, III 129
Semyonovka, III 129
Starodub, II 411
=Chernikhovsky, Saul=, Hebrew poet, III 64
=Chernobyl= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, I 232, 382
"dynasty" of, widely ramified, I 382, II 119 ff
=Chernovitz= (Bukowina), Sadagora, in neighborhood of, hasidic
center, II 121
=Chernyshev=, Count, governor-general of White Russia, assures
Jews of former liberties, I 306 f
sets apart Jews as an estate, I 309
=Chernyshevski=, radical Russian author, influences
Jewish _Intelligenzia_, II 207, 209
effect of, on Lilienblum, 237
=Chersonesus=, near Sevastopol, bishops of, force Jews into baptism,
I 17
scene of rivalry between Jews and Byzantines, I 30
=Chetvertinski=, Count, betrays Jews of Tulchyn, I 147 f
=Chiarini, Abbé=, Polish anti-Semitic writer, II 104
=Chigirin= (province of Kiev), home of Khmelnitzki, I 144
=Chikhachev=, Russian Navy Minister, favors emigration of Jews
from Russia, II 419
=Chikhachev=, member of Council of State, favors Jewish franchise,
III 12
=Chlenov=, Zionist leader, III 47
=Chmelnicki=, see Khmelnitzki
=Chresta=, name of Greco-Jewish woman, I 15
=Christianity=, propaganda of, in Tauris, I 17 f;
among Khazars, I 20
fusion of Judaism and Ch. attempted by Jewish sect in Russia,
II 335;
see Church and Conversion
=Chudnov= (Volhynia), young Jews of, martyred, III 117
=Chufut-Kale= (Crimea), harbors old Karaite community, I 35
=Church=, the Greek-Orthodox, persecutes Jews in Byzantine empire,
I 18
Pobyedonostzev reports on affairs of, III 9
=Church=, the Roman-Catholic, in Poland, spreads hatred of Jews,
I 44, 47 ff
gains strength under Yaguello, I 54 f
opposes Casimir IV., I 62 f
hostile to Jews during Reformation, I 79, 85 f
agitates against Jews, I 99 ff
prompts anti-Jewish legislation of Polish Diets, I 160
responsible for anti-Jewish riots, I 161
Jews forbidden to leave houses during Ch. processions, I 160
=Church Council=, or Synod, of Breslau (1266), introduces canonical
laws into Poland, I 47 f
of Buda (1279), passes anti-Jewish restrictions, I 49
of Constance (1420), attended by Polish ecclesiastics, I 57
of Kalish (1420), ratifies former canonical enactments against
Jews, I 57 f
of Piotrkov (1542), adopts "Constitution" against Jews, I 82
f, 171
of Lovich (1720), forbids building of new synagogues, I 171
of Plotzk (1733), insists on necessity of Jewish suffering,
I 171
=Chwolson, Daniel=, professor, converted Jew, member of Committee
to investigate ritual murder, II 151
disproves ritual murder, II 205
member of Executive Committee of Society for Diffusion
of Enlightenment, II 214
=Cilicia= (Asia Minor), harbors Jewish communities, I 14
=Cimmerian Bosporus=, see Bosporus
=Cincinnati=, Max Lilienthal, rabbi of, II 59
"=Circular Jews=," name explained, II 404
privileges of, withdrawn, II 428
=City Government=, see Municipalities
=Civil Service=, Jews barred from by Church councils, I 49
Jews in Russian army promised admission to, II 29
possessors of learned degrees admitted to, II 165
Jewish physicians admitted to, II 167; barred from, III 27
Jews in general barred from, II 352; III 26;
see Tax-Farmer
=Clement XIII.=, pope, protects Polish Jews, I 180
=Clement XIV.=, see Ganganelli
=Cohen, Jacob Joseph=, disciple of Besht, I 227, 230 f
stirs wrath of Elijah Gaon, I 237
=Cohen, Joshua Falk=, rabbi of Lublin, I 111 f
presides over Council of Four Lands, I 128
head of talmudic academy in Lemberg, I 128
=Cohen, Naphtali=, Polish rabbi, engages in magic and enters
into relations with Sabbatians, I 204
=Cohen, Nehemiah=, Messianic propagandist, I 207
=Cohen, Sabbatai=, called _Shak_, of Vilna, author of commentary
on _Shulhun Arukh_, I 130
issues epistle picturing persecutions of 1648, I 157 f
=Colchians=, tribe, I 15
=Colonies=, Jewish, in South Russia, visited by emissary of Baron
Hirsch, II 418
pogroms in, II 271; III 35
=Colonization, of Jews=, undertaken by Russian Government in
New (South) Russia, I 352, 363 ff; II 70 ff;
checked by Government, II 365
in White Russia, II 72
in Siberia, II 71
in Palestine, II 321 f; III 42, 46, 49;
promoted by Baron Rothschild, II 375
in United States, II 328, 374
in Russia, proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 415;
and by ICA of Paris, III 10;
but discouraged by Russian Government, III 24 f
in Argentina, II 416, 421;
see Agriculture
=Commerce=, Jews as mediators in, between Europe and Asia, I
23
Jews engage in, with Slav countries, I 39
Jews in Polish C., I 264, 266 f
Polish kings encourage Jews in, I 85
Sigismund III. confirms Jewish rights of (1588), I 93
Jews restricted in, in Posen, I 74 f;
Lemberg, I 75;
Cracow, I 98;
Vilna, I 99
restrictions in, imposed upon Jews by Polish Diets (1538),
I 78;
(1768), I 182;
(1643), I 99
anti-Jewish restrictions in, demanded by Synod of Piotrkov
(1542), I 82;
and by Polish journalist (1798), I 281
Russian Government permits Jews to engage in, at fairs of Little
Russia and Kharkov government, I 250 ff
Little Russians plead for admission of Jews in interest of,
I 260 f
Jews in Russian C., I 359 f; II 366
deprecated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 126;
and other Maskilim, II 137
attitude of Russian Government towards Jewish C., II 185
Jews with higher education granted unrestricted right of (1904),
III 98;
see also Economic Life and Merchants
=Commission=, "C. for Jewish Reform," appointed by Polish Diet
(1790), I 287 ff
project of, submitted to Diet and postponed, I 289
resumes labors but fails, I 290
Butrymovich, member of, I 264
project of, adopted by Friesel, Russian governor of Vilna,
I 326 f
=Commission=, "High C. for revision of current Laws concerning
Jews" ("Pahlen C."), appointed 1883, II 336
composition of, II 336
examines material of "Gubernatorial Commissions," II 337, 363
futility of, II 337
serves as screen for anti-Jewish legislation, II 338
discusses projected educational restrictions against Jews ("school
norm"), II 339;
votes against them, II 349
conclusions of, II 363 ff
deprecates Jewish disabilities, II 364, 366
refers to revolutionary leanings of Jews, II 364 f
criticize Jewish separation and exploitation, II 365
describes poverty of Jews, II 366 f;
favors gradual emancipation of Jews, II 368 f
minority of, favors continuation of repression policy, II 369;
supported by Alexander III., II 370
invites Jewish experts, II 369 f
disbanded, II 380
=Commissions=, the Gubernatorial, appointed to counteract "injurious
influence" of Jews (1881), II 272 ff
circular of Ignatyev concerning appointment of, II 273;
quoted by Cardinal Manning, II 289
anti-Jewish recommendations of, II 275
influence Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question,
II 277, 309
material of, examined and discarded by Pahlen Commission, II
337, 363
charges of, denied by Jewish Conference, II 307
=Commission=, the Rabbinical, see Rabbinical Commission
=Committee=, to consider Jewish questions, appointed by Polish
Government (1815), II 89 f;
(1825), II 103 f
to investigate ritual murder (1864), II 151
to investigate Brafman's charges against Kahals (1866), II
189 f, 240
Russo-Jewish C. in London, II 388 f
Central C. of ICA in St. Petersburg, II 420
secret C. under Plehve plans Jewish counter-reforms (1891),
II 399
C. of governors and high officials appointed with anti-Semitic
instructions (1904), III 93
=Committee= for Amelioration of Jews, called "Jewish Committee"
(1802), I 335 ff
appointment of, causes alarm among Jews, I 336
invites deputies from Jewish Kahals, I 337
Nota Shklover invited to assist, I 338
elaborates plan of Jewish reform, I 338;
and submits it to Kahals, I 339
conflicting tendencies within, I 339 f
submits report to Alexander I., I 341 f
supplies basis for Statute of 1804, I 342
reappointed 1809, advises against expulsion of Jews from villages,
I 352 ff, 405
reappointed 1823, plans to reduce number of Jews in Russia,
I 407 f
drafts principal enactments concerning Jews, II 31
suggest expulsion of Jews from Courland, II 32
frame Statute of 1835, II 34
appointed 1871, II 191
charged to consider Kahal organization and economic exploitation,
II 193 ff
=Committee for Radical Transformation of Jews=, appointed 1840,
II 49 f, 157
presided over by Kisselev, II 50, 157
considers plan of "assorting" Jews, II 64 ff
Moses Montefiore permitted to communicate with Nicholas I.
through, II 68
suggests modification of conscription system, II 155
resuscitated (1856), II 161
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 161 ff, 163 ff,
169
favors opening of Interior to retired soldiers, II 171
suggests law demanding secular education of teachers and rabbis,
II 175
=Committee for Revision of Jewish Question=, appointed 1881,
II 277
suggests unpopulated localities for Jewish settlement, II 285
plans expulsion of Jews from villages, II 285
frames "Temporary Law" of 1882, II 309 ff
=Committee of Ministers= approves measures against "Judaizers,"
I 402
approves expulsion of Jews from villages of White Russia, I
406
instructed to provide relief for expelled Jews, I 406
advised to stop expulsion, I 407
formulates function of "Jewish Committee," I 408
question of admitting artisans into Interior transferred to,
II 169 f
modifies "temporary Rules" of Ignatyev, II 311 f, 318
objects to pogroms, II 312 f
advocates school norm for Jews, II 339, 349
discusses emigration to Argentina, II 419
entrusted by Nicholas II. with execution of constitutional
reforms, III 106
presided over by Witte, III 107
discusses Jewish question, III 123;
see Council of Ministers
=Committee on Freedom of Conscience=, appointed by Second Duma,
favors Jewish emancipation, III 142
=Conference of Jewish Notables=, in St. Petersburg (September,
1881), II 277;
(April, 1882), II 304 ff
refuses to regulate emigration, II 307
disastrous results of decision of, II 321
=Congregation of New Testament Israelites=, Judeo-Christian sect
in Kishinev, II 335
=Congregational Board=, supersedes Kahal in Poland, II 102 f
(of Warsaw), objects to separate Jewish regiment, II 106
sends deputation to St. Petersburg to plead for equal rights,
II 110
president of, arrested by Russian Government, II 181
=Congress=, of Aix-la-Chapelle, discusses Jewish question, I
398 f
of Berlin, demands equal rights for Balkan Jews, II 202
of Vienna, see Vienna, Congress of
Jewish C. proposed by Pinsker, II 331
of Medicine, in Moscow, III 15
Zionist C., III 41, 44 f, 84 f, 144
of United States, see United States
of Poland, see Poland, kingdom of
=Congressional Record=, quoted, II 294, 296, 395
=Conscription=, see Cantonists, Military Service, and Recruits
=Constance=, Synod of, attended by Polish clergy, I 57
=Constantine, Old=, see Constantinov
=Constantine Pavlovich=, grand duke, Russian heir-apparent, II
13, 129
proclaimed emperor but resigns, II 13
appointed commander of Poland, II 13, 16, 91
suggests expulsion of Jews from border zone, I 408
expels Jews from villages, II 31
Isaac Baer Levinsohn submits memorandum to, II 129
=Constantinople=, capital of Byzantium, I 17
captured by Turks, I 35
patriarchs of, carry on Christian propaganda in Tauris, I 18
Church of, hopes for conversion of Khazars, I 20
Spanish exiles in, I 27
Abydos, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, in neighborhood of, I 206
Jewish pilgrims on way to Palestine arrive in, I 209
Ignetyev, Russian ambassador at, II 259
=Constantinov, Old=, or Staro-(Volhynia), Cossack massacre at,
I 149
"protest" against conscription at, II 21 f
=Constitution=, "anti-Jewish C.," passed by Polish Diet of 1538,
1 77 f
adopted by Piotrkov Church Council of 1542, I 82 f
Polish C. of May 3, 1791, 289 f.
introduced by Napoleon into duchy of Warsaw, I 398
violated by Government of duchy, I 299 ff
"Jewish C." of 1804, I 342 ff
=Constitutional Democratic Party=, the (Cadets), in Russia, mistrusts
Government, III 130
forms majority in First Duma, III 135
loses in Second Duma, III 142
weak in Third Duma, III 153
Jews in, III 119
Vinaver, leader of, III 134
majority of Jewish deputies belong to, III 135
=Contra-Talmudists=, name for Frankists, I 214 f
=Conversion=, of Jews, to Christianity, recommended by patriarch
of Constantinople and bishop of Bosporus, I 18, 20
forced upon Jews of Byzantium, I 23
forcible C. of children punished by Polish law (1264), I 47
of Jewish Messianic pilgrims in Palestine, I 210
of Jacob Frank and followers, I 217 f;
deplored by Besht, I 229
carried on through military service, II 26 f, 45, 156 f
feared by Jews of Vilna, II 54 f
endeavors of Russians towards, stopped, II 173 f
of Haskalah pioneers, II 132
of disillusioned _intelligenzia_, II 327
as result of expulsions in St. Petersburg, II 344;
and Moscow, II 425;
see Society of Israelitish Christians
C. epidemic in Berlin, I 388
forced by Ivan the Terrible upon Jews of Vitebsk, I 154;
and upon Jews of Polotzk, I 243
Russian Government aims at, I 396 ff; II 44 f, 188
of Khazars, to Judaism, I 20
attempted C. of Vladimir, I 30
of Turkish Sabbatians, to Mohammedanism, I 210
=Converts=, to Christianity, permitted by King John Casimir to
return to Judaism, I 151
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 173 f; II 73, 80
inform against Hebrew books, II 42
in city of Saratov, II 150
individual converts:
Abraham Yosefovich, I 73
Berthenson, II 214
Bogrov, II 242
Brafman, II 187 ff
Briskin, II 85
Chwolson, II 151, 205, 214
Efron-Litvin, III 38
Grudinski, II 80
Horvitz, II 202, 244
Kronenberg, II 178
Nyevakhovich, I 388
Peretz, I 388
Pfefferkorn, II 189
Priluker, II 335
Savitzki, II 73
Serafinovich, I 173 f
See also, Judaizers
=Cordova=, Caliphate of, see Caliphate
=Coronation Diets=, see Diets, Coronation
=Cosmopolitanism=, advocated by Jewish socialists, II 222;
by Levanda, II 240;
by Bogrov, II 241
=Cossacks=, name explained, I 142
origin of, I 142 ff
Ukrainian C's., I 142
Zaporozhian C's., see Zaporozhians
massacre Jews (1637), I 144;
(1648), I 144 ff, 154, 246
exclude Jews from their country (1649), I 151
readmit Jews to their territory (1651), I 152
ally themselves with Russia (1654), I 152 ff
invade Polish territories, I 154, 156, 244 ff
rise against Poles and Jews, I 182 ff
Jews visit territory of, despite prohibition, I 246
C's. of Little Russia plead for admission of Jews, I 250
See also Khmelnitzki
=Costanda=, military governor of Moscow, inaugurates expulsion
of Jews, II 401
=Council, Church C.=, see Church Council
=Council of Ministers=, in duchy of Warsaw, opposes Jewish emancipation,
I 299
in Russia, Nicholas I. appends resolution to report of, II
62
reports to Tzar on Jewish agricultural colonization, II 71
recommends appointment of "High Commission" on Jewish question,
II 336
passes anti-Jewish laws, II 338
not consulted in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
favors grant of franchise to Jews, III 122
presided over by Witte, II 125
suggests moderate Jewish reforms to Nicholas II., II 141
=Council of State=, in Poland, discusses Jewish question, II
93 f
formation of, in Russia, I 335
bars Jews from Russian Interior, I 316
condemns expulsion of Jews from White Russian villages, I 407;
II 34
objects to further expulsions, II 34 f
discusses right of residence outside Pale, II 35 f, 161 ff,
163 ff, 169 f
recommends alleviation in military service, II 36
disagrees on expulsion from Kiev, II 36 f
passes Statute of 1835, II 37
receives memoranda on Jewish question, II 38
discusses Jewish question and suggests measures (1840), II
47 ff
discusses exact limits of Pale, II 70
acquits Velizh Jews of ritual murder charge, II 81 ff
convicts Jews of Saratov, II 152
discusses Jewish separatism, under influence of Brafman's charges,
II 190
recommends appointment of Commission of Amelioration of Jews,
II 191, 193
material on Jewish question prepared for, II 336
plans of Pahlen Commission said to have been brought before,
II 320
disregarded by Alexander III. in issuing "Temporary Rules,"
II 312, 386;
in passing anti-Jewish restrictions, II 338;
in passing school norm, II 349;
in expulsion from Moscow, II 402
confirms exclusion of Jews from Zemstvos, II 386
members of, favor Jewish franchise, III 122
=Courland=, added to Pale, I 321
Jews settled in, I 341
new Jewish settler expelled from, II 32
Lipman Levy, Russian financial agent, native of, I 248
Mordecai Aaron Ginzburg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133
Nisselovich, Duma deputy for, III 153
=Courts=, Jews of Poland exempted from jurisdiction of municipal
and ecclesiastic C's., I 45 f, 51 f, 84, 94, 103
cases between Jews tried by royal C's., or Voyevoda C. (in
Lithuania, Starosta C.), I 45 f, 51 f, 59 f
"Jewish Judge," Polish official nominated by Jews, attached
to Voyevoda C., I 46, 52, 192
Voyevoda C. tries cases between Jews and Christians, I 84,
191;
acts as Court of Appeals, I 191;
Kahal elders attached to, I 84
tax-farmer Yosko and employees placed under jurisdiction of
royal C., I 71
Jews on noble estates placed under C's. of nobles, I 84
Municipal C's. claim jurisdiction over Jews, I 93 f
ritual murder cases tried by C's. without proper jurisdiction,
I 95 f
civil and partly criminal cases between Jews tried by C. of
rabbis and Kahal elders, I 83, 105 f
Kahal C. granted right of imposing _herem_ and other penalties,
I 73, 105 f
Kahal C. granted exclusive jurisdiction in cases between Jews,
I 191
Kahal C. consists of rabbis as judges and Kahal elders as jury,
I 191
Council of Four Lands acts as C., I 111;
appoints provincial judges, I 111
Kahal C. of Vilna issues _herem_ against Hasidim (1772), I
237
Kahals recognized as C's. by Russian Senate (1776), I 309
cases between Jews tried by C's. of District and Gubernatorial
Kahals, I 309
Gubernatorial Kahals act as C's. of Appeal, I 309
cases between Jews and Christians tried by municipal C's.,
I 309
Senate questions legality of special Jewish C's. (1782), I
310
Jews admitted to membership in municipal C's. (1783), I 310
cases between Jews tried by municipal C's. (1786), I 313
Jews represented on municipal C's. by elective jurymen, I 313
Kahal C's. limited to spiritual affairs (1786), I 313;
(1795), I 319
Jews of Lithuania plead for preservation of Kahal C's. (1795),
I 320
Statute of 1804 places Jews under jurisdiction of Russian C's.,
I 344
Jews continue to resort to Kahal C., I 367;
see Kahal, Jewish Judge, and Rabbi
=Cox, Samuel S.=, of New York, protests in Congress against pogroms,
II 294 ff
=Cracow=, leading city of Little Poland, I 42, 110, 196
capital of Western Galicia, I 53
election diets held in, I 98
superseded as Polish capital by Warsaw, I 85
conquered by Swedes, I 154
surrendered by Shlakhta, I 155
Province of, annexed by Austria, I 297
Jewish refugees from Crusade seek shelter in, I 41
Jewish Community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,
I 110
Jewish communities in Province of, destroyed, I 156
Jewish charter ratified by Casimir the Great, in, I 51
Jews of, receive charter from John Casimir, I 159
anti-Jewish riots in, I 56 f, 63 f, 75 f, 102, 161, 166
Jews of, subjected to commercial restrictions, I 74 f, 98
restrictions for Jews of, demanded by Church Synod, I 82
ghetto established in, I 64, 85
ritual murder trial in, I 164 f
host trial in, I 101 f
"Judaizing" tendencies in, I 79 f
anti-Semitic writers in, 96 f
Oleshnitzki, archbishop of, I 62
Gamrat, bishop of, I 79
Kmita, Voyevoda of, I 76
Hebrew printing-press in, I 131, 195
Delacruta, Cabalist, resident of, I 134
Horowitz, Isaiah, Cabalist, studies in, I 135
Pollak, Jacob, head of yeshibah in, I 122
Spira, Nathan, head of yeshibah in, I 135
Rabbis of:
Asher, I 104
Fishel, I 105, 132
Heller, I 158
Isserles, I 123
Kaidanover, Samuel, I 200
Meir of Lublin, I 129
Meisels, II 179
Peretz, I 104
Sirkis, I 133
=Crémieux, Adolf=, president of _Alliance Israélite_, corresponds
with Lilienthal, II 67
petitions Alexander II. on behalf of Jews accused of ritual
murder, II 153
criticized by governor-general of Kiev, II 194
=Crimea, The=, name defined, I 13
Greeks in, I 13 f
conquered by Khazars, I 19 f
last refuge of Khazars, I 28
known as Khazaria, I 28 f
ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29
conquered by Tatars, I 33
Tataric Khanate of, I 35 f, 142
Tatars of, ally themselves with Cossacks, I 143 ff
Kaffa, Genoese colony in, I 33 f
list of cities in, I 26
visited by Petahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
Taman peninsula, in neighborhood of, I 23
Jews in, I 14 ff, 33 ff
Karaite communities in, I 35
Jews of, settle in Kiev, I 30;
in Lithuania, I 35
expelled Lithuanian Jews emigrate to, I 65
Jewish State in, suggested, I 412;
see Tavrida, government of
=Crimean War=, stops plan of Jewish "Assortment," II 143
effect of, on Jewish situation II 149 f, 154
=Crown=, the, signifying Poland as contrasted with Lithuania,
I 72, 88, 110, 113, 127, 162, 193
=Crown Rabbis= ("official," or _kazyonny_, rabbis), name explained,
II 176
forced upon congregations, II 176
act as Government agents
See Rabbis
=Crown Schools=, see Schools
=Crusades=, the, stimulate immigration of Jews into Poland, I
33, 41
give rise to Teutonic order, I 63
victims of Cossack massacres (1648) compared with those of,
I 156
=Cyril=, Christian missionary, disputes with Jews, I 18
=Daitzelman=, Jewish merchant in Nizhni-Novgorod, victim of pogrom,
II 361
=Dakota, North and South=, Jewish agricultural colonies in, II
374
=Damascus=, ritual murder trial of, II 68
=Daniel Apostol=, Hetman of Little Russia, pleads for admission
of Jewish salesman, I 250
=Dantzic=, annexed by Prussia, I 292
=Danube, The=, Jewish emigration form provinces of, to Poland,
I 41
=Dardanelles, The=, commerce between Genoa and Crimea through,
I 34
=Darkest Russia=, periodical published in England, II 381
=Darshanim= (Preachers), in Poland, I 201 f
=Darvin, Charles=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_,
II 209
=Dashevski, Pincus=, assaults Krushevan to avenge Kishinev massacre,
III 81 f
trial of, induces Plehve to forbid Zionism, III 82
receives greetings of Russian-Jewish convention, III 132
=Davidov=, Russian military leader, praises Jews, I 357
=Davis, Noah=, Judge, speaks at New York protest meeting, II
297
=Decembrists= (_Russian_, Dyekabrist), Russian revolutionaries,
name explained, I 410
suppressed by Nicholas I., II 13
attitude of, towards Jews, I 409 ff
=Dekert, John=, mayor of Warsaw, champion of burgher class, I
286
=Delacruta, Mattathiah=, Italian Cabalist in Cracow, I 134
=Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon=, called _Yashar_, of Candia, arraigns
Polish Jews for opposing secular culture, I 134
=Dembrovski=, Polish bishop, arranges disputations between Frankists
and Talmudist, I 214 f
orders burning of Talmud, I 215
=Demiovka=, suburb of Kiev, pogrom at, II 254 f
=De non Tolerandis Iudæis=, right of excluding Jews
in Warsaw (and other Polish cities), I 85
in Kiev, I 94 f
abolished in Zhitomir, Vilna (and other cities), II 172
abolished throughout Poland (1862), II 181
=Denis=, Greek-orthodox priest, converted to Judaism, I 36
=Department of Law=, part of Council of State, considers Jewish
legislation, II 34 ff
=Deputation of the Jewish People, The=, created by Alexander
I., I 392 ff
disbanded in 1825, I 395
instrumental in stopping ritual murder trial in Grodno, II
74
induces Alexander I. to veto prohibition of liquor trade in
Poland, II 94
=Derbent=, see Bab Al-Abwab
=Diaspora=, Jewish, neglected by Zionism, III 52
as conceived by National-Cultural Autonomism, III 53 ff
as conceived by Russian-Jewish historians, II 65
=Diet, The=, in Poland, term defined, I 76
controlled by Shlakhta, I 58, 77, 160
authority of, undermined by _liberum veto_, I 92, 168
Jews represented at, by "syndics," I 111
anti-Jewish tendency of, I 76 f, 160
preceded by anti-Jewish propaganda, I 165
counteracts benevolent intentions of kings, I 160
censures King Sobieski for interest in Jews, I 167
condemns anti-Jewish riots, I 166 f, 171
fixes amount of Jewish head-tax, I 194
granted right to elect government, I 263
Jews admitted to Warsaw during sessions of, I 268 ff
re-established in duchy of Warsaw, I 298
Coronation D's., name explained, I 98
Jewish privileges ratified at, I 98, 160, 168
=Election D's.=, name explained, I 98
Individual Diets, according to years:
1423 (of Varta), restricts financial operations of Jews,
I 58
1454 (of Nyeshava), rescinds Jewish privileges, I 63
1496 (of Piotrkov), confirms restrictions of Nyeshava Diet,
I 64
1521 (of Piotrkov), limits commerce of Lemberg Jews, I 75
1538 (of Piotrkov), passes anti-Jewish "constitution," I
77;
confirmed by Diet of 1562, 1565 and 1768, I 87
1548 (of Piotrkov), Sigismund II. ratifies Jewish charter
at, I 83
1618, discusses passionately Jewish question, I 97
1643 (of Warsaw), restricts profits of Jews, I 99
1658 (of Warsaw), expels sectarians from Poland, I 91
1670 (of Warsaw), restricts financial operations of Jews,
I 160
1693 (of Grodno), arraigns Bezalel, Jewish tax-farmer, I
167
1717 (of Warsaw), increases Jewish head-tax, I 169;
protests against anti-Jewish riots, I 171
1740, rejects resolution turning Jews into serfs, I 170
1764 (of Warsaw), alters system of Jewish taxation, I 181,
197;
prohibits conventions of Jewish District elders, I 198
1768 (of Warsaw), renews commercial restrictions of 1538,
I 182, 267;
admits Jews temporarily to Warsaw, I 268
1788-1791, see Diet, Quadrennial
1808, elections to, force Government to take up Jewish question,
I 299
1818, first D. of kingdom of Poland, displays anti-Jewish
attitude, II 96, 99
1831, releases Jews from conscription, II 107
=Diet, The Quadrennial=, or Great (1788-1791), name explained,
I 263
reflects liberal ideas, I 278
elaborates modern constitution, I 263
equalizes burgher class, I 278
discusses agrarian question, I 279
prepares for struggle with Russia, I 279
attitude of, towards Jewish question, I 263 ff, 279 ff, 285,
288 ff
refers Jewish question to special commission, I 264, 279, 287,
327
finance committee of, reports on Jews, 263 ff
Chatzki, Polish historian, member of, I 263, 288
Butrymovich, champion of Polish Jews, member of, I 264, 274,
280 f, 285, 289
Chatzki and Butrymovich submit proposals to, I 271
Jews admitted to Warsaw during, I 285
notified of anti-Jewish demonstration in Warsaw, I 286;
and investigates it, I 287
literature centering around, I 279 ff
appealed to by Simeon Wolfovich against Kahals, I 276
project of Jewish reforms submitted to king during, I 284
=Dietines=, the, Polish provincial diets, I 76
provide occasions for anti-Jewish riots, I 170
serve as pattern for Jewish D., I 113, 196 f
Jewish D., called officially "synagogues," I 196
=Dilke, Sir Charles=, English Under-Secretary of State, interpellated
about pogroms, II 262
=Dillon, Eliezer=, army purveyor, represents Jews before Russian
Government, I 358
member of Deputation of Jewish People, I 392 f
=Disabilities=, see Restrictions
=Disputations=, religious, between Jews and Christians, I 136 f
between Frankists and orthodox Jews, I 214 f, 216 f;
attended by Besht, I 229
=Disraeli=, see Beaconsfield
=Distillers=, Jewish, admitted to Russian Interior, II 170
=Distilling=, see _Propinatzya_
=Dlugosh, Jan=, called Longinus, Polish historian, quoted, I
57
=Dnieper=, the, river, Petahiah of Ratisbon reaches banks of,
I 33
Jews disappear from left bank of, I 157
Jews decimated on right bank of, I 157
southern basin of, subject to Poland, I 140
left bank of, called Little Russia, ceded to Russia, I 159
Jews penetrate into Little Russia "from other side of," I 253
Cossacks beyond Falls of, I 143 ff
uprising against Poles and Jews on right bank of, I 182
Cossack army "on both sides of," plead for admission of Jewish
salesmen, I 250
central river of Pale, I 317
See Moghilev on the Dnieper
=Dniester, The=, river, Moghilev on, I 98
=Dobrolubov=, Russian critic, influences Jewish _intelligenzia_,
II 207, 209
=Doctor=, official title of rabbis in ancient Poland, I 72, 104,
109
=Dolgoruki=, Count, governor-general of Moscow, friendly to Jews,
II 400 f
=Dombrovski=, Polish revolutionary leader, I 303
=Domestics, Christian=, the keeping of, prohibited by Church
Council of Breslau (1266), I 49
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 82
by "Lithuanian Statute" (1566), I 87
by Diet of Warsaw (1670), I 160
prohibition of, in Russia, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333,
and Golitzin, 404
prohibited by Russian Senate (1820), I 404 f
prohibited for permanent employment (1835), II 40
Christians of Pereyaslav call upon Jews to refrain from, II
266
Pobyedonostzev deplores influence of Jews on their D., III
9
=Domestics, Jewish=, outside Pale, Jewish merchants allowed limited
number of, II 162
Jewish university graduates allowed two, II 166, 344
fictitious D. in St. Petersburg, II 344 f
=Dominican Order=, the, church of, in Posen, collects regular
fine from Jews, I 55
priest of, in Cracow, causes execution of Jews, I 164
general of, in Rome, calls upon head of, in Cracow, to defend
Jews, I 165
=Don=, the, river, Khazars move towards, I 19
Territory of D. Army closed to Jews, II 346
=Dondukov-Korsakov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticizes Jews,
II 193 f
=Drabkin=, rabbi of St. Petersburg, reports conversation with
Ignatyev, II 305
=Drenteln=, governor-general of Kiev, ferocious Jew-baiter, abets
pogroms, II 252, 254
recommends severe repression of Jews, II 276
upbraids Jews of Balta, II 316 f
misconstrues "Temporary Rules" against Jews, II 341
=Dresden=, Jews of, appeal to Augustus III. against ritual murder
libel, I 176
=Dress, Christian=, forbidden to Jews by "Lithuanian Statute"
(1566), I 87
deprecated by rabbis (1607), I 112
prescribed for Jewish visitors to Russian Interior (1835),
II 40
prescribed for Jewish members of municipalities (1804), I 345
German D. adopted by "Berliners," I 384
Russian D. preferred by Jews to German D., I 350;
see Dress, Jewish
=Dress, Jewish= (hat or badge), prescribed by Synod of Breslau
(1266), I 48
by Synod of Buda (1279), I 49
by Synod of Kalish (1420), I 57
by Diet of Piotrkov (1538), I 78
by Synod of Piotrkov (1542), I 83
abandoned by some Jews in Warsaw, I 300 f
defended by Polish rabbi, I 283
Jews of Warsaw demand equal rights as reward for discarding,
I 385 f
prohibition of, recommended by Butrymovich, I 281;
by Polish nobility of Lithuania, I 326;
by Friesel, governor of Vilna, I 327;
and Dyerzhavin, I 333
tax imposed on, in Russia (1843), I 110;
extended to Poland (1845), I 110
Russian Council of State finds principal source of Jewish separatism
in (1840), II 48;
and suggests prohibition, II 49;
but modifies view (1870), II 190 f
governors-general advised of impending prohibition of, II 66
prohibition of, enacted (1850), I 144;
and extended to female attire (1851), I 144
prohibition of, remains ineffective, I 144 f
Alexander II. displeased with, in Poland, II 190
luxury in, forbidden (1566), I 87;
deprecated by Abraham Hirshovich, I 284;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
by Christians of Pereyaslav, II 266
white D. favored by early "Hasidim," I 209, 231, 237;
objected to by assembly of rabbis, I 237;
see Dress, Christian
=Dreyfus Affair=, the, exploited by Russian press, III 32
witnessed by Doctor Herzl, III 42
=Druskeniki= (government of Grodno), Conference of "Lovers of
Zion" at, II 377
=Drusus=, name of Greek Jew, I 15
=Dubnow, S. M.=, author of present work, quoted, I 114, 163,
235
champions national rejuvenation of Judaism in Russia, II 327
formulates theory of Spiritual Nationalism, or National-Cultural
Autonomism, III 52
member of central committee of League for Equal Rights, III
42
editor of periodical _Yevreyskaya Starina_, III 160
=Dubossary=, ritual murder libel at, III 70 f
pogrom at, frustrated by Jews, III 71
=Dubrovin=, head of Black Hundred, received by Nicholas II.,
III 149
=Dubrovna= (government of Moghilev), Voznitzin, captain of navy,
converted to Judaism at, I 252
=Duchy of Warsaw=, see Warsaw, Duchy of
=Dukhobortzy=, Russian sect, flees from persecution to Canada,
III 10
=Duma, Imperial Russian=, plans for, formulated, III 122;
and published, III 124
manifesto of October 17 promises establishment of, III 127
_First D._, elections to, III 133
League for Equal Rights participates in elections to, III 133 f
Zionists participate in elections to, III 145
boycotted by Left, III 134
Jewish deputies to, III 134
Jewish question before, III 135 ff
pogroms discussed by, III 126, 136 ff
appoints commission to investigate Bialystok pogrom, III 137
adopts resolution condemning pogroms, III 139
dissolved, III 139
_Second D._, convoked, III 141
only three Jewish deputies elected to, III 142
Jewish question referred by, to committee, III 142
dissolved, III 142
_Third D._, called the Black, III 153
only two Jewish deputies elected to, III 153
violently anti-Semitic, III 153 ff
discusses Beilis case, III 165
_Fourth D._, anti-Semitic agitation in Poland during elections
to, III 167
Jewish D. deputies co-operate with joint Jewish Council in
St. Petersburg, III 148
=Dunaigrod= (Podolia), ritual murder trial at, I 178
=Durnovo=, Russian official, investigates ritual murder trial
at Saratov, II 150
=Durnovo=, Russian Minister of Interior, fanatic reactionary,
II 379
bars Jews from local self-government (Zemstvos), II 386;
and municipal self-government, II 425
suggests expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 402
revokes decree of 1880, causing expulsion of "circular Jews,"
II 428
continues in office under Nicholas II., III 9, 16
member of Witte cabinet, III 31
=Dusyaty= (government of Kovno), pogrom at, III 115
=Dvina=, river, Jews drowned by Russian troops in, I 243
=Dyekabristy=, see Decembrists
=Dyelanov=, Minister of Public Instruction, decrees
"school norm," limiting admission of Jews to schools
and universities, II 349 ff
applies school norm leniently, III 27 f
=Dyen= ("The Day"), Russian-Jewish weekly, II 218, 220, 238
=Dyerzhavin, Gabriel=, member of Russian Senate, becomes interested
in Jewish question, I 327
meets Jews for first time on tour to White Russia, I 328
meets modernized Jewish physician in White Russia, I 386
pursues anti-Jewish purpose on tour, I 329 f
prepares elaborate "Opinion" on Jews, I 330 ff
appointed Minister of Justice, I 335
"Opinion" of, studied by Committee for Amelioration of Jews,
I 335 f
retires, I 337
example of, followed later in White Russia, 405
=Earlocks= (_Peies_), discarded by modernized Jews, I 384
cutting off of, recommended in Poland, I 385
wearing of, prohibited by Nicholas I., II 144 f
See Beards
=Easter=, Russian, duration of, II 249
season of pogroms, II 248, 299; III 34, 71 ff, 96 f, 114 f,
134
=Economic= life, of Jews, in Poland, I 42, 44 f, 67 f, 160, 264
ff, 270
in Polish Silesia, I 42
in Lithuania, I 60
in Russia, I 353 f, 359 ff
in White Russia, I 310 ff; II 14
in Russian South-west, II 193 f
in Kiev, II 264
undermined under Nicholas I., II 70, 72
improved under Alexander II., II 185 f
E. importance of Russian Jews pointed out by Vorontzov, II
64 f;
by Pahlen Commission, II 366;
and by foreign press, II 408
Russian Jews accused of E. exploitation, II 193 f, 270 ff
restricted under Alexander III., II 318, 346 ff
E. misery of Russian Jews, II 318, 366 f
collapse of, under Nicholas II., III 22 ff
in America, II 374
E. boycott in Poland, III 166 ff
=Edels, Samuel=, called Maharsho, famous Polish talmudist, I
129 f
=Education, Jewish=, see Heder and Yeshibah
modernization of, in Poland, urged by Kalmansohn, I 385;
by David Friedländer, II 90;
by Polish assimilationists, II 101
criticized by Russian Council of State, II 48
negative effects of, pointed out by author, II 113
national E. demanded by Zionist Convention at Minsk, III 45
fostered by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 160
autonomy of, demanded by League for Equal Rights, III 112
progress of, in Palestine, III 148
See School
=Education, Secular=, promotion of, among Jews, urged by Russian
dignitaries, I 327, 333
championed by Frank, Jewish physician, I 331;
by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;
and by Maskilim of Vilna, II 137
encouraged by Alexander I., I 344 f;
by Nicholas I., II 20, 57 f;
and by Alexander II., II 163 ff, 166, 175, 216
shunned by Russian Jews, I 350, 380; II 48, 53 ff, 175
spreads under Alexander II., II 176 f, 216
promoted by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment
spread of, among Jews feared by Russian authorities, II 339,
348
disparaged in general by Pobyedonostzev, II 348
=Educational Restrictions=, demanded by Alexander III., II 349
issued by Minister of Instruction (1887), II 350
disastrous effects of, II 350 f
compel Jewish youth to study abroad, II 351; III 31
stimulate emigration, II 373
applied with increasing rigor under Nicholas II., III 27 ff
abolished in institutions of higher learning (1905), III 124
restored (1907), III 152
placed on Statute books in 1908, III 157 f
See Enlightenment, School, and University
=Efron-Litvin=, converted Jew, anti-Semitic playwright, III 38
=Egypt=, emigration of Jews from, into Tauris, I 16
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 205
=Eibeschütz=, upheld by Polish rabbis in struggle with Emden,
I 204
=Einhorn, David=, modern Jewish writer, III 162
=Eisenbaum, Anton=, Polish-Jewish assimilationist, head of rabbinical
seminary, II 103
=Eisenmenger=, anti-Jewish writer, II 104
=Eisenstadt, Michael=, represents Kahals before Russian Government,
I 393
=Ekaterinoslav=, see Yekaterinoslav
=Ekron=, Jewish colony in Palestine, II 375
=Eliezer=, Bohemian scholar, quoted, I 43
=Elijah=, the prophet, believed to associate with Besht, I 228
Russian church festival in honor of, II 358
=Elijah of Vilna=, called the Gaon, idolized by rabbis of Lithuania
and other countries, I 235 f
familiar with Cabala, I 235
studied secular sciences, I 235 f
tolerant towards pursuit of secular sciences, I 381
avoids _pilpul_ and cultivates method of textual analysis,
I 236
introduces method into yeshibahs of Lithuania, I 380;
particularly into yeshibah of Volozhin, I 381
fragmentary nature of literary work of, I 236
rigorist in religious practice, I 236
opposes Hasidism, I 236
causes issuance of _herem_ against Hasidism, I 237
reaffirms _herem_, I 373
checks growth of Hasidism in Vilna, I 372
refuses to see Shneor Zalman, I 374 f
death of, I 375
Hasidim of Vilna rejoice over death of, I 375
=Elimelech of Lizno=, hasidic leader, I 232
=Elizabeth Petrovna=, Russian empress (1741-1761), persecutes
non-Orthodox, I 254
decrees expulsion of Jews from entire Russian empire (1727),
I 255
refuses plea of Ukrainians and Livonians for admission of Jews,
I 257
pens famous resolution against Jews (1743), I 257
decrees again unconditional expulsion of Jews (1744), I 257
f
dismisses Sanches, Jewish court physician, I 258
policy of, followed by Catherine II., I 259
=Elizabethgrad=, see Yelisavetgrad
=Emancipation= (Equal Rights), introduced by Napoleon into duchy
of Warsaw, I 298
not applied to Jews, I 298 f
Warsaw Jews apply to Polish Government for, I 299
opposed by Polish Council of Ministers, I 299
suspended by duke of Warsaw for ten years, I 299
17 Jews of Warsaw apply for, as reward for assimilation, I
300
refused by Polish Minister of Justice, I 300 f
representatives of Warsaw community plead for, I 301 f
opposed by Polish Senate, I 302
Warsaw Jews apply to Nicholas I. for, II 110
granted to Jews of Poland by Alexander II. (1862), II 181 ff
promised to Jews by early Russian revolutionaries, I 413
prominent St. Petersburg Jews apply to Alexander II. for, II
159 f
recommended by Stroganov, governor-general of New Russia, II
168 f
advocated by Russian-Jewish press, II 219 f, 238, 332
claimed by Young Israel, heterodox Jewish sect, II 334
recommended by Pahlen Commission, II 364, 368
urged by Guildhall meeting in London, II 391
demanded by Russian lawyers and writers for all citizens, III
105
partial E. promised by Russian Government, III 106
unrestricted E. demanded by Russian Jews, III 108 ff
demanded by Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, III 111
urged by League for Equal Rights, III 111 f
adopted for all citizens by First Duma, III 135
bill providing for E. of Jews referred by First Duma to Committee,
III 137 f
opposed by Nicholas II., III 141
bill providing for, passed by Committee of Second Duma, III
142
forms platforms of Jewish people's group, III 140 f
See League for Attainment of Equal Rights
=Emden, Jacob=, opposed by Polish rabbis in fight with Eibeshütz,
I 204
=Emigration=, of Jews, from Lithuania, prevented by Sigismund
I. (1540) I 81
from Poland, caused by Khmelnitzki massacres (1648 ff), I 157
from Russia, caused by persecutions and pogroms, II 268, 327
ff, 413, 420; III 96
causes shortage of Jewish recruits, II 356
prompts imposition of military fine, II 373, 414
stimulated by educational restrictions, I 373
welcomed by Russian Government as solution of Jewish problem,
II 419 f; III 10
encouraged by Russian Government, II 285, 414, 417 f, 420
old Russian law prohibiting E. not enforced, II 69, 285
Plehve promises to support E., III 83
to Algiers, proposed by French Jews, II 69
to Argentina, II 413, 416 ff, 419 f
to Canada, II 421
to Palestine, I 269 f; II 321 f, 419 ff, 421 ff;
advocated by _Poale Zion_, III 145;
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewry, III 54, 147
to United States, II 297 f, 320 f, 373 ff, 409, 413, 420 f;
III 96, 104;
calls forth protest of U. S. Government, II 396;
importance of, recognized by Russian Jewish parties, III
54, 145, 147
=Emigration, Regulation of=, attempted by emigrant societies,
II 297 f
urged by Mandelstamm and part of Jewish press, II 298
feared by prominent St. Petersburg Jews, II 298
deprecated by _Voskhod_ as subversive of emancipation, II 298
f
rejected by Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg (April, 1882),
II 307;
disastrous results of rejection, II 420
proposed by Baron Hirsch, II 416, 419
sanctioned by Russian Government, II 420
=Encyclopedists=, French, praise polemical treatise of Isaac
Troki, I 138
=England=, represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
Parliament in, discusses pogroms, II 262 f, 281 f, 287 ff,
388 ff
prominent men in, approach Nicholas I. on behalf of Russian
Jews, II 63
Priluker, Russian Jew, missionary in, II 335
Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
offers Uganda to Zionists, III 85
See London
=Enlightenment=, see Haskalah
=Equal Rights=, see Emancipation
=Ephes-Dammim=, name of biblical place, used as book title, II
131
=Ephesus=, city in Asia Minor, Jewish community in, I 14
=Epstein, Samuel=, represents Jews before Russian Government,
I 393
=Eshet Hayil=, term explained, II 113
=Estate, Real=, see Property, Real
=Estherka=, concubine of Casimir the Great, I 53 f
=Euclid=, geometry of, translated into Hebrew, I 381
=Euler=, German mathematician, criticizes dismissal of Jewish
court physician in St. Petersburg, I 258
=Europe, Eastern=, beginnings of Diaspora in, I 13
=Euxine Colonies=, see Black Sea
=Evangelists=, Protestant sect in Poland, I 91
=Evarts, William M.=, American Secretary of State, makes representations
to Russian Government, II 293
=Eve=, daughter of Jacob Frank, head of Frankist sect, I 220
=Excise Farmers=, called _aktzizniks_, II 186
=Excommunication=, see _Herem_
=Execution=, or forcible seizure, term explained, II 20
=Exilarchs=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20
=Exploitation=, economic, Russian Jews accused of, II 193
used as pretext for pogroms, II 261 f, 264, 270 ff, 315
handicrafts stigmatized as, I 347
=Expulsion=, of Jews, by Polish Government from Lithuania (1495),
I 65
from Sandomir, I 173
from Warsaw, I 260, 286 f
by Russian troops, from invaded Polish cities (1654), I 153
f, 245
by Russian Government, from Little Russia (1727), I 249 f,
253 ff
from Russia in general (1741), I 255; (1744), I 257 f
from Courland and Livonia (1829), II 32
from Port Arthur and Kuantung Peninsula (1904), III 94
from Russian Interior (outside of Pale), in general, I 402
f; II 264, 399, 428; III 95, 154, 157;
foreign Jews expelled from, II 262, 293, 345
from Kharkov, II 319
from Moscow, II 264, 319, 396 f, 399 ff, 402, 408, 424 f; III
14 f
from Oryol, II 264
from Riga, II 256
from St. Petersburg, II 319, 344, 399, 410
from Pale of Settlement;
Fifty-Verst Zone, I 408; II 62 ff, 385
from Kiev, II 31, 33, 263 f, 319, 346; III 157
from Nicholayev, II 32
from Sevastopol, II 32
from Yalta, II 428 f; III 18 f
from villages, I 319, 323 f, 326, 343, 345 ff, 349, 351
f, 354 f, 405 ff; II 30 f, 32 f, 35, 48, 310 f, 318 f,
385; III 17, 157
For particulars see special headings;
see also Residence, Right of, and Temporary Rules
=Externs=, _extra muros_ pupils, result of educational restrictions,
II 351; III 31
school norm applied to, without sanction of Duma, III 159
join revolutionary ranks, III 31
=Factor=, Polish name for agent, I 170; II 55
=Fair=, commercial, Jews permitted to visit F's.
of Little Russia, for wholesale trade (1728), I 250;
and for retail trade (1734), I 251
of government of Smolensk (1731), I 251
of government of Kharkov, for retail trade (1734), I 251
of Warsaw (1768), I 268
of Nizhni-Novgorod, Kharlov, and other cities (1835), II 40
Jews travel to F's. abroad, particularly Leipsic, I 359
Polish F's. provide occasion for Jewish conferences, I 109
f
F. of Lublin, chief meeting-place of Council of Four Lands,
I 109
F. of Lantzkrona, mystical services of Frankists during, I
213, 215
F's. of Brody and Zelva, rabbis assembled at, excommunicate
Hasidim, I 237
=Farrar, Canon=, addresses Mansion House Meeting in London, II
290
=Feder, Tobias=, Hebrew writer, I 388
criticizes translation of Bible into Yiddish, I 388
=Feigin, Litman=, of Chernigov, submits memorandum on Jewish
question to Council of State, II 38 f
=Feldshers=, Jewish, name explained, II 167
granted right of universal residence (1879), II 167
admission of, into army restricted, II 319
=Fergusson=, English Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, replies
to interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 382
=Fez= (Morocco), Alfasi native of, I 118
=Fichman=, modern Hebrew writer, III 162
=Fifty-Verst Zone=, see Border Zone
=Finkelstein, Nahum=, delegate of Jews wishing to engage in agriculture,
I 363
=Finns=, oppressed by Russian Government, III 159
=Fishel, Moses=, chief-rabbi of Cracow, I 105
studied medicine in Padua, I 132
=Foreign Jews= forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
expelled from Russia, II 262, 293, 345
=Foster, John W.=, United States Minister to Russia, reports
about pogroms, II 260
=Fox=, Polish tailor, starts anti-Jewish riot at Warsaw, I 286
f
=Fraind=, Yiddish daily in St. Petersburg, III 162
=France= (and French), Napoleon's policy towards Jews of, I 298
Jews killed by French for loyalty to Russia (1812), I 358
represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398
high officials of, favor immigration of Russian Jews to Algiers,
II 69
Polish-Jewish patriots, pursued by Russia, flee to, I 298;
II 105, 109
French witness protest against pogroms, II 326
Russian Jews, in search of university education, go to, II
351
Dreyfus Affair in, III 32, 42;
see Paris
=Franchise=, Jewish, discussed by Russian officials, III 121
proposed denial of, elicits protests from Jewish communities
in Russia, III 121;
and representatives of Russian people, III 122
finally granted, III 122
=Frank=, physician in White Russia, adherent of Mendelssohn,
suggests Jewish reforms, I 331, 386
=Frank, Helena=, English translator of Peretz' works, III 62
=Frank, Jacob=, Polish-Jewish sectarian, born in Podolia, I 211
settles in Wallachia, I 212
travels as salesman in Turkey, I 212
joins, and later heads, Turkish Sabbatians, I 212
banished by Polish authorities to Turkey, I 213
regarded as reincarnation of Sabbatai Zevi, I 214
reappears in Podolia, I 216
submits to preliminary baptism in Lemberg, I 217
appears for final baptism in Warsaw, I 217 f
Polish king acts as godfather of, I 218
poses as Messiah, I 218
arrested in Warsaw, I 218
imprisoned in Chenstokhov, I 219 f
freed by invading Russian troops, I 219
escapes to Brünn (Moravia), I 219
moves to Vienna, I 220
settles in Offenbach (Germany), I 220
supported in Offenbach by adherents in Poland, I 283
See Frankists
=Frank, Mendel=, rabbi of Brest, receives large powers from Polish
king, I 73, 104 f
=Frankfort-on-the-Main=, Naphtali Cohen, Polish Cabalist and
Sabbatian, settles in, I 204
Offenbach, in neighborhood of, residence of Jacob Frank, I
220
Oppenheim, Jewish painter, resident of, II 67
place of publication, II 202
=Frankists=, adherents of Jacob Frank, hold mystical services
and engage in excesses, I 213 f
excommunicated by rabbis, I 214
address themselves to Demboviski, Catholic bishop, I 214
denounce Talmud and recognize Trinity, I 214
call themselves "Contra-Talmudists," and "Zoharists," I 214
bishop arranges disputation between, and rabbis, I 214 f
acknowledged victorious in disputation and awarded fine, I
215
obtain safe-conduct from Polish king, I 215
offer to embrace Christianity, I 216
hold second disputation with rabbis, I 216 f
accuse Jews of ritual murder, I 216 f
large number of, baptized at Lemberg, I 217
remain loyal to Frank, I 218, 283
follow Frank to Chenstokhov, his place of imprisonment, I 219
settle with Frank in Offenbach, I 220
Sabbatian movement compromised by, I 222
shunned and despised by Poles, I 283
ultimately absorbed by Poles, I 230
=Frederic, Harold=, quoted, II 378
=Freeman=, see Lieberman, A.
=Frederick of Austria=, Jewish charter of, used as model by Polish
rulers, I 45
=Frederick II., The Great=, annexes Polish territory, I 262
=Frederick Augustus=, Saxon king, made ruler of duchy of Warsaw,
I 297
receives report of Council of Ministers, opposing Jewish emancipation,
I 299
issues decree, postponing Jewish emancipation for ten years
(1808), I 299
receives anti-Jewish report from Polish Senate, I 302
=Frelinghuysen, Frederic T.=, American Secretary of State, expresses
regret at treatment of Russian Jews, II 294
=Friedlaender, Israel=, quoted, II 235
translator of Dubnow, III 52
translator of Ahad Ha'am, III 60
=Friedländer, David=, submits memorandum to Polish Government,
suggesting reform of Polish Jewry, II 90 f
followers of, in Warsaw, plead for secular culture, I 386
=Friedman=, Jewish deputy to Third Duma, III 153
complains about Jewish disabilities, III 157
=Friesel=, governor of Vilna, invites Polish nobility of Lithuania
to express opinion on Jews, I 325 f
submits opinion of nobility to Senate with his own memorandum,
I 326
urges Jewish cultural reforms, I 327
=Frischman, David=, Hebrew writer, III 60
=Frug, Simon=, Russian and Yiddish poet, III 63
resides in St. Petersburg as "flunkey," II 345
glorifies emigration, II 330
pictures despair of Russian Jewry, II 371
appeals for victims of Kishinev massacres, III 78
=Fünn, Samuel Joseph=, Jewish historian and writer, II 136
editor of _Pirhe Tzafon_, II 136;
and _ha-Karmel_, II 217
=Gabbaim=, directors of Kahal institutions, I 107
"gentlemen in waiting" of Tzaddiks, II 120
=Galatia= (Asia Minor), Jewish communities in, I 14
=Galatovski=, Ukrainian writer, quoted, I 205
=Galicia=, divided into Eastern and Western, I 53
annexed by Austria (1772), I 187, 262
Sabbatian propaganda in, I 208, 210 f
intellectual development of Jews in, contrasted with North-west,
I 221
Besht, founder of Hasidism, active in, I 223
Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274
type of Tzaddik in, I 233
rabbis of, excommunicate Hasidim, I 237
Tzaddik of Sadagora (Bukovina) attracts Hasidim from, II 121
I. B. Levinsohn associates with Maskilim of, II 125 f; contrasted
with them, II 127
Haskalah carried from, to Odessa, II 133
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Meisels, rabbi of Cracow, joins Polish patriots in, II 179
Baron Hirsch establishes schools in, II 416
Hebrew writers in, III 163;
see Russia (Red), Lemberg, and Yaroslav
=Galicia, Eastern=, see Russia, Red Uniat Church in, I 141
=Galilee=, Jewish colonies in, II 375
=Gamrat, Peter=, bishop of Cracow, condemns woman to death for
adhering to Jewish doctrine, I 79
leads agitation against Jews, I 81 f
=Ganganelli=, cardinal, later Pope Clement XIV., defends Polish
Jews against ritual murder charges, I 179 f
=Gania=, Cossack leader, perpetrates Jewish massacre in Niemirov,
I 146
=Gans, David=, work of, copied by Halperin, Polish-Jewish chronicler,
I 201
=Gaons=, heads of Babylonian Jewry, I 20
Gaon of Bagdad corresponds with early Russian rabbis, I 33
Gaon of Vilna, see Elijah of Vilna
=Gapon=, Russian priest and demagogue, III 106
=Gatchina=, near St. Petersburg, secret conferences of high Russian
dignitaries held at, II 244 f
Jewish deputation received by Alexander III. at, II 261
=Geiger, Abraham=, quoted, I 136
corresponds with Lilienthal, II 67
=Gemara=, term explained, II 114;
see Talmud
=Gendarmerie=, see Police
=Genoa=, commercial colony of, in Crimea, I 33 f
=Germany=, Poland commercially dependent on, I 39;
and religiously, I 40 f, 44
Polish rulers welcome settlers from, I 43 f;
bestow upon them autonomy (Magdeburg Law), I 44
Jews of, carry on commerce with Slav countries, I 39
Jewish delegation from, pleads for admission of Jews to Poland,
I 40
Jews of, immigrate to Poland, I 33, 41, 66
anti-Jewish hatred in Poland fed from, I 57;
fostered by German burghers in Poland, I 95
Polish-Jewish pilgrims to Palestine pass through, I 209
Jacob Frank settles in, I 220
Jews of Slav lands culturally dependent on, I 33;
invite rabbis from, I 43
Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious advice, I 125
grandfather of Solomon Luria native of, I 124
Haskalah originates in, I 239, 384 ff
Polish Jews contrasted with Jews of, I 386
Hebrew publications of, imitated in Vilna, II 136
Russian-Jewish students in, II 381
Hebrew writers in, III 163
Doctor Herzl negotiates with emperor of, III 46
penalty of _Spiessruten_ introduced into Russia from, II 85
See Prussia and Berlin
=Gershon Kutover=, see Kutover
=Gershuni=, member of Social-revolutionary party, III 67
=Ghederah=, Jewish colony in Judea, II 375
=Gher= (Poland), see Goora Kalvaria
=Ghetto=, separate Jewish quarter in cities, creation of, demanded
by Polish Church, I 48, 57
in Cracow, I 64, 85
in Moghilev (on the Dnieper), I 98 f
in Posen, I 85
in Vilna, I 99
in Warsaw, I 269
former Moscow Gh. called Glebov Yard, II 403
=Gicatilla, Joseph=, Cabalist, work of, published in Poland,
I 134
=Giers, De=, Russian minister for Foreign Affairs, discusses
Jewish question with American Government, II 293, 396
=Ginzberg, Asher=, see Ahad Ha'am
=Ginzburg, Mordecai Aaron=, Hebrew writer, II 133 f
translates German works into Hebrew, II 134
influences formation of neo-Hebraic style, II 134
=Giovio, Paolo=, Italian scholar, I 242
=Gladkov=, instigator of pogrom in Starodub, II 411 f
=Gladstone=, English Prime Minister, cultivates friendly relations
with Russia, II 287 f
appealed to by Mansion House Meeting on behalf of Russian Jews,
II 290
answers interpellation concerning Russian Jews, II 291 f
=Glebov Yard=, former Ghetto in Moscow, raided by police, II
403
=Glogau= (Germany), Solomon Maimon buried in, I 240
=Gmina=, Polish name for Congregation, II 102
=Gnesen= (Province of Posen), oldest Polish diocese, I 47
seat of Polish primate, I 82
Council of Breslau demands introduction of canonical laws into
diocese of, I 47 f
archbishop of, attends Synod of Constance and presides
over Synod of Kalish, I 57
John Casimir, primate of, becomes Polish king, I 151
=God=, conception of, by Besht, I 225 f
=Goeje, De=, quoted, I 23
=Goethe=, impressed by autobiography of Solomon Maimon, I 240
=Goetz, F.=, author of pamphlet defending Jews, II 389
=Gogol=, Russian writer, anti-Jewish tendency of, 138 f
"=Going to the People=," phase of Russian revolutionary movement,
term explained, II 222
practised by Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 222
=Golitzin=, Count, Minister of Ecclesiastic Affairs, associate
of Alexander I. in Christian mysticism, I 392, 396
president of Russian Bible Society, I 396
all Jewish matters transferred to, I 394
communicates with Kahals through "Deputies of Jewish People,"
I 394
receives protest of deputies against blood accusation, II 74
prohibits blood accusation by decree, II 74 f
extends prohibition of blood accusation to Poland, II 99
advises dissolution of Society of Israelitish Christians, I
400
orders investigation of "Judaizing heresy," I 401
accuses Jews of proselytizing, I 404
suggests prohibition of keeping Christian domestics, I 404
discharged, I 395
=Gonta=, Cossack leader, engineers Jewish massacre, I 184 ff
=Goora Kalvaria= (_Polish_, Gora Kalwarza; _Yiddish_, Gher),
hasidic dynasty of, popular in Warsaw, II 122
=Gorchakov=, viceroy of Poland, receives deputation of revolutionary
Poles, II 180
opposes Jewish rights at Berlin Congress, II 202
=Gordin, Jacob=, founds anti-talmudic sect, II 333 f
becomes Jewish playwright in America, II 325
=Gordon, Judah Leib=, Hebrew poet, champion of Haskalah, II 228
secretary of Society of Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 229
attacks traditional Judaism, II 129 ff
champions emigration from Russia, II 328
dies (1892), III 63
=Goremykin=, Minister of Interior, pursues reactionary policy,
III 9, 16, 135
=Gorgippia= (Crimea), now called Anapa, ancient Jewish settlement
in, I 14
=Gorodnya= (near Chernigov), alleged ritual murder at, reported
to Peter the Great, I 247 f
=Gotovtzev=, Assistant-Minister of Interior, chairman of Central
Committee for Revision of Jewish Question, II 227
=Gotz=, member of Social Revolutionary party, III 67
=Government= (province), governor, and governor-general, terms
explained, I 308
=Grace, William R.=, mayor of New York, presides at protest meeting,
II 296
=Granville, Lord=, English Secretary for Foreign Affairs, receives
Anglo-Jewish deputation on subject of pogroms, II 262 f
receives resolutions of Mansion House Meeting, II 290
=Grazdanin= ("The Citizen"), anti-Semitic Russian paper, II 380,
381, 412
=Great Poland=, see Poland, Great
=Greeks=, immigration of ancient Greeks into Tauris and Crimea,
I 13 f
export grain from Tauris and Crimea, I 14
Jews follow in wake of, I 14
language of, spoken by Jews of Tauris, I 16
compete with Jews in Odessa, II 191
make pogrom upon Jews of Odessa, II 192 f
=Greek-Orthodox Church=, oppressed in Poland, I 91 f;
and Ukraine, I 140 ff
"=Gregor, Horowitz & Kohan=," semi-Jewish firm of Russian army
purveyors, II 202, 244
=Greig=, Russian Admiral, member of Council of State, pleads
for Jews, II 37
=Gresser=, city-governor of St. Petersburg, persecutes Jews,
II 343 f
issues ordinance concerning Jewish names, II 397 f
deports Moscow fugitives, II 410
=Grigoryev=, member of Committee for Amelioration of Jews, pleads
for maintenance of Pale, I 196
=Grigoryev=, city-governor of Odessa, dismissed for restraining
"Black Hundred," III 151
=Grodno= (city), meeting-place of Polish Diet, I 76
important Jewish community in, I 59, 73
Jews of, expelled, I 65;
and allowed to return, I 70 f
Jews of, assure Sigismund I. of loyalty to country, I 81
Poles of, antagonistic to Russia (1812), I 357
Jews of, entrusted with police duty, I 357
blood accusation in, II 73, 80
Jewish community of, represented on Polish Council, (_Waad
Aria Aratzoth_), I 110;
and later on Lithuanian Council, I 112
Mordecai Jaffe rabbi of, I 127
Sundel Sonnenberg, army purveyor and Jewish deputy, native
of, I 358
=Grodno= (province, or government), annexed by Russia (1795),
I 297
included in Pale (1795), I 317;
(1835), II 39
invited by Russian Government to send deputies, I 349
Jews expelled from villages of (1827), II 30 f
placed under military dictatorship of Muravyov, II 188
Cities in:
Druskeniki, II 377
Ruzhany, I 162
Zelva, I 237
=Grudinski=, convert, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 80
=Gruzenberg=, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Blondes,
accused of ritual murder, III 37
defends Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III 82
defends Jews of Kishinev, III 91
=Gruzin= (Crimea), I 26
=Gudovich=, Count, governor-general of South-west, rebuked for
interfering with Jewish deputation to Paul I., I 325
=Guido=, papal legate, convenes Church Council of Breslau, I
47
=Guilds=, mercantile, in Poland, I 44;
see Merchants trade Guilds, in Poland, I 44;
see Trade-Unions
=Guizolfi, Zechariah=, Italian Jew, owns Taman Peninsula, I 36
corresponds with Ivan III. of Moscow, I 36
=Guizot=, French Premier, supports schemes of Russian-Jewish
emigration to Algiers, II 69
=Gumbiner, Abel=, head of yeshibah in Kalish, Hebrew author,
I 200
=Gumplovich=, Polish-Jewish writer and assimilator, II 213
=Günzberg, Baron Joseph Yozel=, leader of St.
Petersburg community, petitions Alexander II. on behalf
of victim of ritual murder accusation, II 152
petitions Alexander II. for privileges to Jews, II 159 f
founder of Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment, II 214
=Günzburg, Baron Horace=, son of former, waits on Vladimir, brother
of Alexander III., II 260
member of Jewish deputation to Alexander III., 261
calls conference of notables in St. Petersburg, II 277, 304
acts as link between Jews and Pahlen Commission, I 337
petitions Government to allow Jews purchase of land for personal
use, III 24
=Gurko=, governor-general of Odessa, suggests restrictive school-norm
for Jews, II 339
=Gurnitzki, Lucas=, Polish writer, quoted, I 79 f
=Gymnazium=, secondary school, name explained, II 164
right of residence outside Pale proposed for graduates of,
II 164
restrictive percentage at, intensified, III 29, 158;
but not applied to girls, III 30
award of graduation certificates restricted in case of Jews,
III 159
Pro-gymnazium, name explained, III 29
See Education and School
=Gzheslik=, Jewish tailor, accused of desecrating host, I 101
_Ha-Asif_, Hebrew Periodical, II 372, III 58
=Habad=, adherents of "rational Hasidism," term explained, I
234
centered in White Russia, I 234, II 117
Polish Tzaddiks compared with those of, II 123
See Shneorsohn, Zalman
=Haber=, title of Jewish educated layman, I 117
_Ha-Emet_, socialistic periodical in Hebrew, II 223
=Hague Conference=, the, calling of, prompts Nicholas II. to
stop pogroms, III 35 f
=Haidamacks=, rebellious Ukrainian peasants, name explained,
I 182, II 138
massacre Jews (1648), I 49;
(1734 and 1750), I 182;
(1768), I 182 ff
massacres of, described by Gogol, II 138 f
=Haimovich, Avigdor=, rabbi of Pinsk, informs against Hasidim,
I 377 f
_Haint_, Yiddish daily in Warsaw, III 162
_Ha-Karmel_, Hebrew weekly, in Vilna, II 217
_Ha-Kol_, Hebrew periodical in Königsberg, II 223
=Halevi, David=, called _Taz_, rabbi of Lemberg and Ostrog, I
130
author of commentary on _Shulhan Arukh_, I 130
receives letter and present from Sabbatai Zevi, I 206 f
=Halevi, Isaiah=, son of former member of Polish-Jewish delegation
to Sabbatai Zevi, I 206
=Halperin=, banker of Berdychev, member of rabbinical commission,
II 57
=Halperin, Jehiel=, rabbi of Minsk, Hebrew chronicler, I 200
f
_Ha-Maggid_, Hebrew weekly, II 217
=Hamburg=, Solomon Maimon resides in, I 239
Moscow refugees in, II 420
_Ha-Melitz_, Hebrew weekly, in St. Petersburg, edited by Zederbaum,
II 204, 217 f
publishes Lilienblum's articles, II 236
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
becomes daily, II 372, III 58
=Handicrafts=; see Artisans
=Hannover, Nathan=, of Zaslav, historian, describes Council of
Four Lands, I 111
pictures Jewish intellectual life in Poland, I 116 ff
gives account of Khmelnitzki massacres, I 157
=Hanukkah=, king of Khazars, I 26
=Hardenberg=, Prussian representatives at Congress at Aix-la-Chapelle,
I 399
=Harkavy=, quoted, I 23
=Harrison=, President of United States, publishes diplomatic
papers bearing on Russian Jews, II 294, 394
describes, in message to Congress, plight of Russian Jewry,
II 408 f
=Hasdai Ibn Shaprut=, of Cordova, corresponds with king of Khazars,
I 24 ff
_Ha-Shahar_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Smolenskin, II 218, 234
publishes Gordon's epics, II 229
champions "Love of Zion" movement, II 332
_Ha-Shiloah_, Hebrew monthly, edited by Ahad Ha'am, and later
by Klausner, III 58, 162 f
=Hasidim=, adherents of Judah Hasid, I 209
emigrate to Palestine, I 209 ff
adherents of Hasidism; see Hasidism
struggle between H. and old-orthodox (_Mithnagdim_), I 238,
274, 278, 375 f
H. of Vilna rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375
granted right of secession by Statute of 1804, I 356, 379
H. of Old-Constantinov "protest" against Nicholas I., II 22
H. of Poland refuse to discard Jewish dress, II 145
=Hasidism=, founded by Besht, I 222
doctrine of, expounded by Besht, I 22, 224 ff
counteracts Rabbinism, I 224 f;
and Messianism, I 222;
and Asceticism, I 227
propagated by Besht's apostles, I 229 ff
opposes Haskalah, I 238 f
bitterly opposed by Elijah of Vilna, I 236 ff, 372 ff
spread of, I 231 f
triumph of, I 371 f
growth of, under Alexander I., I 381 ff
stagnation of, under Nicholas I., II 116 ff
in North (White Russia and Lithuania), I 381 f, II 117 f
in South (Ukraina), I 382 f, II 119 ff
in Poland, I 384, II 122 f
retrogressive character of, I 278, II 124
encourages use of alcohol, II 124 f
restrictions against, suggested by Friesel, governor of Vilna,
I 327
denounced by rabbi of Pinsk, as dangerous to Russian Government,
I 378
extermination of, recommended by Kalmansohn, I 385
criticized by David Friedländer, II 90
attacked, or silently opposed, by I. B. Levinsohn, II 127 f
subjected to rigorous censorship (1864), II 212
literature of, declared by I. B. Levinsohn as dangerous to
State, II 130
See Hasidim, Tzaddiks, and Shneor Zalman
=Haskalah=, attempt to harmonize Jewish and secular culture,
term explained, II 125
originated by Mendelssohn in Germany, I 238 f, II 125
opposed by Rabbinism and Hasidism, I 238 f
hated by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383
Solomon Maimon influenced by, I 239
effect of, on Jews of Warsaw, I 284, 384 ff
championed by Jacques Kalmansohn, I 385
need of, for Polish Jews, emphasized by David Friedländer,
II 90;
and followers, I 386
advocated by Frank in White Russia, I 331, 386
carried to St. Petersburg, I 386 ff
Max Lilienthal appeals to adherents of (Maskilim), II 53
preached by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 125 ff
center of, in Odessa, II 132 f
center of, in Vilna, II 134, 136 f
aims of adherents of, in Vilna, II 136 f.
persecuted adherents of, escape through baptism, II 132
adherents of, lean on Russian Government, II 137
Russian H. compared with German, II 137 f
becomes more aggressive, II 210, 224
stimulates neo-Hebraic style and literature, II 132 ff, 210
advocated by Jewish press, II 217, 332 f
championed by M. L. Lilienblum, II 236
adherents of, portrayed by Mapu, II 228
See Education, Neo-Hebraic Literature, and School
=Ha-Tzefirah=, Hebrew weekly in Warsaw, advocates Haskalah, II
333
edited by Sokolow, III 60
becomes a daily, II 372, III 58, 162
=Hausfreund=, Yiddish periodical, III 59
=Hayyun=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi, I 204
=Hazakah=, priority of possession, term explained, II 188
grant of, must be sanctioned by Kahal, I 190, II 188
matters relating to, decided by Council of Four Lands, I 111
=Ha-Zeman=, Hebrew daily in Vilna, III 162
=Hebrew=, language, importance of, emphasized by Smolenskin,
II 134 f
position of, in Jewish life, forms party issue, III 161
promoted by Zionism, III 45
restoration of, II 133, 135, 225
modern H. (Neo-Hebraic) literature, beginnings of, I 388 f
rise of, II 132 ff
renaissance of, II 224 ff, III 58 ff, 162 f
cultivated by Haskalah, II 132-ff, 210, 224
H. writers hail from Lithuania, II 238
H. press, beginnings of, II 217 f
preaches Haskalah, II 217
recent revival of, III 58 f
See also Language
=Heder=, traditional Jewish school, imparts elementary education,
I 114
Bible and Talmud principal subjects of instruction at, I 114,
121
secular subjects excluded from I 277
left to private initiative, but supervised by Kahal, I 114
pupils of, examined weekly by head of yeshibah, I 118
attendance at, compulsory for boys, I 114, 121
negative effects of, I 277
shortened attendance at, suggested by Dyerzhavin, I 333
criticised by Russian Council of State, II 49
abolition of, suggested by Lilienthal, II 53
defended by Rabbinical Commission, II 57
placed under Government supervision (1812), II 56;
(1856), II 176
keepers of (Melammeds) required to possess secular education
(1844), II 58
recognized by ukase of 1879, II 177
6,000 H's, in Russian South-west, II 194
legalized and restricted to religious subjects (1893), II 427
f
See Education, School, and Yeshibah
=Heder=, for poor children, called Talmud Torah, maintained by
public funds, I 114 f
pupils of, examined weekly by trustee, I 118
provided for, by Council of Four Lands, I 195
established in Moscow, III 13
=Helena=, Russian princess, sympathizes with "Judaizing heresy,"
I 36
=Helfman, Hesia=, participates in plot against Alexander II.,
II 244
=Heliconias=, name of Greek-speaking Jew, I 115
=Heller, Lipman=, rabbi of Cracow, describes persecutions of
1648, I 58
=Helsingfors= (Finland), Russian Zionists hold Convention at,
III 144 f
"H. Program" gradually weakened, III 146
=Heniochi=, tribe, I 15
=Hennadius=, archbishop of Novgorod, combats "Judaizing heresy,"
I 37
=Henry of Valois=, elected king of Poland, I 89
=Heracles=, name of slave freed by Crimean Jewess, I 15
=Herem= (Excommunication), right of, granted by Polish kings
to rabbi of Brest (1531), I 73, 105;
to rabbis of Great Poland (1551), I 106;
to Kahals of Lithuania (1672), I 190
proclaimed against Sabbatians by rabbis assembled at Lemberg
(1722), I 211;
(1725), I 211
issued against Frankists by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 214
issued against Hasidim by rabbinical court of Vilna (1722),
I 237;
by rabbis assembled at Brody, I 237;
and at Zelva (Grodno), I 237;
reaffirmed by Elijah of Vilna (1796), I 373 f
new H. against Hasidim contemplated by Kahal of Vilna (1797),
I 375
issued by Kahal of Vilna against Simeon Volfovich (1788), I
276
Jews of Minsk complain about abuse of (1782), I 275
prohibited by Statute of 1804, I 344
prohibition of, occasionally disregarded, I 367
power of, criticised by Polish assimilationists, II 101
secret exercise of, alleged by Brafman, II 188
=Hernish, Stanislav=, Polish-Jewish patriot, II 105
refutes Polish attacks upon Jews, II 109
=Hershel=, Ostropoler. See Ostropoler
=Hershko=, name of Jewish "arendar," I 266
=Hertzen, Alexander=, liberal Russian writer, describes sufferings
of cantonists, II 24 f
influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 207
=Herzl, Theodor=, aroused by Dreyfus Affair, III 42 f
publishes _Judenstaat_, III 43
compared with _Pinsker_, III 43
revives hopes of _Hobebe Zion_, III 43 f
speeches of, discussed in Russia, III 47
author of _Altneuland_, III 48
visit of, to Russia, III 82 ff
negotiates with Plehve, III 83 f;
and Lamsdorff, III 84
greeted enthusiastically by Russian Zionist, III 84
criticized by non-Zionists, III 84
lays Uganda project before Sixth Zionist Congress, III 84
death of, mourned by Seventh Zionist Congress, III 144
=Hetman=, name explained, I 143, 192, 250
head of Cossacks, I 143
Khmelnitzki elected to post of, I 144
H. of Lithuania sends instructions to Kahal of Brest, I 192
H. of Little Russia pleads for admission of Jews, I 250, 260
=Hezekiah=, king of Khazars, I 26
=Hirsch, Baron Maurice=, II 413
proposes to establish arts and crafts schools in Russia, II
415
proposal of, declined by Russian Government, II 415
representatives of, offer Pobyedonostzev large contribution,
II 415
applies funds intended for Russia to schools in Galicia, II
416
sends expedition to Argentina, II 416
sends Arnold White to Russia, II 416 ff
founds Jewish Colonization Association, II 414, 419
obtains permission of Russian Government to regulate emigration,
II 420
issues appeal, warning against emigration, II 420
scheme of, results in failure, II 421, III 10
=Hirsh Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover
=Hirshovich, Abraham=, Polish court broker, submits project of
Jewish reforms to King Stanislav Augustus, I 284
=Historiography=, Jewish, in Russia, III 65
=Hobebe Zion=, see Zionism
=Hollaenderski=, Polish-Jewish patriot and writer, lives as exile
in Paris, II 109
=Holland=, Peter the Great in, I 246
Antonio Sanchez, Russian court physician, invited from, I 258
See Amsterdam
=Horodno=, Nehman of, disciple of Besht, I 227
=Homel= (government of Moghilev), massacre under Khmelnitzki
at (1648), I 149
pogrom at (1903), III 87 ff
self-defence organized by Jews of, III 87 f
pogrom at, condoned by governor of Moghilev, III 89
misrepresented in official documents, III 89
described as act of revenge by Jews, III 101
tried by Russian court, III 101 ff
Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108
=Horowitz, Isaiah=, Cabalist, author of _Sheloh_, I 135
=Horowitz, Sheftel=, son of former, rabbi of Posen and Hebrew
author, I 135
author of liturgy describing catastrophe of 1648, I 158
=Horvitz=, Russian-Jewish writer, attacked by Russian periodical,
II 207 f
defended in public protest of Russian writers, II 208
=Host Desecration, Charge of=, causes death of Jews in Posen
(1399), I 55, 95, 174;
and Sokhachev (1556), I 86 f
forbidden by Sigismund II. (1566), I 88;
and Stephen Batory (1576), I 89
used as pretext to expel Jews of Cracow (1635), I 101
of frequent occurrence at end of 17th century, I 172
=Hoym=, Prussian minister, carries out Jewish reforms in annexed
Polish provinces, I 385
=Hugo, Victor=, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,
II 326
=Hungary=, geographical position of, I 25, 150
adopts Magdeburg Law, I 44
Church Council (of Buda) in, I 49
Louis of, king of Poland, persecutes Jews, I 54
=Husiatyn= (Galicia), place of publication, I 123
=Huss=, influence of, penetrates into Poland, I 57
adherents of, persecuted, I 62
=Ibn Fakih=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23
=Ibn Khordadbeh=, Arabic geographer, quoted, I 23
=Ibn Shaprut=, see Hasdai, I
=Ibn Sharzi=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 23
=Ignatyev=, Nicholas Pavlovich, Russian statesman, militant pan-Slavist,
II 259
ambassador at Constantinople, II 259
nicknamed "Father of Lies," II 259
member of reactionary "Sacred League," II 248
appointed Minister of Interior, II 259
ascribes pogroms to revolutionary propaganda, II 259 f
changes attitude, II 261
refuses to submit memorandum in defence of Jews to Tzar, II
262
shows indifference to pogrom victims, II 263
ascribes pogroms to economic exploitation of Jews, II 271 f
issues circular condemning economic activities of Jews, II
273
influences Central Committee for Revision of Jewish Question,
II 277
receives deputation of Jewish Notables, II 277
calls upon Jews to leave Russia, II 285, 297
Ignatyev directed to appoint Gubernatorial Commissions, II
272, 363
circular of, read to Gubernatorial Commissions, II 274;
quoted by Cardinal Manning at London protest meeting, II
289
disregards protests in England, II 292
permits holding of Jewish Conference in St. Petersburg, II
304
holds Jews responsible for pogroms, II 305
considers settlement of Jews on steppes of Central Asia, II
306
suggests "Temporary Rules," II 311
makes concessions to Committee of Ministers, II 311, 318
connivance at pogroms causes downfall of, II 314
downfall of, checks plan of Jewish emigration from Russia,
II 414
=Illarion=, Metropolitan of, preaches hatred against Jews, I
31
=Illustratzia=, Russian magazine, attacks Jews, II 207 f
causes public protest of Russian literateurs, II 208
=Ilovaiski=, professor, of Moscow, opposed to Jews, II 387
=Ilya= (government of Vilna), home of Menashe Ilyer, II 114