=Poltava= (region, or government), subje_History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Volume 3 [of 3] From the Accession of Nicholas II until the Present Day

ceded to Russia (1667), I 159

included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1835), II 40

Pavluk, Cossack leader, massacres Jews of (1637), I 144

Jews forbidden residence in (1649), I 151;

readmitted (1651), I 152

Jewish communities of, disappear almost entirely (1648), I

157

few Jews survive in (after 1648), I 246

Jews of White Russia settle in, 321

Jews expelled from villages of, II 341

Localities in:

Borispol, II 267

Lokhvitz, I 145

Lubny, I 144, 145

Pereyaslav, I 145; II 265

Piryatin, I 145

=Pomerania=, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262

=Poniatovski, Stanislav Augustus=, king of Poland (1764-1795),

reign of, I 180 ff

election of, preceded by change in system of Jewish taxation,

I 197

protects Simeon Volfovich, spokesman of Vilna Jewish masses,

against Kahal, I 276

receives plan of Jewish reform from Hirshovich, royal broker,

I 284

grants solemn audience to Jews, I 290 f

=Pontus Euxinus=, see Black Sea

=Populism= (in Russian, _narodnichestvo_), branch of Russian

revolutionary movement, II 222 f

anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f

influences Jacob Gordin, II 333

=Popiel=, ancient Polish ruler, I 40

=Popov=, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian Government,

I 352

=Port Arthur=, Jews expelled from, III 94;

and denied right of residence in, III 157

=Posen= (_Polish_, Poznan), leading city of Great Poland, I 42,

74, 110, 116

surrendered by Shlakhta to invading Swedes (1655), I 155

refugees from crusades settle in, I 41

Jews of, petition Casimir IV. to renew charter (1447), I 61

Jews of, petition Sigismund I. to ratify election of rabbis

(1518), I 104

Jews of, persecuted on charge of host desecration, I 55, 95

riots in, I 64, 75, 90, 95, 161

Jews of, restricted in economic pursuits, I 74, 95

magistracy of, joins other cities in economic fight against

Jews, I 75

Jews of, limited to separate quarter, I 75;

and forbidden to increase number of houses, I 85

rights of Jews of, enlarged by Stephen Batory, I 89 f

Jews of, accused of ritual murder (1736), I 172, 174 ff

Jewish community of, represented on Council of Four Lands,

I 110

exorcism of devils in, I 203

rabbis of:

Naphtali Cohen, I 204

Solomon Edels (_Maharsho_), I 129

Sheftel Horowitz, I 135, 158

Mordecai Jaffe, I 127

Solomon Luria (_Maharshal_), native of, I 120

Arie Leib Calahora, preacher in, I 175

=Posen=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1772), I 187, 262

Polish troops destroy Jewish communities in (1656), I 156

=Posner, Solomon=, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103

=Potemkin=, Nota Shklover purveyor to army of, I 338

=Pototzki= (_Polish_, Potocki), commander of Polish army, I 145

=Politzki=, voyevoda of Kiev, I 184

=Polotzki, Severin=, member of "Jewish Committee" of Russian

Government (1802), I 335

=Politzki, Stanislav=, delivers eulogy on Berek Yoselovich, I

303 f

=Praga=, suburb of Warsaw, attached by Russian Government (1802),

I 335

home of Berek Yoselovich, I 294

=Prague=, capital of Bohemia, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon,

I 33

Jews attacked by crusaders in, I 41

Mordecai Jaffe, rabbi of, I 127

=Pravo ("The Law")=, Russian journal, suppressed for protesting

against Kishinev massacre, III 77

protests against court verdict in Homel pogrom, III 103 f

=Prayer=, importance of, emphasized by Besht, I 226

Hasidim adopt Ari's form of, I 231

=Press, Russian=, used euphemistically to designate Russian Government,

II 386

pursues anti-Semitic policy, II 278, 379, III 31 f

makes no reference to expulsion from Moscow, II 407

liberal P. protests against Kishinev massacre, III 76 f

stifled by Plehve, III 77

=Press, Jewish=, in Russia, II 216 ff

in Hebrew, II 217 f, 372, III 58, 162

in Yiddish, III 58 f, 162

in Russian, II 218 ff, 277 f;

yields to press in Hebrew, II 372

=Press, Foreign=, protest against Jewish disabilities, II 381

reports (together with Russian P.) on anti-Semitic exploits

of Russian officials, II 384

denounces expulsion of Jews from Moscow, II 407 f

protests against Kishinev massacre, III 77

See Printing-Presses

=Prikahalki=, name for minor Kahals, I 108, 193;

see Kahals

=Priluker, Jacob=, founder of Judeo-Christian sect, II 334 f

becomes Christian missionary, II 335

=Printing-Press=, Hebrew, of Cracow and Lublin, I 131

of Vilna, II 42, 115, 127

of Slavuta, II 42, 123

of Kiev, II 43;

transferred to Zhitomir, II 43

establishment of, by Russian Government, suggested by Dyerzhavin,

I 333

See Censorship

=Professions=, restrictions in pursuit of, II 26 f;

see Bar, and Physicians;

also Education and University

=Pro-Gymnazium=, term explained, III 29;

see Gymnazium

=Prokhonvik, Abraham=, legendary king of Poland, I 40

=Property, Real=; see Villages

=Propination= (_Polish_, Propinacya), right of distilling and

selling liquor, term explained, I 67

carried on by Jews in Poland, I 67;

and Ukraine, I 141

forced upon Jews by economic factors, I 266 f

from Polish pan by Jewish arendar, I 93, 170, 265

connected with other economic pursuits, I 93, 361 f

elimination of Jews from, advocated by Polish reformers (1782),

I 272 f, 280;

recommended by Polish Government Committee (1815), II 89;

and demanded by Polish Diet (1818), II 100

law barring Jews from, issued by Duchy of Warsaw (1812), I

304 f;

but vetoed by Alexander I. (1816), II 94

participation of Jews in, defended by Polish officer, II 98

Jews of annexed White Russia hampered in pursuit of (1784),

I 311 ff

Polish nobles of annexed Polish provinces advocate elimination

of Jews from, I 323 ff

abuses of, set forth by Russian Government Committee (1804),

I 341 f

committee appointed to consider elimination of Jews from (1809),

I 352 f;

but reports against it (1812), I 353 f

economic mainstay of village Jewry, I 361 f

nobility of White Russia demands elimination of Jews from,

I 405;

decreed for villages of White Russia (1823), I 406

occupies central place in economic structure of Russian Jewry,

II 72

big Jewish capital transferred from, to railroad, II 186

Government Committee recommends elimination of Jews from (1882),

II 310

Government monopoly of, urged as means of removing Jews from

villages, III 17

effects of Government monopoly of, III 22 f

See Villages

=Protestantism=, see Reformation

=Protoyerey=, Russian ecclesiastic title, term explained, II

301

=Prussia= shares in partition of Poland, I 185 f, 262, 292, 297

participates in siege of Warsaw (1794), I 293

rules over Warsaw (1796-1806), I 385

shattered by Napoleon, I 347

represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f

introduces Jewish reforms in annexed Polish provinces, I 385

Jewish regulations of, serve as model for Russian statesmen,

I 331, II 46, 49

Jewish socialist expelled from, II 224

See Berlin

=Pshemyshl= (_Polish_, Pszemysl), see Stupnitza

=Pskov=, Jews exiled from (1654), I 154

situated outside Pale, II 70

=Ptolemies=, the Jewish center under rule of, I 14

=Pulavy=, Poland, Jews of, manifest Polish patriotism, I 292

=Pushkin=, Russian poet, relation of, to Jews, II 138

=Pyetukhov=, member of political police, exposes complicity of

Government in pogrom, III 140

=Quadrennial Diet=, see Diet, Quadrennial

=Raaben, von=, governor of Bessarabia, refuses to stop Kishinev

pogrom, III 74 f

sued for damages by Jews, III 92

=Rabbanites=, in Crimea, I 28, 34

=Rabbinical Commission=, appointed by Russian Government (1842),

II 56

Jews of Western Europe invited to participate in, II 67

Rabbi Mendel of Lubavich, member of, II 118

=Rabbinical Schools= (modern), opened by assimilationist Jews

in Warsaw (1826), II 103 f

opening of, decreased by Nicholas I. (1844), II 38

pupils of, promised alleviations in military service, II 58

graduates of, intended to supersede former type of rabbis and

teachers, II 58, 176

opened in Vilna and Zhitomir (1847), II 59, 174 f

graduates of, act as Government agents, II 212

graduates of, form revolutionary circle, II 223

Levanda, graduate of, II 239

closed (1873), II 177

=Rabbinism= opposes Hasidism, I 233 f, 235 ff

opposes enlightenment, I 238 f

firmly entrenched during reign of Alexander I., 380

uncompromising attitude of, II 111 ff

=Rabbis= (and Rabbinate), officially recognized by Polish king,

I 101 ff

clothed with wide powers, I 73, 105 ff

bear title of _Morenu_, I 117

relation of, to Kahal, I 107 f

conferences of, I 108 f

conference of, "tries" demons in Posen, I 203

accused of purchasing offices from pans, I 284

jurisdiction of, limited to religious affairs (1804), I 344

deprived of right of imposing _herem_ (1804), I 344

highly respected by Jews of Russia, II 112

exempted from military service, II 20

reform of, recommended by Council of State, II 49;

by I. B. Levinsohn, II 128;

and by other Maskilim, II 136 f

fanaticism of, attacked by Mapu, II 227 f

See Crown Rabbis

=Rabinovich, I.=, founder of Congregation of New Testament Israelites,

II 335

=Rabinovich, Osip= (=Joseph=), editor of _Razsvyet_, II 219 f

author of Jewish novels (in Russian), II 238

=Rabinovitz, S.=, see Shalom Aleichem

=Radom=, see Shidlovitz

=Radzieyevski=, Polish sub-chancellor, betrays Poland to Swedes,

I 155

=Radzionovski=, Greek-Orthodox priest, admonishes rioters at

Balta, I 301 f

=Radziwill=, Prince, patron of Saul Wahl, I 94

=Radziwill=, voyevoda of Vilna, settles dispute between rabbis

and Kahal, I 276

=Railroads=, Jews become interested in, II 186

=Rakhmistorvka= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Randar=, see Arendar

=Rashi=, works of, studied in Poland, I 117

=Ratisbon=, see Pethahiah of Ratisbon

=Ratner, M.=, counsel for victims of Homel pogrom, III 102

member of Central Committee of League for Equal Rights, III

112

=Rav= (or _Rov_), name for rabbi, II 120

=Ravski, M.=, prominent Jew in Warsaw, II 103

=Razryaden=, "Assortment" of Jews;

see Assortment

=Razsvyet= ("=The Dawn="), Jewish periodical in Russian, II 218,

219 f, 238

resumes publication, after interruption, in St. Petersburg,

II 221, 277

publishes statement of Ignatyev inviting Jews to emigrate,

II 285

favors organization of emigration movement, II 298

champions "Love of Zion," II 332

discontinued (1883), II 372

appears again in St. Petersburg, III 162

=Razumovksi=, president of Russian academy, deplores anti-Jewish

prejudice, I 258

=Real Estate=, see Villages

=Rebbe=, popular name for Tzaddik, or hasidic leader, II 120;

see Tzaddik

=Recanati, Menahem=, Italian Cabalist, work of, studied in Poland,

I 134

=Recruits= (and Recruiting), recruiting ukase of 1827, II 18

minor recruits, see Cantonists

Jewish committee, or Kahals held responsible for quota of, II 19 f

oath of allegiance of, marked by great solemnity, II 20

kept apart from non-Jewish recruits, II 21

recruiting (or conscription) trustees of Kahals, II 19 f

turned into police agents, I 22 f;

retained after abolition of Kahal, II 60;

made personally responsible for completion of quota, II 147

sent to recruiting jails, II 24

divorce wives before leaving home, II 28

drafting of "penal" recruits decreed (1850), II 147 f

community of Mstislavl punished by drafting penal recruits,

II 86

individual Jews permitted to capture recruits as substitutes

(1853), II 148 f

See Military Service and Soldiers

=Red Russia=, see Russia, Red

=Reforms=, religious, in Judaism, advocated by Lilienblum, II

236

preached by Jacob Gordin (and others), II 333 ff

reform Judaism attacked by Smolenskin, II 234

=Reformation= affects unfavorably position of Jews in Poland,

I 79 f, 85 ff

stimulates literary polemics, I 135 ff

Polish adherents of, welcome invading Swedes, I 155

fear of, responsible for Jewish tragedy in Cracow, I 164 f

Russian sect of Stundists traceable to influence of, II 333

=Reisin=, Yiddish writer, III 162

=Renan= protests against Jewish persecutions, II 326

=Repnin=, governor-general of Lithuania, promises to respect

Jewish autonomy, I 320

"=Republic=" (_Polish_, Rzecz Pospolita), title applied to Poland

(after 1572), I 88, 262

=Residence, Right of=, denied to Jews in towns of ancient Poland;

see "_De non Tolerandis Iudæis_";

particularly in Warsaw, I 85, 268, 300; II 94 f

tax paid by Jews for, in Warsaw, II 95

all restrictions in, abolished in Poland (1862), II 181;

reintroduced by Alexander III. (1891), II 367

withdrawn from Jews of Ukraina (1649), I 151;

and returned to them (1651), II 152

withdrawn from Jews of Little Russia (1727), I 250

in ancient Russia, see Moscow, principality of

in modern Russia, see Interior, Pale of Settlement, and Expulsions

outside of cities and towns, see Villages

non-Jews plead before Government for grant of, to Jews, I 256,

II 319

denied to Jews in health and summer resorts, III 18 ff, 154,

157

See also Capitals, and under Kiev and Moscow

=Resolution=, term explained, I 253

by Empress Anna, sentencing Borukkov and Voznitzin to death

(1738), I 253

by Empress Elizabeth, excluding Jews from Russia (1741), I

257;

referred to by Empress Catherine II., I 259, 261

by Paul I., approving of anti-Jewish restrictions (1797), I

323

by Nicholas I., postponing expulsion of Jews from villages,

opposing admission of Jewish merchants to Interior, II 36;

expelling Jews from 50-verst zone, II 62;

limiting Jewish coachmen to Pale, II 70;

closing synagogues in Velizh, II 78;

expressing doubt about existence of ritual murder, II 80;

punishing Jews of Mstislavl, II 86

R's. of Alexander III. assume power of laws, II 339

by Nicholas II., opposing abrogation of Pale, III 11

=Resorts=, see Residence, Right of

=Restrictions=, against Jews, enormous extent of, admitted by

Pahlen Commission, II 364

Guildhall meeting in London protests against, II 391

Russian governors favor repeal of, III 93

regarded by Council of Ministers as cause of revolutionary

movement among Jews, III 141

new R's. decreed by Third Duma, III 156 f

in army, II 319 f, 354 ff

in commerce, see Commerce

in dress, see Dress

in keeping domestics, see Domestics

in education, II 348 ff, III 27 ff;

see Educational Restriction

in language, see Language

in professions, II 352 f, III 26 f

in trades, see Artisans

in rights of residence, see Residence, Right of, also Interior

and Pale

=Revolutionary Movement=, in Russia, unfriendly attitude of,

towards Jews, I 409 ff

anti-Semitic tendency of, II 279 f

early pogroms ascribed to influence of, II 259 f, 269, 279

Jews participate in, II 198, 221 ff, 243 f, III 67 ff, 105

Jewish college men join ranks of, II 348;

particularly graduates of foreign universities, III 31

Jews held responsible for, III 70

spread of, among Jews, admitted by Russian officials as due

to restrictive laws, II 364 f, III 93, 141

participation of Jews in, blamed for pogroms, II 305, III 89

152;

intensifies anti-Semitism, III 16;

prompts anti-Jewish restrictions at universities, III 28

pogroms engineered for suppression of, III 66 ff, 137

pogroms intensify spread of, among Jews, III 90

Zionism prohibited as contributory to, III 82

intensified after death of Plehve, III 98

combated by Black Hundred, III 124 ff

Jewish participants in, executed, III 140;

see Bund and Socialism

=Rhescupondes, Dynasty of=, rulers of Jewish colonies in Crimea,

I 14 f

=Rhine=, the, Jewish immigration into Poland from, I 41

=Richelieu=, Duke, governor of Kherson, interested in Jewish

agriculture, I 303 f

=Richter, De=, aide-de-camp of Alexander III., receives pro-Jewish

petition from Mayor of London, II 393

=Riesser, Gabriel=, German-Jewish publicist, II 219

compared with Osip Rabinovich, II 238

=Riga=, magistracy of, protests against contemplated expulsion

of Jews (1743), I 256

Jews of White Russia forbidden to settle in, I 313

Max Lilienthal resides in, II 52

Lilienthal's school in, pointed to as model, II 137

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise

(1905), III 121

see also North-west and Russia, White

=Spain=, Caliphate of Cordova in, I 24

epistle of king of Khazars arrives in, I 27

Jewish physicians in Poland natives of, I 131

offers shelter to Russian Jews, II 268

=Spector, Isaac Elhanan=, rabbi of Kovno, attends Jewish Conference

in St. Petersburg, II 304

=Spektor=, editor of Yiddish magazine, III 59

=Spencer, Herbert=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_,

II 209

=Speranski=, Russian statesman, recommends liberal policy towards

Jews, I 399 ff

Statute of 1804 contravenes policy of, I 345

=Spiessruten= (running the gauntlet), term explained, II 85

applied as punishment, II 85, 123

abolished in 1863, II 85

=Spira, Nathan=, Cabalist, I 135

=Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood=, Jewish reform sect in Yelisavetgrad,

II 333 f

=St. Bartholomew Night=, I 89

=St. Petersburg=, capital of Russia, Jewish financial agents

admitted by Peter the Great to, I 248

Borukh and Vornitzin tried at, and burned, I 252 f

delegates of Gubernatorial Kahals assembled at (1803), I 337,

386

beginnings of Jewish community in, I 337 f

Committee for Jewish Affairs appointed in (1809), I 352

Finkelstein, delegate of Moghilev Jews, proceeds to, I 363

Shneor Zalman arrested and dispatched to, I 376, 378

Deputies of Jewish People reside in, I 393 f, II 74

temporary residence in, permitted to Jewish merchants (1835),

II 40

Jews illegally residing in, severely punished, II 42

"harmful" Hebrew books ordered sent to, II 43

Max Lilienthal invited to, II 53

Rabbinical Commission summoned to, II 56, 118

influential Jews of Western Europe invited to, II 67

visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68

visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69

Congregation Board of Warsaw sends deputation to, II 110

Baron Joseph Günzburg presides over Jewish community of, II

152

influential Jews of, apply for equal rights, II 159 f

Jewish physicians barred from, II 167

Jewish soldiers in body-guard of, permitted to remain in, II

172

Lutostanski, accuser of Jews, welcomed in, II 203

_Illustratzia_, Russian magazine in, attacks Jews, II 207 f

Jewish intellectuals in, II 214

Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment established in, II 214

Russian-Jewish press in St. Petersburg, II 221, 332 f, 59,

III 77, 162

Yiddish press in, III 59, 162

Hebrew press in, see _ha-Melitz_

Alexander II. assassinated in, III 243

governor of, granted wide discretionary powers, II 246

emissaries from, prepare pogroms in South, II 248

Jewish community of, presided over by Baron Horace Günzburg,

II 260

English Jew expelled from, II 262

Jews of, forbidden to collect pogrom fund, II 263

Conference of Jewish Notables in (1881), II 277;

(1882), II 299, 304 ff

Jewish demonstration against pogroms in, II 286

Dr. Drabkin, rabbi of, interviews Ignatyev, II 305

Jews of Balta, send deputation to, II 316 f

Jews expelled from, II 319

Jews of, persecuted by Gresser, city-governor, II 343 ff, 397

admission of Jews to educational institutions of, limited to

3%, II 350, III 158

Jews prominent at bar of, II 352

Jewish notables of, consulted by Pahlen Commission, II 369

British ambassador at, assured of discontinuation of Jewish

persecutions, II 382

Jews of, harassed anew, II 385

Solovyov collects signatures for public protest against Jewish

persecutions in, II 387

petition of Guildhall meeting in London sent to, II 392

American Minister at, instructed to exert influence on behalf

of Jews, II 395

_Russkaya Zhizn_ ("Russian Life"), paper in, depicts Jewish

sufferings, II 397

_Novosti_ ("The News"), paper in, confiscated for defending

Jews, II 407

expulsion of all Jews from, contemplated, II 410 f

visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 416 f,

419

Central Committee of Jewish Colonization Association established

in, II 420

Jewish Colonization Association sends deputation to, III 10

Jews of, submit memorandum to Government, III 11

Jews of, ask permission to acquire land for agriculture, III

new educational restrictions in, III 30

"Smugglers," anti-Semitic play, produced in, III 38

_Znamya_ ("The Banner"), anti-Semitic paper, appears in, III

Levendahl, Government agent dispatched from, to arrange pogroms,

III 71

visited by Dr. Herzl, III 89

American ambassadors in, reported to have protested against

persecution, III 96

Plehve assassinated in, III 97

Conference of Zemstvo workers in, opposes autocracy (1904),

III 105

"Bloody Sunday" in, III 106

Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment in, demands constitution

for Russia, III 111

League for Equal Rights establishes central bureau in, III

112

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121

Bogdanovich, general in, assists October pogroms, 111 125

League for Equal Rights holds convention in, III 131

Jewish parties form permanent council in, III 148

Jewish Literary Society founded in, III 160 f

Bar Association of, protests against Beilis trial, III 166

Natives and residents of:

J. L. Gordon, Hebrew poet, II 229

Nyevakhovich, convert, Russian poet, I 386 f

Abraham Peretz, Jewish merchant (convert), I 338, 386, 412

Antonio Sanchez, court physician, I 258

Nota Shklover, Jewish merchant, I 330

=St. Petersburg= (government), Jews expelled from villages of,

I 409

Localities in:

Luga, I 409

Schlüsselburg, II 97

=Stage=, Russian, anti-Semitism on, III 38 f

=Stanislav Augustus Poniatovski=, see Poniatovski

=Staro-Constantinov=, see Constantinov

=Starodub= (government of Chernigov), Cossack massacre at (1648),

I 149

pogrom at (1891), II 411 f

=Starosta=, high Polish office, name explained, I 69

encroaches on duties of voyevoda, I 46

Lithuanian Jews subject to jurisdiction of, I 60, 94, 104

S. of Sokhachev ordered by king to stop execution of Jews,

I 86

S. of Brest supports Kahal, I 190

S. of Kaniev makes sport of Jews, I 169 f

S's. administer Ukraina, I 142

S's. begin to oppress Jews, I 169

determines extent of Jewish autonomy, I 191

=Stashitz= (_Polish_, Stashyc), Polish priest and statesman,

anti-Semitic author, I 281 f, II 95 f

opposes plan of reform favorable to Jews, II 93

=Statistics=, of Jews, in Poland, I 66, 187, 263 f, 390

in Russia, II 341, 415

in White Russia, I 307

in Pale, II 168

of Jewish first-guild merchants in Pale, II 162

of Jewish artisans in Pale, II 168

of Jewish economic activity in Russian South-west, II 194

of Jews in agrarian pursuits, III 24

of Jewish recruits, II 355 f

of Jewish physicians in Russian army, III 95

of Jewish pauperism, III 23 f

of Jews expelled from Russia, I 254, 258

of Jewish emigration to United States, II 373, 421, III 148

of Jewish emigration to Argentina, II 419

=Statute=, "Lithuanian S." (1566), I 87

"S. concerning the Organization of the Jews" (1804), I 342

ff;

criticized by Jewish representatives, I 349 ff

"S. of Conscription and Military Service" (1827), II 18 ff,

29;

extended to Poland (1843), II 109;

leaves inner life of Jews unchanged, II 48

Military S. (1874), II 199 ff, 355

"S. on the Jews" (1835), II 28, 33, 34 ff, 39 ff;

fixes age of marriage, II 112;

fails to assimilate Jews, II 47

"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1864), admits Jews

to local self-government, II 173

"S. concerning Zemstvos Organizations" (1890), bars Jews from

local self-government, II 385 f

Municipal S. (1870) limits admission of Jews to one-third and

bars Jews from office of burgomaster, II 198 f

"S. concerning Enforced Public Safety" (1881), II 246

See Charter

=Stavropol= (government), nomads of, placed on level with Jews,

II 367

=Stephen Batory=, see Batory

=Stern, Abraham=, Jewish scholar and mathematician in Warsaw,

II 103

=Stern, Bezalel=, principal of modern Jewish school in Odessa,

II 57, 133

=Stillman=, Jewish workingman, fires at Odessa Chief of Police,

III 107

=Stolypin=, Russian Minister of Interior, answers interpellation

concerning pogroms, III 136, 138

appointed Prime Minister, III 138, 140

attacked by terrorist, III 140

promises mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 141

controlled by League of Russian People, III 151

excludes Jewish students from Kiev Polytechnicum, III 152

stops expulsion of Jews from Interior, III 154

becomes more reactionary, III 156 f

determines to uproot alien cultures in Russia, III 159 f

assassinated at Kiev, III 164

=Strakhov=, Russian official entrusted with conduct of Velizh

ritual murder case, II 76 ff

=Strashun, Mattathiah=, Talmudist and Maskil in Vilna, II 136

=Strelnikov=, Russian public prosecutor, calls upon Jews to leave

Russia, II 264 f

=Strigolnik, Carp=, founder of Strigolniki sect, I 36

=Strikes= adopted as revolutionary weapon, III 125 f

arranged by "Bund," III 130

=Stroganov=, Russian Minister of Interior, advocates liberal

attitude towards Jews, II 47

=Stroganov=, Count, governor-general of New Russia, advocates

emancipation of Jews, II 168 f

=Studzienski=, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 178 f

=Stundists=, the, rationalistic Christian sect in Russia, II

333

Jacob Gordin influenced by, II 333

=Stupnitza=, near Pshemyshl (Galicia), ritual murder libel at,

I 178

=Sub-Starosta=, Polish official, Jews subject to jurisdiction

of, I 60;

see Starosta

=Subbotin=, Russian economist, points out pauperism in Pale,

III 23

=Sudak=, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Sugdas=, locality in Crimea, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Summer Resorts=, Jews barred from, III 18 f

bill admitting Jews to, rejected, III 154

Jews expelled from, III 157

See Residence, Right of

=Superstition= rampant in Poland, I 203 f

=Supreme Secret Council=, official body in Russia (18th century),

I 249 f

=Surgeons=, see Physicians

=Suvar=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Suvarov=, Russian general, attacks Praga, suburb of Warsaw,

I 296

=Suvorin=, editor of _Novoye Vremya_, II 380

produces anti-Semitic play, III 38

=Svyatopolk II.=, prince of Kiev (1093-1113), favors Jews, I

=Svyatopolk-Mirski=, governor-general of Vilna and later Russian

Minister of Interior, pursues liberal policy, III 99, 105

dismissed, III 107

=Svyatoslav=, prince of Kiev, defeats Khazars, I 28

=Swedes=, the, invade Poland, I 154 ff

=Switzerland=, Zionist Congresses held in, III 44

=Syech=, name of Cossack Republic, I 143

=Syedletz= (_Polish_, Siedlce), pogroms at (1905), III 119, 140

=Syn Otyechestva ("Son of the Fatherland")=, Russian magazine,

protests against pogroms, III 35

=Synagogue=, in Bosporus, I 15 f

erection of, in Poland, requires royal permission, I 98

building of new S's., in Poland, forbidden (1720), I 171

erection of, near church in Russia, forbidden (1835), I 41

S's. in Moscow closed, II 397

Great S. of Moscow closed, I 423 ff, III 12

Jews fight for preservation of Moscow S., III 12 ff

=Synhedrion=, convoked by Napoleon, I 298, 351

convocation of, viewed with suspicion by Austria and Russia,

I 346 ff

represented by Russian Government both as anti-Jewish

and anti-Christian, I 348

influences Jews of Warsaw, I 386

fatal error of, in denying Jewish nationality, III 53

creation of, in Russia, advocated by Dyerzhavin, I 333

convocation of, in Russia suggested by Pestel, Russian revolutionary,

I 412

=Synod=, the, see Church Council

=Synod, Holy=, in Russia, issues circular against Napoleon, I

348

deals severely with "Judaizers," I 402 f

appoints Brafman, Jewish informer, instructor of Hebrew, II

187

presided over by Pobyedonostzev, II 245; III 9 f

=Syria=, emigration of Jews from, to Tauris, I 16

=Taganrog= (government of Yekaterinoslav), excluded from Pale,

II 346

=Talmud=, the, studied by Khazars, I 21

study of, pursued by early Russian Jews in Germany, I 33

predominant factor in Jewish education, I 114 ff

study of, stimulated by Jewish autonomy, I 121 ff

reigns supreme in Russia and Poland, I 195, 221, 264, 198 ff,

380, II 51

rejected by Frankists, I 214 f

burned at Kamenetz-Podolsk, I 215

importance of study of, minimized by Besht, founder of Hasidism,

I 224 ff

arrogance of students of, attacked by Besht's disciple, I 230

neglected by Hasidim, I 235

burning of, recommended by Polish reformers, I 282

opposed by Frank of Kreslavka, Jewish Mendelssohnian, I 331

regarded by Russian Council of State as source of Jewish suffering,

II 47

accused by Uvarov of demoralizing Jews, II 51

weakening and uprooting of, aimed at by Nicholas I., II 58,

criticised by David Friedländer, II 90

assailed by Abbé Chiarini in Warsaw, II 104

defended by I. B. Levinsohn, II 131

injuriousness of, emphasized by Russian Commission, II 195

attacked by Lutostanski, II 204

conceived by Lilienblum as factor in Jewish reform, II 236

attacked by Gubernatorial Commissions, II 275

rejected by New Israel Sect, II 334

=Talmud Torah=, Jewish public school in Poland, I 114, 118

maintained by Waads, I 195

in Moscow, placed in Synagogue, III 13

=Talno= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

=Taman Peninsula=, Greek city-republic on, I 14

Samkers, Jewish city on, I 23

owned by Guizolfi, Italian Jew, I 36

=Tannaim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200

=Tanyo=, philosophic work by Shneor Zalman, I 372, II 117

=Tarashkevich=, anti-Semitic priest in Velizh, II 77

=Targovitza= (_Polish_, Targowica), confederacy of, between Russians

and Poles (1792), I 292

=Tarku (Semender)=, Caucasian city, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Tarnopol= (Galicia), Meir of, Hebrew author, I 201

=Tarsus= (Asia Minor), Jewish community in, I 14

=Tatars=, the, Russia under dominion of, I 29

conquer Crimea, I 33

Jews of Crimea under rule of, I 34 ff

T. of Lemberg granted autonomy by Casimir the Great, I 53

barred from office and from keeping Christian domestics in

Lithuania, I 87

invade Polish border provinces and combated by Cossacks, I

142 f

form alliance with Cossacks under Khmelnitzki, I 144 ff, 150

spare Jewish prisoners, I 145, 157, 205

take Jews of Polonnoye captive, I 148

cause spread of Mohammedanism, I 254

=Tauri, or Taurians=, tribe, I 13 ff

=Taurian Bosporus=, see Kerch

=Taurian Chersonesus=, see Bosporus

=Tauris=, northern shores of Black Sea, I 13

immigration of Jews into, I 13 ff

Khazars move towards, I 19

bishops of, try to proselytize Khazars, I 20

remnant of Khazar kingdom in, I 28

ruled by Pechenegs and Polovtzis, I 29

retains name Khazaria, I 29

in relations with Kiev, I 33 ff

=Tavrida= (region, or government), extent of, I 13

Jews permitted to settle in (1791), I 316 f

Karaites settled in, I 318

included in Pale (1835), II 40, 428

pogroms in, III 115, 120, 128

Cities in:

Kerch, III 115, 120

Melitopol, III 115

Simferopol, III 115, 128

Mylta, II 428 f

=Tax=, under Polish régime, paid by Jews to Church, I 57 f

paid by Jews to Catholic academies (called Kozubales), I 161,

166

Polish king conditions protection to Jews on payment of, I

collected by Jews on estates of Shlakhta, I 93

apportioned by Waads and collected by Kahals, I 107, 181, 189

f, 197 f

Council of Four Lands declines responsibility for collection

of, I 194

increased (1717), I 169

changed into individual T. of two gulden per head (1764), I

197

raised to three gulden per head (1775), I 267

disproportionately assessed by Kahals, I 275

Jews of Minsk complain about abuses in collection of, I 275

paid on taking possession of real estate, I 190

paid for right of sojourn in Warsaw, I 269, II 95

imposed on Jews in lieu of conscription (1817), I 95;

(1831), I 107

=Tax=, under Russian régime, per capita T. of one rubel imposed

on Jews of White Russia (1772), I 307

Kahals of White Russia charged with collection of, I 309

Jews of annexed Polish provinces required to pay double T.

(1794), I 318

payment of double T. confirmed by Paul I., I 321

Karaites relieved from payment of double T., I 318

payment of double T. by Jews commented upon by "Jewish Committee"

(1804), I 341

manufacturers and artisans relieved from payment of double

T. (1801), I 344

Jewish deputies plead for abolition of double T., I 349

Kahals in Courland organized for collection of, I 321

estates, subject to payment of (so-called taxable estates),

hindered in right of transit, I 322

alleviations in payment of, promised to converts, I 397

in lieu of conscription, I 318;

II 15, 20

irregularity in payment of, punished by conscription, II 19

modification in payment of, suggested by Council of State,

II 49

Kahals limited to conscription and collection of (1844), I

revenue from meat or basket T., called _Korobka_, placed under

control of Russian authorities (1844), I 61

"auxiliary basket T." (on immovable property, etc.), instituted,

II 61

levied on Sabbath candles for maintenance of Crown schools,

I 61 f

levied on traditional Jewish dress in Russia (1843), II 110;

extended to Poland, I 110, 144

T. on passports waived in case of Jewish immigrants, I 418,

420

basket T. represented as Jewish system of finance, II 194

abuses of basket T. depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, II 232

Pahlen Commission inquires about purposes of basket T., II

370

use of basket T. for defraying emigration suggested by Russian

official, II 420

basket and candle T. for non-Jewish purposes, II 426 f

basket T. used to defray night raids upon Jews, III 20

=Tax Farming (and Tax Farmers)=, Jews engage in, in Poland, I

44, 67, 69, 71

in Lithuania, I 60, 65

forbidden by Church Councils, I 49

opposed by petty Shlakhta, I 77

forbidden by Piotrkov Diet of 1538, I 77 f

Shlakhta forces king to bar Jews from, I 182

law barring Jews from, upheld by rabbis, I 110

Kahals call upon Jews to refrain from, I 188

Jews from White Russia engage in, in Smolensk, I 249

class of Jewish tax farmers in Russia, II 72

Individual tax farmers:

Bezalel, I 167

Borukh Leibov, I 249

Abraham and Michael Yosefovich, I 73

Yosko, I 71

Saul Yudich, I 94

=Teachers, Jewish=, see Heder and School

"=Temporary Rules=" of May 3, 1882, known as May Laws, genesis

of, II 309 ff

contents of, II 312

effect of, II 318 f

old settlers permitted to stay in villages under, II 16

misconstrued to apply to old settlers, II 340 ff

check agriculture among Jews, III 24 f

=Tennyson=, English poet, expresses sympathy with Russian Jews,

II 258

=Teplitz, T.=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103

=Terentyeva, Mary=, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II 75 ff

exiled to Siberia for false accusation, II 82

=Territorialism= accepts idea of Pinsker's _Autoemancipation_,

II 332

rise of, III 41

born out of Zionist organization, III 185

secedes from Zionist organization, III 144

=Terrorism=, rampant under Alexander II., II 243

favored by Social-Revolutionary party, III 66, 109 f

Jews take small part in, III 67

acts of, committed by Jews, III 107

rampant in Poland and Baltic provinces (1905), III 130

used as pretext for pogroms, III 136

intensified after dissolution of First Duma, III 140

=Tetyev= (government of Kiev), massacre at, I 184

=Teutonic Order=, the, name explained, I 63

engages in war with Poland, I 63

=Theodosia=, see Kaffa

=Theodosius II.=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18

=Theodosius=, Abbot of Kiev monastery, persecutes Jews, I 31

=Theophanes=, Byzantine writer, quoted, I 18

"=Third Section=," the, see Police, Political

=Thorn= (_Polish_, Torun), annexed by Prussia (1793), I 292

=Tiberias= (Palestine), visited by Nahman of Bratzlav, I 383

=Tiflis= (Caucasia), anti-Semitic play produced at, III 38

=Tikhanovich=, chief of political police in Syedletz, engineers

pogrom, III 140

thanked by governor-general of Warsaw, III 141

=Tilsit, Peace of= (1807), leads to establishment of duchy of

Warsaw, I 297

affects policy of Alexander I. towards Jews, I 350

=Tlusta= (Galicia), Besht settles in, I 223

=Tobias=, of Ruzhany, martyr, I 162 f

=Tobolsk= (government), lands in, set aside for colonization

of Jews, II 71

=Toledo= (Spain), Jacob ben Asher rabbi of, I 118

=Tolstoi, Demetrius=, Minister of Interior, II 314

adopts energetic measures against pogroms, II 315

anti-pogrom circular of, quoted by United States Minister,

II 293

destroys plans of Pahlen Commission, II 370

takes into consideration economic importance of Jews, II 428

=Tolstoi, Leo=, preaches "Going to the People," II 222

keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325

preaches doctrine of non-resistance, II 371

protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia, II 387 f

condemns Kishinev massacre, III 76

protests against atrocities of Russian Government, III 149

=Tomsk= (Siberia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III 128

=Tosafists=, the, name explained, I 117

Rabbi Eliezer, of school of, quoted, I 43

work of, studied in Poland, I 117

method of, followed by Solomon Luria, I 125

=Totleben=, Russian governor-general of Vilna, opposes settling

of Jews in villages, II 276

checks pogroms, II 276

=Tovyanski= (_Polish_, Towianski), Polish mystic, preaches union

of Jews and Poles peoples, II 108

=Trades=, see Artisans

=Trade-Unions, or Trade-Guilds=, in Poland, hostile to Jews,

I 70, 74

=Trans-Caspian Region=, Akhal-Tekke, oasis in, suggested for

settlement of Jews, II 306

alien tribes of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Transportation Prisons=, term explained, II 403

exiled Moscow Jews placed in, II 403, 405 f

=Trepov=, Assistant-Minister of Interior, favors Jewish franchise,

III 122

=Trepov=, Chief of Police, orders suppression of revolution,

III 126

=Tribunal=, Crown T. in Poland, name explained, I 96

tries ritual murder cases, I 96, 100, 172 f

=Troitza Monastery=, near Moscow, II 203

=Troki= (province of Vilna), Crimean Jews settle in, I 35

Jewish community in, I 59

Karaites settle in, I 60

Jews expelled from (1495), I 65

=Troki, Isaac=, author of anti-Christian treatise, I 137 f

=Tromba, Nicholas=, archbishop of Gnesen, attends Synod of Constance

and presides over Synod of Kalish, I 57

=Troyanov= (Volhynia), tragic fate of Jewish self-defence at,

III 116 ff

=Trubetzkoy=, Russian commissioner, exonerates Jews of Mstislavl,

II 87

=Trubetzkoy=, professor, head of delegation to Nicholas II.,

III 122

=Trudoviki= ("Laborites"), Bramson, Jewish member of, III 134

lose in Third Duma, III 153

=Tsushima=, Russian fleet destroyed by Japanese in vicinity of,

III 119

=Tudela= (Spain), Benjamin of, Jewish traveller, I 32

=Tugendhold, Jacob=, Jewish assimilationist in Warsaw, II 98

refutes Abbé Chiarini, II 104

=Tugendhold, Wolf=, brother of former, censor in Vilna, II 136

=Tula= (government), "Judaizers" in, I 401 f

=Tulchinski, Borukh=, see Borukh of Tulchyn

=Tulchyn= (Podolia), Khmelnitzki massacre at, 146 f

residence of Pestel, Russian revolutionary, II 411

=Turgay, Territory of= (Central Asia), semi-civilized tribes

of, placed on level with Jews, II 367

=Turgenieff= (=Turgeniev=), Russian writer, II 210

influences S. J. Abramovich, II 231

keeps silent on Jewish persecutions, II 325

=Turish=, hasidic center, II 120

=Turkey=, takes over colony in Kaffa, I 34

Jewish center in, I 66

Polish Jews export goods to, I 68

Jews of Lithuania suspected of preparing to flee to, I 51

raided by Cossacks, I 143

Jewish prisoners of war carried by Tatars to, I 145, 157, 205

lays claim to Ukraina, I 159

Sabbatai Zevi carries on propaganda in, I 205, 210

influence of, on Polish Jewry, I 207 f

annexes part of Podolia (1672), I 208;

returns it to Poland (1699), I 208

Jacob Frank travels about in, I 212;

sent back from Poland to, I 213;

returns to Poland from, I 216

engages in war with Russia (1739), I 253 f

establishment of Jewish State in, suggested by Russian revolutionary,

I 412

Moses Montefiore pays visit to, II 68

_Bilu_ pioneers enter into negotiations with, II 322

hampers Palestinian colonization, II 375, 422, III 42

Dr. Herzl enters into negotiations with, III 45 f

Russian Government promises to exert influence over, in favor

of Zionism, II 83

=Twenty-One-Verst Zone=, see Border Zone

=Tver= (Central Russia), pogrom against intellectuals at, III

128

=Typography=, see Printing-Press

=Tzaddik= ("=The Righteous Man="), title of hasidic leader, rival

of rabbi, I 235

revered by Jewish masses, I 274; II 112

controls rabbinate in Russian South-west, I 371

gains foothold in Lithuania, I 372

type of, in Poland, resembles that of _Habad_, II 123

miraculous stories about, circulate among Hasidim, II 124

firmly entrenched, II 116 ff

forbidden by Russian Government to travel about, II 212

See Tzaddikism and Hasidism

=Tzaddikism= (cult of _Tzaddik_), as conceived by Besht, I 227

developed by Baer of Mezherich, I 230

practical consequences of, I 231 f

extreme formulation of, I 232 f

viewed with apprehension by Elijah of Vilna, I 374

triumphant in South-west, I 381

vulgar form of, rejected by

Shneor Zalman, I 382

degeneration of, I 382 f

extermination of, advocated by Kalmansohn, I 385

criticised by Pestel, Russian revolutionary, I 411

attacked by Maskilim, II 210;

see Tzaddik and Hasidism

=Tzarmis=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Uganda= (British East Africa), offered as Jewish settlement

to Zionists, III 84 f

=Ukase=, term explained, I 249;

spelling of word, I 6

=Ukraina= (=Ukraine=), name explained, I 140

part of, called Little Russia, invaded and annexed by Russia

(1654), I 153, 244 f

divided between Poland and Russia (1667), I 159

Jewish massacres in (1648), I 139 ff

part of, barred to Jews (1649), I 151;

reopened to Jews (1651), I 152

Jews decimated in, I 157

uprisings against Poles and Jews in (18th century), I 182 ff

Jewish massacres in, stimulate propaganda of Sabbatai Zevi,

I 205

talmudic culture deteriorates in, I 199

intellectual development of Jews in, differs from that in North-west,

I 221

character of Hasidism in, I 232, II 119 ff

type of Tzaddik in, I 233;

differs from that in Poland, II 123

Tzaddik dynasty of Chernobyl widely ramified in, I 382

Jews expelled from (1727), I 249

transfer of Polish Jews to, suggested, I 284

included in Pale (1794), I 317

Galatovski, Ukrainian writer, refers to Sabbatai Zevi, I 205

Russian revolutionaries appeal to Ukrainian people, II 274

Ukrainian cultural institutions suppressed by Russian Government,

III 160

See Russia, Little

=Ulrich Von Hutten=, epistles of, imitated in Hebrew, II 126

=Uman= (_Polish_, Human, province of Kiev), massacre at, I 184

Nahman of Bratzlav dies at, I 383

place of pilgrimage for Bratzlav Hasidim, I 383, II 122

=Uniat Church=, the, I 141

=Union of American Hebrew Congregations= appeals to United States

Government on behalf of Russian Jews, II 293

"=Union of Lublin=" (1569), I 88

=Unitarians=, the, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland, I

136

=United States of America=, Max Lilienthal emigrates to, II 59

Marcus Jastrow emigrates to, II 179

emigration of Russian Jews to, II 268 f, 297 f, 321, 327 f,

373 ff, 421, III 104

stirred by Warsaw pogrom, II 283

Government of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,

II 292 ff, 394 ff, 408 ff

Congress of, protests against Jewish persecutions in Russia,

II 294 ff, 394

Jewish center in, suggested as alternative by Pinsker, II 331

Jacob Gordin settles in, II 335

Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 374

economic condition of Jews in, II 374

Jewish emigrants in, said to wish for return to Russia, II

393

Government of, sends two Commissioners to Russia, II 407

exiled Moscow Jews emigrate to, II 413, 416

emigration to, embodied in Jewish pogrom of Dubnow, III 54

agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78

Kishinev massacre stimulates emigration to, III 85 f

fear of new Kishinev pogrom intensifies emigration to, III

ambassador of, in St. Petersburg, reported to have protested

against Jewish persecutions, III 96

emigration to, embodied in pogrom of Jewish National Party

in Russia, III 147 f

statistics of Jewish emigration to, III 148

Hebrew writers in, III 163

=University=, Polish Jews study at U. of Padua, I 132

"Statute of 1804" admits Jews to Russian U's., I 345

Jewish U. graduates admitted into Russian Interior and to civil

service (1861), II 166;

required to possess learned degree, II 165, 167;

requirement dropped (1879), II 167

Jewish U. graduates permitted to keep two Jewish servants in

Russian Interior, II 166;

fictitious servants of, II 344 ff

Jews with U. education permitted to live in villages and own

property (1904), III 98;

privilege extended to wives and children, III 99

Jewish U. students suspected of revolutionary leanings, II

348, III 28

admission of Jews to, restricted (1887), II 350;

placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f

restricted admission drives Jews into foreign U's, II 351,

III 31, 158;

and makes them antagonistic to Government, III 31

restricted admission to, abolished by professional councils

(1905), III 124;

restored (1907), III 152;

placed on Statute books (1908), III 157 f

See Education and School

=Ural=, territory of, semi-civilized tribes of placed on level

with Jews, II 367

=Urussov=, governor of Bessarabia, and later Assistant-Minister

of Interior, favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 93

discloses personal animosity of Nicholas II. against Jews,

III 93

issues warning against pogroms, III 97

reveals in _Memoirs_ Plehve's share in pogroms, III 97

discloses in Duma share of Russian Government in October pogroms,

III 126, 138

=Ushitza=, see Novaya Ushitza

=Ussishkin=, Russian Zionist leader, III 47

=Ustrugov=, deputy-governor of Bessarabia, persecutes Jews, III

assists in arranging Kishinev massacre, VIII 71

sued by Jews, III 92

=Uvarov, Sergius=, Minister of Public Instruction, endeavors

to spread enlightenment among Russian Jews, II 46 ff

lays plans before "Jewish Committee," II 50 ff

visits Lilienthal's school in Riga, II 52

negotiates with Lilienthal, II 53

instructs Lilienthal to enter into correspondence with Jewish

leaders in Western Europe, II 67

petitioned by Moses Montefiore on behalf of Russian Jews, II

plans of, received favorably by Jews of Vilna, II 136 f

See Lilienthal

=Valnyev=, Minister of Interior, favors admission of Jewish artisans

and mechanics into Russian Interior, II 169 f

=Vannovski=, Minister of War, restricts number of Jewish surgeons

in Russian army, II 319 f

accepts post of Minister of Public Instruction and curtails

admission of Jews to universities, III 29

=Varta= (_Polish_, Warta), Diet of (1423), restricts commercial

operations of Jews, I 58

=Varta= (_Polish_, Warta), river, lands on banks of, attract

Jews, I 39

=Vasa Dynasty=, of Swedish origin, rules in Poland, I 91

=Vasilchikov=, Count, governor-general of Kiev, favors admission

of Jewish artisans into Russian Interior, II 168

=Veitelson, Marcus=, Jewish deputy in St. Petersburg, I 393

=Velizh= (government of Vitebsk), ritual murder trial at, II

75 ff

Alexander I. passes through, and orders opening of case, II

Jews of, acquitted, II 83

=Venentit=, Slav tribe, subject to Khazars, I 26

=Venice=, Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland pass through,

I 209

Master Leon, Russian court physician, invited from, I 37

=Victoria=, Queen of England, recommends Moses Montefiore to

Nicholas I., II 68

=Vienna=, Jewish bankers in, petition Polish king on behalf of

Posen Jews, I 176

Jews of, assist Jewish Palestine pilgrims from Poland to reach

Constantinople, I 209

Congress of, inaugurates European reaction, I 359

Congress of, transfers duchy of Warsaw to Russia, I 390, II

Lieberman, Russian-Jewish socialist, publishes _ha-Emet_ in,

II 223

Smolenskin resides in, II 234;

and publishes _ha-Shahar_ in, II 218

secret circular of Plehve made known in, II 381

Dr. Herzl resides in, III 42

=Vigdorovich, Samuel=, rabbi of Vilna, engages in litigation

with Kahal, I 275 f

=Vilenski Vyestnik= ("The Vilna Herald"), publishes Brahman's

articles against Kahal, II 189

=Vilkomir= (government of Kovno), home of M. Lilienblum, II 236

=Villages=, transfer of Jews from to towns ordered by Catherine

II. (1795), I 319

Jews retained in, by land owners, I 323

Russian officials given wide powers in dislodging Jews from

(1797), I 323 f

expulsion of Jews from, decreed in Statute of 1804, I 343

projected expulsion from, affects half million Jews, I 346

expulsion checked by fear of Napoleon's invasion (1807), I

347 f

Jewish deputies plead for repeal, or postponement of expulsion

from, I 349

expulsion of Jews from, reaffirmed (1808), I 351

expulsion from, started, I 351

Alexander I. admits impossibility of removing Jews from (1809),

I 352

"Jewish Committee" advises against expulsion of Jews from (1812),

I 353 f

economic importance of Jews in, I 361 f

evil effects of endeavors to dislodge Jews from, I 362 f

renewal of effort to remove Jews from, I 405

Jews expelled from, in White Russia (1823), I 406 f

uselessness of expulsion from, in White Russia pointed out

by Council of State (1835), I 407 f, II 34 f

Jews expelled from, in government of Grodno (1827), II 30 f

expulsion of Jews from, in government of Kiev, decreed (1830),

II 33;

delayed, II 33;

objected to by Council of State and indefinitely postponed,

II 35

barred to Jews in government of Kiev and Little Russia in Statute

of 1835, II 40

barred to Jews in Fifty-Verst-Zone under same law, II 40

Jews of Poland permitted to live in (1862), II 181, 367;

permission invalidated by restriction of property rights

(1891), 367

Jews of Poland permitted to acquire land in (1862), II 172,

181;

permission withdrawn as result of Polish insurrection (1864),

II 173

exclusion of Jews from, recommended by Totleben, governor-general

of Vilna, II 276

complete elimination of Jews from, recommended by "Jewish Committee"

(1882), II 310

expulsion of old settlers objected to by Committee of Ministers,

II 311

Jews forbidden to settle anew in, and to acquire property in

("Temporary Rules" of May 3, 1882), II 312

remain closed to Jews, II 318

old Jewish settlers expelled from, by peasant communes, II

318 f

peasants encouraged to expel old Jewish settlers from, II 319,

340

Jews in, harassed by Russian officials, II 340 ff

thousands of Jews expelled from, in governments of Chernigov

and Poltava, II 341

disabilities of Jews in, commented upon by Pahlen Commission,

II 366

discharged Jewish soldiers, being regarded as "new settlers,"

barred from returning to, II 384

towns transferred into, and barred to Jews (1890), II 385;

reopened to Jews (1903), III 80 f

policy of eliminating Jews from, continued under Nicholas II.,

III 16 ff

Jews dislodged from, by introduction of liquor monopoly (1894),

III 23

privileged Jews, though admitted into Interior, prohibited

from acquiring property in (1903), III 81;

exception made for Jews with higher education (1904), III

wholesale expulsions of Jews from (1910), III 157

See Expulsion, and Residence, Right of

=Villani, Matteo=, Italian chronicler, quoted, I 52

=Vilna= (_Polish_, Wilna, city), superseded by Warsaw as capital,

I 85

conquered by Russians (1654), I 154, 245

surrendered by Poles, I 155

Lithuanian Hetman resides in, I 192

anti-Jewish riots in (under Polish Régime), I 94, 99, 161,

166;

by invading Russian troops, I 245

Jews of, permitted to engage, in petty trade, I 99

Jews of, restricted to "Jewish Street" and placed under jurisdiction

of Municipal Courts (1633), I 99

Jewish community of, represented on Lithuanian Waad, I 112

Kahal of, engaged in litigation with rabbi of, I 275 f

Jews of, support Polish troops fighting against Russians (1792),

I 292

Christian burghers of, protest to Alexander I., against admission

of Jews to city-government (1805), I 370

Jews of, barred from city-government in (1805), I 370

exclusion of Jews from city-government of, confirmed in Statute

of 1835, II 41

hasidic societies secretly organized in, I 237

visited by Shneor Zalman to request interview with Gaon, I

238

Kahal of, excommunicates Hasidim (1772), I 237, 371;

(1796), II 371, 373

Hasidim reside "illegally" in, I 372

Kahal of, sends out messengers to stir up anti-hasidic agitation,

I 373

Hasidim of, rejoice over death of Gaon, I 375

Kahal elders of, vow to avenge insult to Gaon, I 375;

and denounce Hasidism to Government, I 375 f

Hasidim arrested in, I 376

Hasidim of, depose Kahal elders, I 377

conference of Jewish deputies at (1815), I 393 f

Kahal of, pleads for abolition of cantonists, II 36

Kahal of, complains to Council of State about Jewish disabilities,

II 38;

and begs permission to send spokesmen to St. Petersburg,

II 39

printing-press in, II 42, 127

censorship committee in, II 44

visited by Max Lilienthal, II 54

Maskilim of, promise support to Lilienthal, II 55;

and form his mainstay, II 136

Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174;

closed (1873), II 177;

graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212

Teachers' Institute in, II 177

pupils of both Institutes form revolutionary circle in, II

223

visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68

center of Haskalah, II 132 ff

Maskilim circle in, II 136 ff

residential restrictions in, abolished by Alexander II., II

172

Brafman carries on anti-Jewish agitation in, II 187 ff, 240

pauperism among Jews of, III 24

Blondes, Jewish barber in, accused of ritual murder, II 37

Jewish labor movement in, III 55

"Bund" holds convention in (1897), III 56

Lekkert, Jewish workingman in, assails governor of Vilna,

III 66 f

Dr. Herzl enthusiastically received by Jews of, III 84

Jews of, assured by Svyatopolk-Mirski of just treatment, III

Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108;

and demands self-determination, III 109

league for Attainment of Equal Rights formed in (1905), III

111

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121 f

place of publication, II 115, 126, 131, 134, 136, 226

_ha-Karmel_, published in, II 217

_ha-Zeman_, Hebrew daily, published in, III 162

Sabbatai Cohen (_Shak_), famous Talmudist, native of, I 130,

157 f

Budny, Christian theologian, of, I 136

Moses Rivkes, Talmudist, of, I 200

Elijah of; see Elijah of Vilna Masalski, bishop of, employs

Berek Yoselovich, I 294

Saul Katzenellenbogen, rabbi of, II 115

M. A. Ginzberg, Hebrew writer, resident of, II 133

Abraham Baer Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, resident of, II 134 f

Micah Joseph Lebensohn, Hebrew poet, native of, II 226

Levanda, Russian-Jewish writer, resident of, II 239

S. M. Dubnow, author of present work, resident of, III 112

See Vilna (government)

=Vilna= (province or government), annexed by Russia (1795), I

297

included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1835), I 39

includes later government of Kovno, I 317

Jews of, invited to elect deputies (1807), I 349

Poles threaten to massacres Russians and Jews in, I 357

Samuel Epstein elected Jewish deputy from, I 393

Poles and Jews forbidden to acquire estate in (1864), II 173

placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188

Friesel, governor of, suggests Jewish reforms, I 325 ff

governor of, testifies to loyalty of Jews to Russia (1812),

I 357

governor-general of, opposes admission of Jewish artisans into

Russian Interior, II 168

Muravyov, governor-general of, pursues policy of Russification,

II 183, 239

Totleben, governor-general of, favors forbidding Jews to settle

in villages, II 276

Kakhanov, governor-general of, insults Jewish deputation of

welcome, II 383

governor of, favors abrogation of Pale (1895), III 11

Pahlen, governor of, favors mitigation of restrictive laws,

III 93

Svyatopolk-Mirski, governor-general, promises Jewish deputation

favorable treatment of Jews, III 99

Localities in:

Ilya, II 114

Mikhailishok, II 134

Troki, see Troki

Volozhin, I 380, II 57, 113

=Vinaver, M.=, Russian-Jewish lawyer, acts as counsel for Jewish

victims of Kishinev pogrom, III 92;

and Homel pogrom, III 102

member of Central Bureau of League for Equal Rights, III 112

elected president of League for Equal Rights, III 134

deputy to First Duma, III 134

leader of Constitutional Democratic party, III 134

denounces in Duma oppression of Jews, III 136; and pogroms,

III 139

head of Jewish People's Group, III 146

=Vinchevski, M.=, publishes Hebrew periodical _Asefat Hakamim_,

II 223

=Vinnitza=, Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidim,

I 373

=Virgil, Aeneid of=, translated into Hebrew, II 226

=Visconti=, papal nuncio at Warsaw, ordered to report on ritual

murder trial in Poland, I 179

=Vishniovetzki= (_Polish_, Wisniowiecki), =Count Jeremiah=, Polish

commander, protects Jews against Cossacks, I 149, 161

=Vishniovetzki= (_Polish_, Wisniowiecki), =Michael=, Polish king

(1669-1673), son of former, ratifies Jewish privileges, I 160

=Vistula=, river, lands on banks of, attract Jews, I 39

provinces on banks of, invaded by Swedes, I 154

Plotzk, on banks of, I 243

Poles perish in, defending Warsaw against Russians, I 296

Hasidism established on banks of, I 384

Gher, or Goora Kalvarya, on left bank of, II 122

Poles admit only "one nation on banks of," III 168

=Vital, Hayyim=, Cabalist, I 134

=Vitebsk= (city), Jews of, defend city against invading Russians,

I 154

Jews of, robbed by Cossacks and maltreated or exiled, I 154

Jews of, made prisoners of war by Russians, I 245

Mendel of, hasidic leader, I 234, II 117

Dyerzhavin writes "Opinion" on Jews in, I 330

pogrom at, III 101

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121

See Vitebsk (government)

=Vitebsk= (government), annexed by Russia (1772), I 186, 262

Jews from, made prisoners of war by Russia, I 245

formerly called government of Polotzk, I 307, 315, 317

forms part of White Russia, I 307, 315

included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1835), II 40

Jews of, visit Smolensk and Moscow, I 315

Jews of, invited to elect deputies, I 349

Jewish deputies from, I 393

expulsion of Jews from villages of, begun (1808), I 351

Jews, expelled from villages of, economically ruined, I 364

Jews elected to municipal offices in, I 368

expulsion of Jews from villages of, decreed (1823), I 406

Supreme Court acquits Velizh Jews accused of ritual murder,

II 76

placed under jurisdiction of Muravyov, II 188

Cities in:

Kreslavka, I 331

Polotzk, I 243

Velizh, II 75

See Vitebsk (city), and Russia, White

=Vitovt= (also Vitold, or Witold; _Polish_, Witowt), grand duke

of Lithuania (1388-1430) protects Jews of Lithuania, I 35

grants Jews charter (1388) and additional privileges (1389),

I 59

=Vladimir= (_Polish_, Wlodzimierz Volhynia), early Jewish community

in, I 59

=Vladimir=, prince of Kiev, receives Khazar Jews (986), I 30

=Vladimir, Monomakh=, prince of Kiev, stops anti-Jewish riots,

I 32

=Vladimir=, grand duke, brother of Alexander III., holds Russian

revolutionaries responsible for pogroms, II 260

=Vladimir=, archbishop (Mitropolit) of St. Petersburg, encourages

pogroms, III 125

=Vladislav= (also Wladislaus and Leidislaus; _Polish_,

Wladyslaw), =Lokietek=, Polish ruler, unites Great

Poland and Little Poland, and assumes royal title

(1319), I 42, 50

=Vladislav= (_Polish_, Wladyslaw) IV., Polish king (1632-1648),

I 91

tolerant to other creeds, I 97

confirms Jewish privileges, I 98

makes erection of synagogues and establishment of cemeteries

dependent on royal permission, I 98

restricts Jews in response to anti-Jewish petitions, I 98 f

uprising of Khmelnitzki during reign of, I 144

dies during uprising, I 145

offered, as crown prince, Russian throne (1610), I 244

=Voislovitza=, near Lublin, Jews of, accused of ritual murder,

I 178 f

=Volfovich, Simeon=, denounces abuses of Vilna Kahal, I 276

persecuted and imprisoned, I 276

advocates abolition of Kahal, I 276

=Volga=, river, Khazars move towards banks of, I 19

Khazar capital situated at mouth of, I 23, 26, 28

called Ityl by Khazars, I 26, 28

bodies of alleged ritual murder victims found in, II 150

=Volhynia= (_Polish_, Volyn), forms part of Lithuania, I 59

ceded to Poland (1569), I 110

controlled economically by Polish magnates, I 140

uprising against Poles in (1648), I 145

returned to Poland (1667), I 159

annexed by Russia (1793), I 292

included in Pale (1794), I 317, (1804), I 342;

(1835), II 39

called formerly government of Izyaslav, I 317

Cossack massacres in (1648), I 148 f

Jews decimated in, I 157

Jews of, slain by haidamacks (18th century), I 182 f

Jewish _arendar_ of, oppressed by Polish squire, I 266

Jews of, suffer from Polish civil war (1792), I 292

Polish nobility of, advocates anti-Jewish restrictions, I 324

Jews of, hold conference and decide to appeal to Tzar (1798),

I 324 f

Jews of, invited by Alexander I. to elect deputies, I 349

woolen mills established by Jews in, I 363

Jews of, indifferent towards Polish revolution (1831), I 107

statistics of Jews in, II 194

pogroms in, II 256

represented on Council of Four Lands, I 110

Jewish Provincial Assembly (or Dietine) of, I 113; called "Volhynia

Synagogue," I 196

Talmudism deteriorates in, I 199

intellectual development of Jews of, differs from that in North-west,

I 221

Besht travels about in, I 224

Baer of Mezherich, hasidic preacher in, I 227

Hasidism spreads in, I 229, 274

becomes hasidic headquarters, I 229 f

Hasidism triumphant in, I 371, II 119 f

Gubernatorial Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon, against

Hasidism, I 373

Isaiah Horowitz (_Shelo_), Cabalist, rabbi in, I 135

Levi Itzhok of Berdychev, leader of Hasidim in, I 382

Menashe Ilyer, Talmudist and writer, resides in, II 115

Isaac Baer Levinsohn, native of, II 125 ff

rabbis of, request Levinsohn to refute blood accusation, II

131

Localities in:

Chudnov, III 117

Kremenetz, II 125[65]

Old (Staro-)-Constantinov, II 21 f

Ostrog, I 125

Rovno, III 99

Slavuta, II 42, 123

Troyanov, III 116

Zaslav, I 116, 177

Zhitomir, see Zhitomir

=Volkspartei=, see Jewish National Party

=Volozhin= (government of Vilna), yeshibah of, established by

Hayyim Volozhiner, pupil of Vilna Gaon (1803), I 380 f

sends forth large number of pupils, II 113

Itzhok Itzhaki, president of, member of Rabbinical Commission,

II 57

=Volozhiner, Hayyim=; see Volozhin

=Voltaire=, praises polemical treatise of Isaac Troki, I 138

=Vorontzov=, governor-general of New Russia, protests against

proposed "assortment" of Jews by Nicholas I., II 64 ff, 142

=Voronyezh= (city and government), "Judaizers" spread in, I 401

archbishop of, reports to Government on "Judaizers," I 401

Senate refers to "Judaizers" in, I 404

pogrom in city of (1905), III 130

=Voskhod ("The Sunrise")=, Jewish weekly and monthly, in Russian,

published in St. Petersburg, II 221, 277, 332, 372, III 162

opposes organizing of emigration, as subversive of emancipation,

II 298 f

protests against anti-Semitic speech of governor-general of

Kiev, II 317

opposes "Love of Zion" movement, II 332

suppressed by censor, II 407

publishes Dubnow's "Letters on Old and New Judaism," III 52

leaning towards nationalism, III 59

suppressed for protesting against Kishinev massacre, III 77

appeals to patriotism of Jews in Russo-Japanese War, III 94

warns against impending pogroms, III 96

confiscated by censor, III 98

points out rightlessness of Jews, III 124

=Voyevodas= (_Polish_, Wojewoda), high Polish officials, name

and functions of, explained, I 46

correspond to _Starostas_ in Lithuania, I 60

exercise, as representatives of sovereign, special jurisdiction

over Jews, I 46, 94

V. courts, see Courts

Jewish Dietines assemble by order of, I 196 f

instructed by Stephen Batory to protect Jews, I 89

accept bribes, I 76

begin to oppress Jews, I 169

V. of Cracow accepts bribes from Jews and their opponents,

I 76

V. of Kiev owns city of Uman, I 184

V. of Lemberg, or Red Russia, upholds prestige of Kahal, I

190;

grants constitution to Kahal of Lemberg (1692), I 191

V. of Vilna sides with Kahal against rabbi, I 276;

imprisons Simeon Volfovich, opponent of Kahal, I 276

=Voyevodstvo= (_Polish_, Wojewodstwo), name for Polish province,

term explained, I 46, 76

=Voznitzin, Alexander=, captain in Russian navy, converted by

Borukh Leibov to Judaism, I 251 f

burned at stake in St. Petersburg (1738), I 253

=Vperyod= ("=Forward="), Russian revolutionary periodical in

London, II 223

=Vratislav=, prince of Bohemia, robs Jews fleeing to Poland,

I 41

=Vyatka= (government) cantonists carried to, II 24

=Vyborg= (Finland), V. Manifesto, protesting against dissolution

of First Duma, signed by Jewish deputies, III 139

signatories to, prosecuted, III 142

=Vyelepolski=, Marquis, Polish statesman, secures assent of Alexander

II. to Act of Emancipation of Polish Jews (1862), II 181, 195

=Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev= ("Herald of Russian Jews"), Russian

Jewish periodical, II 221

=Waad Arba Aratzoth= ("Council of Four Lands"), central organization

of Polish Jewry, pronunciation of word _Waad_, I 108

grows out of conferences of rabbis and Kahal leaders, I 108

which meet at fair of Lublin, I 109;

at initiative of Shalom Shakhna, rabbi of Lublin, I 123;

exercising judicial as well as administrative and legislative

functions, I 109 f

presided over by Mordecai Jaffe, I 127

presided over by Joshua Falk Cohen, I 128

meets periodically at Lublin and Yaroslav, I 110, 194

composition of, I 110

provincial _Waads_ represented on, I 113, 196 f

oligarchic character of, I 195

acts as court of appeals, I 111

decides litigations between Kahals, I 193

activities of, stimulate rabbinical learning, I 126 f

regulates inner life of Jews, I 111 f, 152, 188 f

concerned about maintenance of Talmud Torahs and yeshibahs,

I 195

exercises censorship over Hebrew books, I 195 f

issues _herem_ against Frankists, I 214

appoints _Shtadlans_ to represent Jews before Government, I

111, 193

apportions head-tax among Kahals, I 181, 189 f, 194

authority of, in apportioning head-tax upheld by King Sobieski

(1687), I 194

authority of, undermined by withdrawing right of apportioning

head-tax (1764), I 181, 197

meetings of, forbidden by diet; of 1764, I 198

=Waad Kehilloth Rashioth Di-Medinath Lita= ("Council

of the Principal Communities of the Province of

Lithuania"), central organization of Lithuanian Jews,

formed in 1623, I 112

provincial Waads represented on, I 113, 196

meets periodically, I 194

functions of, I 112 f

cultivates Jewish education, I 195

appoints _Shtadlans_ to represent Jews before Government, I

193

apportions head-tax among Jews, I 181

=Waddington=, English representative at Berlin Congress, favors

emancipation of Jews, I 202

=Wagenseil=, German professor, publishes Isaac Troki's _Hizzuk

Emuna_, I 138

=Wahl, Saul=, legendary king of Poland, I 94

=Wahl, Von=, governor of Vilna, flogs Jewish workingmen, I 67

=Wallachia=, Jacob Frank settles in, I 212

Besht born on border of, I 222;

see Moldavo-Wallachia

=Warsaw= (_Polish_, Warszawa), capital of Poland, I 85, 111

capital of duchy of Warsaw, I 298

meeting-place of Polish diet, I 76, 98, 99, 111, 160, 165,

169, 171, 181, 278, II 96;

see Diet

Khmelnitzki moves towards, I 151

conquered by Swedes (1655), I 154

Russia maintains Resident at, I 279

besieged by Russian troops (1794), I 293

stormed by Suvarov, I 296

annexed by Prussia (1795), I 296;

held by it (1796-1806), I 385

granted right of excluding Jews, I 85, 268

Jews permitted temporary visits to, I 111, 268

Serafinovich, converted Jew, invited to disputation in, to

prove blood accusation, I 173 f

Jews of, appeal to Polish king on behalf of Posen Jews, I 176

Visconti, papal nuncio at, instructed to report on ritual murder

cases, I 177

Jacob Frank, baptized at, I 217 f;

arrested at, and exiled to Chenstokhov, I 218;

returns to, I 219

Jews permitted to stay in, during sessions of diet (1768),

I 268

procedure in admitting Jews to, I 269

Jews pay tax for sojourn in, I 269, II 95

Polish dignitaries rent houses to Jews in outskirts of, I 269

"New Jerusalem," district in, I 269

Jews expelled from (1775), I 269

Jews return surreptitiously to, I 269 f, 285

burghers of, demand expulsion of Jews, I 285 f

anti-Jewish riot at (1790), I 286 f

Jews expelled from (1790), I 287

Jews volunteer in defence of, I 293

siege of, arouses patriotism of Berek Yoselovich, I 294;

appeal for special Jewish regiment, II 295

Jews display heroism in defence of, I 296

Jews barred from principal streets of, (1809), I 300, II 94;

exception made for widow of Berek Yoselovich, I 304

assimilated Jews of, plead for special privileges, I 300

representatives of Jewish community of, complain about disabilities,

I 301 f

"Enlightenment" among Jews of, I 385

visited by Moses Montefiore, II 68

visited by Altaras of Marseilles, II 69

Tugendhold, Jewish assimilator in, II 98

Jewish assimilators in, II 100 ff

Congregational Board of, objects to special Jewish regiment,

II 106

Jewish militia participates in defence of (1831), II 106

Congregational Board of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg

to plead for equal rights, II 110

adherents of hasidic dynasty of Gher numerous in, II 122

assimilation in, II 177 f;

assumes menacing proportions, II 213

Jews of, display Polish patriotism in uprising against Russia

(1861-1863), II 179 ff

pogrom at (1881), II 280 ff

archbishop of, endeavors to check pogrom, II 283

prominent Poles of, offer to organize civil guard for protection

of Jews, II 283;

offer refused by governor-general of, II 283

number of writers arrested at, II 291

effect of pogrom in, upon Western Europe and America, II 283,

287

governor-general of, reports to Tzar on pogroms in, II 284

pogrom in, welcomed by Central Jewish Committee, II 310

center of "Love of Zion" movement, II 376

Jewish labor movement in, III 55

economic progress of Jews in, III 166

Jews of, instrumental in election of socialistic deputy to

Duma, III 167

Hebrew papers and periodicals published in, II 333, 372, III

58, 60, 162

Yiddish papers and periodicals published in, III 59, 162

Goora Kalvarya (Gher), in vicinity of, II 122

Kotzk, in vicinity of, I 303, II 122

Praga, suburb of, I 294

=Way, Lewis=, representative of London Bible Society, I 397

submits memorandum to Alexander I. pleading for Jewish emancipation,

I 398

memorandum of, laid before Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

=Weber=, United States Commissioner to Russia, II 407

=Wertheimer=, banking house of, in Vienna, exerts influence over

Polish king, I 176

=Wessely, Naphtali Hirz=, Hebrew poet, compared with A. B. Lebensohn,

II 135

=Western Europe=, Jewish diaspora in, I 13

emigration from, into Poland, I 39 ff

leading Jews of, invited by Russian Government to participate

in work of enlightenment, II 67

Jews of, intercede on behalf of Russian Jews, II 67 ff

public opinion of, influences Russia, II 262

effect of Warsaw pogrom on, II 283, 287

emigration from Russia to, II 321, 408, 413

Political Zionism originates in, III 42, 46

Jews of, deny Jewish nationalism, III 53

public opinion of, agitated over Kishinev massacre, III 78

"=Western Region=," term explained, II 16

number of Jews in, II 168

Jews form majority of population in cities of, III 11

=Westminster=, duke of, addresses Guildhall meeting in London

against oppression of Russian Jews, II 390 f

=White, Arnold=, member of English parliament, sent by Baron

Hirsch to Russia, II 417

discusses Jewish question with Russian dignitaries, II 417

visits Pale and is favorably impressed by Jews, II 418

recommends regulation of emigration, II 418

dispatched to Russia a second time, II 419

=White Russia=, see Russia, White

_Wine_ grown by Jews in Palestine, II 376;

see Liquor

=Witsen=, burgomaster of Amsterdam, petitions Peter the Great

to admit Jews into Russia, I 246

=Witte=, Russian Minister of Finance, advocates liquor monopoly

as means of dislodging Jews from villages, III 17;

and eliminating Jewish "exploitation," III 22

favors mitigation of Jewish disabilities, III 107 f

Jews address petitions for equal rights to, III 108 f

receives, as president of Council of State, memorandum on pogroms,

III 125

appointed Prime Minister, author of manifesto of October 17,

1905, III 127

adopts policy of oppression, III 131

League for Equal Rights votes down proposal to send delegation

to, III 131

=Wolff, Sir H. D.=, member of English parliament, interpellates

Government concerning pogroms, II 262

=Worms, Baron Henry De=, member of English parliament, interpellates

Government concerning pogroms, II 262

Gladstone replies to interpellation of, II 292

=Yadviga= (_Polish_, Jadwiga), Polish queen, marries Yaguello,

grand duke of Lithuania (1386), I 54

Yaguello, Vladislav II. (_Polish_, Wladyslaw Jagiello), king

of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania (1386-1434), I 54

converted from paganism to Catholicism, I 55

restricts commercial operations of Jews, I 58

Lithuania ruled by Vitovt, as representative of, I 59

extinction of Y. dynasty, I 88 f, 91

=Yalta=, health resort in Crimea, Jews expelled from, II 428

f, III 18 f

=Yampol= (Volhynia), ritual murder trial at, I 178

=Yaroshevski=, Russian-Jewish novelist and physician, protests

against affront to Jewish army surgeons, II 320

=Yaroslav= (_Polish_, Jaroslaw; Galicia), meeting-place of Council

of Four Lands, I 110, 194

=Yekaterinoslav= (city), Orshanski, Russian-Jewish writer, native

of, II 238

pogrom at (1883), II 358 ff;

(October, 1905), III 128

=Yekaterinoslav= (government), territory of, raided by Turks

and defended by Cossacks, I 143

territory of, opened to Jews (1791), I 316

tract of land in, set aside for Jewish converts (1820), I 400

included in Pale (1794), I 317;

(1835), II 403

Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72

Rostov and Taganrog transferred from, to territory of Don army

and barred to Jews (1887), II 346

pogroms in (1883), II 360

=Yelisavetgrad= (government of Kherson), Government agents appear

in, to prepare pogroms, II 248

pogroms at (1881), II 249 ff, 333; (October, 1905), III 128

"Spiritual Biblical Brotherhood," heterodox Jewish sect, founded

by Jacob Gordin in (1881), II 333 f

=Yellow Waters= (_Polish_, Zolte Wody), Polish army defeated

by Cossacks near, I 145

=Yemetyanov, Theodore=, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 75

=Yeremyeyeva=, Russian woman, accuses Jews of Velizh of ritual

murder, II 75

convicted by Council of State, II 82

=Yeshibah, or Talmudic Academy=, imparts higher rabbinical education,

I 114 f

secular studies excluded from, I 120, 277

maintained by Council of Four Lands, I 195

sanctioned by Sigismund II. under name of _gymnazium_, I 115

head of, or _rosh-yeshibah_, granted wide powers by Polish

Kings, I 115 f;

enjoys great distinction, I 119

Y's spread all over Poland and Lithuania, I 115 f

Y's of Lithuania adopt method of Talmud study of Vilna Gaon,

I 380 f

important Y's in Lithuania, II 113 f

negative effect of, II 113 f

placed under Government supervision (1842), II 56

Joshua Falk Cohen, head of, in Lemberg, I 128

Moses Isserles, head of, in Cracow, I 123

Nathan Spira, head of, in Cracow, I 135

Isaiah Horowitz (_Shelo_), studies in, of Lemberg and Cracow,

I 135

Eliezer, head of, in Homel, I 150

Abel Gumbiner, head of, in Kalish, I 200

Hayyim Volozhiner, head of, in Volozhin, I 381

Itzhok Itzhaki, head of, in Volozhin, II 57

=Yesod Hama'Alah=, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375

=Yevrey=, Russian term for Jew, officially introduced, I 320

=Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka ("Jewish Library")=, Jewish periodical

in Russian, II 221

Orshanski contributes to, II 238

=Yevreyskaya Starina ("Jewish Antiquity")=, Jewish periodical

in Russian, III 160

_Yevreyski Mir_ ("Jewish World"), Jewish weekly in Russian, III

162

=Yezierski=, Polish statesman, chairman of Jewish Commission

of Polish Diet, I 287

recognizes economic importance of Polish Jews, I 287 f

defends Jews in Diet, I 289

=Yiddish=, brought by Jews from Germany, I 43, 114

translations of prayers in, used by women, I 121

read by women and lower classes, I 202

Mendel Lewin translates Bible into, I 388; attacked by Tobias

Feder, I 388

Y. press, II 217 f, III 58 f, 162

Y. literature, III 61 ff, 162

Mendele Mokher Sforim turns to, II 232

Gordin writes plays in, II 335

Frug, Russian-Jewish poet, writes in, III 63, 78

used as propaganda means by Jewish Labor movement, III 56 f

position of, hotly discussed, III 161

adherents of (Yiddishists), III 161

=Yosefovich, Hirsh=, rabbi of Khelm, author of Polish pamphlet

defending Jews, I 283

=Yosefovich, Abraham=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 73

converted to Christianity and appointed Chancellor of Lithuanian

Exchequer, I 73

=Yosefovich, Michael=, brother of former, Jewish tax-farmer in

Poland, 172 f

appointed by Sigismund I. "senior" of Lithuanian Jews, I 72

f, 104

=Yoselovich= (_Polish_, Joselowicz) =Berek=, Polish-Jewish patriot,

I 293 ff

accompanies Bishop Masalski to Paris, I 294

offers to form special Jewish regiment, I 294 f

regiment of, displays heroism, I 296

flees to France, I 296 f

returns to Poland and dies heroic death, I 303

eulogized by Pototzki, I 303 f

widow of, granted special permission to sell liquor, I 304

=Yosko=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 71

=Yudich, Saul=, Jewish tax-farmer in Lithuania, I 94

possibly identical with Saul Wahl, legendary king of Poland,

I 94

=Yurkevich, Peter=, accused of stealing host for Jews, I 101

=Yurkovski=, Moscow police commissioner, makes raid on Jews,

II 403

=Yushkevicher, Yankel=, of Saratov, accused of ritual murder,

II 151

sentenced, with son, to penal servitude, II 152

pardoned by Alexander II. through intercession of Crémieux,

II 153

=Zadok=, Messianic propagandist in Lithuania, I 208

=Zaleshkovska, Catherine=, suspected of leanings towards Judaism

and burned at stake, I 79 f

=Zalman Shneorsohn=, or =Zalman Borukhovich=; see Shneor Zalman

=Zamyatin=, Minister of Justice, defends Jews of Saratov accused

of ritual murder, II 152

=Zamoiski, Andreas=, Polish chancellor, suggests reforms for

Jews of Poland, I 271 ff

=Zamoshch= (_Polish_, Zamosc), Joel Baal-Shem of, I 203

=Zangwill, Israel=, founder of Territorialism, III 144

=Zaporozhians=, the, or =Zaporozhian Cossacks=, name explained,

I 143

raid Turks and fight Tatars, I 143

cultivate relations with Ukrainian Cossacks, I 143

form alliance with Tatars, I 144

exterminate Jews and Poles, I 145 f

plunder Jews of Vitebsk, I 154

form bands attacking Poles and Jews, I 182 f

petition Russian Government to admit Jews to fairs of Little

Russia, I 250

See Cossacks

=Zarudny=, Council of Jewish victims of Homel pogrom, III 102

=Zaryadye=, part of Moscow illegally inhabited by Jews, II 403

=Zaslav= (_Polish_, Zaslaw; Volhynia), Cossack massacre at (1648),

I 149

ritual murder case in (1747), I 172, 177 f

Nathan Hannover of, see Hannover, Nathan

=Zayonchek=, Polish general, flees from Poland, I 296

appointed viceroy of Poland, II 91

opposes measures in favor of Jews, II 93

makes insulting remark about Jews, II 94

=Zborov, Treaty of=, between Poles and Cossacks (1649), I 151

not kept by Polish Government, I 152

=Zebulun=, king of Khazars, I 26

=Zederbaum, Alexander=, editor of _ha-Melitz_ in St. Petersburg,

II 217

refutes charge of ritual murder, I 204

publishes _Vyestnik Russkikh Yevreyev_, I 221

=Zelenoy=, city-governor of, warns Jews to use polite manners,

II 383

=Zelig=, see Jacob Selig

=Zelikin, Isaac=, called Rabbi Itzele, secures acquittal of Mstislavl

Jews, II 86 f

=Zelva= (province of Grodno), rabbis issue _herem_ against Hasidim

at fair of, I 237

=Zemstvos= (local self-governments in Russia), term explained,

II 173

Jews admitted to (1864), II 173

rights of, curtailed by Alexander III., II 379, 386

Jews barred from (1890), II 385 f

liberal Z. voice desire for constitution, III 7 f

refuse to appoint Jewish physicians, III 27

conference of, in St. Petersburg protests against autocracy

(1904), III 105

combined deputation to Nicholas II. of municipalities and Z.

express desire for abolition of restrictions (1905), III 122

=Zetlin, Yevzik=, of Velizh, arrested on charge of ritual murder,

II 75, 77

=Zetlin, Hannah=, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II

=Zeno=, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews, I 18

=Zhelezniak=, Cossack leader, massacres Jews (1768), I 183 f

=Zhitomir=, see Zhytomir

=Zhmud= (Samogitia) region in North-west Russia, I 293, II 133

=Zhukhovski, Stephen=, Polish priest, accuses Jews of ritual

murder, I 172 f

=Zhyd= (and =Zhydovski=), Russian derogatory appellation for

Jew, I 184, 320, 403, II 14, 78, III 155

officially abolished by Catherine II., I 320

=Zhytomir= (_Polish_, =Zytomir=; Volhynia), ritual murder trial

at (1753), I 178

Kahal of, appealed to by Vilna Gaon against Hasidism, I 373

printing-press of, II 43

Rabbinical Institute opened in (1847), II 59, 174;

closed (1873), II 177;

graduates of, un-Jewish, II 212

Teachers Institute in, closed (1873), II 177

old privilege of, excluding Jews from parts of town, abolished

by Alexander II., II 172

_Mendele Mokher Sforim_ removes to, II 232

School of Handicrafts in, closed by Alexander III., II 347

pogrom in (1905), III 115 ff

Jews of Chudnov attempt to defend Jews of Zhytomir and are

massacred, III 116 f

Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,

III 121

=Zikhron Jacob=, Jewish colony in Galilee, II 375

=Zionism=, before Herzl, called in Hebrew _Hibbat Zion_

(in Russian, _Palestinophilstvo_) "Love of Zion,"

preached by Lilienblum, II 237, 328 ff

expounded by Pinsker, II 220, 330 ff

adopted by Lilienblum, II 237

engages in colonization of Palestine, II 375 f, 422 f

adherents of, assemble in Kattowitz (1884), II 376;

and Druskeniki (1887), II 377

legalized by Russian Government (1890), II 377

center of, in Odessa and Warsaw, II 376

wins over orthodoxy, II 376 f

failure of, III 42

leaders of, join political Zionism, III 47

modified by Ahad Ha'am, II 423, III 49 f

rise of political Z., III 41 ff

proclaimed by Herzl, III 42 f

First Zionist Congress (1897), III 44

political and cultural tendency within, III 44 f

effects of, III 46 f

Spiritual Z., or Ahad Ha'amism, III 41, 48 ff

Russian Zionists Convention at Minsk, III 51

inadequacy of, III 51 f

combined with Socialism by _Poale-Zion_, III 57 f, 145

Nahum Sokolow declares allegiance to, III 60

Reflected in poems of Frug, III 63

indifference to, denounced by Bialik, III 63

forbidden in Russia by Plehve, III 82 f

Plehve promises support of, as result of Dr. Herzl's visit,

III 83

Vilna Zionists give ovation to Dr. Herzl, III 84

crisis of, at Sixth Congress, III 84 f

Schism between Palestinianism and Territorialism, III 85

organize self-defence at Homel, III 87

Shmaryahu Levin, representative of, deputy to First Duma, III

134

forms contrast to Social Democracy, III 143

Seventh Zionist Congress reaffirms allegiance to Palestine,

III 144

Russian Zionist Convention at Helsingfors (1906) recognizes

rights of diaspora, III 144 f

adherents of, secede from League for Equal Rights, III 146

declared illegal by Senate, III 152

=Znamya= ("The Banner") anti-Semitic paper in St. Petersburg,

III 70

demands execution of Dashevski, assailant of Krushevan, III

81 f

=Zohar=, the, cabalistic standard work, study of, not permitted

before the age of thirty, I 214

Frankists recognize authority of, I 214;

call themselves Zoharists, 214

used by Besht to foretell the future, I 224

=Zonch=, Russian general, maltreats Jews on his estates, I 328

=Zubov=, Count, governor-general of New Russia, secures equal

rights for Karaites, I 318

member of "Jewish Commission" appointed by Alexander I., I

335

=Zunz=, refutes charges of Abbé Chiarini, II 104

=Zverovich=, synagogue built in, by Borukh Leibov of Smolensk,

I 249, 252

FOOTNOTES:

[62] The text has 1774 by mistake.

[63] The text has 1815 by mistake.

[64] P. 125, line 3 from below, read "Volhynia," instead of "Podolia."

[65] Page 125, line 3 from bottom, read Volhynia, instead of Podolia.

The mistake is due to a confusion with Kamenetz.

_The Lord Baltimore Press_

BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were

corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

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History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, Volume 3 [of 3] From the Accession of Nicholas II until the Present Day · 第 20 / 20 章

=Poltava= (region, or government), subject to Poland, I 140