COMMENTS: The point was named after examples found at Poverty Point Site

in Louisiana. The illustrated example is from Holland Site 123 in

Franklin Parish, Louisiana. Bell (1958) gives the distribution as the

northern half of Louisiana, the adjacent portions of eastern Texas,

southern Arkansas and western Mississippi. On the basis of radiocarbon

dates from Poverty Point and the Jaketown Site, Ford and Webb (1956)

suggest an age of around 2600 to 2800 years ago. Points of similar

workmanship but with three or more notches along each blade edge are

found in North Alabama and classified as Provisional Type 10, eccentric

notched (Cambron and Waters, 1961; Cambron and Hulse, 1960b). These

points may or may not be related to the Evans type.

FAIRLAND, =Kelley= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-137

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized point with an

expanded stem, incurvate base and random flaking.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight cotypes from sites in South Calhoun County and North

Talladega County, Alabama provided traits and the following

measurements: length--maximum, 52 mm.; minimum, 41 mm.; average, 45 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 26 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 12 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. The

illustrated example measures 46 mm. long, 31 mm. wide at the shoulders,

27 mm. wide across the stem, 12 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex.

Shoulders are inversely tapered. The blade may be excurvate or straight.

The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The stem is expanded

and the side edges may be ground. The basal edge is incurvate and

thinned.

FLAKING: Because of the poor grade of material used, the shallow, random

flaking which shapes the blade and stem is, in most cases, poor. Some

blade edges may be finely serrated.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Lehmann Rock Shelter in Texas by

J. Charles Kelley (1947b) and was described by Suhm and Krieger who also

give an estimated age of about 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D. or part thereof

(Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954). Suhm and Krieger list the Fairland type

as characteristic of Central Texas. Occasional examples appear in

collections throughout Oklahoma and elsewhere (Bell, 1960). Four of the

eight measured examples are made of quartzite and four are made of a

poor grade of flint The illustrated example is made of quartzite. All

examples, including 39 that were broken and not measured, are from the

collection of Eugene L. Grace of Anniston, Alabama. They were recovered

from late Archaic and early Woodland sites.

FLINT CREEK, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1958b): A-37

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Flint Creek is a medium to large, finely

serrated, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features (including the

illustrated example) ranged in measurements as follows: length--maximum,

76 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.; average, 55 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 29

mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width--maximum, 19 mm.;

minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum,

7 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;

average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually inversely

tapered but may be tapered or, occasionally, horizontal. The blade is

excurvate and is usually finely serrated; the distal end is acute. The

stem, usually formed by corner or side notching, is expanded. The side

edges of the stem are usually excurvate; rarely, straight. The stem base

edge is usually excurvate but may, on rare examples, be straight. It may

be thinned or unfinished with rind still in evidence. Several examples

were lightly ground on the stem base edge.

FLAKING: The thick blade is shaped by broad, random flaking. Deep,

narrow, and often long flakes were removed from the blade edges to shape

and finish the blade and to form fine regular serrations. These flakes

were removed alternately from opposite faces, making the serration

projections rather sharp. Broad, deep flakes, struck from the basal

corners or sometimes the sides of the hafting area, shape the stem. Some

of the straighter stemmed examples are reworked along the stem side

edges, but usually no retouch is noted in the notches. Basal edges are

often slightly thinned by broad shallow flaking.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from Cambron Site 78 on Flint Creek in

Morgan County, Alabama, where numerous examples were first collected.

The illustrated example is one of several from the predominantly Copena

site, Cambron Site 53, in Morgan County, Alabama. At the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962),

69 examples were recovered from Zone A, Levels 1 through 8. Of these 69

examples, 40 per cent were from Levels 3 and 4, indicating a climax in

the late Archaic--early Woodland times. One example each was recovered

from Levels 4, 5 and 7 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall

County, Alabama. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961),

ten examples were recovered from Stratum I (Woodland) and one from

Stratum II (Archaic). The Flint Creek type was important at Flint River

Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), where most examples were found in

upper Zone C (Archaic) and lower Zone B (Woodland). This is a late

Archaic to early Woodland type. The type appears to be related to

Dustin points illustrated by Ritchie (1961). Similar examples may be

recognized among points illustrated as Palmillos by Suhm, Krieger and

Jelks (1954), who give the distribution as from East Texas across the

state to the Trans-Pecos area, and from the upper Brazos and Trinity

valleys to the central and eastern coastal plain. The distribution

extends southward in Mexico to southern Tamaulipas. The type is

associated with late Archaic and early Woodland cultures. The Dustin

points are from Michigan and from the Lamoka Lake Site, Schuyler County,

New York.

FLINT RIVER SPIKE, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

A-38

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, narrow, lanceolate

point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes (including the illustrated example) from

University of Alabama Site Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) range in

measurements as follows: length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 39 mm.;

average, 50 mm.: width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 16

mm.: thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be median ridged or biconvex. The blade is

usually excurvate, but may be straight with an acute distal end. The

base is usually rounded, but an occasional example may display a

straight, unfinished basal edge. The hafting area includes the basal

area from the base to the widest point of the blade, which is usually

less than half way from base to distal end. The base is usually thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random percussion

flaking. Many of the flakes are rather deep. Some retouch appears along

the edges, especially along the blade edges, of about half the examples.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after Flint River Mound at the mouth of

Flint River in Madison County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a),

where the illustrated example was recovered. Of the 41 examples from

this site, 24 were from upper Zone A (Woodland), 14 from lower Zone A

and Zone B (Woodland) and three from upper Zone C (Archaic). Two

examples were recovered from Level 3 (Woodland) at University of Alabama

Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Six examples (excluding

material from the 100-foot trench) were recovered at the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

two examples were recovered from Level 1, Zone A, one each from Levels

2, 3 and 6, Zone A, and one from Level 1 of Zone B. Flint River Spike

and Bradley Spike appear to be of late Woodland cultural association and

may be typologically related. Unlike Bradley Spike, however, Flint River

Spike has no stem and may be retouched along the blade edges. A late

Woodland association is suggested for Flint River Spike in North

Alabama.

FORT ANCIENT, =Bell= (Bell, 1960): A-39

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, thick, triangular point

that may be serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length as from about 30 mm. to 50

mm. and the width as about 15 mm. or less. The illustrated example

measures 32 mm. long, 14 mm. wide, and 6 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. The blade is usually

straight but may be slightly incurvate near the distal end or, rarely,

excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. (Serrated examples are more

readily identified.) The distal end may be keenly acute or acuminate.

The base may be straight or excurvate. It is usually thinned and may be

slightly expanded.

FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and

fairly deep, with some fine retouch near the distal end. The serrations

on the serrated examples are the result of the removal of broad regular

flakes from the edge of alternate faces, leaving an irregular pattern

along the blade edges. Occasionally the basal edge was retouched as well

as thinned by removal of broad flakes.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: "The Fort Ancient points are associated with the Feurt Focus

of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Ohio Valley. The Fort Ancient point

has been recognized among archaeologists, both amateur and professional,

in the Ohio region for a number of years." (Bell, 1960). The illustrated

example is from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. This

Woodland-Mississippian site has produced Fort Ancient, Madison, Jacks

Reef Corner Notched, Knight Island, Swan Lake and Copena points. One

Fort Ancient point was recovered from Level 1 at University of Alabama

Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. Bell (1960) dates the type at

some time from about 1200 A.D. to 1600 A.D. Morgan (1952), in

summarizing the prehistoric Indian cultures of the Ohio region, says of

the Fort Ancient aspect of the Mississippian period: "Their trait

assemblage is indicative of a people with a mixed cultural background,

both Woodland and Mississippi elements being involved. White trade goods

at one site show that some of these people were probably still in

existence as late as the last quarter of the seventeenth century."

FRAZIER, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-40

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, narrow, triangular point

with a well thinned basal edge.

MEASUREMENTS: "In size these points range from 2 to 2-3/4 inches."

(Bell, 1960.) Alabama examples are slightly shorter. Measurements of 4

plesiotypes, including the illustrated example, are: length--maximum, 51

mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 49 mm.: width at base--maximum, 25 mm.;

minimum, 21 mm.; average, 23 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6

mm.; average, 7 mm. Basal depth on one incurvate base example was 1 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate. A slightly

serrated appearance is found on some examples as the result of

retouching along the blade edge. The distal end is acute. The hafting

area includes an undetermined basal portion of the blade which is more

or less parallel along the basal edges. The basal edge is usually

straight but may be slightly incurvate; it is thinned and, rarely,

ground.

FLAKING: Large shallow flakes, removed to shape the faces, were followed

by shorter deeper flaking along all edges. The secondary flaking along

the basal edge is usually broader and longer than that used along the

blade and hafting area edges. Some retouching along the blade edges

results in a finely serrated appearance.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: This point is named after the Frazier Site in Benton County,

Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 389 in Limestone

County, Alabama. No examples were recovered from control sites in the

Tennessee Valley. The type is comparatively rare in Alabama and the

cultural association is not known, but it usually appears in surface

collections from early Archaic sites. Kneberg (1956) suggests a late

Archaic association in Tennessee and a "probable time period from about

1500 B.C. to early centuries A.D." The point is similar to Paint Rock

Valley points but is narrower. The base is not as incurvate and the

flaking is usually better controlled.

GARTH SLOUGH, =Cambron= (This Paper): (Formerly classified as Catahoula)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, expanded-barb point.

Barbs are prominent and usually obtuse.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of eight plesiotypes (including the

illustrated example) from which descriptions were drawn are:

length--maximum, 47 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulder barbs are usually

expanded and broad; the barb ends may be obtuse or straight. The blade

is usually incurvate; rarely, recurvate or straight. Most examples are

finely serrated with an acute distal end. The stemmed hafting area is

formed by diagonal notches. The stems of the measured examples are

straight. The base may be straight or excurvate, thinned, and may be

ground on some examples.

FLAKING: Remnants of blade scars may be evident on the faces. Random,

secondary flaking may leave a median ridge on some examples. This

flaking, along with some fine retouch produced fine serrations along the

blade edges. Broad flakes were removed to form the basal notches.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from surface sites in the

Garth Slough area in Morgan County, Alabama. The illustrated example is

from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type

is found on Transitional Paleo and Early Archaic sites in North Alabama.

One example was recovered from the bottom of Stratum II (Early Archaic)

at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). What appears to

be a smaller variant of the type was recovered from level V at Danger

Cave, Utah (Jennings, 1957) and listed as type W37. Radiocarbon dates

from this level range from 6863 +-500 B.P. at the base of the level to

3893 +-240 B.P. in the topmost part of the level. One example was

recovered from Cave Spring, Level 9, Stratum III, in association with

Big Sandy, Cave Spring, Colbert Dalton, Decatur, Frazier, Greenbrier

Dalton, Jude, Lerma Rounded Base, Paint Rock Valley, and Stanfield

points. The Garth Slough point was formerly but incorrectly, classified

as Catahoula.

GARY, =Newell and Krieger= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-41

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with contracted stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size range as about 40 mm. to 80 mm.

Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) note that the stem length is more

consistent than the length of the blade. The illustrated example

measures 57 mm. in length, 26 mm. in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem

width, 14 mm in stem length and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal or

tapered and are occasionally rounded or expanded barbed. The blade is

usually straight to excurvate, but may be incurvate or recurvate (Suhm,

Krieger and Jelks, 1954). The distal end is acute. The stem is usually

contracted, with straight or excurvate side edges and a rounded to

pointed basal edge.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad random flaking.

The blade edges are retouched by the removal of deep short flakes. The

stem may be retouched.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after points found in Texas and was

formerly called Gary Contracting Stem. The illustrated specimen is from

Cambron Site 76 in Limestone County, Alabama. There is considerable

variation within the Gary type, and further study may lead to

classification into separate types (Bell, 1958, quoting Baerreis,

Freeman and Wright, 1958). Several Gary points were recovered from the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

Most of the examples were in the upper half of Zone A, which would

indicate a late Archaic to Woodland association. Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Flint River Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) also produced Gary points from both Woodland and

Archaic strata. Jenkins (1975) has demonstrated Gary as the dominant

projectile point type for Middle Woodland in the Central Tombigbee area

(Miller I and II).

GREENBRIER, =Kneberg= (Lewis and Kneberg, 1960): A-42

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Greenbrier is a medium to large point with

expanded auricles and shallow ground side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures in length, 63 mm.; in

shoulder width, 25 mm.; in stem width, 25 mm.; in stem length, 12 mm.;

in thickness, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex.

Shoulders are tapered and may be weakly barbed. The blade is usually

parallel, with fine serrations, and may be beveled on each side of both

faces. The distal end is acute. The hafting area displays broad side

notches, created as the shoulder tapers in to the expanded stem. Notches

on the illustrated example are 4 mm. deep and 14 mm. wide. Side edges of

the hafting area are usually heavily ground. The base is incurvate,

thinned and lightly ground.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is broad and

thin. The short flaking which was used to bevel the blade edges and

create fine serrations may occasionally appear on the shoulder edges of

the hafting area. The notches were formed by the removal of one or more

fairly large flakes, followed by secondary flaking. Most Alabama

examples were made of Ft. Payne chert or other good material.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was briefly described by Lewis and Kneberg (1960),

who point out that several examples were illustrated from the Nuckolls

Site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1958). Good examples illustrated in that paper

are Figs. 24-30, 37, and 48-49. The illustrated example is from Hulse

Site 53, Limestone County, Alabama. Its general appearance is somewhat

similar to that of the Pine Tree point and it often appears on the same

sites. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Level 11 of R-4 trench,

one from Zone C, one from Level 1, Zone D, and two from Level 2, Zone D.

At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) one example was

recovered from the center of Stratum II (Archaic). One example was

recovered from upper Zone C (Archaic) at Flint River Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a). This evidence indicates a shellmound Archaic

association at Flint River, early Archaic at Flint Creek and early

Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian at Stanfield-Worley. A suggested

age is from 5000 years ago to about 9000 years ago.

GREENEVILLE, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1957): A-43

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized trianguloid point with

parallel to excurvate basal edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Kneberg (1957) lists the range as 1.5 inches to 2.5

inches. The nine plesiotypes, including the illustrated example (Lewis

and Kneberg, 1957), from Cambron Site 284 (Camp Creek Site) are:

length--maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 29 mm.; average, 33 mm.:

width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 20 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: width at

base--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 19 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate or straight

above the hafting area. The distal end is acute. The hafting area

usually has parallel sides but may taper slightly towards the blade. Of

the nine measured examples, seven have a basal concavity 1.0 mm. deep

and two examples have a straight basal edge. The basal edge is usually

thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by random flaking. Most

examples show some secondary flaking along the blade edges. This flaking

ranges from narrow to broad, but usually fairly deep flake scars are

exhibited. Points that have secondary flaking may not be flaked on all

blade edges. Basal thinning appears, accomplished by broad flaking along

the basal edge which is often followed by some secondary flaking. Of the

nine measured examples, seven are made of black to gray local flint, one

is quartzite and one chalcedony.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957) after the Camp

Creek Site (Cambron Site 284), which is near Greeneville, Tennessee.

While the illustrated example is from the plough level of this site,

examples were recovered from all levels. A radiocarbon date of 2050 +-250

B.P. was secured at this site. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) Level 1 produced five examples;

Levels 2 and 3, two each; Levels 4, 5 and 8, one each. All were from

Zone A. Four examples, one from Level 1, two from Level 2, and one from

Level 5 were recovered at University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall

County, Alabama. Three examples were recovered from upper Stratum I

(Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At

Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 19 examples were

recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and three from Zone C (upper

Archaic). This Woodland point is scattered along the western edge of the

Appalachians from Greeneville, Tennessee, to South Alabama as well as in

the Tennessee River Valley and other areas.

GUILFORD, =Coe= (Coe, 1952): A-44

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, lanceolate point with

incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) gives the range of the length from about 60

mm. to 135 mm. Measurements listed by Coe (1959) range as follows:

length--maximum, 120 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 90 mm.:

width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 30 mm. The illustrated

plesiotype measures 84 mm. long, 24 mm. in width, 11 mm. wide at the

base, 12 mm. thick, 1 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex and thick but may approach

median ridged. The blade is usually excurvate but may be nearly

straight. The distal end may be acute or apiculate. The hafting area is

contracted with short, rounded auricles, incurvate base and some basal

thinning. Side edges of the hafting area are usually lightly ground. The

hafting area may be defined by a break in the contour of the side edges

or may be described as extending to somewhere near the widest part of

the blade.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are usually shaped by well

controlled, random flaking. Coe (1952) describes some flaking as being

transverse-oblique. Careful secondary flaking in the form of short,

often deep, flaking appears along the side edges. The basal concavity is

formed by the removal of broad flakes. A variety of local materials

including quartz, quartzite, porphyritic rhyolite, andesite and

varieties of argillite or novaculite were used (Coe, 1959).

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Guilford focus of the Carolina

Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron 326, Buncombe County,

North Carolina. The type was described by Bell (1960). At the Doerschuk

Site Coe (1959) recovered Guilford points above Morrow Mountain and

below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago in the

Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as widespread

throughout the Piedmont of North Carolina but points out that they "do

not have a distribution much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont,

Georgia." Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina.

Examples were illustrated by Miller (1962) from Sites 44Mc66 and 44Mc75,

Mecklenburg County, Virginia (Plate 39 W and X, Plate 40 N, Plate 44 P,

T and V, Plate 45B). An early Archaic association prior to 5000 years

ago is suggested. Recent evidence from Randolph County indicates that

the Archaic Guilford complex may extend into the Alabama Piedmont

(O'Hear and Knight, 1975).

GUILFORD ROUNDED BASE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-44-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized lanceolate point with a

rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten plesiotypes from Cambron 326 (Harwood 98), Buncombe

County, North Carolina ranged in measurement as follows:

length--maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 61 mm.:

width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 23 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 10 mm. The length

from base to widest point of blade ranges from 21 mm. to 35 mm. and

averages 28 mm. The illustrated example measures about 63 mm. long, 23

mm. wide, 14 mm. thick and 25 mm. from base to widest point of blade.

Coe (1959) illustrated an example 30 mm. long.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate with widest

point less than halfway from the base to the distal end. This point of

maximum width may mark the termination of the hafting area. Some

examples are beveled on one side of each face. Side edges of the hafting

area are tapered. The basal edge is rounded. Basal edges may be lightly

ground.

FLAKING: The measured examples (all made of quartzite) are shaped by

well controlled random flaking. Secondary flaking of a deeper shorter

nature appears on all edges. This flaking may have been accomplished by

a percussion.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples illustrated by Coe (1959)

along with Guilford points (Bell, 1960). The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 326, Buncombe County, North Carolina. At the Doerschuk

Site, Coe (1959) recovered examples with Guilford points above Morrow

Mt. and below Halifax types. He suggests a date of around 6000 years ago

in the Carolina Piedmont area. He gives the distribution as Carolina

Piedmont and not much north of Virginia or south of Piedmont, Georgia.

Examples appear on several sites in western North Carolina. Miller

(1962) illustrated examples from Roanoke River drainage area in

Mecklenburg County, Virginia, as follows: Site 44Mc75 (Plate 29, Fig. F,

Plate 45, Fig. L); Site 44Mc66 (Plate 40, Figs. G, H, M; Plate 41, Figs.

I, J); Site 44Mc73 (Plate 42, Fig. D); Bluestone Creek drainage area

(Plate 48, Figs. 1, 2a). The similarity of the type to Lerma Rounded

Base points may be an indication that they are coeval. An early Archaic

association prior to 5000 years ago is suggested.

GUNTERSVILLE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-59

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, lanceolate point

with straight base and excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, ranged

in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.;

average, 35 mm.: width at base--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.;

average, 14 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5

mm. The blade width of four examples ranged from a maximum of 21 mm. to

a minimum of 13 mm. and averaged 16 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex. The

blade is excurvate. The widest point may be at the base or somewhat

below the midsection. The distal end is acute. Side edges of the hafting

area may be parallel or slightly contracted. (It is difficult to define

the extent of the hafting area on examples with contracted side edges.)

The basal edge is straight and thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random, flaking appears on the faces with fine

secondary flaking along the blade edges and sides of the hafting area.

Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the basal

edge. Local materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after sites in Guntersville Basin of the

Tennessee River where many examples are found. The illustrated example

is from Cambron Site 12, Limestone County, Alabama. Six examples in

association with Madison points, a stone disc and other artifacts were

taken from Burial 6, Site Lu 92, Lauderdale County, Alabama (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1942). Examples illustrated along with Madison and Ft.

Ancient points, were described as Dallas component triangular points by

Lewis and Kneberg (1946). Both Guntersville Lanceolate and Madison

points were illustrated and described by Kneberg (1956) as Late

Mississippi Triangular. She states, "In eastern Tennessee it is equally

numerous in the Mouse Creek and Dallas Cultures, and occurs in smaller

numbers in historic Cherokee sites" (1956). The type was classified as

Type W in the Guntersville Basin where it appeared in association with

trade goods in several historic burials. A burial at Lewis Bluff in

Wheeler Basin of Tennessee River (Cambron and Waters, 1959a) yielded

examples in association with Madison points, complicated-stamped sherds

and plain, shell-tempered ware, an elbow-clay pipe and other artifacts.

Two examples were recovered from the middle section of Stratum I and

upper half of Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Guntersville Lanceolate appears to

be associated with late Mississippian and historic cultures in the

Tennessee Valley. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable date of 1300 A.D.

to 1800 A.D.

HALIFAX, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-112

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Halifax is a small to medium-sized,

side-notched point usually made of vein quartz or, occasionally,

quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists a range of length from 56 mm. to 29 mm.

with an average length of 44 mm. and a range of width from 25 mm. to 17

mm. with an average width of 20 mm. Measurements of the illustrated

example are: length, 30 mm.; shoulder width, 21 mm.; stem width, 18 mm.;

stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; depth of notch, 3 mm.; width of

notch, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The

blade is usually straight but may be excurvate. The distal end is acute.

The stem is expanded with straight or incurvate side edges and straight

or excurvate basal edge. The stem base edge and side notches of the

hafting area are usually ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, often deep, random

flaking. Some examples show good secondary flaking along the blade

edges. The notches were worked out by the removal of several flakes.

Some points are asymmetrical due to variation in depth and location of

notches. According to Coe (1959) "The typical specimen was relatively

thick and worked from a core. These cores, however, frequently

originated as thick spalls struck from quartz or quartzite boulders

common to this area of the Roanoke River."

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after Halifax County, North Carolina, where

examples were recovered from the Gaston Site on the Roanoke River. The

illustrated example is from Cambron Site 94, Buncombe County, North

Carolina. A radiocarbon date of 5440 +-300 B.P. was secured for the type

at the Gaston Site, where it appeared above Guilford and below Savannah

River points. Coe (1959) suggests "a relationship to Lamoka points of

the New York area." This, in turn, indicates that the type is ancestral

to Lamoka points, similar to Swan Lake points, of Alabama and Tennessee

Valley area. In Alabama Swan Lake is associated with the Woodland

culture. Halifax points are found on several sites in Buncombe County,

North Carolina. Miller (1962) illustrated examples (Plate 42, Figs. J,

K, M and U) from Site 44Mc73, which is described as a pre-pottery site.

Swan Lake points from Site 44Ha7 (Plate 52, Figs. F, N, T, V and DD) are

described by Miller (1962) as "typical Woodland types." Thus both

Halifax and Swan Lake points appear in the John H. Kerr Basin of the

Roanoke River, Virginia and North Carolina. A type resembling Halifax

has been isolated in Randolph County in an Archaic context (O'Hear and

Knight, 1975).

HAMILTON, =Lewis= (Lewis, 1955): A-45

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Hamilton is a small, triangular point with

incurvate blade and incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1960) lists the length range as 22 mm. to 45 mm.;

the length mode, 40 mm. The illustrated plesiotype measures 37 mm. long,

18 mm. wide at base, 4 mm. thick, 3 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade ranges in shape from

near straight to deeply incurvate but is usually slightly incurvate.

Fine serrations along the blade edges are rare. The distal end is acute.

The base is usually incurvate but may be straight and is always thinned.

FLAKING: According to Kneberg (1956) "Exceptionally fine pressure

chipping characterizes this type." The faces are worked by broad,

shallow flaking with fine retouch along the blade edges. The basal edge

is thinned by the removal of broad shallow flakes and is rarely

retouched except near the junction of the basal edge with the side

edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: "The Hamilton Incurvate point and Hamilton culture are named

from Hamilton County, Tennessee, where they were first identified."

(Kneberg, 1956). The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 27,

Limestone County, Alabama. According to Kneberg (1956) the Hamilton is

"a late Woodland type associated with the Hamilton culture. This is the

culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern Tennessee.

It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and Harmon's Creek

Woodland cultures." An example was recovered from Level 1 at the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama, two

examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 5. At the Flint

River Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one example was recovered from

each zone: Zones A and A-B (both Woodland), Zone C, and Zone D

(Archaic). This evidence indicates a Woodland or possibly late Archaic

association at Flint River. Examples are found on Woodland and

Mississippian sites in North Alabama. Kneberg (1956) suggests a probable

age of about 500 A.D. to 1000 A.D. Bell (1960) suggests a date of

about 300 A.D. to 800 A.D.

HAMILTON STEMMED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-108

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, expanded-stem point with an

excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Lewis and Kneberg (1946), Plate 65, illustrate two

examples of Hamilton Stemmed points. These two are 72 mm. and 76 mm.

long respectively. The illustrated example measures 75 mm. long, 30 mm.

in shoulder width, 18 mm. in stem width, 12 mm. in stem length, and 9

mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered,

forming short sharp barbs. The blade is excurvate. The rather

sharply-acute distal end gives the blade edge a near-recurvate

appearance. The stem is expanded with straight side edges; the stem

base, thinned and either straight or slightly excurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow-to-deep

random flaking. One or all blade edges may be secondarily flaked by the

removal of fine, shallow flakes or rather crude deep flakes. The corner

notches are formed by strong, broad flaking (usually by removal of one

flake from each side of each notch). Stem edges may be retouched, with

fine flaking having been employed to thin the base of the stem.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type is named after Hamilton County, Tennessee where the

Hamilton culture was first recognized. The illustrated plesiotype is

from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, which has produced

several examples of Hamilton points. It is a late Woodland type

associated with the Hamilton culture. Kneberg states (1956), "This is

the culture characterized by dome-shaped burial mounds in eastern

Tennessee. It is also found in middle Tennessee with the Decatur and

Harmon's Creek Woodland cultures." Local examples have been classified

as Hamilton corner notched. An example was illustrated by Rowe (1947) as

a rare Hamilton culture type from eastern Tennessee.

HARDAWAY, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-46

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, side notched point

with concave base.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the measurements of examples from the

North Carolina Piedmont as follows: length--maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 28

mm.; average, 35 mm.: width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average,

25 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. The

length of samples in the Tennessee Valley ranges from a maximum of 50

mm. to a minimum of 29 mm. The average measurements of 28 examples from

16 sites follow: length, 40 mm.; width, 21 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. (Soday

and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example measures 38 mm. long, 23

mm. wide at the distal end of hafting area, 26 mm. wide at base, 6 mm.

thick, 21 mm. wide across hafting constriction, 4 mm. deep in basal

concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is usually straight but

may be excurvate. Blade edges may be serrated. The distal end is usually

acute. The hafting area is auriculate with expanded-rounded auricles.

Coe (1959) describes the average side notch as about 4 mm. deep and 5

mm. wide. This results in a short hafting constriction. The basal edge

is incurvate and thinned. Both side and basal edges of the hafting area

are usually ground.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: The face is shaped by broad well controlled flaking. A weak

median ridge created by broad, shallow secondary flaking is often seen

near the distal end of the blade face. The basal edge of the hafting

area is thinned by the removal of broad flakes. Most edges of both the

hafting area and the blade are finely retouched.

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Hardaway Site in Stanley County,

North Carolina and has been referred to in the Tennessee Valley as

Corner Notched Dalton. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76,

Limestone County, Alabama. Examples were recovered in Zone IV at the

Hardaway Site in association with Dalton, Quad, and Hardaway blade types

(Coe, 1959). At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962) most examples were recovered from Zone D in association

with Dalton, Big Sandy I and other early types. A radiocarbon date of

9640 +-450 B.P. was secured. A transitional Paleo-Indian association is

suggested.

HARPETH RIVER, =Crabtree= (Cambron, 1970): A-130

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Harpeth River point is a medium to large side

notched point with flattened blade, beveled on both sides of each face

and displays shallow serrations.

MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen cotypes from sites in Cheatham and Dickson

Counties, Tennessee, along the Harpeth River and one example from near

McMinnville, Tennessee, provided the following measurements and traits:

length--maximum, 90 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 67 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 23 mm.: width at

base--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.: hafting area

length--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 16 mm.: width of

hafting area in notches--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 21

mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders are tapered. The blade

may be excurvate or straight with fine serrations and is beveled on each

side of both faces. The distal end is usually acute but may be

acuminate. The hafting area displays broad, shallow side notches and is

well defined by a sharp change in the contour of the edge of the point

at the junction of the blade and is auriculated with expanded-rounded

auricles. Side edges of the hafting area are incurvate and ground. The

basal edge is straight, usually ground, and is thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by broad, shallow,

random flaking. Blade edges are steeply beveled on each side of both

faces by the removal of deep, short, narrow flakes which resulted in

fine serrations along the blade edges. The shallow notches that form the

hafting area are steeply flaked. This usually leaves expanded shoulder

barbs.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites along the Harpeth River in

Cheatham and Dickson Counties, Tennessee, where 60% of the 50 odd

examples were recovered from one site which had also produced Big Sandy,

Dalton, Greenbrier, P-8 Corner Notched, Pine Tree, Cumberland, LeCroy,

and Copena points. These points are in the collection of Wayne Crabtree,

Pegram, Tennessee. In general outline the Harpeth River points may

somewhat resemble Dalton, Russell Cave, Greenbrier or Pine Tree points.

One example has strong basal thinning on one face and what appears to be

a flute struck from a prepared striking platform on the other face. One

example has been recovered from Overton County and one from Humphreys

County, Tennessee. One site along the Harpeth River from which 5

examples were recovered produced Big Sandy, Pine Tree, Turkey Tail and

Cotaco points. The associations of Harpeth River points with other Early

Archaic and Transitional Paleo points, as well as their hafting area and

flaking characteristics, indicate a placement of the type in very Early

Archaic or late Transitional Paleo cultural association. Forty-eight

cotypes of Rockport variety of Harpeth River are described along with

eighteen illustrations in the Tennessee Archaeologist, Vol. XXVI, No. 2

(Adair and Sims, 1970).

JACKS REEF CORNER NOTCHED, =Ritchie= (Ritchie, 1961): A-21

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, corner notched point with a

thin, flattened, excurvate (or often parallel-angular) blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine examples, including the illustrated example from

Limestone County, Alabama, provided traits and the following

measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 42 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 5 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm. Ritchie (1961)

gives the following approximate measurements: length--maximum, 57 mm.;

minimum, 25 mm.; average, 47 mm.: approximate average width--38 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 6 mm. (most examples are under 5 mm.). Alabama

examples tend to be longer than New York examples. Corner notches

average about 7 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened, rarely, plano-convex. The

shoulders are tapered with sharp thin barbs. The blade may be excurvate

or parallel-angular. The distal end ranges from narrow to broad-acute.

The hafting area is corner notched. The base of the expanded stem is

usually straight; rarely, incurvate. It is thinned and may be lightly

ground. These features are similar to those of New York points.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are formed by broad, shallow, random

flaking. Retouching was done by carefully controlled, broad, shallow

secondary flaking followed by fine retouching along the blade edges.

Broad flakes were struck off to form the notches, which were then finely

retouched. This point is usually made of local materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jacks Reef Site in Onondaga

County, New York. Ritchie previously referred to the type as "broad

corner notched" or corner notched with angular edges. The illustrated

example is from Cambron Site 116, Limestone County, Alabama. A

radiocarbon date of 1056 +-250 B.P. was obtained for samples from the

White Site, Norwich, New York (Ritchie, 1961). It is considered to be

late middle Woodland and early late Woodland in New York. It is an

important type in central New York and occurs in Ohio (Ritchie, 1961).

An example from Site Ct 27 was illustrated (Plate 294, No. 1) by Webb

and DeJarnette (1942) as Type 47. For several years, the type has been

referred to in the Tennessee Valley where it is found on late Woodland

sites, as "Corner Notched Woodland". One example was recovered from

Level 3, Zone A at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962), six from Zone A (Woodland) at Ma 48 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) and one example each from Levels 1 and 2 at Ms 201,

Rockhouse Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama. Examples from P-12 Pit

at Russell Cave in Jackson County, Alabama, were dated by radiocarbon

method at 1500 +-175 B.P. (John W. Griffin, personal communication).

JACKS REEF PENTAGONAL, =Ritchie= (Ritchie, 1961): A-60a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a thin, small to medium-sized pentagonal

point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example

from Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following

traits and measurements: length--maximum, 61 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.;

average, 42 mm.: width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 20

mm.: width at base--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4 mm.: length of

hafting area--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 20 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is straight; the distal

end, acute. The hafting area consists of one-half to one-third (usually

about two-fifths) of the length of the point. It is contracted, with

straight side edges. The basal edge may be straight or incurvate 1 or 2

mm. and is thinned. There is usually a sharp break between the blade and

the hafting area.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking. Fine retouch was used to finish all edges. The basal edge is

treated in the same manner as the blade and hafting area edges. Local

materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the late Point Peninsula Jacks Reef

Site in Onondaga County, New York. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 27, Limestone County, Alabama. Alabama examples are

narrower and longer than New York examples as described by Ritchie

(1961). The type has been classified locally as "Mississippi

Pentagonal". The type was dated at the White Site near Norwich, Chenango

County, New York, at 1057 +-250 B.P. (Ritchie, 1961). Ritchie also

mentioned a thicker, cruder middle Archaic variant. The type is coeval

with Jacks Reef Corner Notched at Point Peninsula and Owasco sites in

New York. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962), two examples were recovered from Level 1 and one from

Level 3. This indicates a late Woodland association at this site. At the

University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama, one

example was recovered from Level 1, two from Level 2 and one each from

Levels 4 and 5. This occurrence indicates a Woodland association.

Associations in surface collections indicate a late Woodland

association. The larger, broader examples may be derived from Copena

Triangular points, but all examples were made in a manner similar to the

way in which Madison points were made. This indicates a transitional

placement between Copena and Mississippian. The type is probably around

1000 years in age or older in Alabama.

JEFF, =Soday and Cambron= (This Paper): A-47

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jeff is a medium-sized, broad, auriculate point

with straight basal edge and expanded auricles.

MEASUREMENTS: The range in length of examples from the Tennessee Valley

is from 69 mm. to 28 mm.; the average measurements of 10 examples from

10 sites are as follows: length, 47 mm.; width at base, 25 mm.;

thickness, 7 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The illustrated example

measures 49 mm. long, 25 mm. wide at upper end of hafting area, 30 mm.

wide at base, 7 mm. thick, 2 mm. deep in basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade is excurvate and may be

slightly beveled on one side of each face and/or serrated. The distal

end is acute. The hafting area is auriculate (expanded-rounded). The

basal edge is usually straight but may be slightly incurvate and may be

beveled or thinned. Side and basal edges of the hafting area are usually

ground.

FLAKING: The flattened blade is produced by removal of broad, thin

flakes. Secondary flaking along the blade edges is shorter and deeper

and may result in weak serrations. Short flakes were removed along the

side and basal edges of the hafting area. In some cases the angle of the

flaking along the basal edge produced a short bevel.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Jeff area of Madison County,

Alabama, where several examples were first recognized. The illustrated

example is from Cambron Site 76, Limestone County, Alabama. Examples are

always found in association with uniface tools and other early point

types and are not found on shellmound Archaic middens. This evidence and

field observations suggest a transitional Paleo association.

JUDE, =Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society=

(Madison-Huntsville Chapter of Alabama Archaeological Society, 1961):

A-48

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Jude is a small, straight-stemmed point with a

short blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight cotypes from the type site area and one example from

Colbert County, Alabama provided the traits and the following

measurements: length--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 19 mm.; average, 24 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 5 mm. The

illustrated example measures 25 mm. in length, 19 mm. in shoulder width,

15 mm. in stem width, 11 mm. in stem length and 5 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex.

Shoulders are usually horizontal; rarely, tapered or inversely tapered.

Blade edges are nearly always straight; rarely, excurvate. The distal

end is usually acute. The stem is straight or, rarely, slightly

expanded. Stem width exceeds the stem length. Side edges of the stem are

straight. The thinned basal edge is usually slightly incurvate but may

be straight. All stem edges are usually lightly ground.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flakes shape the blade and stem and are

followed along all edges by similar but somewhat shorter secondary

flaking. All measured examples were made of local material and except

for one made of smoky quartz, all were patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Jude Hollow in Madison County,

Alabama, where examples were first recognized. The illustrated example

is from Brosemer Site 6 in Jude Hollow. Examples from surface

collections have produced a range of cultural material including

Paleo-Indian and Transitional Paleo-Indian, as well as Archaic and

Woodland. The most frequent associations indicate early Archaic or

Transitional Paleo-Indian, as do patination and basal grinding. On at

least one site in Colbert County, Alabama, later Archaic and Woodland

artifacts are absent (Holland, personal communication). Several examples

were recovered from the Cave Springs Site (Moebes, 1974) in association

with and below Big Sandy and Dalton points. This association indicates a

Transitional Paleo-Indian association at this site. The type seems to be

somewhat similar to Elam points of Texas (Suhm and Jelks, 1962).

KAYS, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-49

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Kays point is a medium to large,

straight-stemmed point with excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County,

Alabama, provided traits and the following measurements:

length--maximum, 88 mm.; minimum, 56 mm.; average, 63 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 9 mm. The

illustrated example measures 59 mm. in length, 30 mm. in shoulder width,

17 mm. in stem width, 14 mm. in stem length, and 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered, but

may be horizontal and may be rounded on some examples. The blade is

excurvate, but may be nearly straight. The distal end is acute to

sharply acute. The stem is straight and is slightly wider than it is

long, with a straight basal edge that may be very slightly incurvate or

excurvate. The edges of the stem are thinned and may be ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow to deep

flaking. While a few examples appear to have been shaped by collateral

flaking, random flaking is usually employed. Short, regular, secondary

flaking was used to finish the blade and hafting area edges. All

examples of the measured group are patinated and are made of local

materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Kays Landing Site in Henry

County, Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4,

Limestone County, Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered

from Levels 1, 8, 9 and 10 in Zone A. This indicates an Archaic

association. Three examples were recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at

the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River

Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) 12 of the 18 examples recovered were

from Zone C (upper Archaic), two from Zone C-D, two from Zone D (lower

shellmound Archaic) and one each from Zones A and B (Woodland). This is

a strong indication of late Archaic association at this site. Kneberg

(1956) suggests a middle Archaic to late Archaic association and a date

of about 3000 B.C. to A.D. Ritchie (1961) notes the marked similarity

of Kays points to Genesee points of New York. The latter have

radiocarbon dates of 4941 +-260 B.P. to 3684 +-250 B.P. Genesee points

average 3 to 3-1/2 inches in length and range to 6 inches or longer,

considerably larger than Kays points. A middle to late Archaic

association is indicated by available evidence, including surface

associations.

KIRK CORNER NOTCHED, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-50

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium- to large-sized, corner notched

point with blade edges that are usually serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements for the type:

range of length--40 mm. to 100 mm., average length, 60 mm.; range of

width--20 mm. to 45 mm., average width, 30 mm.; range of thickness--6

mm. to 12 mm., average thickness, 8 mm. The measurements of 15

plesiotypes from Cambron Sites 19 and 20 in Morgan County, Alabama,

range as follows: length--69 mm. to 39 mm., average, 51 mm.: shoulder

width--39 mm. to 29 mm., average, 34 mm.: stem width--29 mm. to 23 mm.,

average, 25 mm.: stem length--12 mm. to 9 mm., average, 11 mm.:

thickness--10 mm. to 5 mm., average, 7 mm. Measurements of the

illustrated example are: length, 59 mm.; shoulder width, 36 mm.; stem

width, 25 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be biconvex.

Shoulders are strongly barbed. The blade is usually excurvate but may be

straight or recurvate. Blade edges are usually serrated and beveled on

both sides of each face. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is

corner notched. The notches average about 11 mm. deep and 5 mm. wide.

Side edges of the expanded stem are straight and the stem base edge

either straight, slightly incurvate or, rarely, excurvate. On Alabama

examples, the stem base is thinned and usually ground, but basal

grinding is rarely found on examples from the North Carolina Piedmont

(Coe, personal communication).

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking. The edges are shaped by fine, regular, secondary flaking, which

often resulted in serrations and beveled blade edges. The notches were

formed by the removal of long, broad flakes, one from each side on each

face. The edges of the notches were often retouched. Broad, shallow

flakes were removed to thin the basal edge, which was then finely

retouched. Local materials were used in the manufacture of these points.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type is named after examples excavated in the North

Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19,

Morgan County, Alabama. Coe (1959) estimates the age as about 8000 years

ago at the type sites. Seven examples were recovered from Archaic

Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At

the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,

1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 2, 6 and 9 in Zone

A. One example was recovered from Level 6 at the University of Alabama

Site Ms 201, Marshall County, Alabama. Practically all examples from

surface collections are from early Archaic sites. Evidence suggests an

early Archaic association, with ground base examples being earliest.

KIRK SERRATED, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-51

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point

with deep serrations.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of North Carolina Piedmont examples range as

follows: length--maximum, 120 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 70 mm.:

width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 30 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. Eleven

plesiotypes from three sites in Morgan and Limestone counties, Alabama,

near the Tennessee River provided the following measurements:

length--maximum, 78 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 10 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. Measurements

of the illustrated example are: length, 61 mm.; shoulder width, 26 mm.;

stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be plano-convex.

Shoulders are usually horizontal but may be inversely tapered. Shoulders

or barbs may be expanded. Most blades display one excurvate and one

recurvate or, rarely, straight edge. Some examples have two excurvate

blade edges. Least common are blades with two recurvate edges. Blade

edges are always serrated. Serration is usually deeper and broader near

the hafting area and becomes finer and more regular nearer the distal

end, which is usually acute. The stem has straight side edges and an

incurvate or straight basal edge. The base is thinned and, rarely,

beveled.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking followed by deep, short flaking which forms the serrations along

the blade edges. The stem is retouched by short, shallow flaking.

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples from sites in the North

Carolina Piedmont. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 32 (Stone

Pipe), Limestone County, Alabama. Coe (1959) suggests a date of between

5000 B.C. and 6000 B.C., slightly later than Kirk Corner Notched. At

the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,

1962) one example was recovered from Level 5, one from Level 6, four

from Level 9 in Zone A; one from Level 1 of Zone B. This indicates an

early Archaic association. One example each was recovered from Levels 1,

7 and 9 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County,

Alabama. This is also an indication of an early Archaic association.

Nine examples were scattered through Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint

Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). One example was recovered

from the eight-foot level, which was the lowest level at the Little Bear

Creek Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b). Flint River Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) produced one example from Zone C (upper Archaic) and

one from Zone D (lower Archaic). This evidence indicates an early to

middle Archaic association on some sites.

KNIGHT ISLAND, =Hulse= (This Paper): A-21-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, thin, side notched point.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten cotypes, nine from North Alabama and one from

Washington County, Alabama, provided traits and the following

measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 49 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 9 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 5 mm. The

illustrated example measures 55 mm. long, 18 mm. wide at shoulders, 15

mm. wide across stem, 16 mm. in stem length, and 11 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened; rarely, plano-convex. The

shoulders are usually straight on narrow-notched examples and inversely

tapered on the broader-notched examples. The blade is usually excurvate,

but may be parallel angular. Blade edges of the Washington County

example are finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area

is side notched about 3 or 4 mm. from the base. The notches average

about 3 mm. deep and vary from 8 mm. to 3 mm. wide (average width, 5

mm.). The basal edge is straight except on the Washington County

example, where it is slightly incurvate. The basal edge is usually

thinned, and may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking and retouched by fine, secondary flaking. The notches, formed by

the removal of broad flakes, are usually finely retouched.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Knight Island in the Wheeler Reservoir

of the Tennessee River where examples were first recognized. The

illustrated example is from Hulse Site 17, Limestone County, Alabama.

The type may be related to "Upper Valley Side Notched," briefly

described by Kneberg (1956). Ritchie's illustrations of Jacks Reef

Corner Notched (1961, page 79, Figure 8 and possibly Figure 7) appear to

be of the Knight Island type. Both types are usually found on late

Woodland sites in North Alabama. One example was recovered from Hn 1,

Hardin County, Tennessee (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942), below the

three-foot level, which produced Mississippian point types. It is

possible that the radiocarbon date of 1056 +-250 B.P. obtained for Jacks

Reef Corner Notched at the White Site, Norwich, New York, (Ritchie,

1961) applies to Knight Island. A larger variant is also recognized from

Alabama. Reed points (Bell, 1958) are similar to Knight Island except

that Reed blade edges are usually straight.

LECROY, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-52

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, bifurcated-stemmed point

which is usually serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes (including the illustrated example)

from sites in Morgan and Limestone counties, Alabama, provided the

following measurements: length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.;

average, 44 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.;

average, 28 mm.: stem width--maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average,

23 mm.: stem length--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 13 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex or

hexagonal. Shoulders are expanded on serrated examples and may be

horizontal or tapered. The blade is nearly always straight; rarely,

incurvate. Blade edges are usually deeply serrated and occasionally

beveled on both edges of each face. The distal end is acute. The hafting

area consists of a stem that is usually expanded (rarely, straight) and

always deeply bifurcated. The auricles are expanded-rounded and are

usually ground along the edges.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and stem is usually broad,

shallow and random, but removal of broad flakes to form serrations along

the blade edges sometimes resulted in flaking of a collateral nature on

the blade faces. Single, broader serrations may be formed by removal of

more than one flake. Broad, deep flakes were removed to notch the stem

below the shoulders and on the basal edge. Some retouch was carried out

in these notches.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the LeCroy Site on the Tennessee

River in Hamilton County, Tennessee, and was described by Bell (1960).

The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 83, Limestone County,

Alabama. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962) one example was recovered from Zone C, Block 2, along

with transitional Paleo and early Archaic points. One example was

recovered from the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County,

Alabama, in Level 10. This indicates early Archaic or transitional

Paleo. Four examples were recovered from Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint

Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), mostly from lower levels.

Examples from surface collections are usually from pre-shellmound sites

in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River. An early Archaic

association is suggested, and a date of sometime before 5000 years ago

is indicated.

LEDBETTER, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-53

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, stemmed point with asymmetrical

blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated plesiotype provided the following

measurements: length, 71 mm.; shoulder width, 36 mm.; stem width, 16

mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 10 mm. The type "... varies in

length from 3 to 7 inches and is usually thick (1/2" to 3/4")."

(Kneberg, 1956.)

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually asymmetrical,

with one being wider than the other. Shoulders may be tapered or

straight. "The distinctive feature of the blade is its asymmetry. The

side edges are usually recurvate, but the recurvature is reversed on the

two side edges." (Kneberg, 1956.) The distal end is acute. The stem may

be straight or slightly expanded. The basal edge is usually straight;

rarely, excurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking. Secondary flaking ranges in extent from regular flaking along

the sides to the faces with fine retouch along the blade edges, to

practically non-existent secondary flaking on some examples. Local

materials were generally used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Ledbetter Site in Benton County,

Tennessee. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 48 in Lincoln

County, Tennessee. One example was recovered from Level 4 at the

University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. This

indicates a late Archaic or early Woodland association. At the Eva Site

(Lewis and Lewis, 1961) most examples appear to have originated late in

the Archaic period. Examples were recovered from the Big Sandy component

and Stratum II (top) of the Three Mile component. Examples are found on

Archaic sites in North Alabama. Kneberg (1956) suggests a date of from

about 2000 B.C. to early centuries A.D.

LERMA POINTED BASE, Termed "Lerma" by =MacNeish= (Suhm, Krieger and

Jelks, 1954): A-54

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, lanceolate point with a

pointed base.

MEASUREMENTS: Twenty points from 15 sites in the Tennessee Valley (Soday

and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements;

length--maximum, 104 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 74 mm.:

width--average, 23 mm.: thickness--average, 10 mm. The illustrated

example is 110 mm. long, 28 mm. wide, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section may be plano-convex or biconvex. The widest part

of the point is usually about one-third of the length of the point from

the base. From its widest part to the distal end, the blade is excurvate

or sometimes nearly straight. The distal end is acute. The base is

pointed and may be broad or acute.

FLAKING: The presence of many hinge fractures on blade faces indicates

much of the flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area may be the

result of the baton method of percussion flaking. Some secondary flaking

appears along the edges. The plane striking area on the basal edge

indicates manufacture from a blade. Many examples in the Tennessee

Valley are made of Ft. Payne chert.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type site is the Canyon Diablo Site of Tamaulipas, Mexico

(Mahan, 1955). An example was found with a mammoth near Mexico City. The

illustrated example is from Hulse Site 32E, Limestone County, Alabama.

Examples are usually found on the same sites as Lerma Rounded Base, but

may be somewhat earlier as is the case with the Mexican examples

although not with Rounded Base Texas examples. At the Quad Site (Cambron

and Hulse, 1960a) an example reworked to a drill was recovered from

Stratum III in association with Big Sandy I, Dalton, Crawford Creek, and

other points. An early Archaic to transitional Paleo association is

suggested.

LERMA ROUNDED BASE, Termed "Lerma" by =MacNeish= (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962): A-55

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, lanceolate point

with rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: Some measurements of 52 examples from 27 sites in the

Tennessee Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) follow: length--maximum, 99

mm.; minimum, 51 mm.; average, 80 mm.: width--average, 28 mm.:

thickness--average, 9 mm. The illustrated example is 90 mm. long, 30 mm.

wide, and 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be somewhat

flattened or plano-convex. The blade is usually excurvate but may be

nearly straight beyond the hafting area. Some examples may be beveled on

one side of each face beyond the hafting area. The distal end is acute.

The hafting area may be rounded or broad-pointed. The basal edge is

thinned, except for the striking platform of the basic blade, on many

examples. This leaves a plane area on part of the basal edge.

FLAKING: A combination of broad shallow flakes and short hinged flakes

were used on many examples to shape the blade and hafting area.

Secondary flaking is usually present along the edges. The plane striking

area on the basal edge indicates manufacture from a blade. Local

materials are usually employed. Many North Alabama examples are made of

Ft. Payne chert.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point was named Lerma Rounded Base by Cambron to

distinguish it from Lerma Pointed Base. The type is a variant of the

Lerma point as defined by MacNeish (E. C. Mahan, 1955). The illustrated

example is from Hulse Site 37E in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples

from Texas are illustrated by Suhm and Jelks (1962) with an estimated

age of 2000 B.C. to 1000 A.D. Others from Texas were described as

Archaic and illustrated by Bell (1958). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff

Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) one example was

recovered from Level 1 of Zone D, which is an indication of pre-Archaic

or early Archaic association at this site. The presence of one example

each from Levels 8 and 9 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in

Marshall County, Alabama, indicates an early Archaic association. Three

examples were found in Stratum II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron

and Waters, 1961), indicating an early to middle Archaic association.

Evaluation of this evidence and observations indicate a possible

existence of from transitional Paleo to middle Archaic times.

LIMESTONE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-105

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, incurvate-based

point with tapered shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten cotypes from Cambron Site 12, Limestone County,

Alabama, provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 52 mm.;

minimum, 38 mm.; average, 48 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.;

minimum, 24 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum,

14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.;

average, 8 mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 51

mm.; shoulder width, 29 mm.; stem width, 20 mm.; stem length, 14 mm.;

thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered or,

rarely, horizontal and are occasionally rounded. The blade is straight

and the distal end acute. The stem may be straight or slightly expanded

with straight or incurvate side edges. The basal edge is always

incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking. Secondary flaking along the blade edge ranges from crude to

fine. Several examples show fine retouch on only one side of each blade

edge, but this does not appear to be an attempt to bevel the blade

edges. Large deep flakes were often removed from the basal corners of

the original blade in order to shape the stem. These "notches" were then

usually retouched as a final measure. After having been thinned, the

basal edge was often finely retouched. Bangor flint appears to have been

the most frequently used material in manufacture of these points.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after examples taken from a shell mound on

the Tennessee River in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated

example is from the type site, primarily an Archaic shellmound site,

Cambron Site 12 in Limestone County, Alabama. Surface collections from

sites in this area indicate a late Archaic and/or Woodland association.

At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama,

two examples were recovered from Level 4 and one from Level 7. This is

an indication of late Archaic or early Woodland association at this

site.

LITTLE BEAR CREEK, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

A-56

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, long-stemmed point

with slightly excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes from Little Bear Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948b), provided the following measurements:

length--maximum, 90 mm.; minimum, 64 mm.; average, 75 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm. Measurements

of the illustrated example are: length, 80 mm.; shoulder width, 30 mm.;

stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 16 mm.; thickness, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are horizontal or

tapered. Blade edges are excurvate or, rarely, straight. The distal end

is acute. The hafting area is stemmed. The stem may be straight or

contracted with straight side edges. Stem edges are usually ground. The

stem base edge is straight and may be unfinished.

FLAKING: Deep flake scars and hinge fractures indicate that random

percussion flaking was used to shape the blade and stem. Some secondary

flaking may also be the result of percussion flaking. Local materials

were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948b) where it was the most important type. The illustrated

example is from Hulse Site 17 (Apple Orchard) in Limestone County,

Alabama. Of the 65 recovered examples from the Little Bear Creek Site,

58 were from the upper three feet of the eight-foot midden with about

one-half of these in the upper foot. This indicates an introduction of

the type in late Archaic times and a climax in late Woodland. At

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)

three examples were recovered from Level 1, seven from Level 2, three

from Level 3 and one each from Levels 4, 5 and 7. This indicates a

strong late Woodland association at this site with a possible

introduction somewhat earlier. Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) produced two examples, one in the

center third and one from the upper fifth of the stratum. At Flint River

Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) three examples were recovered

from Zones A and B (Woodland) and six examples from Zones C and D

(Archaic). This evidence seems to indicate an introduction in the

shellmound Archaic period of North Alabama and a climax in late Woodland

times, with a suggested date of 4000 years ago to about 1500 years ago.

LOST LAKE, =Cambron and Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

A-27

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, corner-notched point

beveled on one edge of each blade face and is rhomboid in cross-section.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of 11 cotypes (including the illustrated

example, from which feature data were taken) range as follows:

length--maximum, 81 mm.; minimum, 49 mm.; average, 63 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 48 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 40 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FLAKING: The flaking used on the faces is broad, shallow and random

leaving the faces flat. The regular retouch flaking used to bevel the

blade was removed from one side of each face and often left serrations;

much of this flaking appears to be percussion. One deep, broad flake was

removed on each face to form the terminal end of the notches. Apparently

small flakes were removed for about one-third the length of the finished

notch before the large flakes were struck off. Some retouching was used

to finish the notches. Shallow, relatively broad, flakes were removed in

thinning the base.

FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. As a result of deep, narrow, corner

notches, the barbs are usually simple, long and may be rounded or acute;

rarely, expanded. The blade is usually straight; rarely, excurvate or

recurvate. The blade edges may or may not be serrated but are always

beveled on one edge of each face. The distal end is usually acute but

may approach broad. The hafting area is usually diagonally corner

notched; rarely, diagonally basal notched. The notches, as measured

along the stern side edge, are usually deep and narrow. The sides of the

expanded stem are straight or incurvate. The stem base is thinned and

may be incurvate, straight or excurvate. It is usually ground except on

some straight-based examples.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Lost Lake area in Limestone

County, Alabama, where many examples are found. The illustrated example

is from Hulse Site 14a, Limestone County, Alabama. At the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)

an example from Level 6, Zone A, and one from Level 9, Zone A, were

recovered. Examples from North Alabama are from pre-shellmound sites,

and are usually patinated. This indicates an early Archaic association

prior to 5000 years ago.

MADISON, =Scully= (Scully, 1951): A-60

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thin, triangular point.

MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example

from Cambron Site 27 in Limestone County, Alabama, provided the

following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 33 mm.; minimum, 17

mm.; average, 26 mm.: width at base--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.;

average, 16 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 4

mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Blade edges are straight, rarely

slightly excurvate. The distal end is acute. There is no way to

distinguish the hafting area from the blade. Some part of the basal

portion of the blade was used as a hafting area. The basal edge may be

straight--or incurvate one or two millimeters--and is thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade.

Fine secondary flaking was used to thin and shape the side and basal

edges. Local materials were used.

COMMENTS: According to Ritchie (1961) this type was described by Scully

as the Mississippi Triangular point and was later changed by him to the

Madison point (Scully, 1951). Scully gives the association as "Middle

Mississippi" and the distribution as "Middle and Upper Mississippi sites

in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri".

[Illustration]

Kneberg (1956) refers to a similar point as "Late Mississippi

Triangular." She suggests a date of 1300-1800 A.D. The length range, as

given by Scully, and measurements of 100 points from a single

prehistoric Iroquois site in western New York (Ritchie, 1961) compare

favorably with Alabama measurements. The type is associated with the

middle Mississippi culture in Alabama and has been referred to locally

as Mississippi Triangular. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), of eleven levels in Zone A,

Levels 1 and 2 produced 167 of the 234 examples recovered. At the

University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, 44 of the

52 examples from 13 levels came from Levels 1 and 2. Of the 86 examples

recovered from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) at the Flint Creek

Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) most examples were in the

uppermost levels. Of 11 examples from Flint River Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) 9 were in Zone A (uppermost zone). The middle

Mississippi culture, with which the points are associated in Alabama, is

considered prehistoric Creek. Jenkins (1975) has confirmed a

pre-Mississippian (Miller III) provenience for this type on the Central

Tombigbee River. The Madison point type was also found on transitional

Late Woodland-Early Mississippian sites (West Jefferson Phase) within

the Warrior drainage (Jenkins and Nielsen, 1974).

MAPLES, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-57

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, thin, broad stemmed point with an

excurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Seventeen cotypes from the Tennessee River Valley (with

the exception of length, where only 6 examples were used since the

distal ends of the other 11 examples are missing) provided the following

measurements and features: length--maximum, 119 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.;

average, 93 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 72 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.;

average, 52 mm.: stem width--maximum, 50 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average,

36 mm.: stem length--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 14 mm. The

illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 104

mm.; shoulder width, 60 mm.; stem width, 35 mm.; stem length, 12 mm.;

thickness, 14 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. Blade edges

are usually excurvate but may be straight. The distal end is usually

acute. The stem is short and usually contracted-rounded with excurvate

side edges. The basal edge is excurvate or straight, usually thinned,

and may be ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow to deep, flaking was used to shape the blade and

stem. A minimum of secondary flaking was used on some examples,

sometimes on only one edge of a face. Other examples show a considerable

amount of retouching along the blade edges. A minimum of secondary

flaking was used on the basal edge and sides of the stem. Local

materials were utilized, especially Ft. Payne chert.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites along Elk River near Maples

Bridge in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. An example from the Eva Site in

Benton County, Tennessee is illustrated in Plate 4-a, Page 32 (Lewis and

Lewis, 1961) and is described as late Archaic. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff

Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) an example was recovered

from Level 9 of Zone A. This indicates an Archaic association. Seven

examples from the 3-foot level and one from the 5-foot level at Little

Bear Creek Site Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) place the association

as late Archaic at this site. At Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) one example was recovered from Zone A (Woodland) and

one from Zone C-D (Archaic). An example was recovered from Archaic Level

7 at the University of Alabama Site 1 Ru 28 in Russell County, Alabama,

on the Chattahoochee River. Evidence indicates a middle to late Archaic

association with a probable date of about 4000 years ago or slightly

earlier.

MCINTIRE, =Hulse= (This Paper): A-106

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The McIntire point is a medium sized, expanded stem

point with straight base and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example,

provided the following measurements and features: length--maximum, 68

mm.; minimum, 50 mm.; average, 57 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 39 mm.;

minimum, 31 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum,

18 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.;

average, 13 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9

mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually horizontal,

but may be tapered or inversely tapered with short barbs. Blade edges

are usually excurvate. Some examples may have one straight blade edge.

The distal end is acute. The hafting area consists of an expanded stem

with incurvate side edges. The basal edge is straight, rarely slightly

incurvate, and thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to shape the blade

and stem with short, sometimes deep, retouch along the blade edges.

Broad deep flakes were removed by indirect percussion to form the stem.

All stem edges were then retouched. Local materials were used and

remnants of patinated rind remain on the base of most examples. This

indicates manufacture from nodular materials, mostly Bangor flint in the

area of the type site.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point is named for sites near McIntire ditch on the north

bank of the Tennessee River near Decatur in Limestone County, Alabama.

The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 28, one of the shellmound

type sites in Limestone County, Alabama. In North Alabama this type is

associated with Archaic shellmounds along the Tennessee River. Most

expanded stem examples illustrated as Type 7 by Webb and DeJarnette

(1942) from Pickwick Basin are probable McIntire points, especially

Numbers 1, 3 and 5 in the bottom row of top half of Plate 93. At least

one example is included in Type L (Webb and Wilder, 1951) from

Guntersville Basin shellmounds, and a few probable examples are

illustrated from Wheeler Basin (Webb, 1939). The type may be coeval with

Limestone Stemmed points. Associations in surface collections indicate a

middle to late Archaic placement. Before recognition of the type some

examples may have been classified as Provisional Type 2, expanded stem.

McKEAN, =Wheeler= (Wheeler, 1952): A-103

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized lanceolate point

with thinned, incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine examples from eastern Wyoming, illustrated by Bell

(1958) after Wheeler (1952) provided the following measurements:

length--maximum, 61 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 51 mm.:

width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: width at

base--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.: depth of basal

concavity--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 4 mm. Measurements

of four points including the illustrated example, are: length--maximum,

60 mm.; minimum, 52 mm.; average, 55 mm.: width--maximum, 29 mm.;

minimum, 17 mm.; average, 24 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5

mm.; average, 6 mm.: width at base--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.;

average, 16 mm.: basal concavity--maximum, 3 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.;

average, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be flattened. Blade

edges are usually excurvate, but may be straight or recurvate. The

distal end is acute. The auriculate hafting area is usually contracted

rounded, but may be parallel rounded or expanded rounded. The basal edge

is incurvate and thinned.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is usually

random but may be collateral. The side edges are usually retouched and

the basal edge is well thinned. Some examples from Idaho (Neisler

Collection) exhibit transverse oblique flaking. Alabama examples are

made of local materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from sites in Keyhole

Reservoir in northeastern Wyoming (Wheeler, 1952). The illustrated

example is from Hulse Site 55 in Limestone County, Alabama. About 15

examples in the collection of W. E. Neisler, from the Snake River

between Kamima and American Falls, Idaho, were observed and considered

in describing this type (Neisler, personal communication). The Idaho

points more or less parallel the Wheeler points in outline, but all

examples are heavily thinned on the basal edge. One Wheeler point was

observed in the collection but was made of flint and was on a site

separate from the sites that produced McKean points. Most of the sites

consist of "blow-outs" that cover an area of from one to ten acres. Bell

(1958) lists radiocarbon dates from two areas, one from lower levels at

Signal Butte, Nebraska (Wheeler, 1952) of 3500 to 4000 years ago. Other

dates for sites in Angostura Basin, South Dakota, are 3630 +-350 and 4230

+-350 B.P. At Danger Cave near Wendover, Utah, examples listed by

Jennings (1957) as Type W6 were found in Levels II, III, IV and V

(uppermost) where radiocarbon dates of from 9789 +-630 to 1930 +-240 B.P.

were secured. More examples were from Level V. As some examples of W8

(Wheeler points?) were recovered from the same levels (some A6s may be

Wheeler points), this suggests that McKean points are derived from

Wheeler points.

MONTGOMERY, =Cambron= (This paper): A-121

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Montgomery is a small broad, rounded base point

with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes from Montgomery and Escambia counties,

Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits:

length--maximum, 43 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 37 mm.:

width--maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 16 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The distal

end is acute. The base is rounded and thinned.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were shaped by shallow, random,

percussion flaking with some retouch along the edges, especially near

the distal end.

COMMENTS: The type was named after Montgomery, County, Alabama, where

many points of this type, including the illustrated example, were

recovered. The type is associated with sand and clay-grit tempered

pottery in Montgomery and Escambia counties, indicating a Woodland

association in this area.

MORROW MOUNTAIN, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-61

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, rounded stem point with

excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven plesiotypes from Limestone County, Alabama,

including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements

and traits: length--maximum, 68 mm.; minimum, 36 mm.; average, 50 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow, usually

horizontal but may be inversely tapered and occasionally expanded. Blade

edges are usually excurvate but are recurvate on examples with expanded

shoulders, and about half the examples have serrated blade edges. The

distal end may be acute or mucronate, rarely broad. The hafting area is

composed of a rounded, rarely pointed, stem that is occasionally ground

along the edges.

FLAKING: Rather narrow, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the

blade and stem. Some fine retouch was used to complete the shape of all

edges. Short, fairly deep flakes were removed to form serrations along

the blade edges of serrated examples. These serrations may appear the

full length of the blade near the basal end or near the distal end. A

variety of local flints and cherts were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites near Morrow Mountain in the

Piedmont of North Carolina where many examples, designated by Coe (1959)

as Morrow Mountain I, were recovered. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type had

been illustrated as Rounded Stem Gypsum Cave points by Cambron (1958a)

and designated Three Mile by Kneberg (personal communication). Morrow

Mountain was adopted at the suggestion of James B. Griffin (personal

communication). Coe (1959) places the type later than Stanley and

earlier than Guilford points in the Piedmont of North Carolina, where he

suggests a date of about 4500 B.C. He also lists dates in Nevada of

Gypsum Cave points between 6000 and 8000 B.C. Examples were found

associated with two burials at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) along with Morrow Mountain

Rounded Base and other early Archaic points and artifacts. Other

examples recovered from this site as well as from Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Little Bear Creek (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948b) suggest an early Archaic association, as do surface

collections in the Tennessee River Valley.

MORROW MOUNTAIN ROUNDED BASE, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962): A-61-b

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, rounded base point with

an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten plesiotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, and

Lincoln County, Tennessee, provided the following measurements:

length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 45 mm.:

width--maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 30 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. Larger

examples are known from North Alabama, especially from the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. Blade edges are

excurvate and rarely serrated. The distal end is usually acute but may

be mucronate. The hafting area is rounded and thinned, but rarely

ground.

FLAKING: Variable, random flaking was used to shape the faces. Some

examples were finely retouched along the blade and hafting area edges,

while others were not retouched at all. In general the flaking is cruder

than that of Morrow Mountain or Morrow Mountain Straight Base. Local

flints and cherts were used to make the points.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named because of similarities and associations

with Morrow Mountain points (Coe, 1959) from sites near Morrow Mountain

in the North Carolina Piedmont area. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type was

listed as Gypsum Cave by Cambron (1958a). At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff

Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), four examples were

associated with Burial No. 11 and two examples were found in association

with Burial No. 8 along with Morrow Mountain points and other early

Archaic points and tools--including a drill made from a Morrow Mountain

Rounded Base point. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall

County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1. In the

Tennessee Valley of North Alabama the type is found on early Archaic

sites. This type is similar to Gypsum Cave points, dated in Nevada at

between 6000 and 8000 B.C. (Coe, 1959). An early Archaic association in

Alabama is suggested.

MORROW MOUNTAIN STRAIGHT BASE, =Cambron= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b):

A-61-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with contracted stem

and straight base.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven plesiotypes, including the illustrated example,

provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 51 mm.;

minimum, 37 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.;

minimum, 25 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem width--maximum, 19 mm.; minimum,

16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: width at base of stem--maximum, 13 mm.;

minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem length--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum,

7 mm.; average, 9 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;

average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The narrow shoulders are usually

inversely tapered but may be horizontal. Blade edges are excurvate and

most examples are serrated. As on Morrow Mountain points, the serrations

may be near the basal edge of the blade, near the distal end of the

blade, or along the entire blade edges. Distal ends may be acute or

mucronate. The hafting area consists of a straight sided, contracted

stem with a straight thinned base. Some base and/or side edges may be

ground.

FLAKING: Shallow, narrow-to-broad, random flaking was used to shape the

blade and stem. Some fine retouch was carried out along the blade edges.

Short deep flaking was used to form the serrations. Occasionally the

mucronate distal end appears to be the result of intentional termination

of serrating at the distal end. Other mucronate distal ends were simply

flaked out.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for its similarity to Morrow Mountain

points (Coe, 1959) from sites near Morrow Mountain in the Piedmont of

North Carolina. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine

Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type was first listed as

Straight Stemmed Gypsum Cave by Cambron (1958a). The greatest

differences between this type and Morrow Mountain is the greater

frequency of shoulder barbs and the straight base of this type. Also,

Morrow Mountain is more common. Three examples were recovered from Level

10, Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962), which suggests a possibility of greater age than

Morrow Mountain points. This type was not found with the two burials

from this site which were associated with Morrow Mountain and Morrow

Mountain Rounded Base points. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201

in Marshall County, Alabama, this straight based variant was found below

the other two types. A slightly earlier chronological provenience is

suggested. Based on Coe's (1959) suggested date of about 4500 B.C. as

the earliest appearance of Morrow Mountain points, a date of some time

prior to 5000 years ago seems in order.

MOTLEY, =Haag= (Ford, Phillips and Haag, 1955): A-109

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Motley point is a medium sized, expanded stem

point with broad side or corner notches and straight blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight examples, including the illustrated specimen, from

North Alabama and the southern part of Tennessee provided the following

measurements and features: length--maximum, 71 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.;

average, 60 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.;

average, 29 mm.: stem width at base--maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.;

average, 22 mm.: stem width at narrowest point--maximum, 14 mm.;

minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.: stem length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum,

14 mm.; average, 15 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;

average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders may be

horizontal, tapered, or inversely tapered. Blade edges are more apt to

be straight but may be slightly excurvate, or one edge may be straight

and the other excurvate. The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded

and formed by broad deep side or corner notches. Several examples have

one corner notch and one side notch. The side edges of the stem are

incurvate and the base is usually straight. It is usually thinned, but

rarely ground.

FLAKING: Shallow to deep random flaking was used to shape the faces. The

blade edges are usually retouched by removal of short and fairly deep

flakes. Large deep flakes were removed to form the notches, usually

followed by secondary flaking along the stem and shoulder edges. Local

materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The Motley point was named from the Motley Place in

northeastern Louisiana. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 301

in Limestone County, Alabama. Bell (1958) states, "The type is best

represented from the Poverty Point Culture in the lower Mississippi

Valley" where radiocarbon dates range from about 1300 B.C. up to 200 B.

C. It is also present in the Archaic sites of Kentucky, Alabama, and

Illinois. It is similar to Normanskill points of New York (Ritchie,

1961). The type has been referred to locally as Sugar Creek. At

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962),

five examples were recovered from the top three levels and one from

Level 6. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County,

Alabama, one example each was recovered from Levels 3 and 4. At Flint

River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) two examples were taken from

Zone A (Woodland), five from Zone B (Woodland) and one from Zone C

(Archaic). This evidence indicates a strong early Woodland association

with a beginning in Archaic times.

MOUNTAIN FORK, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-114

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, narrow, thick, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes from sites in Madison and Limestone

counties, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits:

length--maximum, 51 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 11 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be somewhat median

ridged. Shoulders are narrow and tapered. Blade edges may be straight or

excurvate. The distal end is acute. Nine of the eleven measured examples

show impact fractures of the distal end. The stem is usually straight

but may be tapered. The basal edge may be straight or excurvate and is

usually unfinished, but may be thinned and is rarely ground.

FLAKING: Short, deep, random flakes were removed in shaping the faces of

the blade and stem. Retouching of the edges was accomplished by removal

of very short deep flakes. Local materials were used, especially Bangor

nodular flint.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from points from sites along Mountain Fork

Creek in Madison County, Alabama, where they were first recognized. The

illustrated example is from Cambron Site 103 in this area. The type

appears in surface collections along with Swan Lake, Flint River Spike,

and Bradley Spike points. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), a few examples were recovered

from the upper levels of Zone A. This is an indication of late Woodland

association at this site. This was a prominent type in Zones A and B

(Woodland) at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), especially

in the upper levels. A few examples were recovered from Zones C and D

(Archaic) at this site. Current evidence indicates a middle to late

Woodland association. Impact fractures on the distal ends of eight of

the eleven measured examples indicate use of the type as arrow points.

The type is similar to the stemmed variant of Lamoka, an Archaic type

found in New York and dated by radiocarbon method at 3500 B.C.

(Ritchie, 1961).

MUD CREEK, =Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-62

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, expanded stem point with

excurvate blade and acuminate distal end.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, provided

the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 67 mm.; minimum,

46 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 23

mm.; average, 26 mm.: stem width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.;

average, 18 mm.: stem length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average,

14 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and

hafting area. Small, fairly deep flakes were removed in retouching the

blade and stem edges. Most stem bases have been thinned, but a few are

crudely finished.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually tapered but

may be horizontal and are sometimes rounded. Blade edges are excurvate.

The distal end is sharply acute or acuminate. The stem is expanded,

sometimes only slightly. Side edges are usually straight. The basal edge

is usually thinned and straight but may be excurvate. About half of the

examples have ground bases, and several bases retain rind from the

parent material.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: It is named from points found on sites near Mud Creek in

Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 50

in Limestone County, Alabama. The type is similar to Lange points (Bell,

1958) in outline, but is narrower in proportion and differs in other

features. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962) one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 2, and 3;

two from Level 5; one from Level 7; two from Level 9. This indicates a

late Archaic to Woodland association at this site. At Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) two examples were recovered from the

bottom of Stratum I (Woodland) and two from the top of Stratum II

(Archaic). One example appeared in Zone A (early Woodland or late

Archaic) at the Little Bear Creek Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b). At

Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) Zone A (Woodland)

produced one Mud Creek point; Zone B (lower Woodland), two examples;

while the Archaic zones produced 25 examples, 22 from Zone C (upper

Archaic), one from Zone C-D and two from Zone D (bottom Archaic). This

indicates a strong late Archaic association at this site. This evidence

and surface associations suggest a strong late Archaic type that existed

into Woodland times.

MULBERRY CREEK, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

A-63

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, stemmed point with

pronounced excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Ten cotypes, from the Little Bear Creek Shell Mound (Webb

and DeJarnette, 1948b) provided the following measurements and traits:

length--maximum, 116 mm.; minimum, 81 mm.; average, 96 mm.: blade

width--maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average. 30 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 10 mm. The

illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 81 mm.;

blade width, 30 mm.; shoulder width, 28 mm.; stem width, 17 mm.; stem

length, 13 mm.; thickness, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow, usually

tapered, and may be asymmetrical. Blade edges are excurvate, with the

widest point near the midsection, and may be finely serrated. The distal

end is usually acute but may be acuminate. The stem may be tapered or

straight, rarely expanded. The basal edge is usually excurvate, but may

be straight, and is poorly thinned. Stem edges are usually ground.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces.

Fine retouch was carried out along the blade edges. The stem edges were

usually more crudely retouched. Local materials, especially Ft. Payne

chert, were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from examples from sites at and near

Mulberry Creek in Colbert County, Alabama. The illustrated example is

from Cambron Site 8 in Morgan County, Alabama. One example was recovered

from Level 1, Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette,

Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). At the Little Bear Creek Site in Colbert

County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), six of the fourteen

recovered examples were from the 2-foot level, two from the 1-foot

level, two from Zone A (2.75'), two from the 3-foot level and two from

the 6-foot level. This evidence indicates an introduction in middle

Archaic times, a strong association to late Archaic, and survival into

early Woodland at this site. At the Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) two examples were taken from Zone A (upper Woodland),

one from Zone C (upper Archaic) and one from Zone D (lower Archaic).

Based on this information and surface collection associations, a climax

of the type in late shellmound Archaic is suggested for North Alabama.

Distribution seems to be somewhat limited, although similar examples are

illustrated from early Woodland Roskamp Focus of Illinois (Wray, 1950)

and from Boone Focus (early Woodland) of central Missouri (Chapman,

1948).

NEW MARKET, =Cambron= (This paper): (Formerly classified as Randolph)

A-74

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, narrow, rounded stem point

with expanded shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: Six plesiotypes, including the illustrated example,

provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 61 mm.; minimum,

45 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 15

mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.;

average, 12 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average,

11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow and tapered

and may be expanded. Excluding the expanded shoulders, the blade is

usually straight but may be slightly excurvate. The distal end is

sharply acute. The stem is contracted-rounded and thinned on the edges.

Sides of the stem are usually straight. The basal edge is always

excurvate.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the faces of the blade and stem is

usually fairly deep, as is most of the fine retouching along the edges.

The expanded shoulder is formed by leaving that area of the blade intact

during finishing of the blade edges. In some cases the lack of retouch

along the basal edge of the blade resulted in an absence of expanded

shoulders. Local materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the New Market Site near New Market,

Alabama, where the type was first recognized. The type was described in

previous editions of this book as Randolph, a historic type named by Coe

(1959) from the Doerschuk Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The New

Market point has been found to differ in flaking as well as culturally

from the Randolph type. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76

(Pine Tree) in Limestone County, Alabama. The type is similar in some

respects to Bradley Spike, but differs in that the stem is tapered and

rounded, shoulders may be expanded, and fine retouch is a feature of the

blade. One example was recovered from Level 2 at the University of

Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. One example was

recovered from Zone A and two from Zone A-B at the Flint River Shell

Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). These proveniences place the type at

these sites in the Woodland period or later. They are found at Flint

River and nearly always in surface collections with Swan Lake, Flint

River Spike, and Bradley Spike points.

NODENA, =Chapman and Anderson= (Bell, 1958): A-110

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Nodena is a small to medium-sized, lanceolate

point with rounded base.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated plesiotype measures 46 mm. long, 15 mm.

wide and 7 mm. thick. Bell (1958) gives the range as 1 to 3 inches in

length.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate with an

acute distal end. The hafting area or basal edge is usually rounded, but

may be acute.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and

hafting area, leaving a low median ridge on some examples. The edges of

the blade and hafting area show fine retouching of a narrow shallow

nature. Local flint was used for the illustrated specimen.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Nodena Site in eastern Arkansas,

but has been referred to as the "Willow-leaf" type by numerous writers

and collectors for the past 25 years (Bell, 1958). The illustrated

example is from Baker Site N, Madison County, Alabama. Bell (1958) gives

the distribution as heaviest in eastern Arkansas, along the Mississippi

and St. Francis river valleys and also along the Arkansas River Valley

as far as Dardanelle, Arkansas. He lists the cultural affiliation as

late prehistoric and suggests a date of 1400 to 1600 A.D. The type is

rare in Alabama, and the cultural association of Alabama points is

unknown.

NOLICHUCKY, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1957): A-64

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Nolichucky is a small to medium sized point

with incurvate hafting area.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example from the type site provided the

following measurements: length, 37 mm.; blade width, 16 mm.; width of

base, 17 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 15 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.

"The size is usually small, but occasional examples range up to 2 inches

in length. The proportions are usually narrow, rarely broad." (Kneberg,

1957.)

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Blade edges may be straight or

excurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area consists of an area

with incurvate side edges that may be ground and may be auriculate with

expanded pointed or rounded auricles. The basal edge is usually

incurvate but may be straight and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Deep to shallow random flaking was employed to shape the faces.

Retouching on all edges is usually evident.

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Nolichucky River. The type site is

Camp Creek Site at the confluence of Camp Creek with the Nolichucky

River (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). The illustrated example is from Level A

of this homogenous site.

[Illustration]

"An early Woodland type associated with Greeneville and Camp Creek

types. These three types represent 50% of all points from Camp Creek

Site." (Kneberg, 1957). A radiocarbon date of 2050 +-250 B.P. was

obtained from Level C at this site (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). One

example was recovered from the upper level of Stratum I (Woodland and

Mississippian) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961).

At Flint River Mound one example was taken from Zone A. Greeneville and

Camp Creek points were more numerous at this site. This evidence

indicates a sparse late Woodland association in north Alabama. Three

examples appear in the University of Alabama surface collections from

Guntersville Basin of the Tennessee River.

OSCEOLA, =Ritzenthaler= (Ritzenthaler, 1946 and Bell, 1958): A-65

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a large, parallel sided point with deep,

narrow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) gives the size as ranging from 3 inches to 9

inches in length with most examples measuring between 4 inches and 5

inches. The illustrated example provided the following measurements:

length, 97 mm.; width of blade, 32 mm.; width at base, 27 mm.;

thickness, 7 mm.; depth of notches, 7 mm.; width of notches, 5 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Blade edges are usually near

parallel for most of the length of the blade, then slope rather abruptly

to an acute distal end. Local examples may be sparsely serrated along

the blade edges. "The hafting area is notched from the side edges near

the base and may be either squared or rounded. The stem base is either

straight or incurvate with the incurvate base being more typical."

(Bell, 1958). The base of the illustrated example is ground.

FLAKING: Bell (1958) describes the flaking as well done, first by rather

large percussion flaking and then by finer flaking along the edges and

base. Long, shallow, random flaking was usually employed. Local

materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Osceola Site in Wisconsin. The

illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19, Morgan County, Alabama. A

somewhat similar type is described by Ritchie (1961) as Otter Creek

points associated with the Archaic cultures of Vermont and New York.

Bell (1958) states that the type is associated with the Old Copper

Culture of Wisconsin where radiocarbon dates suggest an age of 7000 to

5000 years ago. He also lists distribution as Wisconsin, Illinois and

Missouri. Alabama examples usually appear on early Archaic sites. The

type is probably related to the Big Sandy Complex.

PAINT ROCK VALLEY, =Mahan= (Cambron, 1958a): A-66

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Paint Rock Valley point is a medium sized,

broad, triangular point with incurvate base and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example,

from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee, provided the following

measurements and traits: length--maximum, 58 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.;

average, 46 mm.: blade width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average,

28 mm.: width at base--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 25

mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.: depth

of basal concavity--maximum, 3 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Blade edges are usually excurvate,

rarely straight. The distal end is usually acute but may be broad. The

hafting area consists of an indeterminate basal portion of the blade

that is usually slightly contracted. The base is usually incurvate,

rarely straight, and may be thinned or beveled.

FLAKING: Broad, sometimes deep, random flaking was used to shape the

blade and hafting area. Rather long secondary flakes were struck off

along the edges, with a minimum of fine retouch having been carried out.

Short flakes struck from the basal edge often resulted in a beveling of

the basal edge. Local materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: This type was named from points found on sites in the Paint

Rock River Valley in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated example is

from Cambron Site 48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. It resembles several

Texas types (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): Kinney, with an estimated

age of 4000 years ago, which is shorter and broader; Matamoros with an

estimated age of 500 A.D., which is smaller and usually beveled;

Tortugas, estimated age 6000 years ago, which is beveled and has no

contraction of the base. At the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in

Marshall County, Alabama, two examples were recovered from Level 11 and

one from Level 9. Other types from these lower levels include

Cumberland, Quad, Dalton, Wheeler and Big Sandy I points. One example

was recovered from Burial 8 at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) in association with Morrow

Mountain, Crawford Creek, White Springs and possibly Eva points, as well

as bone points and other artifacts. These associations indicate an early

Archaic to transitional Paleo-Indian connection. At the Hardaway Site

(Coe, 1959) points similar to Paint Rock Valley points were recovered

from Stratum IV along with Dalton and Quad points.

PALMER, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Palmer point is a small corner notched point

with a straight, ground base and pronounced serrations (Coe, 1959).

MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists the following measurements:

length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 28 mm.; average, 35 mm.:

width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 20 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 8 mm.: average

width of notches, 3 mm.: length of notches, measured along stem edge, 5

mm. to 7 mm. The illustrated example provided the following

measurements: length, 46 mm.; width at shoulders, 25 mm.; width of stem,

21 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; width of notches, 3 mm.; depth of notches, 6

mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are barbed. Blade edges

are usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. Most

examples are serrated, some quite deeply. The hafting area is corner

notched. Side edges of the stem are usually incurvate. The basal edge is

usually straight but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate. It is

thinned and ground.

FLAKING: "These points were made by pressure flaking upon a prismatic

flake of the proper proportions. The serrations apparently were made at

the time when the point was finished, since the flake scars produced by

the serrations were long and overlapped toward the center of the blade."

(Coe, 1959). The notches were formed by the removal of deep broad

flakes. Local materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Hardaway

Site in Piedmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 92 in Madison County, North Carolina. Concerning the type

at the Hardaway Site, Coe (1959) states, "Following the Hardaway

occupation, the style of projectile points changed to a small

corner-notched serrated variety with extensive grinding along the base.

Along with this the use of the small hafted snub-nosed scraper increased

considerably." He gives distribution as "Camp Creek Site in Tennessee

and northward along the Atlantic Coast into New England." He further

states, "On the basis of excavated data, this type must have an

antiquity of nearly 8000 years." Two examples are listed by Cambron and

Waters (1961) from the bottom of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek

Rock Shelter. Three Palmer points were classified by Cambron from the

surface collection of the University of Alabama from Guntersville Basin

on the Tennessee River. The type is also found on western North Carolina

sites.

PEDERNALIS, =Kelley= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-68

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with bifurcated

stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Suhm and Jelks (1962) list some measurements in mm., as

follows: "Length, max. 130, min. 30, av. between 60 and 90; average

width 30 to 50; stem width 15 to 30; stem length 15 to 20." The

illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 87 mm.;

width of shoulders, 32 mm.; width of stem, 28 mm.; stem length, 25 mm.;

thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders may be

horizontal or barbed. "Blade edges are usually straight or excurvate,

but occasionally incurvate, recurved, or narrowed to a slim needle-like

tip." (Bell, 1958.) The distal end is usually acute. The stem is usually

straight, but may be slightly contracted with straight or excurvate side

edges. The basal edge is incurvate, usually deeply so, and may be

thinned by removal of large flakes, and may be near beveled on some

examples. Grinding of basal edges is seldom present.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow flakes were removed to shape the blade and stem.

Deeper shorter flaking was used to finish all edges. On many examples

large broad flakes were removed to form the shoulders, especially on

barbed examples. The thinning of the bases of some examples was

accomplished by removal of one or several large thin flakes. Local

materials were generally used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites in central Texas where it is

regarded as a diagnostic type of the "Round Rock Focus" (Kelley, 1947a).

The illustrated example is from the Helen Womack collection of Bedford

County, Tennessee. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) list Pedernalis as

"very common over all of central Texas." It is listed as a common point

found with the Edwards Plateau aspect of the Archaic period with an

estimated age of 4000 B.C. to 500 or 1000 A.D. (Suhm, Krieger and

Jelks, 1954). An example of the type appears in unknown provenience at

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).

A broken example from the middle of the Archaic Stratum II at Flint

Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) appears to have been

reworked on one blade edge to a burin. Two examples were recovered from

Zone C (upper Archaic) at Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette,

1948a). A suggested association for Alabama is late Archaic or early

Woodland.

PICKWICK, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-69

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, expanded shoulder point

with recurvate blade edges and tapered stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve cotypes from the Tennessee River Valley of North

Alabama provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum,

117 mm.; minimum, 71 mm.; average, 85 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 48

mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 44 mm.: stem width--maximum, 24 mm.;

minimum, 15 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum,

9 mm.; average, 10 mm. The illustrated example provided the following

measurements: length, 76 mm.; shoulder width, 41 mm.; stem width, 19

mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 9 mm.