Part I

Point Types

FIRST PRINTING

NOVEMBER 1964

SECOND PRINTING

AUGUST 1965

THIRD PRINTING

OCTOBER 1969

REVISED

NOVEMBER 1975

PREFACE

For many years there has been a need in the Southeast for a workable

system of projectile point classification. Any number of people working

in archaeology have attempted various taxonomic schemes from time to

time in response to this long felt need. In the past, most of these

systems of classification have been based on certain look-alike

characteristics, with an utter disregard for the cultural provenience of

the objects being classified. Archaeology has been reasonably successful

in its classification of pottery. Great progress has been made during

the past three decades in unravelling the prehistory of the various

ceramic cultures in our area. During this same period, however, very

little has been ascertained about the several thousand years of

pre-ceramic occupations of which the major cultural determinants and

diagnostic traits are stone implements, chiefly projectile points of

flint.

Tom and Madeline Kneberg Lewis, with the help of interested amateurs

within the Tennessee Valley, took the first steps in the ordering of

projectile points and other flint artifacts and made plans for the

publication of a point type handbook. The retirement in 1961 of Tom and

Madeline Lewis halted this project. James W. Cambron, a collaborator and

chief contributor to the Lewises' proposed publication, continued his

interest and undertook, with the help of David Hulse, the job of

producing this handbook.

We have had the pleasure during the past of working very closely with

Cambron and Hulse. We have observed how painstaking and careful they are

in their evaluations and how they have often refused to place a specimen

in a type if all the type attributes were not present. We have also

observed in the course of field investigation that, as a result of this

taxonomic system, the occurrence of certain types in certain cultural

contexts could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. In other

words, this taxonomic system not only allows communication between

workers by supplying names for certain classes of artifacts, but it also

enables the prehistorian to establish event which took place in time and

space. This, after all, is the real test of any artifact taxonomy.

In all systems of taxonomy, whether it is the naming and classifying of

cave beetles, land snails, snakes, or arrowheads, there are two schools

of thought. These can be termed the "splitters" and the "lumpers," and

if we might classify ourself without splitting or lumping we would type

ourself as a "lumper." However, we are thankful that the authors would

be typed as "splitters," because without meticulous splitting, lumping

or meaningful generalization would be impossible. This is the reason we

have been tolerant of the fine divisions and the hairline cases which

have often made variants of what looked like to us one and the same

type. Like all such systems, this one has its limitations. We do feel,

however, that it is a practical classification system which has already

demonstrated its usefulness in archaeological interpretations.

The senior author, James Cambron, began his interest in archaeology

years ago. He is a native of North Carolina and made his first

collections in that state. He is a printer by profession and has been

connected with the Decatur Daily for over ten years. Most of his

fruitful years as a "part time" archaeologist have been spent in the

Tennessee Valley near Decatur, Alabama. He has contributed articles to

the publications of both the Alabama Archaeological Society and the

Tennessee Archaeological Society. He is recognized by both professionals

and amateurs for his specialty in the classification of flint

artifacts.

David Hulse, junior author, is a native of Decatur, and his interest in

archaeology is as longstanding as Cambron's. By vocation he is an

illustrator. His best known illustrations are the colored paintings of

the water fowl in Birds of Alabama. His work in the illustration of wild

life has kept him much of the time on Wheeler Lake near his home in

Decatur, and his "part time" archaeological ventures have been in

surface collecting on the mud flats which are exposed when the lake

level is lowered. Not only has he provided the excellent illustrations

in this publication, but he has also collaborated in all other aspects

of the handbook.

It has been our satisfaction as editor during the past twelve years to

see the efforts of these two authors come to fruition as descriptions of

point type after point type came into our hands for the comparatively

small job of editing. We think you are going to find this handbook a

tremendous tool for extracting a great deal of information and pleasure

from your collections. Since some readers may want to consult primary

sources to find out more about specific types, each point type is given

with the name of the classifier and the name of the publication in which

the type was first described and classified. In the text concerning each

type, other bibliographic references are cited.

A word of caution--do not try to fit everything into this system. The

authors themselves, in classifying our material from summer excavations,

would class only about 25 per cent. Read the full description of the

point type and do not rely entirely on the illustration for comparison

since certain diagnostic characteristics do not lend themselves to

illustration. Since it would have been impractical to show the full

range of each type, you will see in each illustration a classic example

which usually falls in the middle of the range.

David L. DeJarnette, Editor

Mound State Monument

Moundville, AL 35474

* * * * *

For additional copies of this book and information on other publications

of the Archaeological Research Association of Alabama, Inc., contact

Editor at the above address.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The preparation of the material presented in this book was made possible

by many individuals and institutions. To them the authors express their

gratitude with particular thanks to those listed.

Mrs. T. M. N. (Madeline Kneberg) Lewis is responsible for the basic

methods of procedure in classification of these point types, many of

which the authors identified by working with the Lewises before their

retirement from the University of Tennessee.

The principal job of editing the original manuscript was done by David

L. DeJarnette with the help of Mrs. Eleanor Smith Brock and Mrs. Valerie

Scarritt, all the University of Alabama. This current revision was

edited by David L. DeJarnette with the assistance of Mrs. Valerie

Scarritt and Mrs. Judith Nielsen. The University made available to the

authors projectile points from the Tennessee Valley shell mound

excavations which were classified and used as a chronological control

for the original compilation of this manuscript.

Dr. James B. Griffin of the University of Michigan and Dr. Joffre Coe of

the University of North Carolina furnished materials from their areas

and contributed information for this study.

Mr. and Mrs. E. Milton Harris, Philip C. Jackson, Jr., James H. McCary

III and Brittain Thompson of Birmingham sponsored the original printing

of the manuscript. The Archaeological Research Association of Alabama,

Inc. has continued the sponsorship through two additional printings and

this revision. Brittain Thompson also accepted the tasks of design,

preparation and production of all three printings of the original

manuscript and this revision. The Harrises compiled the information for

the distributional chart which appeared in the first three printings.

This study has drawn heavily upon "A Survey of Paleo-Indian Sites and

Artifacts in the Tennessee River Valley," an unpublished report on three

years of field work by Dr. Frank J. Soday and James W. Cambron.

H. B. Dowell, Mrs. James W. Cambron, Rodger Schaefer and Mrs. Don

Mayhall, all of Decatur, Alabama, were most helpful in reading, typing,

and duplicating manuscript copy.

Many members of the Alabama Archaeological Society and other individuals

loaned their collections, from over the state of Alabama, for

classification. This material helped establish point type and provided

information on the distribution of types.

James W. Cambron

David C. Hulse

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this book is to fill a need for the identification of

artifacts and to contribute to a unified nomenclature, especially

concerning projectile point types in Alabama and adjoining areas.

Considerable material was classified and used to determine types. This

includes approximately: 150,000 catalogued artifacts in the collections

of the authors from 400 sites, mostly from the Tennessee Valley; about

5,000 Paleo, Transitional Paleo, and early Archaic artifacts from 281

sites classified in "A survey of Paleo-Indian Sites and Artifacts in the

Tennessee River Valley;" and artifacts from over 250 sites in 27 Alabama

counties, 7 Tennessee counties, 1 North Carolina county, 3 Georgia

counties and 1 New York county (see distribution tables of state survey)

loaned by Alabama Archaeological Society members and others.

Names and code numbers were assigned to each type of artifact.

Combinations of characteristics both cultural and physical, including

measurements, shapes, flaking, and materials, were taken from a series

of each type and were used to determine each new type. Typical examples

were selected to be illustrated and the illustrations were drawn with

great accuracy and are considered superior to photographs, and all named

points are drawn actual size. Cultural associations were determined by

artifacts from excavated control sites. These control sites include

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter, Quad Site, University of Alabama Site Ms

201 (Rock House), Flint Creek Rock Shelter, Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8,

and Flint River Mound Ma 48. All artifacts from these sites used in this

paper were classified by the authors; thus a uniform interpretation of

types was assured. Surface collections from more or less culturally

isolated sites were also of value in determining cultural associations.

Some projectile points are not distinctive enough to be defined as a

type. Provisional types of categories were set up and assigned code

numbers in order to place these points in separated groups. Points are

not "pushed" into a named type; if the type could not accurately be

determined the point was placed in a provisional type. In classifying

point types it is well to consider that broken points, points with

missing parts, and reworked points can be misleading and can make the

example appear to be of another type. Differences in patination and

flaking technique of the reworked area of a point are helpful in

determining the extent of reworking. In classifying reworked points if

the original type can be identified the point is placed in that type. If

a point is reworked into a tool it is still classified as a point.

The hafting method and flaking can be helpful in determining point type

associations in general as the hafting method nearly always determines

the shape of the projectile point. Most Paleo Indian types, including

fluted points, are auriculate. With exceptions, Transitional Paleo types

were still hafted in much the same way. Side notching and beveling of

the blade apparently started in this period. Notching and beveling seems

to reach a climax on larger points in the early Archaic period. Stemmed

points also became important in this period and persisted in importance

through Shellmound Archaic and Woodland periods. Auriculate and notched

types reappear in the Woodland period. Pentagonal and triangular types

persist through all cultural periods. Small triangular points become

important in the Mississippian period.

[Illustration: BASIC POINT SHAPES AND FEATURES]

[Illustration: HAFTING AREA TYPES]

[Illustration: STEM EDGE NOMENCLATURE]

[Illustration: FLAKING TYPES]

Explanation of Code Numbers

Code numbers were assigned each point type as they were defined for the

purpose of convenience in classification and to eventually be used to

computerize types for distribution purposes.

Projectile points are divided into two parts: hafting area and blade.

The following outline was used in describing each point type:

I Name--=Named by= (described by, and date)

II General Description: Size, type according to hafting

area--auriculate, stemmed, notched, lanceolate, triangular,

pentagonal--diagnostic features.

III Measurements

IV Form: Cross section, shoulders, blade type, blade edge features,

distal end; hafting area (type and features).

V Flaking: Type and materials.

VI Comments: Derivation of name, location of specimens, cultural

associations, etc.

INDEX

Abbey 1

Adena 2

Adena Narrow Stemmed 3

Afton 4

Angostura 5

Appalachian 6

Autauga 7

Bakers Creek 8

Beacon Island 9

Beaver Lake 10

Benjamin 11

Benton Broad Stemmed 12

Benton Stemmed 13

Big Sandy 14

Big Sandy Auriculate 15

Big Sandy Broad Base 16

Big Sandy Contracted Base 17

Big Slough 18

Bradley Spike 19

Brewerton, Eared-Notched 20

Buzzard Roost Creek 21

Camp Creek 22

Candy Creek 23

Cave Spring 24

Clovis 25

Clovis, Unfluted 27

Conerly 28

Coosa 29

Coosa, Notched 30

Copena 31

Copena Triangular 32

Cotaco Creek 33

Crawford Creek 35

Cumberland 36

Dalton, Colbert 37

Dalton, Greenbrier 38

Damron 40

Decatur 41

Ebenezer 42

Ecusta 43

Elk River 44

Elora 46

Eva 48

Evans 49

Fairland 50

Flint Creek 51

Flint River Spike 53

Fort Ancient 54

Frazier 55

Garth Slough 56

Gary 57

Greenbrier 58

Greeneville 59

Guilford 60

Guilford Rounded Base 61

Guntersville 62

Halifax 63

Hamilton 64

Hamilton Stemmed 65

Hardaway 66

Harpeth River 67

Jacks Reef Corner Notched 68

Jacks Reef Pentagonal 69

Jeff 70

Jude 71

Kays 72

Kirk Corner Notched 73

Kirk Serrated 74

Knight Island 76

LeCroy 77

Ledbetter 78

Lerma Pointed Base 79

Lerma Rounded Base 80

Limestone 81

Little Bear Creek 82

Lost Lake 83

Madison 84

Maples 85

McIntire 86

McKean 87

Montgomery 88

Morrow Mountain 89

Morrow Mountain Rounded Base 90

Morrow Mountain Straight Base 91

Motley 92

Mountain Fork 93

Mud Creek 94

Mulberry Creek 95

New Market 96

Nodena 97

Nolichucky 98

Osceola 99

Paint Rock Valley 100

Palmer 101

Pedernalis 102

Pickwick 103

Pine Tree 104

Pine Tree Corner Notched 105

Plevna 106

Quad 107

Redstone 108

Rheems Creek 110

Russell Cave 111

Sand Mountain 112

Savage Cave 113

Savannah River 114

Smithsonia 115

South Prong Creek 116

Stanfield 117

Stanley 118

Sublet Ferry 119

Swan Lake 120

Turkey Tail 121

Wade 122

Washington 123

Washita 124

Wheeler Excurvate 125

Wheeler Recurvate 126

Wheeler Triangular 127

White Springs 128

Provisional Type 1--Stemmed 129

Provisional Type 2--Expanded Stem 130

Provisional Type 4--Stemmed Barbed 130

Provisional Type 5--Stemmed and Serrated 131

Provisional Type 6--Unfinished Base 131

Provisional Type 8--Corner Notched 132

Provisional Type 9--Side Notched 132

Provisional Type 10--Eccentric Notched 133

Provisional Type 11--Triangular 133

Provisional Type 12--Rounded Base 134

Provisional Type 13--Notched Convex Stem 134

ABBEY, =Hulse= (This paper): A-122

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, stemmed point with

incurvate blade edges that are beveled on each side of both faces.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of 12 cotypes (including the illustrated

example) from which features were taken ranged as follows:

length--maximum, 51 mm.; minimum, 38 mm.; average, 42 mm.: width

at shoulders--maximum, 49 mm.; minimum, 32 mm.; average, 41 mm.:

stem width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 18 mm.:

stem, length--maximum 12 mm.; minimum 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The shoulders are expanded and are

usually horizontal, but may be inversely tapered. The blade is

incurvate, beveled on each side of both faces, and is in rare instances

serrated. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may

be expanded. The basal edge may be either slightly excurvate or straight

and is usually thinned.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: This type displays well controlled, broad, shallow, random

flaking. The blade and stem edges were retouched by shallow, regular,

pressure flaking. Good local materials were used. All examples are

patinated.

COMMENTS: The type was named from sites near Abbey Creek in Henry and

Houston counties, Alabama. They were associated with Elora and Maples

points and probably were used during the Archaic period.

ADENA, =Bell= (Bell, 1958): A-1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a long, very

broad, sometimes rounded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of seven homotypes from which traits and

measurements were taken are: length--maximum, 65 mm.; minimum, 50 mm.;

average, 56 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 32 mm.;

average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average,

24 mm.: stem length--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 21 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex with wide proportions. The shoulders

may be horizontal or tapered, with an occasional weak barb. The blade

shape is excurvate. The distal end is usually acute. The stem may be

straight, contracted or slightly expanded. Some examples can be

described as having a rounded stem. The stem base is either straight or

excurvate. The basal edges may be lightly ground.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped with strong random flaking, with

some retouch along most edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The name Adena is derived from the point's association with

the Adena culture. The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 48,

Lincoln County, Tennessee. The measured examples are from this site and

Cambron Site 50, Limestone County, Alabama. Most examples are made from

local materials. The type is associated with early Woodland in the

eastern United States. Kneberg (1956) indicates an Archaic association

in Tennessee. In Alabama, the Adena point seems to appear on both

Archaic and Woodland sites. One example was found in Level 1, Zone A,

and one example in Zone C at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). One example was found in

Stratum II (Archaic) at the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and

Waters, 1961). Scattered examples are known from most of North Alabama.

The Alabama points closely resemble examples from Ohio, illustrated by

Bell (1958) and Webb and Baby (1957), as well as some examples from an

Adena mound at Natrium, West Virginia (Solecki, 1953). Examples from New

York with unground bases are described by Ritchie (1961). Radiocarbon

dates from Adena sites in Ohio and Kentucky (Webb and Baby, 1957)

suggest an age of from 800 B.C. to 800 A.D.

ADENA NARROW STEMMED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-1-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a long,

rounded stem and a long, excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 92 mm. in length, 32 mm.

in width, 19 mm. in stem width, 21 mm. in stem length, 9 mm. in

thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders may be horizontal or

slightly tapered. The blade shape is excurvate but may be almost

straight with an acute distal end. The stem is long and is usually

rounded, but it may have straight side edges with an excurvate basal

edge. A slightly expanded stem occurs rarely.

FLAKING: The blade and stem were produced by broad percussion flaking,

which results in rather uniform flake scars. The technique may be

described as random flaking, but may approach collateral flaking on some

examples. The blade edges are finished by secondary flaking with some

fine retouching. The stem edges were treated in a manner similar to that

of the blade.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type is described as a variant of the classic Adena point.

The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree). Some sites

have produced only one of the two Adena variants, which may simply

indicate a high degree of variation of the Adena point or may, upon

further investigation, prove to be an indication that the two types are

associated with somewhat different cultures. Several good examples from

Natrium Mound in West Virginia are illustrated by Solecki (1953). Some

of his points shown in Plate 28, Figures R, T, and U, were found

arranged in association with a burial. Classic Adena points (Figures V

and W, Plate 28) and other artifacts were also found with this burial.

Closely associated with another burial and accompanying artifacts were

points illustrated as Figures X and Y, Plate 28. At this site, the types

were contemporaneous.

An Adena Narrow Stemmed point was recovered from a feature pit in

Stratum I at the Danley Site (Cambron, Dowell and O'Mahoney, 1962) along

with a Wheeler Punctate sherd, a Cotaco Creek point, one polished and

three flaked flint celts, and other artifacts. The Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) and Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) produced classic Adena but no

Adena Narrow Stemmed points. The narrow, stemmed type is probably coeval

with the classic Adena type on most Alabama sites.

AFTON, (Sub-Variety), =Bell and Hall= (Bell, 1958): A-2

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Afton point is a medium to large, stemmed point

with an angular blade outline.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example (plesiotype) measures 45 mm. in

length, 25 mm. in shoulder width, 15 mm. in stem width, 12 mm. in stem

length, 6 mm. in maximum thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The shoulders are tapered. The

blade is parallel angular; the distal end, apiculate. The stem is

straight.

FLAKING: The faces of the blade and stem are shaped by broad percussion

flaking with some fine retouch along the edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from specimens found near Afton, Oklahoma.

The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 43 in Madison County,

Alabama. Another example of the same size and material and comparable

characteristics was found on Cambron Site 48 across a small mountain

pass in Lincoln County, Tennessee. To date (September, 1975) these are

the only examples classified from Alabama and adjacent areas. Both of

these examples fall into a category described by Bell (1958) as a

sub-variety, since they have straight--rather than expanded--stems and

no shoulder barbs.

Bell gives the general distribution as throughout northeastern Oklahoma

and the adjacent regions of Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri, as well as

various sections of the Ohio Valley, particularly Ohio. He also

indicates a pre-pottery cultural association.

ANGOSTURA, =Suhm= and =Krieger= (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954): A-4

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Angostura point is a medium to large,

auriculate point with an excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve specimens from nine Tennessee Valley sites (Soday

and Cambron, n. d.) average 76 mm. in length, 28 mm. in width, and 8 mm.

in thickness. The longest point (Quad Site, Limestone County, Alabama)

measures 101 mm. and the shortest point (Sweiger 1, Meigs County,

Tennessee) measures 54 mm. The illustrated example measures 67 mm. long,

30 mm. wide, 9 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Some examples have a faint shoulder

at the terminal end of the hafting area. The blade shape is excurvate;

the distal end, acute. Several local examples are beveled on one edge of

each face. Most examples have auriculated bases with contracted,

pointed, or rounded basal edges. Although an incurvate base is one of

the distinguishing characteristics of the type, some bases may be

straight or even slightly excurvate. The base is usually thinned and may

be ground.

FLAKING: The blade may be shaped by broad random flaking, crude

collateral flaking or, in some examples from the west, fine oblique

transverse flaking. Random flaking is by far the predominant type. Most

blades are finished by secondary flaking, which appears in some examples

to have been done by the percussion method. As a final finishing step,

fine retouch, carried out in order to remove irregularities from the

blade edges, is present.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was first described by Hughes (1949) as Long points

from the Long Site in Angostura Reservoir, South Dakota. Hughes accepted

all of Suhm's illustrated examples (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954)

except the beveled ones. Several beveled examples were illustrated by

Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954. The example shown here is from Cambron

Site 116, Limestone County, Alabama. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954)

estimate the age between 6000 B.C. and 4000 B.C. or later. An

Angostura point was recovered from the lower levels at Stanfield-Worley

Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), and what appears

to be an Angostura point was associated, along with a pointed-base Lerma

and a biface knife, with the second mammoth found at Santa Isabel

Iztapan, Mexico (Wormington, 1957). This example resembles some

Tennessee Valley specimens which may be late Paleo or early Archaic

(Cambron and Hulse, 1960b).

APPALACHIAN, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1957): A-5

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Appalachian point is a medium to large, stemmed

point with concave base, made of quartzite.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 85 mm. in length, 38 mm.

in shoulder width, 27 mm. in stem width, 16 mm. in stem length, and 16

mm. in thickness. The length for the type ranges from 60 mm. to 110 mm.

(Harwood, 1959).

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened. The shoulders are usually

tapered and narrow. The blade is usually excurvate, but may be straight

with an acute distal end. The stem is broad and may be straight,

slightly contracted, or expanded, with an incurvate basal edge that may

be thinned. The hafting area is usually ground along the edges.

FLAKING: This point displays well-controlled percussion flaking with

some retouch along the edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Southern Appalachian region, where

the type is widely distributed (Kneberg, 1957). Several examples were

recovered at the Camp Creek Site, where they may be associated with

Early Woodland (Kneberg, 1957). The illustrated example is from Harwood

Site 6A on Hominy Creek in Buncombe County, North Carolina. The part of

the site designated 6A by Harwood (1959) is pre-ceramic. Large, biface,

quartzite tools are in association with the points, which are all made

from quartzite. Examples from Cowee Creek, Macon County, North Carolina,

were recovered below the ceramic zone. This type is associated with

Savannah River points on several sites. It appears that the point is

associated with the middle to late Archaic and early Woodland cultures.

AUTAUGA, =Cambron= (This paper): A-123

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Autauga is a small, corner-notched, serrated

point with straight blade and base.

MEASUREMENTS: Twelve cotypes, including the illustrated example, from

sites in Autauga County, Alabama, provided traits and the following

measurements: length--maximum, 38 mm.; minimum, 23 mm.; average, 32 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 19 mm.:

stem width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.:

stem length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be either rhomboid or biconvex. The

shoulders are usually either horizontal or inversely tapered. The blade

is straight. Blade edges are usually serrated and are steeply beveled on

half of the examples. The distal end is acute. The corner notches are

usually ground and range in width from 2 mm. to 4 mm. and in depth from

5 mm. to 7 mm. The expanded stem has straight or incurvate side edges.

The base is straight and thinned. It is lightly ground on nearly all

examples.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: Narrow, shallow, random flaking was used to form the blade and

stem. Notching, to form the expanded stem, was accomplished by removal

of fairly deep flakes and finished by light grinding.

COMMENTS: The type was named for Autauga County, Alabama, where the

examples, used in this paper, were recovered. All of these points are

made of vein quartz. This type is found in surface collections with

Dalton, Big Sandy, Kirk Corner Notched, and Crawford Creek points. This

association and the fact that the type has features similar to Decatur,

Big Sandy, Palmer, and Crawford Creek points indicates an Early Archaic

or Transitional Paleo-Indian provenience.

BAKERS CREEK, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-6

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, expanded-stem point.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provide

traits and the following measurements: length--maximum, 78 mm.; minimum,

43 mm.; average, 55 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 23

mm.; average, 26 mm.: stem width--maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.;

average, 23 mm.: stem length--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average,

16 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are narrow and may be

horizontal or tapered. The blade is usually straight but may be

excurvate. The distal end is usually sharply acute, but may approach an

acuminate type. The hafting area consists of an expanded stem formed by

notching into the blade about one-third of the way from the base to the

distal end. This diagonal notch tapers from the basal edge, which is

usually unmodified in width. The basal edge is thinned and usually

straight, but it may be excurvate and lightly ground. Many examples are

patinated.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, random, percussion

flaking. Flake scars indicate a strong percussion method was used to

notch the hafting area to form the expanded stem. All edges appear to

have been retouched as a final step in shaping the point.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The illustrated specimen is from Cambron Site 53, the type

site, at the mouth of Bakers Creek in Morgan County, Alabama. This type

is described by Cambron (1958a) as Stemmed Copena. It appears in surface

collections along with Copena and triangular Copena points. Two examples

were recovered from the lower two-thirds of Stratum I (Woodland) at

Flint Creek Rock Shelter and were illustrated as Bakers Creek points

(Cambron and Waters, 1961). One example was recovered from Level 7, Zone

A, at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962). One example was recovered from the 2-foot level at

Little Bear Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b). At this site

Copena points were also recovered from Zone C. This evidence indicates

an early to middle Woodland cultural association and an estimated age of

somewhere between 1500 B.C. and early centuries A.D.

BEACON ISLAND, =Allen and Hulse= (This Paper): A-131

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized point with expanded-rounded

stem, straight blade edges and weak to strong shoulder barbs.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, two from Franklin County, Alabama, three

from Beacon Island and two from Bear Creek along the Tennessee River

below Florence, Alabama, provided the following measurements:

length--maximum, 73 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 61 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem width at

shoulder--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.: stem width

at widest point--maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be barbed or

inversely tapered. Blade edges are straight and may be finely serrated.

The stem is expanded-rounded with diagonal notches at the shoulders. The

distal end is acute.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: Shallow random flaking was employed to shape the faces of the

blade and stem. Careful pressure flaking was used to finish the blade

edges and to thin the base.

COMMENTS: The type was named from Ralph Allen Site 41 on Beacon Island

and was associated with Cotaco Creek, Flint Creek and Wade points on

this site. Several examples are illustrated as Type 8, Plate 159 (Webb

and DeJarnette, 1952). A suggested placement is in late Archaic and

early Woodland times.

BEAVER LAKE, =Cambron and Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,

1962): A-7

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, auriculate point with

recurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The lengths of 23 points from 23 sites in the Tennessee

Valley range from a maximum of 86 mm. to a minimum of 47 mm. (average

length, 64 mm.). The average width of these points is 24 mm. and the

average thickness is 8 mm. (Soday and Cambron, n. d.). The measurements

of the illustrated (autotype) specimen are: length, 61 mm.; width of

blade, 26 mm.; width at base, 25 mm.; width of hafting constriction, 21

mm.; thickness, 9 mm.; basal concavity, 3 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but one or both faces may

be median ridged. The blade is recurvate--constricted in the hafting

area above the auricles. The distal end is usually acute. The

auriculated hafting area is expanded-rounded. The basal edge is usually

thinned and incurvate, but may be straight. The hafting constriction and

basal edge are usually ground.

FLAKING: The shallow random flaking usually employed to shape the faces

sometimes produces a median ridge. Secondary retouch flake scars are

usually long, evenly spaced, and struck off on alternate faces,

resulting in an irregular pattern along the blade edges. This retouch

appears to have been accomplished with indirect percussion or pressure

flaking.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Beaver Lake area in Limestone

County, Alabama, where many examples, including the illustrated specimen

from Cambron (Pine Tree Site 76), were recovered. Most examples from

this area are made from Ft. Payne chert, which is usually patinated to a

chocolate brown color. The type has been called unfluted Cumberland in

several papers, especially Soday and Cambron (n. d.). Beaver Lake points

are found only on sites that produce early-man materials. An example was

recovered from the bottom of Stratum III (pre-Archaic) at Flint Creek

Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). Examples were recovered from

the lowest culture-bearing stratum at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). All evidence indicates the type

dates from 10,000 B.P. to an unknown earlier time. It is considered to

be a transitional Paleo-Indian type.

BENJAMIN =Cambron= (This paper): A-118

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Benjamin is a large to medium sized lanceolate

point with straight or excurvate base and excurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes, including the illustrated example, ranged in

measurements as follows: length--maximum, 100 mm.; minimum, 54 mm.;

average, 66 mm.: width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 26

mm.: thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate. The widest

point may be either at the base or somewhat below the midsection, making

the hafting area difficult to define. The distal end is acute. The basal

edge is usually excurvate, but may be straight, and is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Broad, deep, random flaking appears on the faces, with some

fine secondary flaking along the blade edges and sides of the hafting

area. Short random flaking was used to thin the basal edge. Local

materials were used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Benjamin site (Cambron Site 333)

in Lawrence County, Alabama, where it was first recognized and appears

in association with Woodland artifacts. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 19 in Morgan County, Alabama. At Cactus Rock Site Dk-101 in

DeKalb County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 1 in

association with Woodland point types and one example from Level 4 in

association with Woodland and Archaic point types. At University of

Alabama Site Dk-57 in DeKalb County, Alabama, the type was associated

with Copena and Madison points. At University of Alabama Sites Lo-23 in

Lowndes County, Alabama, and Lr-20 in Lamar County, Alabama, Benjamin

points appear in Woodland strata. The association of Benjamin points at

these sites seems to place the type within the Woodland period.

BENTON BROAD STEMMED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-9-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, broad-stemmed point with

steeply beveled stem edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the illustrated example are: length,

66 mm.; shoulder width, 32 mm.; stem width, 28 mm.; stem length, 11 mm.;

thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. The shoulders are

narrow and may be horizontal or tapered. The blade is usually excurvate,

the distal end acute. The stem is usually slightly expanded, but may be

straight. It is very broad and short. The stem side edges are usually

incurvate or straight and beveled. The beveled basal edge is usually

straight but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate.

FLAKING: The blade and stem display broad, shallow, random flaking. Some

broad retouching was used to finish the blade and stem edges. The stem

appears to have been formed by the removal of the corners of the

original basal edge.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type name was derived from the Benton Stemmed point, to

which it seems to be closely associated both typologically and

culturally. The outstanding differences between the two are the

exceptionally broad stem and broader, shorter blade of the Benton Broad

Stem point. The type does not appear as frequently or in as great

numbers as Benton Stemmed. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site

48, Lincoln County, Tennessee. Due to its association with Benton

Stemmed and Buzzard Roost Creek points, it is considered to be an

Archaic point and is probably coeval with these types, dating from about

4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.

BENTON STEMMED, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-9

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, stemmed point with

steeply beveled stem edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of five cotypes from which measurements

and traits were taken are: length--maximum, 97 mm.; minimum, 45 mm.;

average, 65 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.;

average, 29 mm.: stem width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average,

17 mm.: stem length--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm. Measurements

of the illustrated example are: length, 53 mm.; shoulder width, 28 mm.;

stem width, 19 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex to flattened. The shoulders are

narrow and, rarely, barbed. They may be horizontal or slightly tapered.

The blade is usually recurvate, but may be excurvate with an acute

distal end. The stem is relatively broad and short with straight,

beveled side edges. It may be tapered or expanded. The steeply beveled

basal edge may be straight or incurvate.

FLAKING: The random, primary flaking used to shape the face of the blade

and stem is broad and shallow. Some areas seem to be only slightly

modified and exhibit some blade scars. The retouching along the blade

edges is broad and shallow. Short, broad flakes are used to shape the

stem and bevel the stem edges. These appear to be the result of indirect

percussion.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Benton County, Tennessee. The

illustrated example is from Hulse Site 17, Limestone County, Alabama.

The type is found in the Tennessee River Valley and in western Tennessee

along the Mississippi River (Bell, 1960). At the Eva Site, in Benton

County, Tennessee, the cultural association is with the early Big Sandy

component (Lewis and Lewis, 1961). Practically all the types recovered

from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter were from Zone A, where the first

ten levels contained examples. The more frequent occurrence of the type

in Levels 4 through 9, Zone A, is an indication of Archaic association

(DeJarnette, Kurjack, Cambron, 1962). At Rock House Shelter, University

of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Levels 5, 7, 8 and 11

produced one point each. This indicates an early Archaic association at

this site. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961), all

examples were in middle- and upper-stratum II (Archaic). At Little Bear

Creek, Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), examples were recovered from

the two-foot level through the eight-foot level, most examples being

from the lower three levels. The type appeared in Zones A, B, C and D at

Flint River, Mound Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a); it was most

frequent in Zone C. A strict Archaic association dating from about 4000

B.C. to 2000 B.C. is suggested.

BIG SANDY, =Lewis and Kneberg= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a): A-10 A-11

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, side-notched point. The

basal edges and/or notches are usually ground. The blade edges may be

serrated and/or beveled.

MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 14 examples from an

excavation on the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a) are: length,

35-56 mm.; width, 18-20 mm.; thickness, 6-8 mm. Measurements of the

illustrated example are: length, 41 mm.; shoulder width, 20 mm.; width

at base, 21 mm.; notch depth, 4 mm.; notch width, 6mm.; thickness, 6mm.

Later unground examples from the Big Sandy Site in Henry County,

Tennessee, range in length from 44 mm. to 89 mm. and average near 64 mm.

(Bell, 1960).

FLAKING: The flaking is variable, but usually is good. Random flaking is

usually employed to shape the faces of the blade and hafting area;

retouch is evident along the edges. The side notches appear to have been

made by broad percussion flaking. Rare examples show oblique flaking

(Kneberg, 1956).

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be rhomboid,

plano-convex, or median ridged. The blade may be excurvate or straight.

Of the 22 whole and broken examples recovered, 62% are beveled on one

side of each blade face and 8% are serrated. The distal end is acute.

The hafting area is side-notched. The notches average about 5 mm. deep

and 7 mm. wide, and are nearly always ground. Of the 22 measured

examples, 43% have incurvate bases, 32% have slightly excurvate bases,

and 25% have straight bases. The bases are usually thinned, and 50% of

the 22 examples have ground bases. The part of the hafting area between

the notches and the base may be straight or auriculated. Rarely, the

basal edge is parallel pointed.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Big Sandy I phase of the Archaic

period (Lewis and Kneberg, 1959). The illustrated example is from Hulse

Site 38 (Pine Tree), Limestone County, Alabama. Examples were found in

association with a fluted midsection, Wheeler, Dalton, and Quad points

on the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). Ritchie, in New York

(1961), described the type as the Otter Creek point. The type was dated

at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter by radiocarbon method at near 10,000

B.P. (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Similar examples from

Danger Cave, Utah, were listed by Jennings (1957) as types W4, W25, and

W26. Type W4 was recovered only from Level II, where the radiocarbon

dates were 9789 +-630 B.P. and 8960 +-340 B.P. This type was described in

earlier editions of this book as Big Sandy I. An unground variant, also

described in earlier editions of this book as Big Sandy II, Code, No.

A-11, were numerous in the Three Mile Phase at the Eva Site (Lewis and

Lewis, 1961). Kneberg suggests a date of from 3500 B.C. to 1000 B.C. for

this variant (1959).

BIG SANDY AURICULATE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-133

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, side-notched point

with auriculate, incurvate base and excurvate blade edges. The basal

edges and/or notches are nearly always ground.

MEASUREMENTS: Eight examples from Cave Spring (Moebes, 1974) provided

the following measurements: length, 30-45 mm.; average, 39 mm.; shoulder

width, 16-26 mm.; average, 22 mm.: stem width, 18-23 mm.; average, 21

mm.: stem length, 10-13 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness, 6-9 mm.;

average, 8 mm.: basal concavity, 1-3 mm.; average, 2 mm.: width in

notches, 10-17 mm.; average, 14 mm.: notch width, 6-10 mm.; average, 8

mm.: notch depth, 3-7 mm.; average, 4 mm.: stem length below notches,

4-6 mm.; average, 5 mm.

FLAKING: Fifty percent show collateral flaking and 50% show random

flaking.

FORM: Seventy-four percent of the cross-sections are biconvex, 13% are

plano-convex and 13% are median ridged. All blade edges are excurvate.

All bases are incurvate. All bases and notches are ground and 75% of the

stem edges are ground. Fifty percent have shoulder barbs and all

examples are patinated. Thirteen percent have acuminate distal ends and

87% have acute distal ends.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The provenience of 9 examples, used to define this type of Big

Sandy point is as follows: Stratum I; Level 3, 1 (probably out of

context); Stratum II: Level 7, 2; Level 8, 2; Stratum III: Level 7, 1;

Level 10, 1; Level 12, 2. Five examples of similar type (W4) from Level

II at Danger Cave (Jennings, 1957) were dated by radiocarbon samples at

9789 +-630 B.P. and 8960 +-340 B.P. One example was recovered from Stratum

II at Flint Creek Rock Shelter, Fig. 55 (Cambron and Waters, 1958).

BIG SANDY BROAD BASE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-134

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, side-notched, trianguloid

point with blade edges that are usually excurvate but may be straight or

recurvate. Most examples are serrated. The basal edges and/or notches

are usually ground.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven examples from DeKalb County, Tennessee, 1 example

from Warren County, Tennessee, and 3 examples from Cave Spring (Moebes,

1974) provided the following features and measurements: length, 37-53

mm.; average, 44 mm.: shoulder width, 21-38 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem

width, 23-32 mm.; average, 29 mm.: stem length, 11-17 mm.; average, 15

mm.: thickness, 5-10 mm.; average, 7 mm.: basal concavity, 1-4 mm.;

average, 2 mm.: width in notches, 17-23 mm.; average, 19 mm.: notch

width, 6-9 mm.; average, 7 mm.: notch depth, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.:

stem length below notches, 6-10 mm.; average, 8 mm.

FLAKING: Random flaking was employed in shaping the blade and hafting

area. The notches were formed by well controlled pressure flaking.

FORM: Thirty percent of the cross-sections are biconvex, 50% are

flattened, 5% are plano-convex and 15% are rhomboid. Eighty percent of

the blade edges are excurvate, 10% are straight, 10% are asymmetrical,

54% are serrated, 18% are beveled on one edge of each face, 41% have

incurvate bases, 59% have straight bases. The basal edges and notches

are usually ground and thinned. All examples are patinated. Eighty-four

percent of the distal ends are acute and 16 are acuminate.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The three examples from Cave Spring were randomly flaked, and

rhomboid in cross-section. All three had blade edges that were serrated

and beveled on one edge of each face. They were ground in the notches as

well as on the base and stem edges. The distal ends were acute. Three

other examples from Cave Spring were either broken or reworked and could

be not meaningfully measured but the provenience of all six examples is:

Stratum II; Level 5, 1; Stratum III; Level 7, 1; Level 8, 1; Level 9, 1;

Level 10, 2. An early Archaic or Transitional Paleo placement is

suggested.

BIG SANDY CONTRACTED BASE, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-132

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, side-notched point

with a contracting stem and an incurvate base. Most examples show

collateral flaking and shallow serrations along the blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes supplied the following features: length,

35-60 mm.; average, 45 mm.; shoulder width, 20-26 mm.; average, 23 mm.:

stem width, 20-25 mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem length, 12-16 mm.; average,

14 mm.: thickness, 5-8 mm.; average, 7 mm.: basal concavity, 3-6 mm.;

average, 5 mm.: width in notches, 13-16 mm.; average, 15 mm.: notch

width, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.: notch depth, 3-5 mm.; average, 4 mm.:

stem length below notches, 8-13 mm.: average, 11 mm.

FLAKING: Shallow pressure flaking was used to thin the basal edge. Well

controlled pressure flaking was employed to shape the side notches. All

blade surfaces exhibit collateral flaking.

FORM: Seventy percent of the cross-sections are median ridged; 15% are

biconvex; and 15% are plano-convex. Fifty-seven percent of the blade

edges are straight and 43% are excurvate. Eighty-four percent have

shallow serrations along the blade edges. Bases are usually thinned and

all of them are ground. Eighty-four percent of the stem edges and all

notches are ground. All examples are patinated. Forty percent have acute

distal ends and 60% of the distal ends are acuminate.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The provenience of seven examples, from the Cave Spring Site,

(Moebes, 1974) used to define this type of Big Sandy point is as

follows: Level 5, 2; Level 7, 1; Level 8, 1; Stratum II. Level 7, 1;

Level 8, 1; Level 9, 1; Level 10, 2; Level 11, 1; Stratum III. A similar

type was described by Jennings (1957) from Danger Cave, Utah is listed

as Type W 17 where dates of 9787 plus or minus 630 B.P. and 8960 plus or

minus 340 B.P. were secured from levels containing this type. Two

examples were classified from the collection of Steve Maloney Site DK 2

in DeKalb County, Tennessee.

BIG SLOUGH, =Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-12

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large point with a broad

expanded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 11 cotypes from Morgan and

Limestone Counties near Decatur, Alabama are: length--maximum, 85 mm.;

minimum, 49 mm.; average, 62 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 42 mm.;

minimum, 29 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum,

20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.;

average, 15 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8

mm. Measurements of the illustrated example are: length, 85 mm.;

shoulder width, 38 mm.; stem width, 28 mm.; stem length, 14 mm.;

thickness, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are inversely tapered

with narrow barbs that may be expanded, especially on examples with

recurvate blade edges. The blade may be excurvate or recurvate; rarely,

excurvate-recurvate. One example of the cotypes has one straight and one

recurvate blade edge. About half the blade edges are asymmetrical. The

distal end is usually acute but may be apiculate. The stem is broad and

long and expanded by shallow diagonal notches. The stem side edges may

be slightly incurvate, slightly excurvate, or straight. The basal edge

is excurvate, thin, and usually ground.

FLAKING: Most examples are made by broad, shallow, random flaking, but a

considerable number show collateral flaking. Several have random flaking

on one face and collateral on the other. The blade edges usually show

rather broad retouching with some fine flaking along the retouched edges

that gives a somewhat crushed effect, as does the baton method of

percussion flaking. The notches appear to have been formed by indirect

percussion flaking with some retouch. The basal edge is thinned by

removal of broad, shallow flakes. The stem is usually finely retouched

on all edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Big Slough area in Limestone

County, Alabama, where many examples are found on the surface with early

Archaic types. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 18, Limestone

County, Alabama. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962), one example each was recovered from Levels 1, 5, 6,

8 and 9 of Zone A. At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, Rock House

Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama, Levels 4 and 5 produced one

example each. One example was recovered from Zone C (Archaic) at Ma 48,

Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). This evidence suggests a

cultural association of from early Archaic to middle Archaic times, with

a probable age range of about 5000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.

BRADLEY SPIKE, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-14

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Bradley Spike is a small to medium-sized,

spike-shaped, stemmed point.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the 13 plesiotypes upon which

description of form was based (included is the illustrated specimen from

Ma 48, Flint River Site, Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) are:

length--maximum, 65 mm.; minimum, 40 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 11 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually median ridged but may, rarely, be

plano-convex or biconvex. The shoulders are usually tapered and may be

asymmetrical. The blade may be straight or slightly convex; the distal

end is sharply acute. The hafting area is stemmed and the stem is

usually straight but may be tapered. Stem side edges are straight; the

basal edge of the stem is usually excurvate but may be straight and may

exhibit some of the patinated rind of the parent material from which the

point was made.

FLAKING: Some examples are almost as thick as they are broad. The steep,

percussion, random flaking used to shape the point may be struck from

alternate faces to produce an irregular blade edge outline. Occasional

retouch, that appears to have been done by percussion flaking, is

evident; but no regular pressure retouch is present.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Bradley County, Tennessee, where it was

first recognized. The illustrated specimen is from Ma 48 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a). Ten examples were recovered from Zone A at the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962),

eight specimens from the upper four levels and one each from Levels 7

and 9. One example was recovered from Level 5 at University of Alabama

Site Ms 201 (Rock House). Of the 34 examples from Flint River Mound Ma

48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a), 18 were from Zone A and 16 from Zone B.

The evidence supports Kneberg's (1956) analysis of early Woodland

cultural association since examples are found in early Woodland

association at these sites. However, most of the points were found in

the upper Woodland stratum, indicating a later Woodland association in

the North Alabama area, possibly dating from about 2000 B.C. to sometime

A.D.

BREWERTON, EARED-NOTCHED, =Ritchie= (Ritchie, 1961): A-127

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small trianguloid point with shallow side

notches.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of four plesiotypes (including the

illustrated example) from which descriptions were taken are: maximum, 40

mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 33 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 18 mm.;

minimum, 14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum,

6 mm.; average, 7 mm.: stem width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.;

average, 18 mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average 6

mm.

FORM: The blade edges may be straight or excurvate. The cross-section is

biconvex. The base may be straight or excurvate. The hafting area is

shallowly side notched forming weak auricles.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area display broad, shallow random

flaking. Some broad retouching was used to finish the blade and hafting

area edges. The notches were formed by shallow pressure flaking after

the blade was finished, thus forming the auricles.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: Brewerton Eared-Notched is one of four Brewerton types

described by Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961). The other three types were listed

as Brewerton Eared-Triangular, Brewerton Corner-Notched and Brewerton

Side-Notched. Ritchie (Ritchie, 1961) considers the Brewerton complex to

be a part of the upper middle and late Archaic horizons in New York and

New England. The examples that provided the type description, including

the illustrated example, are from the Etowah River Site, Bartow County,

Georgia. They were excavated by James Chapman and others and were

associated with ceramics at this site. One example was recovered from

Level 6, Stratum I at Cave Spring in Morgan County, Alabama (Moebes,

1974).

BUZZARD ROOST CREEK, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1958a): A-89

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, bifurcated-stemmed

point.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of nine cotypes (including the

illustrated example) from which features were taken are:

length--maximum, 104 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.; average, 82 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.:

thickness--eight examples measured 8 mm. and one example measured 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The shoulders are usually inversely

tapered and the barbs usually expanded. The blade is recurvate with an

acute distal end. The stem is usually straight but may be expanded, with

straight or incurvate side edges. The basal edge of the stem is usually

bifurcated but may be auriculate. Usually all of the stem edges are

beveled. Points made of adaptable material are usually patinated.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and stem is usually random,

broad, and thin; rarely, it is collateral. The secondary flaking along

the edges of the blade is long and shallow. The short deep scars left by

flaking used to bevel the stem edges may be the result of indirect

percussion, possibly with some pressure flaking. The flaking used to

bifurcate the stem appears to be of the same type as that used to bevel

the stem edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Buzzard Roost Creek Site (Cambron Site

158), in Colbert County, Alabama, where the illustrated example was

recovered. The original description has been revised to exclude those

examples with straight or slightly incurvate stem bases, since these

examples are classified as Benton Stemmed--to which Buzzard Roost Creek

is culturally and typologically related. Examples at Stanfield-Worley

Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) appeared in Zone

A, Levels 2 through 8, with concentrations in Levels 6 and 7. Three

examples were recovered from the middle and upper parts of Stratum II at

Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Little Bear

Creek (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) examples were recovered from

four-foot through eight-foot levels, with most examples from the

six-foot level. This appears to be an early to middle Archaic type found

in northern Alabama and southern Tennessee.

CAMP CREEK, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-16

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium, triangular point with

incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of the illustrated example are: length,

35 mm.; width at base, 16 mm.; thickness, 7 mm.; depth of basal

concavity, 2 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex. The blade is usually

straight; rarely, incurvate or excurvate. The distal end is acute. The

base is incurvate and usually thinned with some fine retouch.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is random

and fairly well executed. Some fine retouch is in evidence along the

blade edges. Much of the flint and quartzite used at the Camp Creek Site

has poor flaking qualities, resulting in a poorly manufactured point.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Camp Creek Site (Cambron Site 284)

on the Nolichucky River in Greene County, Tennessee. The illustrated

specimen is from Zone A of the Camp Creek Site (Lewis and Kneberg,

1957). This example was selected by Cambron from his collection from

Camp Creek (Site 284) as typical of the type. Although a minority type

in all levels at this site, it is found with burials more frequently

than are other types. It comprises about 15% of the stemless points in

Level D, but in other levels does not exceed 6% (Lewis and Kneberg,

1957). The type appears to be a part of the Greeneville complex, found

along the western edge of the Appalachians southwest from the

Greeneville, Tennessee, area into south-central Alabama. It is usually

associated with the early to middle Woodland period. Some other points

that appear in this complex are Greeneville, Nolichucky, Triangular

Copena, Coosa, and possibly Ebenezer. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff

Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) Zone A, four examples

were found in Level 1, five in Level 2, one in Level 3 and three in

Level 4. This indicates a Woodland association at this site. Most of the

examples recovered from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters,

1961) were in the lower three-quarters of Stratum I (Woodland). One

example was recovered from Level 1 and one from Level 2 at Rock House

Shelter in Marshall County, Alabama (University of Alabama Site Ms 201).

Ten examples were recovered from Zones A and B (Woodland) and two from

Zone D (Archaic) at Flint River Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a).

Kneberg suggests a date of from about 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

CANDY CREEK, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-17

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, auriculate point with

recurvate edges and incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 50 mm. long, 22 mm. wide

at widest point of blade, 25 mm. wide at base, 21 mm. wide across

hafting constriction, 9 mm. thick, 3 mm. deep at basal concavity.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is recurvate; the distal

end, acute. The auriculated hafting area is usually expanded-rounded

with an incurvate basal edge. The base is occasionally fluted or

thinned. The hafting area edges may be lightly ground, as are most

Copena and Copena Triangular points, with which they are frequently

associated.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is usually

shallow and random. Fine retouching employed to finish the blade and

hafting area edges is usually evident. Although there appears to be no

connection between this type and Paleo fluted types, the hafting method

must have been very similar. The flutes, when present, appear to be

nothing more than results of attempts to thin the base, as they are

usually broad and shallow. Copena and Copena Triangular types were

probably hafted in about the same manner as Candy Creek points.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The name is derived from Candy Creek Site in Bradley County,

Tennessee. The illustrated specimen is a plesiotype from Cambron 53,

Morgan County, Alabama. Of 1552 points at Camp Creek, 9 were classified

as Candy Creek (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957). One example was recovered from

Zone A, Level 1 at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette,

Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Two examples, one from Level 2 and one from

Level 3, were recovered from Rock House Shelter in Marshall County,

Alabama (University of Alabama Site Ms 201). Twenty-three examples from

Cambron Site 53 at Bakers Creek in Morgan County, Alabama, were

associated with other Woodland types. Kneberg (1956) suggests an age of

from 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D.

CAVE SPRING, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-126

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Cave Spring is a small to medium sized,

bifurcated point with an expanded stem.

MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes from Strata II and III of the Cave Spring

type site (Moebes, 1974) provided the following traits and measurements:

length, 50-32 mm.; average, 40 mm.: shoulder width, 25-17 mm.; average,

20 mm.: stem width, 17-11 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem length, 17-10 mm.;

average, 13 mm.: thickness, 6-5 mm.; average 6 mm. The illustrated

example, from Stratum III, measures 50 mm. in length, 20 mm. in shoulder

width, 14 mm. in stem width, 16 mm. in stem length and 6 mm. in

thickness. Stratum III points averaged longer and slightly narrower than

points from Stratum II.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be plano-convex or

rarely median ridged. Shoulders are usually tapered but may be barbed or

rarely horizontal. Blade edges are nearly always straight, rarely

excurvate. The distal end is usually acute; rarely broad. The hafting

area consists of an expanded stem that is shallowly bifurcated. Stem

width usually exceeds the stem length.

FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking is in evidence on the stem and

blade. Collateral flaking was used to finish the blades of most

examples. Fine retouch is present along most blade edges. Long shallow

flakes were removed to thin the base in the basal concavity. One example

from Level 5, Stratum II, had diagonal flakes struck from the base in

the same tradition as Decatur points. One large flake was struck from

each side of each face of the stem forming a shallow notch where the

stem joins the blade. These notches and all other stem edges are usually

ground. All examples were made of local material and all were patinated.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Cave Spring Site in Morgan

County, Alabama, where examples were recognized during excavation. The

illustrated example is from Level 8, Stratum III. Except for the

bifurcated stem some examples are similar to some of the Jude points

recovered in this excavation. Some of the blades of Cave Spring points

are similar to blades of some Big Sandy points recovered at this site.

The provenience and associations at this site strongly suggest a late

Transitional Paleo-Indian affiliation as well as early Archaic. One

example from the Big Sandy Site in Tennessee is shown in Fig. E, Plate 4

(Bell, 1960). One example is illustrated from the Packard Site, Mays

County, Oklahoma, Plate VIII, Fig. 3 (Wyckoff, 1964).

CLOVIS, =(Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954)=: A-19

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, auriculate, fluted point

with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The maximum measurements, in mm., of 59 examples from 44

sites in the Tennessee River valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) average:

length, 66; width, 27; thickness, 7. The length of the longest example

is 154; of the shortest, 35. The weight of the largest is 60 grams; of

the shortest, 5 grams. Maximum measurements of fourteen examples of

"Fine Clovis" from 13 sites average 59 mm. long, 25 mm. wide, 6 mm.

thick. The length of the longest is 109 mm.; of the shortest, 29 mm. The

weight of the longest is 27 grams, of the shortest, 3 grams. Texas

examples (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954) range from 69 mm. to 140 mm. in

length and 20 mm. to 40 mm. in width. The range of 66 examples from New

York State (Ritchie, 1961) is: length, about 25 mm. to about 127 mm.;

thickness, 3 mm. to 10 mm. The illustrated example measures 110 mm.

long, 31 mm. wide at widest point, 28 mm. wide at base, 27 mm. wide

across basal constriction, 9 mm. thick. The longest flute measures 29

mm.; the shortest flute, 28. Flute width is 19 mm.

FORM: The cross-section in the fluted area of the blade is fluted; in

the unfluted area, biconvex. The blade is usually excurvate but may be

slightly recurvate; the distal end is usually acute but may be broad.

The hafting area is auriculate and may be pointed or rounded. It is

usually parallel, but on a few examples may be expanded or contracted.

The basal edge is incurvate. The hafting area is usually fluted on both

faces; rarely, on one. Either single or multiple flutes may be present.

Most examples are fluted about one-third of the total length, but some

may be fluted to near the distal end. Most examples have ground basal

edges, which may determine the hafting area.

[Illustration]

FLAKING: The flaking is usually random but may be somewhat collateral,

leaving a low median ridge. All examples are retouched along the edges;

many are very finely pressure flaked. Flutes appear to have been struck

by indirect percussion after preparation of a "striking platform" at the

base. On the multiple fluted examples, two or more primary flutes appear

to have been removed leaving a striking area near the center of the base

from which the main flute was struck. After one face was fluted the base

was beveled to facilitate striking flutes from the opposite face. This

resulted in a basal concavity (Cambron and Hulse, 1961a).

COMMENTS: The point is named for the Clovis, New Mexico, area, where

examples were found in association with mammoth remains. The illustrated

example from Hulse Site 54, in Limestone County, Alabama, was selected

for its similarity to the type specimens from New Mexico. A date of over

37,000 B.P. was taken from a hearth containing a Clovis point at

Lewisville, Texas (Crook and Harris, 1958), but the association has been

questioned. The date from the Naco mammoth find in Arizona is 9250 +-300

B.P. Many early-man authorities suggest a date of about 15,000 years

ago. This range of dates may indicate long use of the type. The type is

distributed over most of North America. Alabama examples are found on

early sites with blade tools.

CLOVIS, UNFLUTED, =Soday and Cambron= (This Paper): A-19-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Unfluted Clovis point is a medium to large,

auriculate point with incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: The average measurements of samples from seven sites

(Soday and Cambron, n. d.) in the Tennessee River Valley are: length, 61

mm.; width, 25 mm.; thickness, 6 mm. Length and weight range as follows:

longest, 179 mm.; weight 18 grams: shortest, 46 mm.; weight 4 grams. The

detailed measurements of the illustrated example (one of the cotypes)

are: length, 59 mm.; width at widest point, 24 mm.; width at base, 21

mm.; maximum thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 4 mm.; length

of ground hafting area, 29 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate and

terminates in an acute, or, sometimes, broad distal end. The auriculate

hafting area is usually either parallel-pointed or parallel-rounded;

rarely, it is expanded with an incurvate basal edge which is usually

well thinned. All basal edges are usually ground--sometimes for almost

half the length of the point. The shape is similar to, but usually

thinner than, that of the Clovis point.

FLAKING: The flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area may be

transverse-oblique, random, or collateral with fine retouch along the

blade edges. Usually several broad, shallow flakes were removed to thin

the basal edge of the hafting area.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named Unfluted Clovis because of its similarity

to the fluted Clovis type. The illustrated example was found weathered

out of an early stratum along with a fluted Quad point on Cambron Site

20 in Morgan County, Alabama. Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954) suggest the

possibility that some Clovis points have no flutes, and that it would be

difficult to distinguish these examples from Plainview points.

Concerning the fluting on some of the Clovis points at the Naco, Arizona

Site, Wormington (1957) says, "In some instances the grooves had been

formed by the removal of several smaller flakes." At least one

illustrated example appears to be only basally thinned. The Naco find

dates between 10,000 and 11,000 years ago. At the Silver Springs Site in

Florida, fluted and unfluted Clovis-like points (Neill, 1958) were

recovered together from the lowest levels of the site. Alabama examples

usually are recovered from fluted point sites. It is suggested that this

type may be contemporaneous with Clovis or may have appeared later.

CONERLY, =Lively= (This Paper): A-135

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Conerly is a medium to large point with an

incurvate base that is thinned. The stem is contracted.

MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes from Lively Sites 1, 2, and 4 in the Sardis

area of Burke County, Georgia, provided the following measurements and

traits: length--maximum, 105 mm.; minimum, 57 mm.; average, 77 mm.:

shoulder width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum. 21 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 21 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem

length--maximum 20 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.; average, 18 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.: basal

concavity--maximum, 4 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 3 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex, rarely flattened. The shoulders are

narrow or lacking. Blade edges may be excurvate or straight and most

examples exhibit shallow serrations. The distal end is acute. The stems

are contracted with an incurvate and thinned basal edge.

FLAKING: Mostly broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to shape the

blade and stem. Two examples exhibited oblique transverse flaking on the

blades. Short, deep random flaking used to finish the blade edges often

resulted in fine serrations. A minimum of flaking was used to finish the

sides of the stem. The basal edge of the stem was flaked to form a

concavity and then thinned. Local materials were used and all points

were patinated.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Conerly Site near Sardis in Burke

County, Georgia. The examples used are from the collection of Matthew

Lively of Birmingham, Alabama. Associated artifacts seem to place the

type somewhere in the Archaic period. Physical appearance of the Conerly

points indicate a similarity to Savannah River points (Bullen, 1968) as

well as Guilford points (Coe, 1959) and Arredondo points (Bullen, 1968).

A suggested date is somewhere between 7000 and 4000 years B.P.

COOSA, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Keel, 1973): A-22

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized, usually thick,

point with a short stem.

MEASUREMENTS: The measurements of ten plesiotypes, including the

illustrated example, follow (these plesiotypes also served as a basis

for description of features): length--maximum, 43 mm.; minimum, 31 mm.;

average, 37 mm.: width at shoulder--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.;

average, 20 mm.: stem width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average,

12 mm.: stem length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 6 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and stem is usually of a random

nature; rarely, it is transverse oblique. On most examples some or all

blade edges may be crudely beveled for about one-fourth the width of the

blade. The retouch that produces the beveling also produces fine

serrations on some examples. Points are usually made of a poor grade

local flint in the Coosa River area.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be plano-convex or

flattened. The shoulders are usually horizontal or inversely tapered.

The blade is excurvate and very finely serrated by secondary flaking;

the distal end is acute. The two examples with plano-convex

cross-sections were unmodified on the plano face except for retouch

along the edges. The stem is straight or displays straight side edges

and excurvate stem base edge. The stem base edge is usually crudely

thinned.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Coosa River area, where sites

produced the first examples to be recognized as a type. The illustrated

and measured examples came from University of Alabama Site Ce 200 (Coker

Ford Site), Cherokee County, Alabama. The main association at this

excavated site was with fabric-marked, limestone-tempered sherds and

simple-stamped, sand-tempered sherds (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Keel,

1973). Two occurrences of association in a stone mound with plain or

brushed limestone-tempered sherds were also noted. One example was

recovered from B Zone (Woodland) at Ma 48, Flint River Mound (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a). Nine examples recovered from the Camp Creek Site in

Greene County, Tennessee, were listed as "straight short stemmed" (Lewis

and Kneberg, 1957). A date at this homogeneous site of 2050 +-250 years

B.P. was obtained. This evidence suggests a middle Woodland association

in Alabama; the type may be a part of the Greeneville complex. This type

was associated with Coosa Notched points at the Coosa River sites.

COOSA NOTCHED, =DeJarnette= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Keel, 1973): A-23

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized point, usually

thick, with a shallow side notch.

MEASUREMENTS: The four plesiotypes from which this description was drawn

range in measurements as follows: length--maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 36

mm.; average, 39 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.;

average, 22 mm.: stem width--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average,

13 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm. The

illustrated examples average 35 mm. in length, 17 mm. in shoulder width,

14 mm. in stem width, 7 mm. in stem length and 7 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is usually plano-convex but may be biconvex. In

most plano-convex examples, the plane face is unmodified except for

retouch. The shoulders are inversely tapered. The blade may be excurvate

or straight; the blade edges are usually finely serrated. The distal end

is acute. Expanded stems are present as a result of shallow side

notching on the hafting area. The basal edge is usually excurvate but

may be incurvate; it is usually thinned.

FLAKING: Flaking used to shape the blade and hafting area is usually

random. Blade edges may be beveled on one or both sides of each face for

about one-fourth the width of the blade. This retouch often results in

fine serrations along the blade edges. Notches appear to have been

formed by removal of short flakes. The points are made of a poor grade

flint in the Coosa River area.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named as a variant of the Coosa point, which was

named for the Coosa River in Alabama, where many examples are found. The

measured and illustrated examples are from University of Alabama Coker

Ford Site, Ce 200, Cherokee County, Alabama. The type is associated

mostly with fabric-marked, limestone-tempered sherds at this site but

also with simple-stamped, sand-tempered ware (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Keel, 1973). The type appears to be coeval with Coosa, nine examples of

which were recovered from the homogeneous Camp Creek Site and listed by

Lewis and Kneberg (1957) as straight short stemmed. A radiocarbon date

of 2050 +-250 B.P. was obtained from this site. Scattered finds are made

on Woodland sites in the Tennessee Valley. This evidence suggests a

middle Woodland association in Alabama.

COPENA, =Webb and DeJarnette= (Kneberg, 1956): A-20

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, trianguloid point with

recurvate edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example is, perhaps, slightly shorter than

average. It measures 80 mm. long, 22 mm. wide at the widest point of the

blade, 22 mm. wide at the base, 21 mm. wide across hafting constriction

and 7 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is recurvate as a result

of the hafting constriction. The distal end is usually acute but may be

acuminate. The hafting area is expanded at the base. The basal edge is

usually straight but may be excurvate or occasionally incurvate. It is

usually thinned. Light grinding is usually present on the hafting area

edges.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

or collateral flaking. The removal of these flakes occasionally resulted

in a low median ridge. The edges are finely retouched as from pressure

flaking. Copena points are usually made of local flint.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named after the Copena burial mound culture of

North Alabama. The term "Copena" is derived from the first three letters

of copper and the last three of galena, since copper and galena

artifacts are often associated with the burials. The illustrated example

is from Hulse Site 17 in Limestone County, Alabama. This type was

illustrated by Webb and DeJarnette (1942). Copena is often called

Southern Hopewell. It is a Woodland point, usually found in burial

mounds, but occasionally on late Archaic sites in the Tennessee area

(Kneberg, 1956). Copena points appeared in the lower levels of the

Woodland stratum at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961)

and two examples were recovered from Level 3 (pottery) at University of

Alabama Site Ms 201, Rock House Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama, as

well as in the Woodland zone at Ma 48, Flint River Mound, in Madison

County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). One example was recovered

from Level 1 at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962). The type is found eroding out of several

predominately Woodland shell middens in the Wheeler Basin of the

Tennessee River. A suggested age is from about 500 B.C. to A.D.

COPENA TRIANGULAR, =Webb and DeJarnette= (Cambron, 1958b): A-20-a

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, trianguloid point. The

sides of the hafting area are usually parallel.

MEASUREMENTS: The 16 autotypes (including the illustrated example from

the type site) which provided the features described below range in

measurements as follows: length--maximum, 74 mm.; minimum, 43 mm.;

average, 56 mm.: width at distal end of hafting area--maximum, 31 mm.;

minimum, 20 mm.; average, 24 mm.: width at base--maximum, 31 mm.;

minimum, 19 mm.; average, 25 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7

mm.; average, 8 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is nearly always biconvex; rarely, it is

plano-convex. Beyond the hafting area, the blade is usually excurvate

but may be straight. Some examples may have one excurvate and one

straight blade edge. The distal end is usually acute; rarely, acuminate.

The sides of the hafting area are usually parallel but may taper from

the base; rarely, they are slightly incurvate. The basal edge may be

either straight or incurvate to a depth of about 2 mm. All bases are

thinned. The hafting area edges of most examples with incurvate bases

are lightly ground. Straight-based examples may be ground along the

hafting area edges.

FLAKING: Faces display random flaking. Secondary flaking of short, broad

nature appears, followed by fine retouch, as from pressure flaking,

along the edges. The basal thinning is usually short, broad and shallow,

but in rare examples it may extend approximately the length of the

hafting area. Examples are usually made of local materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type site is Cambron 53 in Morgan County, Alabama, where

examples were found eroding out of a shell midden along with Copena

points. The illustrated example is from this site. Examples were first

illustrated (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) as Copena types. At the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)

three examples were recovered from Level 1, one example from Level 2 and

two examples from Level 6 in Zone A. This is an indication of Woodland

and possibly Archaic association. Examples appeared in Woodland strata

at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). One example was

recovered from Level 3 (Woodland) at University of Alabama Site Ms 201,

Rock House Shelter, in Marshall County, Alabama. At Flint River Mound

(Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) examples were recovered from both Woodland

and Archaic strata. These associations indicate that the type originated

in Archaic times and continued into the Woodland period.

COTACO CREEK, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-24

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, straight-stemmed point

with rounded shoulders and straight blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of nine cotypes (including the illustrated

example) from which features were taken ranged as follows:

length--maximum, 83 mm.; minimum, 47 mm.; average, 64 mm.: width at

shoulders--maximum, 45 mm.; minimum, 33 mm.; average, 40 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 10 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually flattened but may be rhomboid.

Shoulders may be straight or inversely tapered with weak barbs and are

usually rounded. The blade is usually straight, but may be excurvate,

finely serrated and, sometimes, beveled on the right side (looking

toward the distal end) of one or both faces. One example is smoothed, as

from use, on the edges adjacent to the distal end. The distal end is

usually apiculate or obtuse; rarely acute. The stem is usually straight;

rarely, expanded with straight side edges. The basal edge may be

straight or excurvate. Most basal edges are thinned. About half the

examples are ground on the basal edge. Occasionally, the side edges of

the stem are ground.

FLAKING: This type displays well-controlled, broad, shallow, random

flaking. Edge retouch consisting of the removal of fine, short, regular

flakes from alternate face edges appears as fine serrations. Sometimes

longer, more even flakes were removed in beveling one edge of each face.

Some examples were beveled and then serrated. Points were made from Ft.

Payne chert, Bangor nodular flint, jasper or other local materials. Some

examples made of Ft. Payne chert show considerable patination.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Cotaco Creek in Morgan County, Alabama,

where many examples have been recovered. The illustrated example is from

Cambron Site 156 (Stone Pipe) in Limestone County, Alabama. At the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)

10 examples were recovered from Level 2, 4 from Level 3, 2 from Level 4,

2 from Level 5, 4 from Level 6, 2 from Level 7, 1 from Level 9 and 1

from Level 10. These levels--all in Zone A--are Woodland and Archaic. At

the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, one

example was recovered from Level 3 (Woodland). Flint Creek Rock Shelter

(Cambron and Waters, 1961) produced one example from Stratum I

(Woodland) and five examples from middle and upper Stratum II (Archaic).

Flint River Mound, University of Alabama Site Ma 48 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) produced three examples from Zones A and B (Woodland)

and 18 examples from the upper part of zones C and D (Archaic). This

evidence suggests a strong late Archaic occurrence on the Tennessee

River and continued use in Woodland times, especially at

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter. A variation of the type called Cotaco

Creek Variant differs from Cotaco Creek in that it is usually smaller,

cruder, often narrower and has an acute distal end. The blade of the

variant is more apt to be excurvate.

CRAWFORD CREEK, =Cambron and Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,

1962): A-25

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, stemmed point with a blade

that is usually straight. Blade edges are usually finely serrated.

MEASUREMENTS: The 13 cotypes (including the illustrated example) from

which features were obtained ranged in measurements as follows:

length--maximum, 46 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 36 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 20 mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 6 mm.; average, 8 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal,

slightly tapered or slightly inversely tapered. The blade is usually

straight, but several examples have one excurvate edge. The blade edges

of nearly all examples are finely serrated. Distal ends are usually

acute. The stem is usually straight but several examples have expanded

stems. Stem sides may be straight or incurvate. The basal edge of the

stem, strongly thinned on most examples, is usually straight but may be

excurvate; rarely, it is incurvate. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron

and Waters, 1961) expanded-stemmed examples appear to pre-date

straight-stemmed examples.

FLAKING: Irregular, random flaking shapes the blade and hafting area.

Some large flake or blade scars may be evident on one or both faces.

Flakes removed to form the stem were usually fairly deep and broad while

the flakes removed to thin the base were broad and shallow. Fine, often

steep, retouch along the blade edges appears to have been accomplished

by pressure flaking. Fine serrations were formed by the removal of small

flakes, opposite each other, from each face. The point is usually made

of local materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Crawford Creek in Morgan County,

Alabama. This creek is near the Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and

Waters, 1961) where the type was first found and called Provisional Type

Three, small, stemmed, serrated. The illustrated example is from Flint

Creek Rock Shelter, Cambron Site 287. The name Crawford Creek was used

by Cambron and Hulse (1960b). One example (plate 13e) from the Eva Site

is illustrated by Lewis and Lewis (1961) as a unique point. One example

was found among other artifacts in association with a Morrow Mountain

burial at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962). Zone A (Woodland and Archaic) at the Stanfield-Worley

Bluff Shelter also yielded two examples from Level 6, two from Level 8

and one from Level 9. At University of Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall

County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 5, one from Level

7 and one from Level 10. Of the 20 examples from Flint Creek Rock

Shelter, two were recovered from Stratum I (Woodland) and the other 18

from Stratum II (Archaic), particularly from the lower half. Surface

finds are usually made on early Archaic sites. All of the above evidence

indicates an early Archaic association which lasted into later Archaic.

A suggested date is sometime before 5000 B.C.

CUMBERLAND, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-26

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, auriculate, fluted point

displaying hafting constriction.

MEASUREMENTS: Thirty-one plesiotypes from 28 sites in the Tennessee

River Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) ranged in measurements as

follows: longest example, 101 mm.; shortest; 37 mm.; average length, 69

mm.; average width, 23 mm.; average thickness, 8 mm. The illustrated

example measures 77 mm. long, 24 mm. across the blade, 19 mm. wide at

base, 16 mm. wide at hafting constriction, 7 mm. thick, 2 mm. deep at

basal concavity. Length of flutes measured from basal concavity: 1st

flute, after flaking of striking platform for 2nd flute, 47 mm.; 2nd

flute, 53 mm.

FORM: Cross-section is usually fluted or median ridged on unfluted

faces. The blade is recurvate; the distal ends, acute. The auriculate

hafting area is usually expanded-rounded with an incurvate basal edge.

There is no sharp break between the blade edges and the ground edges of

the hafting area. The base may be multiple fluted or single fluted on

one or both faces. The main flute or flutes may extend to near the

distal end.

FLAKING: Collateral flaking was usually employed to shape the median

ridges on the faces. The hafting constriction was sometimes partially

worked out before fluting. For multiple fluting, two short primary

flutes were removed down each side of the median ridge after the basal

edge had been flaked to the proper degree of pitch to form a striking

platform. This resulted in the formation of a striking nipple in the

center of the basal edge from which the main flute was struck by

indirect percussion. The basal edge was then reflaked to the desired

pitch or level to facilitate repeating the fluting procedure on the

other face. Flaking of the basal edge was sometimes accomplished after

the second main flute had been struck. Fine retouch was occasionally

carried out on all side edges. Finally, the hafting constriction was

completed (Cambron and Hulse, 1961).

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Cumberland River Valley in

Tennessee where many examples were collected on the surface. The

illustrated example is from Holland Site 270 in Colbert County, Alabama.

Three examples of Cumberland points were recovered from University of

Alabama Site Ms 201, in Marshall County, Alabama, in the irregular,

rocky, lower part of the lower levels with Big Sandy I, Dalton and other

early types. They are found with Clovis points in many surface

collections. A Paleo-Indian association, sometime before 10,000 years

ago, is suggested.

DALTON, COLBERT, =Kneberg= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-28

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized, auriculate point with a

rectangular hafting area.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes from 11 sites in the Tennessee River Valley

(Soday and Cambron, n. d.) range in measurements as follows: longest, 54

mm.; shortest, 33 mm.; average length, 45 mm.; average width, 18 mm.;

average thickness, 6 mm. The illustrated example measures 51 mm. long,

15 mm. wide across blade at junction of hafting area, 18 mm. wide at

terminal end of hafting area, 19 mm. wide at base, 16 mm. wide across

basal constriction, 6 mm. thick. The hafting area is 19 mm. long.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be somewhat

rhomboid. Blade edges are usually straight but may be excurvate and may

be beveled on one edge and/or serrated. The distal end is acute. The

hafting area is more or less rectangular with slightly incurvate,

heavily ground side and basal edges. The base is thinned.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by shallow, random

flaking. Short, sharp, regular serrations on the blade edges are the

result of the well-controlled removal, one at a time on alternate faces,

of deep, short, flakes. Retouch was accomplished by the removal of

broad, shallow flakes followed by very fine flaking which helped form

smooth edges. Most examples are made of Ft. Payne chert but other local

materials were also used.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for Colbert County, Alabama, where examples

were recovered from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack

and Cambron, 1962). The illustrated example is from the Pine Tree Site,

Cambron 76, Limestone County, Alabama. The type has been referred to

locally as "Square Based Dalton" for some years (Soday and Cambron, n.

d.) and was illustrated by Cambron and Hulse (1960a). In the survey of

the Tennessee River Valley by Soday and Cambron only eleven examples

were noted. Forty-three examples, excluding those from the 100-foot

trench, were recovered from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter. At this

site, in the other trenches, examples appeared mostly from Level 7

through Level 14. In the blocks two examples were recovered from Zone B,

three from Zone C and ten from Zone D. A radiocarbon date from Zone D

(1960) gave an age of 9640 +-450 B.P. This appears to be a transitional

Paleo-Indian type. Excavations in 1965 at the Tensaw Creek Site (1 Lo 9)

in Lowndes County revealed Colbert Daltons and Greenbrier Daltons in a

stratigraphic sequence (Chase, 1966).

DALTON, GREENBRIER, =Kneberg= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):

A-29

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Greenbrier Dalton is a medium-sized, auriculate

point with expanded auricles and well-defined hafting area.

MEASUREMENTS: One hundred fifty-three plesiotypes which may include some

Nuckolls Dalton points, since the types had not been separated when the

survey was made (Soday and Cambron, n. d.), from 62 sites in the

Tennessee River Valley ranged from maximum length of 69 mm. to a minimum

length of 28 mm. The average length was 47 mm.; the average width, 21

mm.; average thickness, 6 mm. The illustrated example measured in

length, 48 mm.; in width of blade at junction of hafting area, 18 mm.;

in width at terminal end of hafting area, 19 mm.; in width at base, 21

mm.; in length of hafting area, 16 mm.; in width of basal constriction,

18 mm.; in thickness 6 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be rhomboid. The

blade is usually excurvate but may be straight. Blade edges may be

beveled on one edge and/or serrated. The distal end is acute. The

hafting area, usually well defined by a sharp change in the contour of

the edge of the point at the junction of the blade, is auriculated with

expanded-rounded, rarely expanded-pointed auricles. Side and basal edges

of the hafting area are usually incurvate and ground. The basal edge is

thinned, sometimes fluted.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by broad, shallow, random

flaking. Retouch along the blade edges often resulted in serrations

and/or beveling. Retouch along the hafting area edges was more limited,

and usually finer, which helped to smooth the hafting area edges. Most

examples are made of local materials.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Greenbrier area of Kentucky Lake.

The illustrated example is from the Quad Site, Cambron 84, Limestone

County, Alabama. Forty-one examples were recovered from the

Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)

excluding those found in the 100-foot trench. Most of the examples came

from the trenches, and were present in Levels 7 through 15. Zone C

produced two examples. One example was found in each of the following

levels of Zone D: 1, 2, 5, 6, 12. At University of Alabama Site Ms 201,

in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from Level 10 and

two from Level 11. A radiocarbon date of 9640 +-450 years B.P. from

Zone D material at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter suggests a

Transitional Paleo-Indian association, as do associations of surface

finds in Alabama with other early materials. An example was found in

association with Quad, Wheeler, Big Sandy I and Stanfield Triangular

points, a fluted midsection and uniface tools at the Quad Site (Cambron

and Hulse, 1960a). A variant of the type called Nuckolls Dalton (by

Kneberg, for the Nuckolls Site in Kentucky Lake, Tennessee) differs from

Greenbrier Dalton in that it has either parallel-rounded or, rarely,

parallel-pointed auricles. Forty-six examples of this variant were

recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter. No significant

difference in distribution by levels was noted between any of the Dalton

types at this site. Examples with straight hafting area sides are

similar to Meserve points (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954).

DAMRON, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-83

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Damron point is a medium-sized point with

shallow side notches.

MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example,

provided traits and the following measurements: length--maximum, 72 mm.;

minimum, 37 mm.; average, 49 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 32 mm.;

minimum, 24 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum,

19 mm.; average, 24 mm.: stem length--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;

average, 9 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8

mm.: notch width--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.: notch

depth--maximum, 5 mm.; minimum, 2 mm.; average, 3 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened or,

rarely, plano-convex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade may be excurvate

or straight. Some examples have one excurvate and one straight blade

edge. Blade edges may be finely serrated. The steepness of some blade

edges gives a near-beveled appearance. The distal end is acute. The

hafting area is notched with shallow, narrow, side notches situated near

the basal edge. Sides of the expanded stem are incurvate. The basal edge

is usually excurvate but may be straight. Rarely, it is ground; usually

it is beveled on one or both faces.

FLAKING: Fairly deep random flaking shapes the faces of the blade and

hafting area. Fine, regular retouch finishes the blade edges, often

resulting in fine serrations. Notches, formed by the removal of one or

more flakes, are found near the basal edge. Short, deep flakes were

removed in order to bevel the basal edge. Unbeveled faces are thinned.

Local materials were used and all examples are patinated.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Damron Site (Cambron Site 47),

Lincoln County, Tennessee, where many examples were recovered. The

illustrated example is from the Quad Site (Cambron Site 84) in Limestone

County, Alabama. The type has been previously classified locally as

Upper Valley Side Notched. One example was recovered from Level 8 of

Zone A (an Archaic level) at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). At Flint Creek Rock Shelter

(Cambron and Waters, 1961) three examples were recovered from the middle

Archaic Stratum and one from the upper Woodland Stratum. One example was

recovered from Zone B (a Woodland level) at the Flint River Mound (Webb

and DeJarnette, 1948a). The appearance of the type in surface

collections from pre-shellmound sites in the Wheeler Basin of the

Tennessee River indicates an early Archaic association. An association

with some part of the Archaic period is suggested.

DECATUR, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1957): A-31

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium-sized point that is

corner-notched and beveled with diagonal flakes struck from the base and

basal sides of the stem forming an incurvate base.

MEASUREMENTS: Sixteen autotypes from sites near Decatur, Alabama,

provided both measurements and features. Measurements ranged as follows:

length--maximum, 54 mm.; minimum, 29 mm.; average 42 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 38 mm.; minimum, 22 mm.; average, 28 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 7 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm. The

illustrated example measures in length, 40 mm.; in shoulder width, 23

mm.; in stem width, 17 mm.; in stem length, 5 mm.; in thickness, 5 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is usually rhomboid; rarely, biconvex. The

shoulders are usually tapered with expanded barbs but, rarely, may be

straight, with or without expanded barbs. The blade may be straight or

incurvate; rarely, recurvate. Blade edges are usually beveled on one

edge and serrated. The distal end is acute. The corner notches range in

width from about 3 mm. to 7 mm. and in depth from about 4 mm. to 7 mm.

The expanded stem usually has straight side edges; the basal edge is

usually incurvate but may be straight. Rarely, it is excurvate. It is

usually thinned and nearly always ground.

FLAKING: Most examples exhibit broad, shallow flaking on the faces.

Blade edges are serrated, either as a result of retouch accomplished by

alternate removal of deeper flakes from opposite faces or as a result of

beveling. The bevel angle varies from steep to a bevel that extends to

near the center of the blade and may overlap from near halfway the blade

length to the distal end. Most examples have one or more flakes struck

from the basal corners of the stem to near the center of the basal edge.

On many examples, the same type of flake may be struck from the basal

corners of the stem up the sides of the stem towards the shoulders. This

flaking tends to flatten the base and sides of the stem. Stem edges are

finished by grinding.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named for the Decatur, Alabama, area where it was

first recognized. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 32 (Stone

Pipe) Limestone County, Alabama. The type was described by Bell (1960).

Two examples were recovered, one from upper half of Stratum II and one

from the center third of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). The type was not found in

excavations in other early strata away from the Tennessee River. Local

examples are found near the river on pre-shellmound sites. This evidence

suggests an early Archaic association.

EBENEZER, =Kneberg= (This Paper): A-107

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Ebenezer is a small, short-stemmed, point with

rounded stem and excurvate blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example, which provided the features, is

38 mm. long, 19 mm. in shoulder width, 15 mm. in stem width, 6 mm. in

stem length and 7 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are narrow and are

usually tapered but may be straight. The blade is usually excurvate with

an acute distal end. The stem is short and rounded.

FLAKING: The blade and stem are shaped by broad, shallow or deep, random

flaking. Short, regular retouch finishes the blade edges. Use of a

rather poor grade of local flint at the Camp Creek Site (Lewis and

Kneberg, 1957) may account for the relatively crude flaking on examples

from this site.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The Ebenezer type was illustrated as Rudimentary Stemmed at

Camp Creek in Greene County, Tennessee (Lewis and Kneberg, 1957) where

the illustrated example was recovered (Cambron Site 284). Fifty-eight

examples were recovered scattered through the midden. The type was

described as being "associated with early Woodland artifacts on other

upper eastern Tennessee sites". A radiocarbon date of 2050 +-250 B.P.

was obtained from the homogeneous midden at Camp Creek. One example was

recovered from the middle of Stratum I (Woodland) at Flint Creek Rock

Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Flint River Mound Ma 48 (Webb and

DeJarnette, 1948a) in the Woodland zone, one example was recovered from

Zone A and one from Zone B. The Ebenezer point was dominant at the

Rankin Site on French Broad River (headwaters of Tennessee River) where

most of the ceramics were sand-tempered. This evidence would place the

type in early to late Woodland association with a suggested date of from

about 2000 years ago to possibly 1500 years ago or some part thereof.

The type is similar to some illustrated examples of Cliffton points from

Texas (Suhm, Krieger and Jelks, 1954), which are estimated to be near

the same age.

ECUSTA, =Harwood and Osborne= (Harwood, 1958): A-32

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Ecusta is a small, triangular, side-notched

point with serrated and beveled blade edges.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 37 mm. long, 24 mm. wide

at the base, and 7 mm. thick.

FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. The shoulder barbs are weak, and

are usually the result of beveling of the blade. The blade is straight,

and beveled on one side of each face and, usually, serrated. The distal

end is acute. The sides of the hafting area display shallow side

notches. The base of the hafting area is usually broad and rounded but

may be straight or incurvate. Striking of diagonal flakes from the basal

edge on some examples results in flattening of the base.

FLAKING: This is a well-made point, shaped by random, percussion flaking

and retouched with serrations along the blade edges.

[Illustration]

COMMENT: The point was named "Ecusta" since this is the Cherokee Indian

name for Davidson River, where the type was first recognized at the

Osborne Site in Transylvania County, North Carolina (Harwood, 1958). The

illustrated homotype is from Kyle Hardin's Baker 1 Site in Blount

County, Alabama, where it was recovered along with four other examples.

One example (No. 1, p. 42) was illustrated by Lewis (1961) from

Guntersville Basin in North Alabama. Other examples were found on the

surface in North Alabama, Kentucky Lake in Tennessee, and Madison

County, North Carolina. The Ecusta is similar to Decatur and Plevna

points inasmuch as all of these types are notched, beveled and may have

diagonal flakes struck from the base. Plevna and Decatur points from

Kyle Hardin's Baker 1 Site were very similar in workmanship to Ecusta

points from this site. All examples are found with early Archaic

materials. An Alabama pre-shellmound association is suggested, with a

probable date prior to 5000 years ago.

ELK RIVER, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-33

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, stemmed point with

oblique-horizontal flaking on the blade faces.

MEASUREMENTS: Measurements of the 15 paratypes (specimens of the

original series including the holotype) range as follows:

length--maximum, 92 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 72 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 38 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.; average, 31 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 19 mm.; minimum, 15 mm.; average, 17 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 14 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. The

illustrated example measures 128 mm. in length; 27 mm. in shoulder

width; 20 mm. in stem width; 14 mm. in stem length; 9 mm. in thickness.

FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex; rarely, plano-convex. The

shoulders are usually tapered and may be expanded. The blade is

excurvate; the distal end, acute. The hafting area is usually

straight-stemmed but the stem may be expanded or contracted with a

straight or, rarely, excurvate basal edge. One example could be

described as having shallow side notches. About one-fourth of the

original series have lightly ground bases.

FLAKING: One or (usually) both faces are shaped by oblique-transverse

flaking. Retouch is minimized since the oblique flaking, in most cases,

carries from the blade edges to near the center of the face and

occasionally almost forms a median ridge. The transverse-oblique flaking

is similar to that seen on the faces of some Angostura, Scotts-bluff and

Brown Valley points and Cape Denbigh artifacts illustrated by Wormington

(1957). This flaking technique was also used on some late neolithic

Danish daggers (Bordaz, 1959).

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point was named for the Elk River Site on Elk River in

Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Hulse 38E

(Quad Site), Limestone County, Alabama. The type was listed in the depth

distribution charts at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters,

1961) in the middle-Archaic stratum (10 examples) and Woodland stratum

(two examples). An illustration was listed as Provisional Type 2,

expanded stem. Two examples of Elk River points from Perry Site, Lu 25,

on Seven Mile Island in Lauderdale County, Alabama, were used to

illustrate the high art of flint flaking (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942).

Examples from Levels 8 and 9, Zone A, at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter

(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) indicate a late Archaic

association. Examples were recovered from Zones A, B, C, and D at Flint

River Mound, Ma 48 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). At Little Bear Creek,

Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) six examples were recovered from the

five-foot level and one from the six-foot level. This again indicates a

middle- to late-Archaic type. Since most of the associations in the

North Alabama--South Tennessee area are within the shellmound period,

this type very likely appeared before 5000 years ago. It is probably not

associated with the western point types with similar flaking.

ELORA, =Cambron= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-34

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Elora is a medium to large, thick, broad,

stemmed point with unfinished base.

MEASUREMENTS: The 12 cotypes (including the illustrated example) which

provided the features range in measurements as follows: length--maximum,

71 mm.; minimum, 53 mm.; average, 61 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 57

mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 43 mm.: stem width--maximum, 22 mm.;

minimum, 20 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum,

8 mm.; average, 12 mm.: thickness--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;

average, 10 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are usually rounded and

tapered but may be horizontal or, rarely, expanded. The blade is usually

straight; rarely, excurvate or incurvate. Some examples are finely

serrated as a result of retouching along the blade edges. The distal end

is usually acute; rarely, broad. The hafting area consists of a thick,

contracted stem with side edges that are straight or incurvate and a

basal edge that is usually straight but may be excurvate. The crudely

finished stem base found on most examples often has an intentionally

broken appearance. Removal of one or more flakes usually results in a

relatively broad, flattened basal edge.

FLAKING: The flaking used to form the blade and hafting area is broad,

shallow or deep, and random. Fine, sometimes steep, regular retouching

along the blade edges accomplished by removal of alternate flakes from

each face sometimes results in fine serrations. The shoulder and side

edges of the stem may show some secondary flaking. The basal edge is

usually unfinished but may show a little retouch as broad flakes were

struck off or perhaps intentionally broken off to form a more or less

flat stem base edge.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The type was named from the Elora area of Lincoln County,

Tennessee, where several sites have produced many examples of the type.

The illustrated example as well as the cotypes are from Cambron Site 48

in this area. A variant classified locally as Elora Serrated is slightly

larger than Elora and is strongly serrated by the alternate removal of

flakes from opposite faces of the point. The Elora point was categorized

Provisional Type 7, large, thick, stemmed, by Cambron and Waters (1961).

In Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and

Cambron, 1962) 2 examples were recovered from Level 1, 1 from Level 2, 2

from Level 3, 1 from Level 6, 1 from Level 9. One example of Elora

Serrated was recovered from Level 1 in Zone A and one from Level 1 in

Zone D at the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter. A serrated example was

also recovered from Level 8 at University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in

Marshall County, Alabama. At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and

Waters, 1961) two examples of Elora were recovered from Stratum I

(Woodland) and 3 examples from upper Stratum II (Archaic). At Little

Bear Creek, Site Ct 8 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) two examples were

recovered from the 4-foot level, one from the 5-foot level and one from

Zone B, about the 4-foot level (Archaic). At Flint River, Mound Ma 48

(Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) two examples were recovered from Zone D

(Archaic). This evidence suggests a middle-to-late, shellmound Archaic

and possibly a very early Woodland association. Elora Serrated may be

slightly older than Elora. A date of 5000 to 3000 years ago, or some

part thereof, is suggested. Hulse suggests that Elora Serrated may be a

type distinct from Elora.

EVA, =Kneberg= (Kneberg, 1956): A-35

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Eva is a medium to large, basally notched point

with an excurvate or recurvate blade.

MEASUREMENTS: The 10 plesiotypes which supplied the features (the

illustrated example is included) range in measurements as follows:

length--maximum, 96 mm.; minimum, 48 mm.; average, 61 mm.: shoulder

width--maximum, 39 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.; average, 33 mm.: stem

width--maximum, 26 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem

length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.:

thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm.

FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are simple-barbed and

inversely tapered. The blade is usually excurvate but may be recurvate.

The distal end is acute. Basal notches range from 1 to 7 mm. deep and

average 4 mm. deep. The notch width range is from 3 to 9 mm.; notch

width average is 6 mm. Retouching often leaves the stem longer than the

barbs. The stem is either straight or contracted. Stem side edges may be

straight or excurvate. The stem base is usually straight but may be

excurvate; it is usually thinned by retouching and may be lightly

ground.

FLAKING: The blade and hafting area are shaped by strong, broad,

shallow, random flaking. The blade face is thinned from edge to center

by broad secondary flaking. Some fine retouch appears along the blade

and hafting area edges. The basal notches are formed perpendicular to

the base by removal of one broad flake from opposite faces on each side

of the stem. Retouching often shortened the barbs; in some cases a barb

was almost completely worked away. No retouch was noted in the notches.

[Illustration]

COMMENTS: The point is named after the Eva Site in Benton County,

Tennessee. The illustrated example is among the 10 measured plesiotypes

from the Plevna Site, Cambron 79, in Madison County, Alabama. Lewis and

Lewis (1961) describe most examples from the Eva Site as having

recurvate blade edges and sometimes displaying barbs longer than the

stems. Examples of the type were in association at the Eva Site with

materials dated by radiocarbon method at 7200 B.P. Lewis and Lewis

(1961) also describe a smaller, narrower variant found at later levels

as Eva II. Four examples of the Eva type were recovered from Zone A--one

each from Levels 3, 7, 9 and 11--at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter in

Colbert County, Alabama (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Four

examples were recovered from the bottom of Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint

Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At Little Bear Creek Site

in Colbert County, Alabama (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b), one example was

recovered from the 8-foot level (below the shellmidden). Numerous

surface finds in North Alabama also indicate an early Archaic

association. The 7200 B.P. date at Eva Site appears acceptable.

EVANS, =Ford and Webb= (Ford and Webb, 1956): A-36

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium-sized point which usually displays

an expanded stem and a notch flaked into each blade edge above the

shoulders.

MEASUREMENTS: The illustrated example measures 60 mm. in length, 33 mm.

in width, 20 mm. in stem width, 11 mm. in stem length, 11 mm. in

thickness.

FORM: (The following description is taken from the illustrated example,

an example from Cambron Site 14, Limestone County, Alabama, and from

illustrations and description by Bell, 1958): The cross-section is

biconvex. Shoulders may be horizontal, inversely tapered, or tapered.

The blade is usually excurvate but may be straight; blade edges are

deeply notched from the shoulders to about one-third to nearly one-half

the length of the blade. The distal end may be acute or broad. The

hafting area may include the notched portion of the blade as well as the

stem. The stem is usually expanded but may be straight or, rarely,

contracted. The side edges of the stem may be straight or incurvate and

the basal edge, straight or excurvate. The excurvate stem base edge is

ground on the Alabama example.

FLAKING: Broad, irregular, random flaking appears on the blade and stem.

Some retouch accomplished by the removal of small, fairly deep flakes is

found along the blade edges. Deep side notches are the result of removal

of a broad, deep flake from the edges of opposite faces of the blade.

Occasionally, limited retouch was employed to broaden the notches after

the main notching flake had been struck.

[Illustration]