may be horizontal, and are always expanded. About one-half of the
measured examples had asymmetrical shoulders. Blade edges are recurvate
and may be slightly serrated. The distal end is acute. Stems are thick
and tapered, rarely straight. Side edges of the stem are usually
incurvate and may be ground. The basal edge may be excurvate or straight
and rarely ground.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem.
Short, deep, regular flaking was used to finish the blade edges, often
resulting in fine serrations. A minimum of retouch was used along the
stem edges. Local materials were utilized.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites in Pickwick
Basin of the Tennessee River Valley. The illustrated example is from
Cambron Site 48 in Lincoln County, Tennessee. It is similar to Ledbetter
Stemmed points (Kneberg, 1956), but both blade edges are recurvate. At
the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,
1962) five examples were recovered from Zone A, one from Level 2, two
from Level 3 and one each from Levels 4 and 7. At Little Bear Creek
Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) examples were recovered from
levels as follows: Levels 1 and 2, 1 each; Level 3, 13; Level 4, 3;
Level 5, 4; Levels 6 and 7, 1 each. Levels 1 and 2 are Woodland, the
other levels contained Archaic materials. At Flint River Shell Mound
(Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) one each was recovered from Zones A and B
(Woodland), four examples from Zone C, one from Zone C-D and three from
Zone D. Zones C, C-D and D are Archaic. The above evidence indicates a
beginning in middle Archaic and a climax in late Archaic for the type.
PINE TREE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1956): A-70
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, side notched, serrated
point with expanded shoulders.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes from Limestone County, Alabama, provided the
following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 66 mm.; minimum, 50
mm.; average, 59 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.;
average, 27 mm.: stem width--maximum, 29 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average,
28 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 12 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened.
Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and expanded. Blade edges are recurvate
and serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is side notched
with expanded stem. The notches average about 9 mm. wide and 3 mm. deep.
Side edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge is thinned and
incurvate.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was used to shape the blade and stem
faces. Collateral or random flaking was used to retouch the sides of the
blade faces to a near median ridge resulting in serrations. The side
notches were formed by the removal of one large flake or several smaller
flakes. Retouch was carried out along the basal edge. All examples are
patinated and are made of local materials.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near Cambron Site
76, the Pine Tree, (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The
illustrated example is from Cambron Site 4, Limestone County, Alabama.
An example was illustrated by Webb and DeJarnette (1942) as type 54 from
Colbert County, Alabama, Site Ct 27 (Plate 294). One example, of unknown
provenience, from Site Ms 53A (Webb and Wilder, 1951) in Marshall
County, Alabama, was recovered (Plate 29-C, No. 16). The type is
pre-shellmound in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic point
type. One example was found on a site on Valley River at Andrews, North
Carolina. Other than this occurrence the known distribution is Alabama
and Southern Tennessee.
PINE TREE CORNER NOTCHED, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-70-a
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, corner notched, serrated
point with expanded shoulders.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided
the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 72 mm.; minimum,
40 mm.; average, 54 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 32 mm.; minimum, 23
mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem width--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 25 mm.;
average, 28 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average,
11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex, rarely flattened. Shoulders are
usually inversely tapered, rarely horizontal, and the barbs are
expanded. Blade edges are usually incurvate, rarely straight, and
serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is usually corner
notched, rarely side-notched, with expanded stem. Notches measured along
the stem edge average about 11 mm. deep and about 5 mm. wide. Side edges
of the stem are usually straight. The base is thinned and usually
straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. Light basal grinding
may be present.
FLAKING: Random flaking was first employed to shape the blade and stem
faces. This was followed by collateral, rarely random, flaking, usually
resulting in regular serrations along the blade edges. Blade edges were
worked in to form expanded barbs. The corner notches were formed by the
removal of one or more large flakes, with retouch along the stem edge.
Some retouch was used to finish the basal edge. All examples are
patinated and are usually made of local materials.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Pine Tree
Site Cambron 76 (Cambron, 1956) in Limestone County, Alabama. The
illustrated example is from Cambron Site 19 in Morgan County, Alabama.
The type was formerly included with the Pine Tree point (Cambron, 1957)
but was later referred to locally as Pine Tree Variant. It is a
pre-shellmound or early Archaic type. Physical characteristics indicate
a greater antiquity for this type than for the Pine Tree type, but
surface collection associations suggest a contemporaneous existence.
PLEVNA, =Cambron= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-72
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Plevna is a medium to large, corner notched
point with excurvate base and beveled on one edge of each face.
MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes from North Alabama and Southern Tennessee,
including the illustrated example, provided the following measurements
and traits: length--maximum, 95 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 65 mm.:
shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum, 26 mm.; average, 30 mm.: stem
width--maximum, 31 mm.; minimum, 24 mm.; average, 27 mm.: stem
length--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 15 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is rhomboid. Shoulders are inversely tapered or
horizontal. Where shoulder barbs are present they may be expanded. Blade
edges are usually straight, but may be incurvate or excurvate and may be
serrated. They are always beveled on one edge of each face. Distal ends
are acute. The hafting area is corner notched, with deep narrow notches
that average about 4 mm. wide at the blade edge, 2 or 3 mm. wide at the
bottom of the notch, and about 6 mm. deep along the stem edge. The
expanded stem usually has straight side edges, and the basal edge is
always excurvate, thinned, and ground.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was employed to produce
flattened faces of the blade. Most blades were probably excurvate with a
gentle bevel before one edge of each face was reworked by short, shallow
to deep, flaking which often created serrations. Repeated reworking of
these blade edges resulted in steep beveling and often in incurvate
blade edges. The notches were formed at the widest part of the blade by
the initial removal of one broad deep flake from each side of each face.
The area thus thinned was then notched by removal of short fine flakes.
The hafting area was thinned by broad, shallow flaking followed by the
removal of small, shallow flakes along the basal edge. Local materials
were used, and all examples showed patination.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The point is named from points found on the Plevna Site
(Cambron 79) in Madison County, Alabama, associated with Eva and other
early Archaic types. The illustrated example is from Hulse Site 38,
Limestone County, Alabama. The type is associated with pre-shellmound
materials in North Alabama and is considered an early Archaic type.
Physical characteristics suggest that Plevna points may be ancestral to
the unbeveled, late Archaic to early Woodland St. Charles points (Bell,
1960) found throughout the Ohio Valley and in surrounding states. A date
of sometime before 5000 years ago is suggested for the type in Alabama.
QUAD, =Soday and Cambron= (Cambron and Waters, 1959a): A-73
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Quad is a medium sized, broad, unfluted or
fluted, point with an expanded-rounded, auriculate hafting area.
MEASUREMENTS: Fifty-one examples from thirty-one sites in the Tennessee
River Valley (Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following
measurements: unfluted points--maximum length, 86 mm.; minimum length,
47 mm.; average length, 57 mm.; average width, 23 mm.; average
thickness, 7 mm.: fluted points--maximum length, 79 mm.; minimum length,
39 mm.; average length, 52 mm.; width, 24 mm.; average thickness, 7 mm.
The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 60
mm.; width at base, 31 mm.; width of blade above hafting area, 29 mm.;
width of hafting constriction, 28 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section may be flattened or biconvex. Blade edges above
the hafting area are convex. The distal end is acute. The auriculate
hafting area is expanded-rounded with a hafting constriction along the
side edges near the auricles. The base is incurvate and may be thinned
or fluted. Hafting area edges are usually ground, especially the
constriction.
FLAKING: Flaking on the faces is usually random but may be collateral.
Retouch with short, fairly deep flaking, is usual on all edges. Because
of the thinness of these points, fluted examples have short flutes
similar to the Clovis points.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on and near the Quad Site
(Soday, 1954) in Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is
from Cambron Site 76 (Pine Tree) near the Quad Site. The unfluted
variant was described by Bell (1960), and he suggests a date of some
portion of the period from 8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C. He illustrates
examples from Tennessee and Ohio. An unfluted example was found in Level
11 at the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama,
in the same stratum as Wheeler, Paint Rock Valley, Cumberland, Dalton,
and other points. An example from Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and
Waters, 1961) was recovered in pre-Archaic Stratum III along with a
Beaver Lake point. A Quad-like point was recovered from the Quad Site in
the same stratum as a fluted midsection, Dalton, and Big Sandy I points
(Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). Coe (1959) found similar points associated
with Daltons on the lower levels of the Hardaway Site in Piedmont, North
Carolina. The above evidence and surface associations indicate a
transitional Paleo association with an age of 10,000 years ago or more.
REDSTONE, =Mahan= (This Paper): A-75
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, triangular, fluted point
with an incurvate base.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven points from seven sites in the Tennessee Valley
(Soday and Cambron, n. d.) range in length as follows: longest, 117 mm.
(from Soday Site 475 in Morgan County, Alabama); shortest, 67 mm. (from
Serio 1, Madison County, Alabama); average, 89 mm. The average width of
the seven points is 37 mm. and the average thickness, 7 mm. The
illustrated specimen measures in length, 110 mm.; width at base, 34 mm.;
thickness, 6 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 9 mm.; longest flute, 70
mm.; shortest flute, 26 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is fluted. The blade is straight with an acute
distal end. Grinding along the basal edge for about one-third of the
length of the point designates the hafting area. The auriculated base is
parallel-rounded and incurvate and may show multiple flutes on one or
both faces. The basal edge is thinned on each side of the flute and
ground.
FLAKING: The flakes removed in order to shape the blade and hafting area
are narrow, shallow and random. The edges were finished by the removal
of alternate flakes along the blade and hafting area edges, leaving a
fine, irregular pattern. The short flute was removed first from a
flattened face, the longer flute from a median ridged face that shows
multiple flute scars (Cambron and Hulse, 1961).
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named after Redstone Arsenal in Madison County,
Alabama, where the illustrated specimen, a classic example, was
recovered from Brosemer Site M-17, a site that has produced other early
points. Several examples have been illustrated in the Tennessee
Archaeologist as follows: Vol. X, No. 1, p. 17, Fig. 45 (Morgan County,
Alabama, Soday, 1954); Vol. X, No. 2, p. 40, Fig. 1, p. 48, Fig. 87, p.
50, Fig. 96 (Madison County, Alabama, Mahan, 1954); Vol. 12, No. 1, p.
36, Figs. 3 and 4 (Chickamauga Lake, Tennessee, Lewis, 1956); Vol. XIII,
No. 2, p. 82, Fig. 7 (Weakley County, Tennessee, Taylor, 1957); Vol. XV,
No. 2, p. 124, Fig. 19 (Limestone County, Alabama), p. 142, Fig. 1,
(Humphreys County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1959); Vol. XVI, No. 1, p. 58,
Figs. 18, 19 (Henry County, Tennessee, Lewis, 1960a). The Redstone type
appears to be a variant of the Clovis and probably was in use at about
the same time as Clovis points. Charcoal from hearths with which a
Clovis point was presumed to have been associated, gave dates in excess
of 37,000 years ago (Crook and Harris, 1958). When dating methods were
improved, dates in excess of 42,000 years ago were obtained at this
site. This means the Redstone, as well as the Clovis, could have been in
use as early as 42,000 years ago, but most archaeologists suggest a date
of about 15,000 years ago.
RHEEMS CREEK, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-113
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized stemmed point with
straight blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Fifteen cotypes in the Harwood collection from Cambron
Site 326 in Buncombe County, North Carolina, provided the following
measurements: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum, 37 mm.; average, 41 mm.:
shoulder width--maximum, 23 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 21 mm.: stem
width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 11 mm.; average, 15 mm.: stem
length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 8 mm. The
illustrated example provided the following measurements: length, 37 mm.;
shoulder width, 19 mm.; stem width, 12 mm.; stem length, 9 mm.;
thickness, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, rarely plano-convex.
Shoulders are tapered and fairly broad. Blade edges are usually
straight, but may be excurvate, rarely incurvate. The distal end is
acute. The stem is usually straight but may be tapered. The basal edge
is excurvate and usually thick, but may be thinned.
FLAKING: The entire point appears to have been made by short, fairly
deep, random percussion flaking. The lack of retouch along the blade
edges leaves an irregular blade edge outline that somewhat resembles
crude serrations on some examples. All examples from the site are made
of vein quartz.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from the Rheems Creek Site (Cambron Site
326) in Buncombe County, North Carolina. A few examples approach Bradley
Spike in size and flaking, but are broader with a more triangular blade.
The smaller examples somewhat resemble Coosa points, but are not
retouched along the edges and are made of quartzite. The cultural
association of this type is as yet unknown, as the type site has
produced artifacts belonging to transitional Paleo, Archaic and Woodland
components. A category of tool types resembling Rheems Creek has been
identified in Randolph County from Mid-Archaic to Early Woodland (O'Hear
and Knight, 1975).
RUSSELL CAVE, =Cambron= (This paper): A-117
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Russell Cave point is a medium sized, expanded
stem point with shallow serrations and straight blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Seven examples, including the illustrated specimen, from
the lower G layer at Russell Cave in North Alabama provided the
following measurements and features: length--maximum, 60 mm.; minimum,
44 mm.; average, 54 mm: shoulder width--maximum, 28 mm.; minimum, 21
mm.; average, 25 mm.: stem width at base--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 21
mm.; average, 23 mm.: stem width at narrowest point--maximum, 21 mm.;
minimum, 19 mm.; average, 20 mm.: stem length--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum,
16 mm.; average, 17 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;
average, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered. The blade is
usually straight; rarely excurvate. Blade edges are shallowly serrated.
The distal end is acute. The stem is expanded. The side edges of the
stem are incurvate and usually ground. The basal edge is straight,
usually ground and may be beveled.
FLAKING: Shallow, broad, random flaking was used to shape the blade and
stem. Short, fairly deep flakes were removed to shape and finish the
blade and to form fine regular serrations. These were flaked alternately
from opposite faces, making the short serration projections rather
sharp. The sides of the hafting area are usually steeply flaked to form
an expanded stem. The basal edge is usually thinned by the removal of
broad shallow flakes, but may be rather steeply flaked.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from Russell Cave in Jackson County,
Alabama, where the seven cotypes were recovered from lower G layer. This
was the deepest excavated layer and produced three radiocarbon dates:
Level 17, 7565 +-250 years B.P.; Level 20, 8095 +-275 and 8435 +-275 years
B.P. These dates place the type in early Archaic at this site.
Distribution of the type is not known.
SAND MOUNTAIN, =Cambron= (This paper): A-119
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, serrated, triangular point with an
incurvate base.
MEASUREMENTS: Six cotypes from the Jones Bluff Reservoir in Lowndes
County, Alabama, provided the following measurements and traits:
length--maximum, 27 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.; average, 24 mm.: width at
base--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average, 14 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 5 mm.: basal
concavity--maximum 4 mm.; minimum, 1 mm.; average, 2 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex--rarely, flattened. The
blade is usually straight, but may be slightly incurvate or excurvate.
Blade edges are serrated. The distal end is usually acute but may be
acuminate. The base is incurvate and may be expanded.
FLAKING: The point displays random flaking which is usually broad and
fairly deep. The serrations are the result of the removal of regular
flakes from the edge of alternate faces. The basal edge was thinned by
removal of shallow flakes. Local materials, generally quartzites, were
used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The point is named from sites on Sand Mountain in North
Alabama where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example was
recovered from Hulse site 39 near Decatur, Alabama. No examples were
recognized from the control sites in the Tennessee Valley. Examples from
Sites Lo 32 and Lo 13 in Jones Bluff Reservoir, Lowndes County, Alabama,
were recovered from Levels 1 and 2 in association with Weeden Island
pottery. This suggests an Early Mississippian association at these
sites. In Autauga County, Alabama, examples were found in association
with Autauga Check Stamped, McLeod Check Stamped and Wright Check
Stamped pottery. This suggests a late Woodland association in this area.
At Site Dk-101 in DeKalb County, Alabama, three examples were recovered
from Level 1 and two from Level 3. This suggests a late Woodland and
Mississippian association at this site. The type seems to have appeared
in late Woodland times and lasted into Mississippian times.
SAVAGE CAVE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1974): A-124
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, side-notched point with
excurvate blade edges, biconvex cross-section, deep side notches and
finely retouched blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: The range of measurements of 14 examples; 7 from New York,
5 from Savage Cave and 2 from the Pine Tree Site (Cambron, 1956) at
Decatur, Alabama, are: length 44-75 mm.; shoulder width, 23-30 mm.; stem
width, 18-25 mm.; stem length, 9-10 mm., thickness, 6-9 mm.; notch
width, 7-9 mm.; notch depth, 3-5 mm.
FLAKING: Good random flaking was employed to shape the faces of the
blade and hafting area. Fine retouch is evident along the edges. The
deep side notches were finished by the removal of one large flake from
both sides of each notch.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. The blade is excurvate and is
finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is deeply
side notched. The basal edge is nearly always straight, but may be
slightly excurvate. Light grinding may be evident on most examples. The
part of the hafting area between the notches and the base is expanded.
All examples were patinated.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: This type is named from Savage Cave, Kentucky, where 8 whole
or broken examples were recovered. One example was recovered from the
surface, two from Level 1, one from Level 2, three from Level 3, one of
which was worked to a drill, and one from Level 4. All examples except
one from the surface were recovered from Stratum II. It appears that the
Savage Cave point overlaps in time with Big Sandy points at this site,
with Savage Cave points appearing later. One example illustrated as an
Otter Creek point in Plate 21, Fig. 2 from Malta, Saratoga County, New
York, (Ritchie, 1971) appears to be a Savage Cave point.
SAVANNAH RIVER, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-5a
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large stemmed point often made of
quartzite.
MEASUREMENTS: Coe (1959) lists some measurements of North Carolina
examples as follows: length--maximum, 170 mm.; minimum, 70 mm.; average,
100 mm.: width--maximum, 70 mm.; minimum, 35 mm.; average, 50 mm. These
measurements exceed those from six examples, including the illustrated
example, from Elmore County, Alabama, and one from Buncombe County,
North Carolina, which are as follows: length--maximum, 70 mm.; minimum,
50 mm.; average, 56 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 40 mm.; minimum, 30
mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 25 mm.; minimum, 21 mm.;
average, 22 mm.: stem length--maximum, 14 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average,
13 mm.: thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 10 mm.; average, 11 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened, rarely
plano-convex. Shoulders are usually tapered but may be straight. Blade
edges are excurvate, but may be parallel from the shoulders for
one-third to one-half the length of the blade. The distal end is acute.
The stem may be straight or tapered, with incurvate or straight side
edges and a straight or incurvate basal edge that is usually thinned.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow flaking was employed to shape the blade and stem
faces, with some retouch along all edges. Local materials were used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The point is named from points of the Savannah River Focus of
the Archaic period in Redmont, North Carolina. The illustrated example
is from Amling Site El 4 in Elmore County, Alabama. This type includes
points illustrated in Caldwell (1947) as belonging to the Savannah River
Focus of Georgia. Similar points from Camp Creek were illustrated by
Lewis and Kneberg (1957) as Appalachian Stemmed, but they seem more
acceptable as Savannah River points. One example each was recovered from
Level 3 and 4 (pre-pottery) at the University of Alabama Site 1 Ru 28 in
Russell County, Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River. Coe (1959) found
Savannah River to be late Archaic. Further excavation in the Roanoke
River area revealed Savannah River points in early Woodland association
(Coe, personal communication). Savannah River points overlay the "Old
Quartz" industry in Georgia. The above evidence places Savannah River
points in late Archaic and early Woodland associations.
SMITHSONIA, =Allen and Hulse= (This Paper): A-136
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large sized, straight stemmed
point with finely serrated blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Thirteen cotypes from sites at Smithsonia, Beacon Island
and Waterloo along the Tennessee River below Florence, Alabama, provided
the following measurements: length--maximum, 96 mm.; minimum, 61 mm.;
average, 77 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 35 mm.; minimum 28 mm.;
average, 30 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average,
14 mm.: stem length--maximum, 15 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.; average, 13 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.; average, 9 mm. Measurements
of the illustrated example are: length, 82 mm.; shoulder width, 33 mm.;
stem width, 15 mm.; stem length, 13 mm.; thickness, 11 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex but may be flattened.
Shoulders are usually barbed but may be inversely tapered. Blade edges
are serrated and are usually straight or excurvate but some examples may
have one straight and one excurvate blade edge. The basal edge and sides
of the stem are thinned, straight and may be lightly ground. The distal
end is acute. Serrations on the blade edges are finely executed as
opposed to deeper serrations on the Kirk Serrated projectile point. The
shoulders are usually barbed. The stem and base are always straight
whereas the Kirk Serrated base may be incurvate.
FLAKING: The blade and hafting area were formed by broad, shallow,
random flaking. The blade edges were then finely serrated.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from Ralph Allen Site 41 at Smithsonia,
Alabama, where the type was first recognized. The illustrated example is
from this site located on the north side of the Tennessee River in
Lauderdale County, Alabama. Three examples are illustrated in Plate 152
(Webb and DeJarnette, 1942). One is in the top right of the plate and
two are in the upper left of the lower figure on the same plate. These
examples were recovered from the Bluff Creek Site Lu^o 59. This site was
located fourteen miles west of Florence, Alabama, on the banks of the
Tennessee River. These points were associated with burials along with
other artifacts that indicate a late Archaic and early Woodland
placement, as does the formal attributes of this point type.
SOUTH PRONG CREEK, =Lewis= (This Paper): A-138
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The South Prong Creek point is a large, broad,
stemmed, and serrated point.
MEASUREMENTS: Examples which provided the features, including the
illustrated example, ranged in measurements as follows: length--maximum,
101 mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 72 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 59
mm.; minimum, 46 mm.; average, 38 mm.: stem width--maximum, 18 mm.;
minimum, 17 mm.; average, 18 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum,
8 mm.; average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 8 mm.;
average, 9 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is flattened. The blade edges are usually
straight but may be slightly excurvate or recurvate and are always
serrated with an acute distal end that is devoid of serrations.
Shoulders may be straight or tapered. The stem is short and thinned at
the base and along the side edges. The basal edge may be straight or
excurvate and may exhibit light grinding.
FLAKING: The thin blade is shaped by good, broad, and shallow random
flaking on the faces. The removal of small deep flakes along the blade
edges, starting above the shoulders and ending below the distal end,
produced strong serrations and a beveling effect. The removal of fairly
large flakes at the junction of the stem and shoulders thinned the sides
of the stem as well as the shoulders at this point.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from a surface site on South Prong Creek in
Richmond County, Georgia, near Augusta, in the Red Hills fall line and
approximately 300 feet above mean sea level. Eight examples, including
the illustrated example, were recovered from this site (Lewis Site No.
606). Two examples of unknown origin from the Augusta-Richmond County
Museum helped provide additional measurements and features for the type.
Other artifacts recovered from the type site include: 13 Big Sandy
points, 1 Greenbrier Dalton point, 1 Ecusta point, 1 Plevna point, 26
Morrow Mountain points, 1 Morrow Mountain Straight Base point, 3 Morrow
Mountain Rounded Base points, 3 Guilford Rounded Base points, 1 Guilford
point, 8 Savannah River points, 1 Gary point, 1 Wade point, 1 Yadkin
point, 2 Madison points, 25 P-1 Stemmed points, 1 used scraper, 1 flint
gouge, 7 mortars, 3 manos, 1 hammer-abrader, 7 steatite hammers, and 1
perforater. These artifacts suggest a Transitional Paleo-Early Archaic
and Archaic occupation of the site with a sparse occupation by Woodland
and Mississippian people. An age of 3000 to 4500 years B.P. is
suggested for the type (Michie, personal communication, 1975). The
association of other artifacts from the site indicates an earlier date
for the type (Lewis, personal communication, 1975).
STANFIELD. =Cambron and Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962):
A-80
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large sized, narrow, triangular point
with biconvex blade.
MEASUREMENTS: Nine autotypes from North Alabama, including the
illustrated example, provided the following measurements and traits:
length--maximum, 118 mm.; minimum, 54 mm.; average, 73 mm.: width at
base--maximum, 30 mm.; minimum, 18 mm.; average, 22 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 9 mm.
FORM: The cross-section of the blade is biconvex, and most hafting area
cross-sections are flattened. Blade edges are usually parallel, rarely
excurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area includes an
undetermined basal portion of the side edges. It is parallel sided, with
a straight, rarely slightly excurvate, basal edge that is thinned. The
hafting area is usually flattened.
FLAKING: From fairly deep to shallow random flaking was used to shape
the faces. Usually one third to two thirds of the total length from the
distal end is flaked to median ridge, and broader shallower flakes were
removed from the hafting area. Short, broad, and deeper flakes were
removed in retouching the side edges of the blade and all edges of the
hafting area. Local materials were usually employed, and all examples
were patinated.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from examples recovered from the
Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962)
in Colbert County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from the Pine
Tree Site (Cambron Site 76) in Limestone County, Alabama. Examples
recovered at Stanfield-Worley were all in Zone D, two in Level 1 and one
in Level 5. Radiocarbon dates from this zone are 8920 +-400 and 9640 +-450
B.P. Four examples were recovered from Stratum III (Cambron and Hulse,
1960a) at the Quad Site in association with Dalton, Lerma, Big Sandy I,
and other points and were listed as Type P-11. All surface finds are
made from sites that have produced early materials. It is suggested that
this type be placed in the transitional Paleo-Indian cultural stage with
a date of somewhere around 10,000 years ago.
STANLEY, =Coe= (Coe, 1959): A-79
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The Stanley is a medium sized point with "a broad
triangular blade, a small squared stem and a shallow notched base."
(Coe, 1959).
MEASUREMENTS: Seven plesiotypes from North Alabama and South Tennessee
provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 47 mm.;
minimum, 42 mm.; average, 46 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 33 mm.;
minimum, 27 mm.; average, 31 mm.: stem width--maximum, 18 mm.; minimum,
14 mm.; average, 16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;
average, 8 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average, 7
mm.
FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or plano-convex, rarely
flattened. Shoulders are usually horizontal or tapered, rarely inversely
tapered, and may be expanded. Blade edges may be excurvate, straight, or
recurvate and usually have an angular break in the blade outline near
the distal end. Blade edges may be serrated near the base. The distal
end is usually acute, but may be somewhat apiculate. The stem is usually
straight. Stems of the plesiotypes are shorter and broader than stems of
the cotypes. Thus, the basal edge of the plesiotypes is more incurvate
than notched, as it is in the cotypes.
FLAKING: Blade scars and/or rather long, shallow, random flakes are in
evidence on the faces of the blade and stem. On the serrated examples
the serrations are broader and deeper near the shoulders, and the points
are usually serrated no more than half the length of the blade. Fine
regular retouch was carried out along the blade edges near the distal
end. Fairly long, often broad, flakes were removed in order to thin the
basal edge. Local materials were used, and all points show some
patination.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found in Piedmont, North
Carolina, especially at the Doerschuk and Hardaway Sites, where they
were found above Kirk and below Morrow Mountain occupation levels and
are placed somewhere above 5000 B.C. (Coe, 1959). The illustrated
example is from Cambron Site 146 in Limestone County, Alabama. An
example was recovered from Level 11 of Zone A at the Stanfield-Worley
Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962). Also in this
level (145 trench) were Eva and Morrow Mountain points. One example was
recovered from Zone C (upper Archaic) at the Flint River Shell Mound
(Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a).
SUBLET FERRY, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-115
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized, serrated,
shallowly side notched point.
MEASUREMENTS: Eleven cotypes, including the illustrated example,
provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 48 mm.; minimum,
28 mm.; average, 42 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16
mm.; average, 19 mm.: stem width--maximum, 22 mm.; minimum, 16 mm.;
average, 19 mm.: stem length--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.; average,
8 mm.: thickness--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 6 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are tapered and narrow.
Blade edges are usually excurvate, but may be parallel-angular, and are
finely serrated. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is shallowly
side notched near the base, with the shoulders and stem usually nearly
the same width. The basal edge is straight and thinned.
FLAKING: Shallow to deep flaking was used to shape the blade and stem
faces. Long, narrow flakes were removed to form serrations along the
blade edges. The hafting notches were formed by the removal of a fairly
large deep flake from each side of each face near the base and were
sometimes finished by the removal of several small flakes in the
notches. Broad, thin flakes were removed in thinning the basal edge.
Local materials were used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on sites near Sublet
Ferry on the Tennessee River in Jackson County, Alabama. The illustrated
example is from W. H. Baker Site 16 in the area. Other artifacts from
this site suggest early Woodland and possibly late Archaic assemblages.
Typologically the Sublet type seems intermediate between Damron Side
Notched and Knights Island. Cultural association of the type is at
present uncertain, but surface collection associations indicate that it
is an early Woodland type.
SWAN LAKE, =Cambron and Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-81
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick point with shallow side
notches.
MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen plesiotypes, including the illustrated example,
from Hulse Site 54 in Limestone County, Alabama, provided the following
measurements and traits: length--maximum, 41 mm.; minimum, 30 mm.;
average, 38 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 20 mm.; minimum, 12 mm.;
average, 17 mm.: stem width--maximum, 17 mm.; minimum, 13 mm.; average,
16 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.; average, 11 mm.:
thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but is sometimes near
median-ridged. Shoulders are narrow, tapered, and may be expanded. Blade
edges are usually straight but may be incurvate or excurvate. Distal
ends are acuminate. The hafting area is shallowly side notched. Side
edges of the stem are incurvate. The basal edge may be excurvate or
straight. Nearly all examples retain some rind on the base, and many
basal edges are unfinished. A few basal edges are lightly ground.
FLAKING: Short, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the blade
and stem. Flakes removed in retouching the blade and stem edges are
short and fairly deep. Several flakes were usually removed to form the
side notches. Local materials were used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points recovered from the Swan Lake
area of Limestone County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from Hulse
Site 54 in this area. The type may be related to Trinity points (Suhm
and Jelks, 1962) and Halifax points (Coe, 1959). The side notched
variant of Archaic Lamoka points of New York (Ritchie, 1961) may be an
early variation of the Swan Lake type. Radiocarbon dates from 3500 B.C.
to 2500 B.C. have been obtained for Lamoka points (Ritchie, 1961). At
the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron,
1962) most Swan Lake points were concentrated in the first two levels of
Zone A, but a few examples were found as deep as Levels 7 and 8, with
one from Level 1 in Zone B. This indicates Woodland association at this
site, with possibly an Archaic connection. Four of eight examples from
the University of Alabama Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, were
in the two top levels. All six examples from Flint Creek Rock Shelter
(Cambron and Waters, 1961) were from Stratum I (Woodland). At Flint
River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a) four examples were
recovered from Zone A, one from Zone B (Woodland) and one from Zone C
(Archaic). The Swan Lake point appears to have been introduced in the
Archaic period but reached a climax in the Woodland period.
TURKEY TAIL, =Scully= (Scully, 1951): A-82
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium to large, double pointed
lanceolate point with side notches.
MEASUREMENTS: The type ranges from about 3 inches to 8 inches in length
with an average length of about 6 inches (Bell, 1960). The illustrated
plesiotype provided the following measurements: length, 174 mm.; width
at widest part of blade, 42 mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; length of stem, 17
mm.; width of stem, 18 mm.; notch depth, 3 mm.; notch width, 6 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is flattened. Shoulders may be horizontal or
tapered. Blade edges are excurvate. The distal end may be acute or
broad. The stem is expanded and pointed with an acute or broad basal
edge that is thinned.
FLAKING: Broad, shallow, random flaking was used to shape the blade and
stem. Short deep flakes may be removed to retouch the edges. One or
several flakes were removed from the sides of each face to form shallow
side notches. A good grade, often exotic, material was used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named because of the resemblance of the hafting
area to a turkey's tail. The illustrated example is the shortest of four
Turkey Tail points and one similar unnotched blade 8 inches long which
were recovered from a shellmound burial by Harry Smith from Cambron Site
14 in Limestone County, Alabama. "The type commonly occurs in caches of
several points, ranging from 4 or 5 up to 40 or more." (Bell, 1960.)
This indicates a ceremonial usage. A late Archaic or early Woodland
association with a date range from about 2000 B.C. to 500 B.C. is
suggested by Scully (1951).
WADE, =Hulse= (Cambron and Hulse, 1960b): A-84
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized, barbed, straight stemmed
point.
MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen cotypes, including the illustrated example,
provided the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 70 mm.;
minimum, 39 mm.; average, 51 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 42 mm.;
minimum, 27 mm.; average, 34 mm.: stem width--maximum, 16 mm.; minimum,
10 mm.; average, 14 mm.: stem length--maximum, 12 mm.; minimum, 9 mm.;
average, 11 mm.: thickness--maximum, 9 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7
mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex or flattened. Shoulders are barbed,
with barbs often as long as the stem. Blade edges may be excurvate or
straight. The distal end is acute. The stem is usually straight but may
be slightly expanded. Side edges of the stem are usually straight, and
the basal edge may be straight or slightly incurvate. It is thinned and
may be slightly ground.
FLAKING: Deep to shallow, random flaking was used on the blade and stem
faces. Short, fairly deep, flakes were removed in retouching the blade
and stem edges. One large, broad, deep flake was removed from the basal
corners of each face to form barbs. The resulting notched edges were
usually retouched by the removal of several small flakes. Local
materials were used.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points from several sites near Wade
Landing on the Tennessee River, Limestone County, Alabama, where they
were first recognized. The illustrated example is from Cambron Site 148
(Ray Site) in Limestone County, Alabama. Three Wade points were found
with pre-ceramic sitting burial No. 66 at the University of Alabama Site
Lu 59 (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) along with one beaver incisor, three
bone awls, one distal end of a point or knife, one two-hole stone
gorget, and one gorget fragment. At the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter
(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962), points were more numerous in
late Archaic and early Woodland levels. At the University of Alabama
Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama, one example was recovered from
Woodland Level 2. One example was recovered from the Woodland stratum at
Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961). At the Little Bear
Creek Site (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948b) one example was recovered from
the Woodland stratum and one from late Archaic. Three examples were
recovered from the Woodland stratum and seven from late Archaic at the
Flint River Shell Mound (Webb and DeJarnette, 1948a). The above evidence
indicates a strong late Archaic association and suggests that the type
continued in use as late as middle Woodland, with a probable date of
2500 B.C. to 1500 B.C.
WASHINGTON, =Cambron= (This Paper): A-13
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thick, side notched, serrated
point.
MEASUREMENTS: Nine cotypes, including the illustrated example, provided
the following measurements and traits: length--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum,
16 mm.; average, 20 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 13 mm.; minimum, 9
mm.; average, 10 mm.: stem width--maximum, 11 mm.; minimum, 7 mm.;
average, 9 mm.: stem length--maximum, 8 mm.; minimum, 5 mm.; average, 7
mm.: thickness--maximum, 6 mm.; minimum, 4 mm.; average, 5 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is biconvex. Shoulders are inversely tapered.
Blade edges may be excurvate or straight and are usually serrated. The
distal end may be acute, sharply acute, or broad. The hafting area has
broad, shallow side notches from 1 to 2 mm. deep and about 4 to 5 mm.
wide. The expanded stem base may be excurvate or straight and is usually
thinned.
FLAKING: Most of the points are made of white quartzite but show good
workmanship. The blade and hafting area were formed by shallow, random
flaking. The blade edges were serrated by the removal of broad, deep
flakes. The side notches were formed by the removal of one broad, deep
flake from each side of each face about one-third the length of the
point from the base. Some retouching was carried out, especially near
the distal end.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The point was named for Washington County, Alabama, where the
type was first recognized. Apparently an important type in this area of
the state, it occurs in surface collections from late pottery-producing
sites. The illustrated example is from Slater Site 7, Washington County,
Alabama. The size indicates an arrow point. Perino (personal
communication) reports examples from Woodland sites in Clinton County,
Illinois.
WASHITA, =Bell= (Bell, 1958): A-116
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small, thin, triangular, side notched
point.
MEASUREMENTS: Bell (1958) lists length as 27 mm. to 19 mm. with the
majority averaging slightly less than 25 mm. Suhm and Krieger (1954)
give the width as 20 mm. to 12 mm. and state that the notches are
usually 2 mm. to 3 mm. deep.
FORM: The cross-section appears to be flattened. Blade edges may be
straight or excurvate. The distal end is acute. Side notches forming the
hafting area "are cut in from the edge perhaps 1/4 to 1/3 of the
distance from the base to the tip (distal end)." (Bell, 1958.) The base
is straight or slightly incurvate and thinned.
FLAKING: Fairly broad, shallow, random flaking appears to have been used
to shape the faces, with a minimum of retouch along the edges.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named for the Washita River Focus of Oklahoma.
The illustrated example is after Bell (1958). The Washita was included
in the Harrell type by Suhm, Krieger and Jelks (1954). The only
appreciable difference between the two types is the notched basal edge
of the Harrell points. According to Bell (1958), "the Washita point is
found in Oklahoma, parts of the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley and in
the Southwest. It is commonly associated with the Harrell point, pottery
and agriculture." He estimates the age from 1100 or 1200 A.D. up to
1500 or 1600 A.D. Twenty-one examples were in a cache found with a
burial in a truncated mound in Elmore County, Alabama (Fundaburk and
Foreman, 1957). Also in the cache were points similar to Alba, Bassett,
Harrell, and Scallorn types as described and illustrated by Suhm,
Krieger and Jelks (1954). Along with these were other small points
(Plate 15, p. 36), two of which were made of obsidian. Since the type is
associated with Harrell points, it is probably associated with early
Mississippi Culture of the Mississippi and Missouri Valleys (Bennett,
1948 and Chapman, 1948).
WHEELER EXCURVATE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-85
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point
with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and excurvate blade
edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Twenty points from 14 sites in the Tennessee River Valley
(Soday and Cambron, n. d.) provided the following measurements:
length--maximum, 67 mm.; minimum, 27 mm.; average, 48 mm.:
width--average, 21 mm.: thickness--average, 6 mm. The illustrated
example provided the following measurements: length, 46 mm.; width of
blade, 20 mm.; width at base, 17 mm.; thickness, 5 mm.; depth of basal
concavity, 6 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex.
Blade edges are excurvate. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is
parallel pointed, with deeply incurvate, steeply flaked basal edge. Some
examples are fluted, and an occasional example is ground along the
entire blade and hafting area edges.
FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the
blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the
blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges.
Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity, and
several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal
edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site
(Cambron, 1955a) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone
County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site (Cambron,
1956). A fluted example is illustrated by T. M. N. Lewis (1960b) in
Editor's Notes, page 45, left side of Fig. 3. An example was recovered
from Stratum III in association with transitional Paleo-Indian materials
at the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a). The type is similar to the
McKean point, but appears to be older and, unlike McKean points, the
basal edge is steeply beveled. This type appears with Wheeler Recurvate
and Wheeler Triangular points on pre-shellmound sites in North Alabama.
Evidence indicates a transitional Paleo-Indian association. A reworked
Wheeler point was recovered from Level 11 at the University of Alabama
Site Ms 201 in Marshall County, Alabama. This also indicates an early
provenience for Wheeler points.
WHEELER RECURVATE, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-86
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point
with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and recurvate side
edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Nine points from six sites in the Tennessee River Valley
provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 68 mm.; minimum,
27 mm.; average, 55 mm.: width--average, 19 mm.: thickness--average, 7
mm. The illustrated example provided the following measurements: length,
45 mm.; width of blade, 20 mm.; width at base, 13 mm.; thickness, 5 mm.;
depth of basal concavity, 4 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex.
Blade edges are excurvate above the hafting area. Distal ends are acute.
The hafting area is expanded pointed, with deeply incurvate, steeply
flaked basal edge.
FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the
blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the
blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges.
Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity and
several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal
edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site
(Cambron, 1955a) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone
County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site (Cambron
156). Two points similar to Wheeler Recurvate were found at the
Scharbauer Site near Midland, Texas (Wendorf, Krieger, Albritton and
Stewart, 1955). One was near human bones in Locality 1 and one was from
Locality 2. Both were in association with early materials, especially
Folsom materials. A radiocarbon date of 20,000 years ago was secured
from fire hearth at the site (Associated Press story in The Nashville
Tennessean, Oct. 14, 1956). The type is similar to McKean points, but
appears to be older and, unlike McKean points, the basal edge is steeply
beveled. This type appears with Wheeler Excurvate and Wheeler Triangular
points on pre-shellmound sites in North Alabama. Evidence indicates a
transitional Paleo-Indian association.
WHEELER TRIANGULAR, =Cambron= (Cambron, 1955a and 1957): A-87
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a small to medium sized auriculate point
with incurvate base, steeply worked basal edge, and straight blade
edges.
MEASUREMENTS: In gathering data for the type, large Wheeler Excurvate
points were included in the measurements; therefore, measurements of a
series are not available. The illustrated example provided the following
measurements: length, 81 mm.; width of blade, 24 mm.; width at base, 21
mm.; thickness, 8 mm.; depth of basal concavity, 8 mm.
FORM: The cross-section is usually biconvex, but may be plano-convex.
Blade edges are straight. Distal ends are acute. The hafting area is
parallel-pointed with deeply incurvate, steeply flaked basal edge.
FLAKING: Shallow, random flaking was used to shape the faces of the
blade and hafting area. Fairly broad flakes were removed in shaping the
blade edges, followed by very fine secondary retouching along the edges.
Large flakes were often removed in forming the basal concavity, and
several short narrow flakes were removed to form a steeply flaked basal
edge. Local materials were used, especially Ft. Payne chert.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found on the Stone Pipe Site
(Cambron, 1955) in the Wheeler Basin of the Tennessee River, Limestone
County, Alabama. The illustrated example is from this site, Cambron 156.
At the Quad Site (Cambron and Hulse, 1960a), an example recovered from
Stratum I had probably weathered from Stratum III, where it would have
been in association with transitional Paleo-Indian materials.
WHITE SPRINGS, =Hulse= (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962): A-88
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: This is a medium sized point with short, broad stem
and excurvate blade edges.
MEASUREMENTS: Fourteen paratypes, including the illustrated example,
provided the following measurements: length--maximum, 66 mm.; minimum,
42 mm.; average, 50 mm.: shoulder width--maximum, 36 mm.; minimum, 28
mm.; average, 32 mm.: stem length--maximum, 24 mm.; minimum, 17 mm.;
average, 20 mm.: stem length--maximum, 7 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 6
mm.: thickness--maximum, 10 mm.; minimum, 3 mm.; average, 9 mm.
FORM: The cross-section may be biconvex or flattened. Shoulders are
horizontal and narrow. Blade edges are slightly excurvate, rarely
incurvate. The distal end is acute. The hafting area is stemmed, with
straight side edges. The basal edge is thinned and usually straight, but
may be incurvate and may be ground.
FLAKING: Shallow, random, rarely transverse oblique, flaking was used to
shape the blade and stem faces. Blade and stem edges were retouched by
removal of short, probably pressure, flakes.
[Illustration]
COMMENTS: The type was named from points found in the White Springs area
on the north side of the Tennessee River in Limestone County, Alabama.
The illustrated holotype is from Hulse Site 17 in Limestone County,
Alabama. Examples appear to be more numerous in the Tennessee River
Valley of North Alabama, where they are found on early Archaic sites.
Three points (l, n, and o, Plate 12, Page 45) listed among examples of
Sykes points from the Eva Site (Lewis and Lewis, 1961) appear to fit
into the White Springs type. Most examples found at Stanfield-Worley
Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) were from the
lower levels of Zone A (early Archaic), and one example was among the
artifacts associated with Burial 8 at this site. This was an early
Archaic burial featuring Morrow Mountain points. Examples were
illustrated (Webb and DeJarnette, 1942) from sub-mound Burial 88 from
Site Ct 27 in the Pickwick Basin of the Tennessee River. Observed
materials from many North Alabama sites suggest a typological
relationship between White Springs, Benton Stemmed, and Buzzard Roost
Creek points. Benton Stemmed is thought to have been in use later than
White Springs and possibly than Buzzard Roost Creek. An early Archaic
association is suggested, with an estimated date of 5000 B.C. to about
4000 B.C. or later.
PROVISIONAL POINT TYPES
This group includes points that are probably extreme variants of named
types, unfinished points, and points that have not proven distinctive
enough to be recognized as a definite type. As further work is carried
out and more materials become available for observation, some named
types may be separated from these generalized types as has been done
with some of the provisional types originally set up.
Illustrations are oversize to show the flaking more clearly.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large sized, straight stemmed points that
do not conform with certainty to any of the named type descriptions.
COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961)
examples from the Archaic Stratum II were slightly larger than examples
from Woodland and Mississippian Stratum I. At Stanfield-Worley Bluff
Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) this was the most
numerous provisional type, and most examples appeared in the upper half
of Zone A (Archaic and later).
Provisional Type 1--Stemmed, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and Waters,
1961)
[Illustration: A-90]
Provisional Type 2--Expanded Stem, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
[Illustration: A-91]
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large expanded stem points that do not
conform with certainty to any of the named type descriptions.
COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961) the
type was slightly smaller than Provisional Type 1--Stemmed, and examples
from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) were slightly longer than
examples from Stratum II (Archaic). At Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter
(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) practically all examples were
recovered from Zone A (Archaic and later), with most examples from the
upper half of this zone.
Provisional Type 3--(See Crawford Creek)
Provisional Type 4--Stemmed Barbed, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Usually small to medium sized, stemmed points, with
barbed shoulders, that do not conform to a named type description.
COMMENTS: At Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and Waters, 1961)
examples from Stratum I (Woodland and Mississippian) were slightly
larger than examples from Stratum II (Archaic). Of the few examples
recovered from the Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack
and Cambron, 1962), most were from late Archaic or early Woodland
strata.
[Illustration: A-92]
Provisional Type 5--Stemmed and Serrated, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron
and Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large stemmed points, with serrated blade
edges, that do not conform to a named type description.
COMMENTS: Examples are more likely to occur in Archaic than Woodland
association.
[Illustration: A-93]
[Illustration: A-94]
Provisional Type 6--Unfinished Base, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Usually medium sized points with finished blade and
unfinished base that do not conform to any named type description.
COMMENTS: The only two examples recovered from Flint Creek Rock Shelter
(Cambron and Waters, 1961) were from Stratum I (Woodland and
Mississippian). The three examples from Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter
(DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962) were from the upper half of Zone
A (Archaic and later).
Provisional Type 7--(See Elora)
Provisional Type 8--Corner Notched, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large sized corner notched point that
does not conform to a named type description.
COMMENTS: Basal edges may be ground and blade edges may be serrated or
beveled. Larger examples are usually associated with early Archaic
cultures.
[Illustration: A-95]
[Illustration: A-96]
Provisional Type 9--Side Notched, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large side notched point that does not
conform to a named type description.
COMMENTS: May appear in association with Archaic or Woodland cultural
materials.
Provisional Type 10--Eccentric Notched, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron
and Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium sized, stemmed point with several
eccentric notches along the blade edges that does not conform to any
named type description.
COMMENTS: This is a relatively rare point. One example was recovered
from Stratum II (Archaic) at Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Cambron and
Water, 1961). One example of unknown provenience was illustrated as type
51 by Webb and DeJarnette (1942, Plate 294-1) from Ct 27. An example was
illustrated by Travis and Lenser (1960, Fig. 7-G) from the Sugar Creek
area of the Tennessee Valley.
[Illustration: A-97]
[Illustration: A-98]
Provisional Type 11--Triangular, =Cambron and Waters= (Cambron and
Waters, 1961)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A small to large triangular point that does not
conform to a named type description.
COMMENTS: May appear in association with Transitional Paleo and later
cultural materials.
[Illustration: A-99]
Provisional Type 12--Rounded Base, =Cambron and Hulse= (Cambron and
Hulse, 1960b)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: Small to large, rounded base, trianguloid point
that does not conform to the description of a named type.
COMMENTS: Examples were recovered from early Archaic through late
Woodland strata at Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack
and Cambron, 1962).
Provisional Type 13--Notched Convex Stem, =Cambron and Hulse= (Cambron
and Hulse, 1960b)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: A medium to large point that usually has a rounded
stem with notches in the stem adjacent to the shoulders and that does
not conform to the description of a named type.
COMMENTS: A comparatively rare point that may prove to be a definite
type, although at present the few examples are too variable to define as
a type. An example was recovered from Level 2 (Woodland) of Zone A at
Stanfield-Worley Bluff Shelter (DeJarnette, Kurjack and Cambron, 1962).
[Illustration: A-100]
ALABAMA COUNTIES
[Illustration: State map]
DISTRIBUTION CHART
n
s e e o w a n
A a n r k n r e n w n t h t a n i e i
M g i u t c r u e k o a e r e r u g h a s b e b h t l
A u w o n o e o b o t t k u e e c a n s m a l r m a t k
B a d b b u l l h m r l c r y b f b e s i n l e l a o a w e n
A t l r b o l t l a e i o a a e f l n o v e l l l K m c o y a
L u a a i l u u a h h h h l l l o o o o o r u a a e l s t a r
A A B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D E E E F F
A1 1 13 A1
A1a 4 7 A1a
A2 A2
A4 2 A4
A5 2 1 A5
A5a 2 A5a
A6 4 3 A6
A7 1 A7
A9 33 301 A9
A9a 18 A9a
A10 1 11 11 A10
A11 1 14 17 A11
A12 5 3 A12
A13 5 A13
A14 1 7 1 A14
A16 2 2 15 25 A16
A17 A17
A18 1 A18
A19 3 3 A19
A19a A19a
A20 2 4 A20
A20a 17 A20a
A21 2 5 A21
A21a 1 A21a
A21b A21b
A22 1 1 4 A22
A23 A23
A24 2 8 6 A24
A24a 18 21 A24a
A25 1 1 4 13 A25
A26 2 A26
A27 7 9 8 A27
A28 2 12 A28
A29 3 5 3 A29
A30 6 1 A30
A31 3 2 9 A31
A32 A32
A33 8 67 A33
A34 6 1 10 A34
A34a 2 4 A34a
A35 10 35 A35
A36 A36
A37 1 1 31 164 A37
A38 1 1 A38
A39 A39
A40 8 A40
A41 A41
A42 3 2 A42
A43 1 4 14 9 A43
A44 A44
e y
n l e r r a
o a e n l e h i g
n n s d c o s n o l m s p l a e
a e o o r r n t e o g n a e e o n n l l l y r d
v n y t s e r e e s d n s n o h l o g a y e o e C b e a
e e e r s k f a d r e n o i e i s i r t g r k e d s l t l
n e l n u c f m u w e m w c d r r r b n n r r c k n s . e m l
e r a e o a e a a a e i o a a a a a o o o o e i i a u t h u a
G G H H H J J L L L L L L M M M M M M M M M P P P R R S S S T
A1 2 25 8 4 A1
A1a 1 13 1 2 A1a
A2 1 1 A2
A4 1 A4
A5 15 A5
A5a 14 A5a
A6 2 25 2 12 A6
A7 17 16 A7
A9 14 51 319 85 25 A9
A9a 12 3 10 A9a
A10 22 4 697 194 31 1 A10
A11 10 6 39 193 1 A11
A12 1 4 58 15 4 A12
A13 A13
A14 1 4 20 26 4 A14
A16 33 2 128 75 21 1 A16
A17 1 10 4 A17
A18 5 11 24 3 A18
A19 2 19 19 3 A19
A19a 4 2 1 A19a
A20 3 134 10 32 A20
A20a 5 2 259 14 59 A20a
A21 3 2 36 14 27 A21
A21a 10 1 2 A21a
A21b 4 5 A21b
A22 1 5 1 2 A22
A23 1 A23
A24 18 3 69 18 10 A24
A24a 1 48 51 20 8 A24a
A25 8 5 124 35 11 A25
A26 6 1 27 6 1 A26
A27 6 2 151 89 1 A27
A28 4 12 18 A28
A29 1 1 46 72 5 A29
A30 1 38 3 A30
A31 1 3 54 46 A31
A32 1 A32
A33 4 19 202 26 16 A33
A34 3 3 141 53 12 A34
A34a 1 105 6 3 A34a
A35 42 3 6 A35
A36 3 A36
A37 15 61 292 54 52 1 A37
A38 11 14 5 A38
A39 12 3 11 A39
A40 39 23 1 A40
A41 1 28 5 28 A41
A42 9 1 1 A42
A43 32 9 145 51 42 1 A43
A44 1 A44
a a n
s s o
o o t e e
o o g n c n b
p l r n x o n l m
a a e i o t . e o e . o
l c k h c s N r c n C c
l s l s l n N w n y n
a u a a i i E a i a . u
T T W W W W T L L W N B
A1 3 A1
A1a 1 A1a
A2 A2
A4 A4
A5 2 22 A5
A5a 29 27 A5a
A6 1 A6
A7 A7
A9 14 16 A9
A9a 7 2 A9a
A10 12 1 A10
A11 9 1 A11
A12 2 17 A12
A13 86 A13
A14 2 9 1 A14
A16 1 1 9 5 A16
A17 A17
A18 A18
A19 1 A19
A19a A19a
A20 1 A20
A20a A20a
A21 7 1 A21
A21a 1 A21a
A21b A21b
A22 3 A22
A23 A23
A24 1 3 A24
A24a 11 11 A24a
A25 27 A25
A26 A26
A27 8 1 1 A27
A28 1 1 A28
A29 4 4 A29
A30 1 A30
A31 4 1 A31
A32 A32
A33 14 8 A33
A34 5 37 A34
A34a 3 2 A34a
A35 14 A35
A36 A36
A37 12 50 26 45 A37
A38 3 6 A38
A39 A39
A40 3 A40
A41 A41
A42 1 A42
A43 3 2 3 A43
A44 35 A44
n
s e e o w a n
A a n r k n r e n w n t h t a n i e i
M g i u t c r u e k o a e r e r u g h a s b e b h t l
A u w o n o e o b o t t k u e e c a n s m a l r m a t k
B a d b b u l l h m r l c r y b f b e s i n l e l a o a w e n
A t l r b o l t l a e i o a a e f l n o v e l l l K m c o y a
L u a a i l u u a h h h h l l l o o o o o r u a a e l s t a r
A A B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D E E E F F
A44a A44a
A45 9 A45
A46 1 2 A46
A47 2 A47
A48 1 1 A48
A49 1 1 A49
A50 2 1 7 A50
A50a 3 16 A50a
A51 1 6 17 A51
A52 1 1 29 A52
A53 1 A53
A54 A54
A55 1 A55
A56 18 31 A56
A57 6 A57
A58 A58
A59 3 A59
A59a A59a
A60 1 33 160 A60
A60a A60a
A61 8 9 A61
A61a 2 A61a
A61b 3 21 A61b
A62 3 A62
A63 3 1 A63
A64 1 A64
A65 A65
A66 A66
A67 1 A67
A68 A68
A69 1 7 4 23 A69
A70 4 12 A70
A70a 6 2 6 A70a
A71 A71
A72 1 4 A72
A72a A72a
A73 2 3 A73
A73a A73a
A74 1 A74
A75 A75
A76 A76
A77 A77
A78 10 A78
A79 A79
A80 A80
A8l 2 16 21 A81
A82 A82
A84 2 7 35 A84
A85 A85
A86 A86
e y
n l e r r a
o a e n l e h i g
n n s d c o s n o l m s p l a e
a e o o r r n t e o g n a e e o n n l l l y r d
v n y t s e r e e s d n s n o h l o g a y e o e C b e a
e e e r s k f a d r e n o i e i s i r t g r k e d s l t l
n e l n u c f m u w e m w c d r r r b n n r r c k n s . e m l
e r a e o a e a a a e i o a a a a a o o o o e i i a u t h u a
G G H H H J J L L L L L L M M M M M M M M M P P P R R S S S T
A44a A44a
A45 54 6 3 A45
A46 1 14 10 1 A46
A47 1 4 A47
A48 1 19 16 1 A48
A49 1 46 2 7 A49
A50 1 131 55 156 A50
A50a 4 262 82 22 A50a
A51 5 122 17 19 A51
A52 3 90 60 20 A52
A53 22 2 2 A53
A54 5 1 2 A54
A55 1 46 27 1 A55
A56 23 61 10 6 A56
A57 3 51 4 2 2 A57
A58 A58
A59 10 1 5 A59
A59a 2 2 1 A59a
A60 19 560 68 60 1 1 A60
A60a 4 160 9 20 A60a
A61 3 138 83 16 A61
A61a 1 89 9 6 A61a
A61b 1 97 74 3 A61b
A62 199 14 8 A62
A63 52 2 2 A63
A64 4 2 2 A64
A65 5 5 1 A65
A66 13 13 2 A66
A67 10 1 A67
A68 1 A68
A69 13 181 59 8 A69
A70 2 240 39 6 A70
A70a 1 17 13 2 A70a
A71 1 A71
A72 2 29 47 A72
A72a 12 1 1 A72a
A73 1 15 13 1 A73
A73a 1 1 A73a
A74 10 12 1 A74
A75 2 A75
A76 A76
A77 A77
A78 3 28 15 1 A78
A79 16 2 A79
A80 5 3 A80
A81 22 155 166 44 1 A81
A82 A82
A84 1 179 25 58 A84
A85 13 3 A85
A86 3 A86
a a n
s s o
o o t e e
o o g n c n b
p l r n x o n l m
a a e i o t . e o e . o
l c k h c s N r c n C c
l s l s l n N w n y n
a u a a i i E a i a . u
T T W W W W T L L W N B
A44a 65 A44a
A45 5 A45
A46 1 A46
A47 A47
A48 A48
A49 9 A49
A50 1 7 A50
A50a 3 1 A50a
A51 5 A51
A52 7 5 A52
A53 1 A53
A54 1 1 A54
A55 1 A55
A56 6 18 2 3 A56
A57 5 6 4 A57
A58 A58
A59 A59
A59a A59a
A60 3 4 A60
A60a 1 A60a
A61 21 27 A61
A61a 1 A61a
A61b 4 12 16 A61b
A62 1 2 3 A62
A63 11 A63
A64 A64
A65 A65
A66 16 A66
A67 A67
A68 A68
A69 20 8 15 1 3 A69
A70 2 1 A70
A70a 1 A70a
A71 A71
A72 A72
A72a A72a
A73 A73
A74 A74
A75 29 A75
A76 A76
A77 A77
A78 6 1 8 A78
A80 A80
A81 1 1 A81
A82 A82
A84 3 6 10 A84
A85 A85
A86 1 A86
n
s e e o w a
A a n r k n r e n w n t h t a n i e
M g i u t c r u e k o a e r e r u g h a s b e b h t
A u w o n o e o b o t t k u e e c a n s m a l r m a t
B a d b b u l l h m r l c r y b f b e s i n l e l a o a w e
A t l r b o l t l a e i o a a e f l n o v e l l l k m c o y
L u a a i l u u a h h h h l l l o o o o o r u a a e l s t a
A A B B B B B B C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C D D D E E E F
A87 A87
A88 13 A88
A89 4 A89
A90 23 88 369 A90
A91 4 17 58 A91
A92 A92
A93 A93
A94 A94
A95 4 6 A95
A96 1 4 3 A96
A97 A97
A98 9 69 A98
A99 10 A99
A100 A100
A103 4 A103
A105 2 A105
A106 A106
A107 A107
A108 A108
A109 A109
A110 A110
A111 A111
A112 A112
A113 A113
A114 A114
A115 A115
A116 21 A116
A117 A117
A118 4 A118
A119 A119
A121 4 A121
A122 6 A122
A123 12 A123
A124 A124
A126 A126
A127 A127
A130 A130
A131 5 A131
A133 A133
A134 11 A134
A135 A135
A136 A136
A137 40 A137
A138 A138
e y
n l e r r
n o a e n l e h i
i n n s d c o s n o l m s p l a
l a e o o r r n t e o g n a e e o n n l l l y
k v n y t s e r e e s d n s n o h l o g a y e o e C b
n e e e r s k f a d r e n o i e i s i r t g r k e d s l
a n e l n u c f m u w e m w c d r r r b n n r r c k n s . e
r e r a e o a e a a a e i o a a a a a o o o o e i i a u t h
F G G H H H J J L L L L L L M M M M M M M M M P P P R R S S
A87 6 A87
A88 221 88 2 A88
A89 116 48 10 A89
A90 3151 2487 6 675 3 8 A90
A91 760 539 3 162 1 A91
A92 36 6 12 A92
A93 1 1 A93
A94 7 1 A94
A95 85 17 1 A95
A96 66 30 14 A96
A97 4 A97
A98 464 391 151 1 1 A98
A99 87 117 69 2 A99
A100 7 2 A100
A103 5 A103
A105 72 3 5 A105
A106 133 6 8 A106
A107 1 A107
A108 3 A108
A109 4 3 A109
A110 1 A110
A111 A111
A112 A112
A113 A113
A114 A114
A115 A115
A116 A116
A117 7 A117
A118 4 3 A118
A119 4 3 A119
A121 10 A121
A122 A122
A123 A123
A124 2 A124
A126 7 A126
A127 1 A127
A130 30 2048 A130
A131 A131
A133 10 A133
A134 3 A134
A135 A135
A136 A136
A137 7 A137
A138 1 A138
a a n
a s s o s
g o o t y e e Y d
e o o g n m e c n b K A n
r d p l r n x o o b r n l m e C I w o
e a a a e i o t . t l n h e o e o m U n G o e m
t l l c k h c s N a a o p r c n . c . o T a R t k h
m l l s l s l n N e k x m w n y C n Y o N g O r r c
u a a u a a i i E h e i u a i a . u . r E o E a u i
S T T T W W W W T C D D H L L W N B N B K L G B B R
A87 A87
A88 4 50 A88
A89 5 7 A89
A90 120 181 115 16 150 A90
A91 28 26 175 2 11 A91
A92 2 1 3 2 A92
A93 A93
A94 2 A94
A95 2 6 A95
A96 2 13 A96
A97 A97
A98 12 49 171 2 A98
A99 2 7 53 2 23 A99
A100 1 2 A100
A103 A103
A105 1 A105
A106 1 A106
A107 A107
A108 A108
A109 A109
A110 A110
A111 A111
A112 18 A112
A113 74 A113
A114 A114
A115 A115
A116 A116
A117 A117
A118 A118
A119 A119
A121 A121
A122 A122
A123 A123
A124 7 8 A124
A126 A126
A127 4 A127
A130 30 2048 A130
A131 A131
A133 A133
A134 A134
A135 9 A135
A136 A136
A137 7 A137
A138 10 A138
GLOSSARY
This glossary was compiled from words used in the text and with the
illustrations used to illustrate nomenclature in this paper, and from A
Glossary of Flint Flaking Terms in "A Comparative Study of Some
Unfinished Fluted Points and Channel Flakes from the Tennessee Valley"
(Cambron and Hulse, 1961), "Principles of Stratigraphy" (Grabau, 1960),
and a glossary of archaeological terms by T. M. N. Lewis (1958). Words
defined by Lewis are followed by the initial "L" and those by Grabau by
the initial "G".
Aborigine (L)--a native inhabitant of a country; in America, the
Indian.
Acuminate--See Fig. 28.
Acute--See Fig. 27.
Apiculate--See Fig. 31.
Archaic (L)--The culture which followed the Paleo-Indian period and
preceded the early Woodland culture in the eastern United States.
This was a pre-agricultural, pre-pottery culture. Food was obtained
by hunting and gathering. Earliest date (Rocha-Carbon) in Tennessee
is about 5000 B.C.
Arrowhead, Arrowpoint (L)--a weapon point generally regarded to be
less than 2-1/2 inches in length. Longer points are regarded as
spearpoints and knives.
Artifact (L)--an object of human workmanship, especially one of
prehistoric origin.
Assemblage--a group of artifacts representing a culture.
Atlatl (L)--the Aztec word for spear-thrower. The device is a
wooden stick with a hand grip at one end and a spur or hook at the
other which fits into the socketed end of a spear shaft. The device
lengthens the throwing arm and gives greater force to the spear.
Auricle--applied to the ear-like parts of a projectile point.
Auriculate--having auricles or ear-like parts. See Fig. 33-38 & 63.
Autotype (G)--a specimen not belonging to the primary material but
identified with an already described and named type and selected by
the nomenclator himself for the purpose of further illustrating his
type.
Barb--a barbed shoulder of a point. See Fig. 13-14.
Base--the proximal end or area of a point nearest the haft. In
describing point types, the base is assumed to be the lowest part
of the point, thus the distal end is the uppermost part.
Basal Constriction--See Hafting Constriction.
Basal Grinding (L)--the grinding away of the sharp basal edges and
lateral edges near the base of a projectile point to prevent
cutting of the lashings.
Basal Notching--See Fig. 39-41.
Basal Thinning (L)--produced to remove small, longitudinal flakes
from the basal edge of a projectile point. See Fig. 68.
Baton Flaking--removal of flakes from stone by striking blows with
a baton-like tool. A method of direct percussion flaking.
Beveled--See Fig. 23, 24, 64 and 69.
Beveled Base--See Fig. 69.
Biconvex--See Fig. 1.
Bifaced (L)--a term applied to flaked stone artifacts that have
been worked on both faces.
Bifurcated Stem--See Fig. 61.
Blade--that part of a projectile point above the hafting area.
Blade Scar--a uniface scar surface resulting from a blade having
been struck from a core. As another blade is struck from the core,
it bears the blade scar of the previous blade.
Bulb of Percussion--a bulb resulting from a conchoidal fracture of
stone.
Bulbar Depression--the depression left from the bulb of percussion
when a blade or flake is struck from a core.
Ceramic (L)--pertaining to pottery.
Chalcedony--a flint-like stone with a waxy appearance. Alabama
sources are usually nodular.
Channel Flake (L)--a long flake removed longitudinally from the
face of a blade to form a flute or channel.
Chert (L)--an impure variety of flint.
Chip--See Flake.
Chronology (L)--the arrangement of events, or the material
representing them, in the order of their occurrence in time.
Collateral Flaking--See Fig. 71.
Concave--See Incurvate.
Conchoidal (L)--shaped like half of a clam shell; refers to the
characteristic fractures resulting from pressure and percussion
flaking of flint.
Conglomerate (L)--conglomerate rock is composed of rounded pebbles
and sand cemented together into solid rock.
Conoidal Theory of Flint Fracture--the theory that ideally a cone
will be punched out of a piece of flint when it is struck with
sufficient force.
Contracted Pointed--See Fig. 54.
Contracted Rounded--See Fig. 53.
Contracted Stem--See Fig. 52.
Core (L)--a stone, usually flint, from which flakes have been
removed by percussion.
Corner Notched--See Fig. 40.
Cotype (G)--an example of the original series when there is no
holotype, the describer having used a number of examples as of
equal value.
Culture (L)--the way of life of a group of people, comprising all
their activities and beliefs. Archaeologically, a culture is
represented by the material remains left by a group.
Cultural Complex (L)--a group of traits whose associations in time
and space indicate that they were the products of the activities of
a specific human group.
Deposit (L)--any accumulation laid down by human occupational
activities.
Diagonal Notches--See Fig. 40.
Direct Percussion--flaking flint by striking it directly with a
hammerstone or other object.
Distal (L)--when applied to a bone, it is the end farthest from the
body.
Distal End--when applied to a projectile point or other hafted
artifact, it is the end farthest from the point of attachment.
Drift--an implement, usually made of antler, used in indirect
percussion flaking.
Ear--See Auricle.
Early Archaic--an early phase of the Archaic culture that may be
represented by notched projectile points and is considered
pre-shellmound in North Alabama.
Excurvate Base--See Fig. 48.
Excurvate Blade--See Fig. 16.
Excurvate-Incurvate--See Fig. 21.
Expanded Barbs--See Fig. 14.
Expanded-Pointed--See Fig. 34.
Expanded-Rounded--See Fig. 36.
Expanded Shoulder--See Fig. 12.
Expanded Stem--See Fig. 51.
Expanded Stem Side Edges--See Fig. 57.
Face--the area of a projectile point or tool between the edges.
This may include the blade and hafting area.
Flake--in flint work it is a thin piece split from the parent
material or core; to remove flakes from parent materials in flint
work.
Flake Scar--a scar on the parent material resulting from the
removal of a flake.
Flaking--the removing of flakes from a core or artifact in flint
working.
Flaking Tool--an implement used in flaking stone tools; it is often
made from an antler tine.
Flat Flaking--See Shallow Flaking.
Flattened--See Fig. 4.
Flute or Flute Scar--the scar left on the face of a projectile
point as a result of fluting or removal of a channel flake.
Fluted Cross-Section--See Fig. 6.
Ground--areas, especially hafting area edges, that have been
abraded smooth.
Haft (L)--a handle (or shaft); to provide with a handle.
Hafting Area--the area of a point or tool that receives the
lashings, etc. in hafting procedures; the proximal end of a
projectile point.
Hafting Constriction--a hafting area that is constricted along the
side edges.
Hammerstone (L)--a hard pebble showing battering from use as a
hammer.
Hinge Fracture--when the terminal end of a blade or flake, being
struck from the parent material, makes a sharp dip into the
material causing a deep fracture, it is called a hinge fracture. If
a fracture of this type occurs during the removal of a channel
flake from a projectile point it usually breaks at the terminal end
of the channel flake.
Holotype (G)--among the primary types a holotype is the original
specimen selected as the type, and from which the original
description (protolog), or the original illustration (protograph),
is made.
Homotype (G)--a homotype is a specimen not used in the literature
but identified by a specialist, after comparing with the holotype.
Horizontal Shoulder--See Fig. 7.
Horizontal Transverse Flaking--See Fig. 72.
Impact Fracture--a fracture of a projectile point resulting from
impact during use; a shattering of the distal end of a projectile
point as a result of impact with a resistant object.
Incurvate Base--See Fig. 47.
Incurvate Blade--See Fig. 17.
Incurvate Stem Side Edges--See Fig. 56.
Indirect Percussion--flaking flint by striking a drift which has
been placed against the flint.
In Situ (L)--in place.
Inversely Tapered--See Fig. 8.
Lanceolate--shaped like the head of a lance; of leaves, etc.,
narrow, and tapered toward the apex, or (sometimes) toward each
end.
Lithic (L)--pertaining to stone.
Main Flute--the central flute struck from the face of a projectile
point. This is usually the longest flute occurring during multiple
fluting of a projectile point.
Median Ridge--a ridge left along the center of the blade of a
projectile point during manufacture.
Midden (L)--the deposit of refuse generally present on a village
site.
Mississippian Culture (L)--the culture that appeared in the
Southeast around 1000 years ago. Shows strong Mexican influences
and is associated with many groups ancestral to the historic
Muskhogean speaking tribes of the Southeast.
Mucronate--See Fig. 29.
Multiple Fluting--multiple fluting is the result of the removal of
more than one channel flake from one face of a projectile point.
This is usually accomplished by two primary flutes and a main flute
being made.
Notched Blade Edge--See Fig. 26.
Oblique Transverse Flaking--See Fig. 73.
Obsidian (L)--a volcanic glass; may be black, brown, or green in
color.
Obtuse--See Fig. 30.
Obverse Face--as a means of identifying the faces of projectile
points, the obverse face is the one without marks, such as site
number, etc.
Paleo-Indian (L)--a name assigned to nomadic groups who were the
first inhabitants of the new world. Their culture was comparable to
that of the late Paleolithic of the old world.
Paleolithic (L)--a term applied to the Stone Age of the old world.
During this period man had no knowledge of plant and animal
domestication and no knowledge of pottery and metals.
Parallel-Angular Blade--See Fig. 19.
Parallel Blade--See Fig. 18.
Parallel-Pointed--See Fig. 33.
Parallel-Rounded--See Fig. 35.
Patina (L)--an adhesive crust or discoloration produced by
weathering of an object. It does not necessarily imply great age.
Percussion Flaking (L)--removal of flakes from stone by striking
blows with a stone or other hammer.
Pitch of Striking Platform--the degree of angle resulting from the
removal of flakes from the base of a point to make a striking
platform.
Plano-convex (L)--a term used to describe an object that is flat on
one face and convex on the other.
Plesiotype (G)--a plesiotype is a specimen not belonging to the
primary material but identified with an already described and named
type and selected by someone else than the original describer for
the purpose of further illustrating the type.
Pointed Base--See Fig. 42-45.
Pointed Stem--See Fig. 62.
Pressure Flaking (L)--shaping a stone such as an arrowpoint by
removing flakes from the edges by pressure with a pointed implement
made of material such as bone or antler.
Primary Flaking--the first rough series of flakes removed in
shaping blade or hafting area edges of projectile points or tools.
Primary Flute--usually one of two short flutes removed from the
basal face of a point in order to leave a striking nipple.
Projectile Point (L)--a pointed artifact used on a spear, arrow or
dart.
Proximal End--the end of a projectile point to which a haft is
attached. This is part of the hafting area.
Quartz (L)--a material frequently used in projectile points and
other artifacts. When quartz is clear and colorless, it is called
rock crystal; milky quartz is milky white; smoky quartz is a cloudy
brown color; rose quartz is a pale red color; sugar quartz is the
color of brown sugar.
Quartzite--a granular form of quartz, often quartz fragments
cemented together.
Random Flaking--See Fig. 74.
Recurvate Blade--See Fig. 20.
Resolved Flaking (L)--the method of striking flakes from a flint
core by directing the blow inward. A resolved flake struck off in
this manner is thinner and narrower at the percussion end; the
flake is thicker and wider at the opposite end, and, when it does
not extend the full length of the core, it usually ends in a hinge
fracture.
Retouch (L)--a term applied to the secondary removal by pressure of
small flakes from the edge of a flaked stone artifact to produce
sharpness.
Reverse Face--the reverse face of a point may be designated as the
one with the site number, etc., marked on it. This is assumed to be
the less finished side.
Reworked--a projectile point or other artifact is said to be
reworked when the shape has been altered by flaking, grinding,
etc., either by the manufacturer or other people.
Rhomboid--See Fig. 2.
Rind--a deeply weathered area on the outer surface of a nodule or
chunk of flint or like material.
Rounded--a term applied to a relatively symmetrical curved area of
a projectile point.
Rounded Base--See Fig. 46.
Rounded Stem--See Fig. 53.
Secondary Flaking--the removal of small flakes, usually by pressure
flaking, with a piece of bone or antler. The secondary flaking
along the edge of the blade of a point is usually designed to
finish the blade edges.
Serrated--having intentional toothed projections along an edge.
Shallow Flaking--the removal of shallow flakes in shaping a
projectile point or tool.
Shellmound Archaic--that part of the Archaic period when shellfish
middens were formed as residue of the gathering economy of the
people in an area.
Shoulders--See Fig. 7-12.
Side Notched--See Fig. 39.
Spall (L)--waste flake struck from a larger piece of flint.
Spear Thrower (L)--See Atlatl.
Stem--a type of hafting area of projectile points. See Fig. 50-54.
Straight Base--See Fig. 49.
Straight Blade Edge--See Fig. 15.
Straight Stem--See Fig. 50.
Straight Stem Side Edges--See Fig. 55.
Stratification (L)--formation in strata or layers. When village
site deposits show more than one stratum formed by successive
occupations by groups of people, the lowest stratum is the oldest.
Stratigraphy (L)--the arrangement of strata with respect to
position in which they were laid down by human occupation or from
natural causes.
Striking Nipple--a nipple left near the center of the striking
platform where a drift may be set to strike the main flute. Usually
the nipple is formed by the removal of two primary flutes.
Striking Platform--a prepared basal edge of a projectile point.
This edge is beveled to a degree of pitch that will allow a drift
to be set at the proper angle to strike off a channel flake.
Tapered--See Fig. 9.
Thinned--See Fig. 68.
Trait, Culture Trait (L)--any object or other evidence that is the
result of human behavior or action.
Transitional--of, pertaining to, characterized by, or involving
transition; intermediate. In archaeology, usually pertaining to
evidence of transition from one culture to another.
Transitional Paleo-Indian--a cultural period intermediate between
Paleo-Indian and Archaic.
Typology (L)--a study of arrangement of specimens separated into
types.
Unifaced (L)--a term applied to flaked stone artifacts that have
been worked on one face only.
Variant--in projectile point typology a variation of the type
described as of the original series.
Vein Quartz--a relatively pure type of quartz found in veins in
igneous areas.
Woodland Culture (L)--a widespread culture in eastern America which
appeared in the Southeast about 2000 B.C. The presence of pottery
differentiates it from the Archaic which preceded it.
Worked--in projectile point descriptions, describes an area of an
artifact that has been shaped or altered by man--such as the
removal of flakes along a blade edge.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Associated Press
1956 Story in the Nashville Tennessean,
Oct. 14, 1956.
Adair, L. and E. J. Sims
1970 Rockport Variety, Harpeth River
Point. Tennessee Archaeologist,
Vol. XXVI, No. 2, Tennessee
Archaeological Society, Knoxville.
Bell, Robert E.
1958 Guide to the Identification of
Certain American Indian Projectile
Points. Special Bulletin No.
1, Oklahoma Anthropological
Society. Norman.
1960 Guide to the Identification of
Certain American Indian Projectile
Points. Special Bulletin No.
2, Oklahoma Anthropological
Society. Norman.
Bell, Robert E. and Roland S. Hall
1953 Selected Projectile Point Types
of the United States. Bulletin of
the Oklahoma Anthropological
Society, Vol. 1. Norman.
Bennett, John W.
1948 The Prehistory of the Northern
Mississippi Valley. In Archeology
of Eastern United States, edited
by James B. Griffin. University
of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Bordaz, Jacques
1959 The New Stone Age, Part II
(the Mesolithic and Neolithic
Periods). Natural History Magazine,
Vol. LXVIII, No. 2.
Bullen, Ripley
1968 A Guide to the Identification of
Florida Projectile Points. Florida
State Museum, University of
Florida, Gainesville.
Caldwell, Joseph R.
1947 The Archaeology of Eastern
Georgia and South Carolina. In
Archeology of Eastern United
States, edited by James B.
Griffin. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago.
Cambron, James W.
1955a The Wheeler Point. Newsletter,
Oklahoma Anthropological Society,
Vol. IV, No. 4. Norman.
1955b A Preliminary Report on the
Stone Pipe Site in North Alabama.
Tennessee Archaeologist,
Vol. XI, No. 2. Tennessee Archaeological
Society, Knoxville.
1956 The Pine Tree Site--A Paleo-Indian
Habitation Locality. Tennessee
Archaeologist, Vol. XII,
No. 2. Tennessee Archaeological
Society, Knoxville.
1957 Some Early Projectile Point
Types from the Tennessee Valley.
Journal of Alabama Archaeology,
Vol. III, No. 2. Alabama
Archaeological Society,
Decatur.
1958a Some Early Projectile Point
Types from the Tennessee Valley,