_Cartilaginous State._—Period and mode of its development.—Of this
state in the broad bones. 197
_Osseous State._—Its phenomena.—Its period. 198
_Progress of the osseous state in the long bones_; 1st, in the middle;
2d, in the extremities. 200
_Progress of the osseous state in the broad bones._—Varieties
according to the bones.—Formation of the ossa wormiana. _ib._
_Progress of the osseous state in the short bones._ 202
II. _State of the Osseous System after its Growth._
Increase in thickness.—Composition and decomposition after the
termination of growth in thickness.—Experiments.—State of the bones in
old age. 203
III. _Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Callus._
1st. Fleshy granulations.—2d. Adhesions of these granulations.—3d.
Exhalation of gelatine and then of phosphate of lime. 206
IV. _Peculiar Phenomena of the Development of the Teeth._
_Organization of the teeth.—Hard portion of the
teeth._—Enamel.—Experiment which distinguishes it from bone.—Its
thickness.—Its nature.—Reflections upon its organization.—Osseous
portion.—Its form.—Cavity of the tooth. 209
_Soft portion of the tooth._—Its spongy nature.—Its acute
sensibility.—Remarks upon its different sympathies. 211
_First dentition considered before cutting._—Follicle.—Membrane of
this follicle analogous to the serous membranes.—Albuminous nature
of the fluid which lubricates it.—Mode of development of the osseous
tooth upon the follicle.—Number of the first teeth. 213
_First dentition considered at the period of cutting._—Mode of
cutting.—Accidents.—Their causes. 216
_Second dentition considered before cutting._—Formation of the second
follicle. 217
_Second dentition considered at the period of cutting._—Fall of the
first teeth.—Appearance of the second.
_Phenomena subsequent to the cutting of the second teeth._—Growth in
length and thickness.—Fall of the teeth earlier than the death of the
bones.—Why.—State of the jaws after the fall of the teeth. 219
V. _Particular Phenomena of the Development of the Sesamoid Bones._
_General arrangement of the sesamoid bones._—Situation.—Forms. 221
_Fibro-cartilaginous state.—Osseous state._—Phenomena of the
patella.—Use of the sesamoid bones. 222
MEDULLARY SYSTEM.
Division of this system. 225
ARTICLE FIRST.
MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE FLAT AND SHORT BONES, AND THE EXTREMITIES OF
THE LONG ONES.
I. _Origin and Conformation._
It is an expansion of the vessels of the second order. 225
II. _Organization._
There is no medullary membrane.—Vascular interlacing. 226
III. _Properties._
There are only organic ones.—Experiments. 227
IV. _Development._
There is no medullary oil in infancy.—Proofs.—Experiments. 227
ARTICLE SECOND.
MEDULLARY SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE OF THE LONG BONES.
I. _Conformation._
It is like the cellular. 229
II. _Organization._
The medullary membrane is not an expansion of the periosteum.—Its
vessels. 230
III. _Properties._
Properties of texture.—Vital properties.—Animal sensibility.—Vitality
more active than in the bones. 231
IV. _Development._
How the medullary membrane is formed.—The marrow of the infant is
wholly different from that of the adult.—Proofs. 233
_Functions._—The marrow is exhaled.—Its alterations.—Its relations
with the nutrition of the bone.—Necrosis.—The marrow is foreign to the
synovia. 234
CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
What must be understood by cartilage. 237
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE FORMS OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Moveable Articulations._
Internal and external surfaces.—Relations of the two corresponding
cartilages.—Peculiar characters of these cartilages in each kind of
moveable articulations. 238
II. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Immoveable Articulations._ 241
III. _Forms of the Cartilages of the Cavities._ 242
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to the Cartilaginous System._
Fibres.—Remarkable resistance of the cartilaginous texture to
putrefaction, maceration, &c.—Stewing and desiccation of this
texture.—Its various alterations. 243
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Cartilaginous Texture._
Cellular texture.—Means of seeing it.—Absence of blood vessels.—White
vessels.—Their colour in jaundice. 245
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Physical Properties._
Elasticity.—It appears to be owing to the superabundance of
gelatine.—Proofs. 247
II. _Properties of Texture._
They are very obscure. 248
III. _Vital Properties._
They are inconsiderable, as well as the sympathies. 249
_Character of the Vital Properties._—All the phenomena over which they
preside have a chronic progress.—General observations upon the reunion
of the parts. 250
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _State of the Cartilaginous System in the First Age._
Predominance of gelatine in the early periods.—Property which the
cartilages then have of becoming red by maceration.—Vascular layers
between the cartilage and the bone.—Cause which limits ossification in
the cartilage.—Development of the cartilages of the cavities. 252
II. _State of the Cartilaginous System in the after Ages._
Different character which the gelatine assumes.—Ossification of the
cartilages in old age.—Those of the cavities are the soonest
ossified. 255
III. _Preternatural Development of the Cartilaginous System._
Tendency of the membrane of the spleen to become the seat of
it.—Preternatural cartilages of the articulations. 257
FIBROUS SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE FORMS AND DIVISIONS OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
The fibrous forms are either membranous or in fasciæ. 259
I. _Of the Fibrous Organs of a Membranous Form._
Fibrous membranes.—Fibrous capsules.—Fibrous sheaths.—Aponeuroses. 260
II. _Of the Fibrous Organs in the form of Fasciæ._
1st. Tendons.—2d. Ligaments. 262
III. _Table of the Fibrous System._
Analogy of the different organs of this system.—The periosteum is the
common centre of these organs. 262
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
I. _Of the Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibrous System._
Peculiar nature of the fibrous texture.—Its extreme
resistance.—Phenomena of this resistance.—It can be
overcome.—Difference of the fibrous and muscular textures.—Experiments
upon the fibrous texture subjected to maceration, ebullition,
putrefaction, the action of the acids, the digestive juices, &c. 264
II. _Of the Common Parts which enter into the Organization of the
Fibrous System._
Cellular texture.—Blood vessels.—Their varieties according to the
organs. 270
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
I. _Physical Properties._
II. _Properties of Texture._
Extensibility.—Peculiar law to which it is subjected there.
Contractility.—It is almost nothing.—When it is manifested. 272
III. _Vital Properties._
Animal sensibility.—Singular mode of putting it in action by
distension.—Consequence of this peculiar phenomenon to the fibrous
texture. 274
_Character of the vital properties._—The vital activity is more
evident in this system than in the preceding.—It appears that the
fibrous texture does not suppurate. 277
_Sympathies._—Examples of those of the animal and the organic
properties. 279
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBROUS SYSTEM.
I. _State of the Fibrous System in the First Age._
The fibres are wanting in most of the fibrous organs of the
fœtus.—Softness of these organs at this age.—Varieties of
development.—Remarks upon rheumatism. 281
II. _State of the Fibrous System in the After Ages._
Phenomena of the adult.—General stiffness in old age. 283
III. _Preternatural Development of the Fibrous System._ Various
tumours exhibit fibres analogous to those of this system. 284
ARTICLE FIFTH.
OF THE FIBROUS MEMBRANES IN GENERAL.
I. _Forms of the Fibrous Membranes._
Their double surface.—These membranes are like moulds of their
respective organs.—Researches respecting that of the corpus
cavernosum.—Experiments which show that it differs essentially from
the subjacent spongy texture.—Other researches upon that of the
testicle. 285
II. _Organization of the Fibrous Membranes._ 288
III. _Of the Periosteum. Of its Form._
Its two surfaces.—Their adhesion to the bones. 289
_Organization of the periosteum._—Preternatural development of its
fibres in elephantiasis.—Its connexions with the fibrous bodies in
infancy. 291
_Development of the periosteum._
_Functions of the Periosteum._—In what way it assists ossification.—It
relates as much to the fibrous organs as to the bones. 292
IV. _Perichondrium._
Experiments upon this membrane. 294
ARTICLE SIXTH.
OF THE FIBROUS CAPSULES.
I. _Forms of the Fibrous Capsules._
They are very few.—Arrangement of the two principal ones.—Canal
between them and the synovial capsule. 295
II. _Functions of the Fibrous Capsules._ 296
ARTICLE SEVENTH.
OF THE FIBROUS SHEATHS.
Their division. 297
I. _Partial Fibrous Sheaths._
Their form.—Their arrangement.—Why the flexor tendons are alone
provided with them. 297
II. _General Fibrous Sheaths._ 299
ARTICLE EIGHTH.
OF THE APONEUROSES.
I. _Of the Aponeuroses for Covering._
Their division. 299
_Aponeuroses for general covering._ 300
_Forms._—They are accommodated to the extremities, &c. _ib._
_Tensor muscles.—Organization._—Examples of the tensor muscles.—Their
uses relative to the aponeuroses.—Analogy with the tendons and
difference from them.—Arrangement of the fibres. 301
_Functions._ 302
_Aponeuroses for partial covering._—Examples.—General uses of these
aponeuroses. 303
II. _Of the Aponeuroses of Insertion._
_Aponeuroses of insertion with a broad surface._—Their
origin.—Their uses.—The identity of their nature with that of the
tendons.—Experiments. 304
_Aponeuroses of insertion in the form of an arch._—They are rare.—They
exist where vessels pass through.—They do not compress them. 305
_Aponeuroses of insertion with separate fibres._ 306
ARTICLE NINTH.
OF THE TENDONS.
I. _Form of the Tendons._
Relation of the uses with the forms.—Union with the fleshy fibres. 307
II. _Organization of the Tendons._
Method of seeing their fibres advantageously.—They appear to be
destitute of blood vessels.—Their tendency to be penetrated with the
phosphate of lime. 309
ARTICLE TENTH.
OF THE LIGAMENTS.
I. _Ligaments with, Regular Fasciæ._
General arrangement. 311
II. _Ligaments with Irregular Fasciæ._ 312
FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
Organs which compose it. 315
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE FORMS OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
Division into three classes of the organs of this system.—Characters
of each class. 315
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous
System._
It arises, 1st, from a fibrous substance; 2d, from a cartilaginous
one.—It owes its resistance to the first and its elasticity to the
second.—Action of caloric, air and water upon the fibro-cartilaginous
texture.—It reddens by maceration.—Absence of the perichondrium upon
most of the fibro-cartilages. 317
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Fibro-Cartilaginous
System._ 320
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Physical Properties._
Elasticity and suppleness united. 320
II. _Properties of Texture._
Extensibility.—It is quite evident in it.—Contractility.—Difference
from elasticity. 321
III. _Vital Properties._
They are inconsiderable.—Influence of the obscurity of these forces
upon the properties of the fibro-cartilages. 322
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIBRO-CARTILAGINOUS SYSTEM.
I. _State of this System in the First Age._
Mode of development of the three classes. 323
II. _State of this System in the after Ages._
General rigidity of these organs.—Consequences.—Ossification of the
fibro-cartilages rare. 325
MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
Difference between the muscles of the two lives.—Observations upon
those of animal life. 327
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
Division of these muscles into long, broad and short. 327
I. _Forms of the Long Muscles._
Place which they occupy.—Their division.—Their separation and
reunion.—Peculiar forms of the long muscles of the spine. 328
II. _Forms of the Broad Muscles._
Where they are situated.—Thickness.—Peculiar forms of the broad
pectoral muscles. 330
III. _Forms of the Short Muscles._
Where they are found.—Their arrangement.—Remarks upon the three
species of muscles. 331
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._
Arrangement of this texture into fasciculi.—Its division into
fibres.—Length of the fleshy fibres compared with that of the
muscle.—Their direction.—Their figure.—Their softness.—Ease of their
rupture in the dead body.—Difficulty in the living. 332
_Composition of the muscular texture._—Action of the air in
desiccation and putrefaction.—Action of cold water.—Maceration and its
products.—Ease with which the colouring substance is removed.—Analogy
of the remaining texture with the fibrin of the blood.—Relation
of the forces with this texture.—Action of boiling water.—Some
peculiar phenomena of common boiled flesh.—Roasting of the fleshy
texture.—Singular affinity of the digestive juices to this sort of
texture.—General observations.—Influence of sex and the genital organs
upon the fleshy texture. 336
II. _Parts common to the Organization of this System._
_Cellular texture._—Manner in which it envelops the fibres.—Its uses
for muscular motion.—Experiment.—Fatty muscles. 343
_Blood vessels._—Arteries.—Of the blood of the muscles.—Of
their colour.—Free and combined state of the colouring
substance.—Veins.—Remarks upon the injection of them. 346
_Nerves._—There are hardly any but those of animal life.—Their
difference in the extensors and the flexors.—Manner in which the
nerves penetrate the muscles. 348
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Properties of Texture. Extensibility._
This property is continually in action.—It is in proportion to the
length of the fibres.—Its exercise in diseases. 350
_Contractility of texture._—Phenomena of the antagonists.—Distinction
in these phenomena of that which belongs to the vital properties
from that which belongs to those of texture.—Of the contractility of
texture in diseases.—Extent and quickness of the contractions.—They
continue after death.—Essential differences between the contractility
of texture and horny hardening. Their parallel. 352
II. _Vital Properties._
_Properties of animal life.—Sensibility._—Most of the ordinary agents
do not develop it.—It is put into action by repeated contractions.—Of
the sensation of lassitude.—Sensibility of the muscles in their
affections. 359
_Animal Contractility._—It should be considered in three relations. 361
_Animal contractility considered in the brain._—The principle of this
property exists in this organ.—Proofs drawn from observation.—Proofs
derived from diseases.—Proofs borrowed from experiments upon
animals.—Cases in which the brain is foreign to the muscles. 362
_Animal contractility considered in the nerves._—Influence
of the spinal marrow upon this property.—Observations and
experiments.—Influence of the nerves.—Observations and
experiments.—All the nerves do not transmit equally the different
irradiations of the brain.—Direction of the propagation of the nervous
influence. 367
_Animal contractility considered in the muscles._—Necessary conditions
in the muscle for it to contract.—Obstacles to contraction.—Various
experiments. 374
_Causes which bring into action animal contractility._—Division
of these causes.—Of the will.—Of the involuntary causes.—Direct
excitement.—Sympathetic excitement.—Influence of the passions.—Remarks
upon the motion of the fœtus. 374
_Duration of the animal contractility after death._—Various
experiments.—Consequences relative to respiration.—Variety of the
duration of this property.—How it is extinguished. 379
_Organic Properties._—Organic sensibility and insensible organic
contractility.—Sensible organic contractility.—Various experiments
upon this last property.—Phenomena of irritations.—In order to study
this contractility the animal contractility must be destroyed.—How
this is done.—Various modes of contraction. 382
_Sympathies._—The animal sensibility is the property especially
brought into action by them.—General Remarks.—Sympathies of animal
sensibility.—The organic properties are rarely brought into action. 386
_Characters of the vital properties._—Different remarks upon these
characters. 388
ARTICLE FOURTH.
PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Force of the Muscular Contraction._
Difference according as it is put into action by stimuli or by the
cerebral influence.—Experiments.—Influence of muscular organization
upon contraction.—The laws of nature the reverse of those of mechanics
in the production of motions.—Multiplication of forces.—Uncertainty of
calculations upon this point. 390
II. _Quickness of the Contractions._
Varieties according as the contractions are, 1st, from stimuli; 2d,
from nervous action.—Different degrees of quickness in different
individuals.—Influence of habit upon this degree. 395
III. _Duration of the Contractions._ 397
IV. _State of the Muscles in Contraction._
Different phenomena which they then experience.—Essential remark upon
the different modes of contraction. 398
V. _Motions imparted by the Muscles._
_Simple Motions._—1st. In the muscles with a straight direction.—How
we determine the uses of these muscles.—2d. In the muscles with a
reflected direction.—3d. In those with a circular direction. 400
_Compound Motions._—Almost every motion is compound.—How.—Different
examples of compound motions.—Antagonist muscles. 403
VI. _Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Muscles._
They are opposite to the preceding. 406
ARTICLE FIFTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
It contains but little blood.—Slight contractility at this
age.—Influence upon these phenomena, of the blood which then
penetrates the muscles.—These organs are then slender and weak. 407
II. _State of this System during Growth._
Sudden effect of the red blood which penetrates the muscles, and of
the other irritations which are connected with it.—Colour of the
Muscles.—Period of the brightest colour.—Varieties of the action of
reagents on the fleshy texture of young animals. 410
III. _State of this System after Growth._
The thickness constantly increases.—The external forms are more
evident.—Colour in the adult.—Innumerable variety. 413
IV. _State of this System in Old Age._
Increase of density.—Diminution of cohesion.—Phenomena of the
vacillation of the muscles.—Atrophous muscles. 416
V. _State of the System at Death._
Relaxation or stiffness of the muscles. 419
END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. II.
VOLUME THIRD.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
FORMS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
PAGE
Curved direction of the fibres.—They do not arise from the fibrous
system.—Varieties of the muscular forms, according to the organs. 4
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
General difference of organization from the preceding muscles. 5
I. _Peculiar Texture._
General arrangement of the muscular fibre.—Analogy with the preceding
and difference. 6
II. _Common Parts._
Cellular Texture.—Blood vessels.—Nerves of the ganglions and of the
brain.—Proportion of each class. 8
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
I. _Properties of Texture._
_Extensibility._—Particular character of this property in the organic
muscles.—In aneurisms of the heart and in pregnancy, it is not the
extensibility that is brought into action.—Remarks upon this
subject. 10
_Contractility._—It is in proportion to extensibility.—The substances
contained in the hollow muscles are their antagonists.—Remarks. 14
II. _Vital Properties._
_Sensibility._—Of the lassitude of the organic muscles.—Remarks upon
hunger. 15
_Animal Contractility._—It is nothing in these muscles.—Different,
experiments.—Observations.—Of the muscles in part voluntary and
in part organic.—Experiments.—Remarks upon the bladder, rectum,
&c.—Absence of the nervous influence upon the organic muscles. 17
_Organic Properties._—General Remarks. 24
_Of sensible organic contractility considered under the relation of
the stimuli._ 25
_Natural stimuli._—Different observations.—Remarks upon the fluids and
solids.—Influence of the quality and quantity of the fluids upon the
hollow muscles. _ib._
_Artificial stimuli._—Action of these stimuli.—Different modes of
action.—Limits of the horny hardening and vital contraction. 28
_Of sensible organic contractility, considered in relation to the
organs._ 31
_First variety. Diversity of the muscular texture._—Each muscle is
particularly in relation with some determinate substance.—Application
of this principle to the natural and foreign fluids. _ib._
_Second variety. Age._—Vivacity of the contractility in
infancy.—Consequences.—Opposite phenomenon in old age. 33
_Third Variety. Temperament._—Difference of individuals in regard to
organic muscular force.—This force is not always in relation to the
animal muscular force.—It cannot be increased like it by habit. 34
_Fourth Variety. Sex._ 35
_Fifth Variety. Season and climate._ 36
_Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to the
action of stimulants upon the organs._—The constant existence of an
intermediate organ for this action.—Nature of this intermediate organ.
_ib._
_Sensible organic contractility considered in relation to its duration
after death._—Difference of this duration according to the kind of
death.—Remarks. 38
_Sympathies._—Sympathies of the heart.—Sympathies of
the stomach.—Remarks upon bilious vomitings.—General
observations.—Sympathies of the intestines, the bladder, &c. 40
_Character of the vital properties._—Vital energy very considerable in
this system.—Its affections act upon its predominant vital force.—The
infrequency of the affections which suppose a derangement of the
organic properties. 44
ARTICLE FOURTH.
PHENOMENA OF THE ACTION OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
I. _Force of Contractions._
Difference from the force of contraction of the preceding system.—It
is greater in the vital phenomena than in experiments.—Inaccuracy of
calculations. 46
II. _Quickness of the Contractions._
In experiments.—During life.—Comparison with the quickness of the
preceding muscles. 49
III. _Duration of the Contractions._ 50
IV. _State of the Muscles in Contraction._
Difference in this respect between the heart and the gastric muscles.
_ib._
V. _Motions imparted by the Organic Muscles._ 51
VI. _Phenomena of the Relaxation of the Organic Muscles._
Differences of this relaxation from the active dilatation of the
muscles.—Proofs of the phenomena of this dilatation. 52
ARTICLE FIFTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
Predominance of the heart.—State of the other muscles.—Weakness of the
organic contractility at this age. 55
II. _State of the Organic Muscular System during Growth._