the arteries.—Experiments. 321
_Nerves._—Of the cerebral ones.—Of the organic ones.—Their
proportion.—Their course, &c. 324
ARTICLE FOURTH.
PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.
I. _Physical Properties._
Remarkable elasticity.—Its use.—Its differences from contractility of
texture. 322
II. _Properties of Texture._
_Extensibility._—1st, of that in the axis; 2d, of that in the
diameter. 324
_Contractility._—Of that in the axis.—Of that in the
diameter.—Its differences from irritability.—Remarks upon this
contractility.—Practical consequences. 326
III. _Vital Properties. Properties of Animal Life._
_Sensibility._—Experiments upon this property. 329
_Contractility._—It is nothing. _ib._
_Properties of organic life.—Sensible organic Contractility._—It is
nothing.—Different experiments to prove it.—Mistakes concerning this
property. 330
_Insensible organic contractility._—How its influence must
be understood.—Vital activity is but slightly marked in the
arteries.—General consequences. 332
_Remarks upon the causes of the motion of the red blood._—These causes
appear to be foreign to the arteries. 335
_Influence of the heart in the motion of red blood._—Different
proofs of this influence.—Morbid phenomena.—Different
experiments.—Observations.—General Consequences. 336
_Of the limits of the action of the heart._—They appear to be at the
place of the change of the red blood into black.—Increasing influence
of the arteries upon the red blood in the neighbourhood of the
capillaries. 342
_Phenomena of the impulse of the heart._—The motion of the red blood
is sudden and instantaneous.—Proofs.—The contraction of the arteries
does not push the blood.—From what it arises.—The causes of delay are
nothing.—General remarks. 334
_Remarks upon the pulse._—The arterial locomotion has a great part in
it.—Of the accessory causes.—Of the varieties of the pulse.—General
reflections. 348
_Sympathies._—They are in general rare in the arteries.—Why. 352
ARTICLE FIFTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
The two systems are then confounded.—There is but one species of
blood.—How the fœtus can live with black blood alone.—Peculiar
mode of circulation in the fœtus.—Consequences which result from
it.—Insensible change of this mode of circulation.—How it takes
place.—Great development of the arteries in the fœtus. 354
II. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during Growth._
Sudden formation of the red blood at birth.—Changes in the course of
this fluid.—Phenomena and causes of these changes.—Predominance of the
arteries during youth. 364
III. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood after Growth._
Influence of the genital organs.—Varieties of the influence of the red
blood according to the ages. 371
IV. _State of the Vascular System with Red Blood during old Age._
Diminution of the arterial ramifications.—The red blood is less
abundant.—The arteries are condensed.—Phenomena of the pulse.—Of the
pulse in the last moments of life.—Experiments upon this subject. 373
V. _Accidental Development of the System with Red Blood._
There are two kinds of it; 1st, Dilatation from an obstacle. 2d,
Dilatation from any tumour. 377
VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
I. _Origin of the Veins._
Manner of this origin.—Two orders of veins. 380
II. _Course of the Veins._
Examination of this course on the exterior and the interior. 381
III. _Proportion of the capacity of the two systems with Black and Red
Blood._
Remarks upon the varieties of venous capacity.—Parallel between
the two vascular apparatus with red and black blood in this
respect.—General consequences.—The velocity is in an inverse ratio of
the capacity, &c. 382
_Ramifications, small branches, branches, angles of union, &c.—Forms
of the Veins._—In what direction these vessels are conical.—Relations
between the branches and their divisions. 388
_Anastomoses._—They are very frequent.—Why.—Communication between the
external and the internal order.—Consequences.—Different modes of
anastomoses.—Their necessity from the numerous obstacles to the course
of the blood.—Of these obstacles. 392
IV. _Termination of the Veins._
Mode of termination in the heart.—Of the two venous cones, the
superior and the inferior.—Of their communication by the azygos. 396
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._
_Membrane peculiar to the veins._—Manner of seeing it.—Its
longitudinal fibres.—Varieties of these fibres.—Their nature.—Peculiar
arrangement of the cerebral sinuses. 399
_Common membrane of the black blood._—Its differences from that of
the red blood.—More extensibility.—Less thickness.—No disposition to
ossify.—Consequences. 403
_Of the valves of the veins._—Their form.—Their situation.—Veins which
they occupy.—Their size.—Remarks upon their relations with the caliber
of the veins.—Their variety.—Their number. 404
_Action of reagents upon the venous texture._—Action of the air,
water, caloric, the acids, &c. 407
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with
Black Blood._
_Blood vessels. Cellular texture._—Of that which unites the veins to
the neighbouring parts.—Of that which is peculiar to them. 408
_Exhalants and Absorbents._—Experiments upon venous absorption.
_Nerves._—There are but very few of them. 409
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
I. _Properties of Texture._
_Extensibility._—It is very evident.—Venous ruptures however take
place.—Various examples.—Their causes are but obscurely known. 411
_Contractility_—Of this property in the longitudinal and the
transverse direction. 413
II. _Vital Properties._
_Properties of Animal Life._—Result of the experiments upon
sensibility.—There is no contractility. 414
_Properties of organic life. Sensible Contractility._—It appears to be
but slight.—General remarks. 415
_Of the venous pulse._—Of its cause.—It is a reflux.—Double cause
which produces it. 416
_Insensible Contractility._—It appears to exist.—The vital activity is
greater in the veins than in the arteries.—Consequences. 419
_Observations on the motion of the black blood in the veins._—There is
no pulse analogous to that of the arteries.—Agent of impulse of the
venous blood.—Causes of delay—Accessory causes of motion.—Resemblance
between the motion of the veins and that of the arteries. 420
_Sympathies_ of the veins.—They are very obscure. 424
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
The veins are less developed in proportion than the
arteries.—Why.—Remarks. 425
II. _State of this System during Growth and afterwards._
Various phenomena of childhood, adult age, &c. 427
III. _State of this System in Old Age._
The veins are much developed in old age.—This development is only a
dilatation.—Its varieties according to different circumstances. 428
IV. _Accidental Development of the Veins._
It must be considered, 1st, in tumours; 2d, in the distensions of the
different parts. 430
ARTICLE FIFTH.
REMARKS UPON THE PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEINS.
Though the two kinds of blood are separate, yet the mechanical
phenomena of their courses are analogous in the aorta and the
pulmonary artery, and in the general and the pulmonary veins. _ib._
ARTICLE SIXTH.
ABDOMINAL VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH BLACK BLOOD.
_Situation, forms, general arrangement, anastomoses, &c._—Origin
and termination in the capillaries.—Abdominal portion.—Hepatic
portion.—Differences between them. 433
_Organization, properties, &c._—Analogy with the veins in this
respect.—Peculiar arrangement in the hepatic portion.—Absence of
valves.—Why. 436
_Remarks upon the motion of the black abdominal blood._—Comparison
between the liver and the lungs.—Their difference as it regards
the blood that goes to them.—Mechanism of the circulation of this
system.—Influence of the accessory causes. 438
_Remarks upon the liver._—It performs another function besides the
secretion of bile.—Proofs.—We are ignorant of this function.—It
must be extremely important.—Various proofs.—The liver exhibits
phenomena that no other gland does.—It is not certain that the black
abdominal blood serves for the secretion of bile.—Proofs.—General
observations.—Experiments. 440
_Remarks upon the course of the bile._—Course of this fluid during
abstinence and during digestion.—Cystic bile.—Hepatic bile.—Reflux
towards the stomach during vacuity and fulness.—Experiments. 446
_Development._—There is only one vascular system in the fœtus.—It
is divided into three at birth.—State of the umbilical vein and
the vena porta in the fœtus.—Relative size of the liver at this
period.—Phenomena at birth.—Different influences of this system in the
following ages. 450
END OF CONTENTS TO VOL. I.
VOLUME SECOND.
CAPILLARY SYSTEMS.
PAGE.
There are two of them.—Their general arrangement.—Their opposition. 3
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE GENERAL CAPILLARY SYSTEM.
General arrangement of this system. 4
I. _General division of the Capillaries._
_Of the organs in which the capillaries contain only blood._ 6
_Of the organs in which the capillaries contain blood and fluids
differing from it._—Serous system taken for an example.—Experiments by
injections.—Various other systems present analogous facts.—Proportion
of the blood and the fluids differing from it. _ib._
_Of the organs in which the capillaries do not contain blood._ 8
II. _Difference of Organs in respect to the number of their
Capillaries._
There are many classes of organs in this respect.—Why the capillaries
are very much developed in some.—Consequences as it regards diseases. 9
_Remarks upon injections._—Their insufficiency in making us acquainted
with the small vessels. 10
III. _Of the proportions which exist in the Capillaries between the
Blood and the Fluids that differ from it._
Continual varieties in the proportion.—Cause of these varieties.—They
are very numerous. 12
_Different proportions of blood in the capillaries, according as the
secretions and exhalations are active or passive._—Of active and
passive exhalations.—Of secretions of the same nature.—Examination
of each.—Proofs that wherever there is activity, blood enters the
capillaries.—Opposite arrangement in the passive phenomena. 13
_Consequences of the preceding Remarks._ 17
IV. _Of the Anastomoses of the General Capillary System._
Mode of these anastomoses.—The capillaries considered in relation
to the vessels with which they communicate.—Influence of these
communications.—Important observation in regard to the examination of
dead bodies.—How acute inflammations disappear at death. 17
V. _How, notwithstanding the general communication of the Capillary
System, the Blood and the Fluids differing from it, remain separate._
This depends on the different modifications of the organic
sensibility.—Proofs.—General remarks. 21
VI. _Consequences of the preceding principles, in relation to
Inflammation._
Every thing arises, in this affection, from the alteration of the
organic sensibility.—Proofs.—Varieties of intensity and nature in
inflammations.—Terminations of inflammations.—Of putrefaction.—Of
death.—Of induration.—Of the blood which stops in inflamed parts. 24
_Differences of inflammation according to the different systems._—Each
has a peculiar one.—Of those which are the most disposed to it.—It
has peculiar modifications in each.—Same observation in regard to its
terminations. 30
VII. _Structure and Properties of the Capillaries._
We cannot ascertain completely the structure.—It has however
varieties. 33
VIII. _Of the Circulation of the Capillaries._
_Motions of the fluids in the Capillary System._—The blood is
independent of the action of the heart in the capillaries.—Various
proofs of this assertion.—The blood circulates by the influence
of the forces of the part.—Varieties of the motions.—Causes of
these varieties.—Influence of the atmosphere upon the capillary
circulation.—Of the two kinds of bleeding in relation to the
capillaries and to the trunks.—Circulation of other fluids than the
blood in the capillaries. 34
_Phenomena of the alteration of the fluids in the Capillary
System._—Change of the red blood to black.—Phenomena of this change. 41
IX. _Of the Capillaries considered as the seat of the production of
Heat._
Different hypotheses.—Phenomena of animal heat.—How it is
produced.—Analogy of the production of heat with exhalation,
secretion, &c.—Influence of the different vital forces.—Explanation
of the phenomena of animal heat in the state of health and
disease.—Sympathetic heat.—Sympathies of heat.—Difference between the
two. 43
ARTICLE SECOND.
PULMONARY CAPILLARY SYSTEM.
I. _Relation of the two Capillary Systems, Pulmonary and General._
How all the blood of the general system can go through the
pulmonary.—Difference of one from the other as it respects the course
of this fluid. 55
II. _Remarks upon the Circulation of the Pulmonary Capillaries._
Peculiar character of pulmonary inflammations.—Phenomena to which they
give rise.—Of the pulmonary circulation in various other diseases. 58
III. _Alteration of the Blood in the Pulmonary Capillaries._ 63
IV. _Remarks upon the state of the Lungs in Dead Bodies._
Their proportions very various from engorgement.—They are hardly ever
in the natural state.—Why.—Consequences. 64
EXHALANT SYSTEM.
General Remarks upon the differences of exhalations and absorptions. 67
ARTICLE FIRST.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE EXHALANTS.
I. _Origin, Course and Termination._
Different hypotheses respecting these vessels.—What observation shows
us concerning them. 69
II. _Division of the Exhalants._
They can be referred to three classes.—Table of these classes and
their division. 71
III. _Difference of the Exhalations._ 73
ARTICLE SECOND.
PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXHALANT SYSTEM.
I. _Properties._
We are ignorant of those of texture.—The organic are very evident in
it. 74
_Characters of the Vital Properties._—They vary in each
system.—Consequences as it regards functions. _ib._
II. _Of Natural Exhalations._
They are all derived from the vital properties.—They vary consequently
like these properties.—Proofs.—Of sympathetic exhalations. 75
III. _Of Preternatural Exhalations._
_Sanguineous exhalation.—Hemorrhage of the excrementitious
exhalants._—Hemorrhage from the skin.—Hemorrhages from the mucous
surfaces.—They take place by exhalation.—Proofs.—Experiments.—Of
active and passive hemorrhages.—Differences between hemorrhages by
rupture and by exhalation, between those of the capillaries and those
of the great vessels. 78
_Hemorrhages of the recrementitious exhalants._—Hemorrhages of the
serous surfaces.—Observations concerning dead bodies.—Cellular
hemorrhages.—Other hemorrhages of the exhalants. 85
_Preternatural exhalations, not sanguineous._—Varieties of the
exhaled fluids, according to the state of the vital forces of the
exhalants.—Different examples of these varieties. 87
IV. _Of the preternatural development of the exhalants._
It is especially in cysts that it takes place.—The secreted fluids are
never preternaturally poured out like the exhaled.—Why.—Of the natural
emunctories. 88
ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE ABSORBENT VESSELS.
I. _Origin of the Absorbents._
Table of absorptions.—Of external absorptions.—Of internal
absorptions.—Of the nutritive absorptions.—It is impossible to know
the mode of origin of the absorbents.—Interlacing of the branches. 91
II. _Course of the Absorbents._
Their division into two layers, superficial and deep-seated.—Their
arrangement in the extremities and the trunk. 95
_Forms of the absorbents in their course._—They are cylindrical, full
of knots, &c.—Consequences of these forms.—The absorbents have not as
great capacity during life as in the dead body. 97
_Of the capacity of the absorbents in their course._—Manner of
ascertaining it.—Extreme varieties which it exhibits.—Capacity of the
absorbents compared with that of the veins. 99
_Anastomoses of the absorbents in their course._—Different modes of
these anastomoses.—Remarks upon the lymphatic circulation. 102
_Remarks upon the difference of dropsies that are produced by the
increase of exhalation, and those that are the effect of a diminution
of absorption._—Cases that may be referred to one or the other
cause. 104
III. _Termination of the Absorbents._
Trunks of termination.—Their disproportion with the
branches.—Consequences.—Difficulties in regard to the motion of the
lymph.—Remarks upon venous absorption. 105
IV. _Structure of the Absorbents._
Exterior texture.—Vessels.—Peculiar membrane.—Valves.—Uses of these
last. 109
ARTICLE SECOND.
LYMPHATIC GLANDS.
I. _Situation, Size, Forms, &c._
Varieties of their number and situation in the different
regions.—Relation with the cellular texture.—Varieties from age, sex,
&c. 111
II. _Organization._
_Colour._—Its varieties.—Particular arrangement about the bronchia. 114
_Common parts._—External cellular texture.—Cellular
membrane.—Vessels. 115
_Peculiar texture._—Density.—Cells.—Contained fluid.—Properties and
phenomena of this texture.—Interlacing of the absorbents. 116
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._ 118
II. _Vital Properties._
Animal sensibility.—Its phenomena in the vessels and the
glands.—Organic properties.—Their duration after death.—Remarks upon
the absorbent faculty of dead bodies. 119
_Characters of the vital properties._—Life is very evident in this
system.—Its disposition to inflammation.—Character which this
affection has in it. 122
_Differences of the vital properties in the absorbent vessels and
their glands._—These differences are remarkable.—Their influence upon
diseases. 123
_Sympathies._—Sympathies of the glands.—Sympathies of the
vessels.—Remarks upon the engorgements of the lymphatic glands. 124
ARTICLE FOURTH.
OF ABSORPTION.
I. _Influence of the Vital Forces upon this Function._
All depends on the organic properties. 128
II. _Varieties of Absorption._
Different examples.—Of resolution.—Of the absorption of morbific
principles. 129
III. _Motion of the Fluids in the Absorbents._
Laws of this motion.—It is not subject to any reflux.—Why. 132
IV. _Of Absorption in the different Ages._
It appears that the internal and external absorptions are opposite at
the two extreme ages.—Remarks. 134
V. _Preternatural Absorption._
Absorption of certain fluids different from those naturally
absorbed.—Absorption in the cysts. 138
SYSTEMS PECULIAR TO CERTAIN APPARATUS.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
Differences of the systems peculiar to certain apparatus, from those
common to all.—Characters of the first.—Their distribution in the
apparatus. 139
OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE FORMS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. DIVISION OF THE BONES.
I. _Of the Long Bones._
Relation of their position with their general uses.—External forms of
the body and the extremities.—Internal forms.—Medullary canal.—Its
situation, extent and form.—Its use.—It disappears in the first
periods of callus.—It is shorter in proportion in childhood. 144
II. _Of the Flat Bones._
Relations of their situation and external forms with the general use
of forming the cavities.—Internal forms. 147
III. _Of the Short Bones._
Position.—Internal and external forms.—General uses. 149
IV. _Of the Bony Eminences._
Their division into those, 1st, of articulation; 2d, of insertion;
3d, of reflection; 4th, of impression.—Remarks upon each of these
divisions.—Relations of the second with the muscular force.—How these
last are formed. 150
V. _Of the Osseous Cavities._
Their division into those, 1st, of insertion; 2d, of reception;
3d, of sliding; 4th, of impression; 5th, of transmission; 6th, of
nutrition.—Particular remarks upon each division.—Of the three kinds
of canals of nutrition. 153
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Texture Peculiar to the Osseous System._
Common division of this texture.
_Texture with cells._—How it is formed.—When it is formed.—Of the
cells and their communications.—Experiments. 156
_Compact texture._—Arrangement of its fibres.—Their
formation.—Experiments to ascertain their direction.—The osseous
layers do not exist.—Proofs.—Influence of rickets upon the compact
texture. 158
_Arrangement of the two osseous textures in the three kinds of
Bones._—Arrangement of the compact texture.—Two kinds of texture
with cells in the long bones.—Proportion of the common texture with
cells and the compact texture in the short and broad bones.—The same
proportion examined in the cavities and the osseous eminences. 161
_Of the composition of the osseous texture._—There are two principal
bases.—Of the saline calcareous substance.—Experiments.—Nature
of this substance.—Experiments to ascertain the gelatinous
substance.—Different relations of each of these substances with
vitality. 164
II. _Common Parts which enter into the organization of the Osseous
System._
Three orders of blood vessels.—Arrangement of
each.—Experiments.—Proportions according to age.—Communication.—Proofs
of the existence of the cellular texture. 167
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Physical Properties._
Elasticity.—It is in the inverse ratio of the age. 171
II. _Properties of Texture._
Different examples of contractility and extensibility.—Characters of
these properties. 171
III. _Vital Properties._
They are obscure. 173
_Characters of these properties._—Slowness of their development.—Their
influence upon diseases. 174
_Sympathies._—Their character is always chronic.—General remark upon
sympathies. 175
_Seat of the vital properties._—They are not seated in the calcareous
substance.—They exist only in the gelatinous.—Experiment which proves
it. 177
ARTICLE FOURTH.
OF THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Division of the Articulations._
_Moveable Articulations.—Observations upon their Motions._—1st.
Opposition; it is extensive or confined.—2d. Circumduction; a motion
composed of all those of opposition.—3d. Rotation; a motion upon the
axis.—4th. Sliding. 180
_Immoveable articulations._—They are on surfaces in juxta-position,
inserted into each other or implanted. 182
_Table of the Articulations._ 183
II. _Observations upon the Moveable Articulations._
_First genus._—Situation.—Form of the surfaces.—Rotation and
circumduction are inversely in the humerus and the femur.—Why. 184
_Second genus._—Form of the surfaces.—Motions. 186
_Third genus._—Diminution of the motions.—Direction in which they take
place. 187
_Fourth genus._—Motions still less. 189
_Fifth genus._—Remarkable obscurity of the motions. 190
III. _Observations upon the Immoveable Articulations._
Situation, forms of each order.—Relation of the structure to the
uses. 191
IV. _Of the means of Union between the Articular Surfaces._
_Union of the immoveable Articulations._—Cartilages of union. 193
_Union of moveable articulations._—Ligaments and muscles considered as
articular bands. 194
ARTICLE FIFTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM.
Remarks. 195
I. _State of the Osseous System during Growth._