that in length.—Their differences. 58
III. _State of the Organic Muscular System after Growth._ 61
IV. _State of the Organic Muscular System in Old Age._
This system outlives, if we may so say, the preceding.—Phenomenon
resulting from its weakness. 62
MUCOUS SYSTEM.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE DIVISIONS AND FORMS OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Of the two general Mucous Membranes, the Gastro-pulmonary and the
Genito-urinary._
Difference of these two membranes.—Their relation. 66
II. _Adhering Surface of the Mucous Membranes._
Its relations.—It is everywhere subjacent to the muscles.—Sub-mucous
texture.—Experiments. 69
III. _Free surface of the Mucous Membranes._
Of the folds it exhibits.—1st. Of those which comprehend all the
membranes.—2d. Of those which are permanent upon the mucous
surface.—3d. Of those which are owing to a state of vacuity of the
hollow organs.—Different experiments.—The extent of the mucous
surfaces is always nearly the same, whatever may be the state of their
organs.—Relation of their free surface with external bodies.—Their
sensibility is accommodated to this relation.—The term _foreign body_
is merely comparative. 70
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._
What it presents for consideration.
_Mucous Corion._—Its variable thickness.—Mucous nature of the
membrane of the ear.—Pathological consequences.—Softness of the
mucous texture.—Action of the air, water, caloric, the acids and the
digestive juices upon the mucous texture. 76
_Mucous papillæ._—Their varieties of form.—Their nervous
nature.—Proofs of this nervous nature.—Their influence upon the
sensibility of the mucous organs. 83
II. _Common Parts._
_Of the mucous glands and the fluids which they
secrete._—Situation.—Forms.—Size.—Texture. 86
_Mucous fluids._—Physical properties.—Action of different agents upon
them.—Their functions.—Parts in which they are most abundant and
those in which they are less so.—Susceptibility of being increased
by any irritation made upon their excretories.—Consequences.—Remarks
upon the excitement of the mucous surfaces in diseases.—Uses of the
mucous membranes in relation to the habitual evacuation of their
fluids.—General remarks upon the secreted fluids.—Singular sensation
arising from the continuance of the mucous fluids upon their
respective surfaces. 88
_Blood vessels._—Their varieties of proportion.—Their superficial
position.—Consequence.—Redness of the mucous system.—It often loses
it.—Experiments upon the state of the mucous vessels in the fulness
and vacuity of their hollow organs.—Other experiments upon the
influence of the gases upon the colour of the mucous system.—Causes of
its redness.—Colouring substance combined and free. 96
_Exhalants._—Is there exhalation upon the mucous system?—Pulmonary
exhalation.—A great part of the pulmonary perspiration arises from the
solution of the mucous juices.—Other mucous
exhalations.—Hemorrhages. 105
_Absorbents._—Proofs of the mucous absorption.—Irregularity of this
absorption.—Cause of this irregularity. 107
_Nerves._—Those of the brain.—Those of the ganglions.—Their respective
distribution upon this system. 108
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._
They are less than they at first seem to be.—They are however
real.—Their variety.—The mucous ducts are not obliterated by the
contractility of texture when they are empty. 109
II. _Vital properties._
_Properties of animal life._—Acute sensibility of the mucous
system.—Influence of habit upon this property.—Consequences of this
remark.—Mucous sensibility in inflammations. 111
_Properties of organic life._—Organic sensibility and insensible
contractility are very evident here.—Why.—Consequences as it respects
diseases.—Varieties of these properties.-Species of sensible organic
contractility in the mucous texture. 114
_Sympathies._—How we shall divide them. 117
_Active Sympathies._—Example of these sympathies for each vital
property. 118
_Passive Sympathies._—The predominant ones are those of insensible
organic contractility.—Why. 120
_Character of the vital properties._—Vital activity of this
system.—Its varieties.—Consequences as it regards diseases.—Remarks
upon the stomachic sympathies. 123
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUCOUS SYSTEM.
I. _State of the Mucous System in the First Age._
It follows the state of the organs to which it belongs.—Delicacy of
the papillæ.—The mucous redness is then deeper.—Sudden change at
birth.—Why.—Phenomenon of puberty. 125
II. _State of the Mucous System in the After Ages._
Its phenomena in the adult.—Its phenomena in old age. 129
SEROUS SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE EXTENT, FORMS AND FLUIDS OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
General arrangement of its membranes.—Of the serous surface considered
in general.—Every serous membrane is a sac without an opening. 131
I. _Free Surface of the Serous Membranes._
It is smooth and polished.—This attribute is foreign to
compression.—This surface insulates the organs to which the
serous surfaces belong.—Its influence upon the motion of these
organs.—Adhesions of the serous surfaces.—Their division. 134
II. _Adhering Surface of the Serous System._
Means of union.—The serous membranes often change relations with their
organs.—This is owing to the laxity of the adhesions.—Adhesions more
close. 140
III. _Serous Fluids._
Their quantity.—Varieties of this quantity.—Experiments.—Morbid
varieties.—Nature of these fluids. 142
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
The serous membranes have but one layer.—Its colour.—Its thickness. 144
I. _Cellular nature of the Serous Texture._
Proofs of this cellular nature.—Experiments by maceration, ebullition,
desiccation, stewing and putrefaction.—Differences between the
cellular and serous textures. 145
II. _Parts common to the organization of the Serous System._
_Exhalants._—Various proofs of serous exhalation. 149
_Absorbents._—Proofs of serous absorption.—Experiments.—Mode of origin
of the absorbents. 150
_Blood vessels._—The serous membranes have but very few of them.—Those
which are subjacent do not belong to them.—Proofs. 151
III. _Varieties of Organization of the Serous System._
Different examples of these varieties.—Consequences in regard to
diseases.—Remarks upon the pericardium.—Common characters. 153
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._
_Extensibility._—It is less than it at first seems to be.—Why.—Use of
the folds of the serous membranes.—Of their displacement.—Pain from
these displacements in inflammation. 155
_Contractility._—Less than it appears to be.—It is however real. 156
II. _Vital Properties._
They enjoy but little animal sensibility.—Why.—Experiments.—The
organic properties are very sensible.—Consequences. 157
_Sympathies._—Various examples.—Remarks upon sympathetic
exhalations.—Remark upon the serum of dead bodies. 158
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEROUS SYSTEM.
I. _State of this System in the First Age._
Extreme tenuity of the surfaces.—Quantity of the
fluids.—Quality.—Changes at birth.—Experiments. 161
II. _State of the Serous System in the After Ages._
The serous surfaces obey the laws of their respective
organs.—Increased density in old age.—Ossification rare. 162
III. _Preternatural Development of the Serous System._
Various observations. 164
SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.
Points of resemblance between this system and the preceding.—Its
division. 165
ARTICLE FIRST.
ARTICULAR SYNOVIAL SYSTEM.
I. _How the Synovia is separated from the mass of blood._
There are three ways in which fluids may be separated from the blood.
_Is the Synovia transmitted by secretion to the articular
surfaces?_—Negative proofs.—Of the pretended synovial
glands.—Experiments.
_Is the Synovia transmitted by transudation to the articular
surfaces_?—Negative proofs.—Another opinion.
_Is the Synovia transmitted by exhalation to the articular
surfaces?_—Positive proofs.—Analogy between the exhaled fluids and the
synovia.—Consequences. 167
II. _Remarks upon the Synovia._
Its quantity.—It varies a little.—Rare alterations of this fluid.—Its
difference from the serous fluids. 173
III. _Of the Synovial Membranes._
_Forms._—They represent sacs without an opening.—Difference from the
fibrous capsules.—These capsules are wanting in the greatest number of
articulations.—Experiments.—Proofs of the synovial membrane where it
adheres. 175
_Organization._—Analogy with the serous surfaces.—Structure of the
pretended synovial glands. 180
_Properties._—Properties of texture.—Vital
properties.—Experiments.—The synovial system is foreign to most
diseases. 182
_Functions._—They are foreign to the solidity of the
articulation.—They have relation only to the synovia. 183
_Natural Development._—State of the synovial membrane in infancy,
adult and old age. 184
_Preternatural Development._—Remarks upon this development. 185
ARTICLE SECOND.
SYNOVIAL SYSTEM OF THE TENDONS.
It is often confounded with the preceding. 186
_Forms; relations; synovial fluid._—Forms of sacs without
an opening.—Varieties of these forms.—Smooth and adhering
surface.—Relation with the tendon.—Preternatural increase of the
fluid. 186
_Organization, properties, development._—Their phenomena are analogous
to those of the preceding system.—Remarks upon the affections of this
kind of synovial membranes. 189
GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
General observations.—What a gland is. 193
ARTICLE FIRST.
SITUATION, FORMS, DIVISION, &C. OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
Sub-cutaneous and deep position.—Relation of the position of
the glands with their excretion.—Varieties of the glandular
forms.—Distinction of these varieties.—External surface of the
glands. 194
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization of this System._
The fibrous arrangement is foreign to the glands.—There is but little
resistance in the glandular texture.—Triple arrangement of this
texture.—Uncertainty of the researches upon its nature.—Different
experiments upon this texture.—Desiccation.—Peculiar effect of
stewing.—Roasting.—Maceration.—Action of the acids, gastric
juice, &c. 198
_Of the excretories, their origin, divisions, &c. of the glandular
reservoirs._—Origin.—Course.—Division of the glands into three
classes, in regard to the termination of their excretories.—Of the
reservoirs.—What supplies their place when they are wanting.—Motion of
the fluids in the excretories. 204
_Size, direction and termination of the excretories._—All the
excretories open upon the mucous or cutaneous systems.—Observations
upon the intestinal canal. 206
_Remarks upon the secreted fluids._—They can re-enter the
circulation.—Various experiments on this subject.—Consequences. 208
_Structure of the excretories._—Internal membrane.—External
texture. 213
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Glandular System._
_Cellular Texture._—Division of the glands into two classes, in regard
to this texture.—Serum and fat of this texture.—Fatty livers. 214
_Blood vessels._—Different ways in which they enter the glands,
according as they are or are not surrounded with membranes.—Course
of the arteries in the glands.—Veins.—They pour their blood into the
general black blood.—Reflux from the heart to the glands. 216
_Of the blood of the glands._—Division of the glands into three
classes, as it regards the fluid which penetrates them.—Great quantity
of blood contained in the liver and the kidney.—Variety as it respects
secretion. 219
_Nerves._—Of those of the ganglions and of the cerebral ones.—Their
proportion.—How they enter the glands.—Secretion is independent of
nervous influence. 221
_Exhalants and absorbents._ 223
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._
They are inconsiderable.—Proofs.—New remarks upon the reflux of the
black blood in the glands. 224
II. _Vital Properties._
_Properties of animal life._—Experiments upon animal
sensibility.—Varieties of the results. 226
_Properties of organic life._—The insensible contractility and the
corresponding sensibility are the predominant ones.—Their influence
upon secretion.—Varieties of the secreted fluids.—Organic affections
of the glands.—Remarks. 227
_Sympathies._ 230
_Passive sympathies._—Various examples.—Sympathies the causes of which
act at the extremity of the excretories.—Influence of the passive
sympathies of the glands in diseases.—Remark upon that of each gland.
_Active Sympathies._—Various remarks.
_Characters of the vital properties._ 235
_First character.—Life peculiar to each gland._—Proofs of this
peculiar life.—Of its influence in a state of health and disease.
_Second character.—Remission of the glandular life._—The glands have a
species of sleep.—Various examples. 238
_Third character.—The glandular life is never simultaneously raised
in the whole system._—Application of this remark to the digestive
order.—Advantage of the artificial excitement of the glands in
diseases. 239
_Fourth character.—Influence of climate and season upon the glandular
life._—The sweat and many secreted fluids are opposite to each other
in this respect. 241
_Fifth character.—Influence of sex upon the glandular life._ 242
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLANDULAR SYSTEM.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
The glands are very conspicuous at this age.—Yet the secretions are
not great. 243
II. _State of this System during Growth._
Suddenly increased activity at birth.—Yet it is not the glandular
system which predominates in the first age.—Remarks upon its
diseases.—The mucous and lachrymal glands are the most frequently in
action in infancy. 244
III. _State of this System after Growth._
Period of puberty.—Its influence upon the glands.—Influence of the
glands of digestion at the adult age. 247
IV. _State of this System in old Age._
Of the change in the texture of the glands from the effect of
age.—Many glands still secrete much fluid in old age.—Relation of this
phenomenon with nutrition. 249
DERMOID SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
FORMS OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. _External Surface of the Dermoid System._
Various folds of this surface.—Their different nature. 254
II. _Internal Surface of the Dermoid System._
Its relations.—Absence of the fleshy pannicle in man.—Consequences. 256
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to the Organization._
_Chorion._—Its thickness in the different regions.—Its
structure.—Method of seeing it.—Variety of this structure according
to the regions.—Small spaces of the chorion.—Fibres.—Their nature.—It
approximates that of the fibrous texture.—Yet it differs from it.—The
chorion is foreign to the functions of the skin relative to animal and
organic life. 258
_Of the reticular body._—Idea that has been formed of it.—What
it is.—Vascular net-work.—Colouring substance.—Analogy among the
diversity of races.—How this diversity should be considered.—Of the
cases in which the blood enters the reticular body.—Singular property
of the vessels of the face of receiving more than the others.—Cause of
this phenomenon.—Triple means of expression of the passions.—Relation
between the tendency of the facial capillary system to receive blood
and diseases.—Double state of the reticular body.—Phenomena at the
instant of death.—Experiments. 266
_Papillæ._—Situations.—The cutaneous prominences must not be taken
for them.—Experiments to prove the nature of these prominences.—Their
varieties.—Forms and nervous structure of the papillæ. 273
_Action of different bodies upon the dermoid texture._ 276
_Action of light._—Men whiten like plants.—Examples. _ib._
_Action of caloric._—Effects which it produces on the skin during life
according to its different degrees.—Effect of cold.—General remarks
upon gangrene and antiseptics.—False opinions of authors. 277
_Action of the air._—Remarks upon the influence of this fluid upon
the evaporation of the transpiration.—It is foreign to this function
itself.—Desiccation of the skin by the air.—Its putrefaction. 282
_Action of water._—General uses of baths.—Their use is
natural.—Maceration of the skin.—Pulpy state.—Stewing of the
skin.—Mode of horny hardening.—Vesicles that arise the instant it
takes place.—Other phenomena of stewing. 285
_Action of the acids, alkalies, and other substances._—Various
experiments with reagents.—Remarks. 290
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Dermoid System._
_Cellular texture._—Manner in which it is distributed.—Remarks upon
biles.—Sometimes it is wholly destroyed.—Appearance which the skin
then has.—Remarks upon leucophlegmasia. 291
_Blood vessels._—Manner in which they are distributed.—Dilatation of
the veins in some cases. 293
_Nerves._—Mode of their distribution. 294
_Absorbents._—Proofs of cutaneous absorption.—Absorption of
virus.—Table of this absorption.—Varieties it experiences.—Absorption
of medicines.—Experiments.—Character of irregularity of the cutaneous
absorptions.—To what this character is owing.—Influence of weakness on
this absorption. 294
_Exhalants._—Mode of distribution.—Cutaneous exhalations.—Uncertainty
of calculations upon this point.—Relation of this exhalation with the
secretions.—Relation with the pulmonary exhalation.—Experiment upon
this last exhalation.—Remarks upon the causes of many coughs.—Defect
of evaporation of the fluid deposited upon the bronchia.—The cutaneous
exhalants vary.—Are they under the nervous influence?—This does not
appear probable. 299
_Sebaceous Glands._—Oily fluid of the skin.—Its quantity.—Its
varieties.—Its sources.—We have but few data as it regards the
sebaceous glands. 305
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._
They are very evident.—They are often less than they seem to
be.—Phenomena of extensibility and contractility. 308
II. _Vital Properties._
_Properties of animal life._—Sensibility.—Of the feeling.—Of the
touch.—Its characters.—Its differences from the other senses.—Seat of
cutaneous sensibility.—The mode.—Pain peculiar to the skin.—Influence
of habit upon this sensibility.—Various reflections.—Diminution of the
cutaneous sensibility. 311
_Properties of organic life._—They are especially organic
sensibility and insensible contractility.—Phenomena over which they
preside.—Division of cutaneous diseases.—Excitants of the cutaneous
organic sensibility.—Sensible organic contractility is but slightly
apparent. 318
_Sympathies.—Passive Sympathies._—Different examples and remarks upon
the sympathies of heat.—General remarks upon the sensations of heat
and cold.—Influence of sympathies upon the sweat. 322
_Active Sympathies._—These sympathies are relative to each of the
classes of diseases pointed out above.—Various examples.—General
remarks. 326
_Characters of the vital properties.—First character.—The
cutaneous life varies in each region._—Varieties of animal
sensibility.—Varieties in the organic properties. 331
_Second character.—Intermission in one relation, continuity in
another._—The peculiar life of the skin is intermittent as it respects
the functions of relation.—Its continuity as it respects its organic
functions. 332
_Third character.—Influence of sex._ 333
_Fourth character.—Influence of temperament._ 334
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DERMOID SYSTEM.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
A gluey covering in the first periods.—Absence of certain wrinkles in
the fœtus.—Laxity of adhesion.—State of the vital properties of the
skin of the fœtus.—Its functions at this age. 335
II. _State of this System during Growth._
Sudden revolution at birth.—Entrance of the red blood into the
skin.—Consequences.—State of the cutaneous vital forces in
infancy.—State of the cutaneous texture. 337
III. _State of the Dermoid System after Growth._
Increasing proportion of the fibrous substance, and decreasing
proportion of the gelatinous.—Remark upon the diseases and affections
of the skin. 341
IV. _State of the Dermoid System in Old Age._
State of the cutaneous texture.—Phenomena which arise from it.—State
of the vital forces.—State of the functions. 344
EPIDERMOID SYSTEM.
General Observations.—Division. 349
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE EXTERNAL EPIDERMIS.
I. _Forms, Relations with the Dermis, &c._
Wrinkles.—Pores.—Adhesion to the skin.—Means of destroying this
adhesion.—Arrangement. 350
II. _Organization, Composition, &c._
Uniform thickness in most parts.—Remarkable thickness on the foot and
the hand.—Consequences of this thickness.—Experiments upon the colour
of negroes.—Epidermoid texture.—Its peculiar nature.—Action of the
air, water, caloric, the acids, the alkalies, &c. upon the epidermoid
texture. 353
III. _Properties._
Extensibility.—The animal properties are foreign to the epidermis.—It
appears to be destitute also of organic properties.—Continual
destruction of the epidermis.—Its reproduction when it is removed. 360
IV. _Development._
State of the epidermis in the fœtus, the adult and the old person. 364
ARTICLE SECOND.
INTERNAL EPIDERMIS. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS UPON THIS EPIDERMIS.
I. _Epidermis of the origin of the Mucous Surfaces._
It is very distinct.—Proofs of its existence.—Its reproduction.—Its
nature. 366
II. _Epidermis of the deep Surfaces._
Uncertainty of its existence.—Experiments.—Membranes that are
sometimes thrown off.—It appears that it is not the epidermis. 367
ARTICLE THIRD.
OF THE NAILS.
I. _Form, Extent, Relations, &c._
Of the habit of cutting the nails.—Anterior, middle and posterior
portions of the nail.—Superior and inferior surfaces.—Of the texture
which supports the nail. 369
II. _Organization, Properties, &c._
Of the laminæ which form the nails.—Of their arrangement.—Their
analogy with the epidermis.—Obscurity of the vital
properties.—Facility with which the nails, epidermis, &c. are
coloured. 373
_Development._—State of the nails in the fœtus, the adult, and the old
person. 376
PILOUS SYSTEM.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
ARTICLE FIRST.
EXAMINATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM IN THE DIFFERENT REGIONS.
I. _Pilous System of the Head._
General observations. 379
_Of the Hair._—Its length, situation, limits, influence on
physiognomy, variety according to sex, uses, thickness, fundamental
colours, shades, and influence on temperament. 381
_Eyebrows._—Their general arrangement.—Their motions. 386
_Eyelashes._—Their form, arrangement, &c. 387
_Beard._—It is the attribute of the male.—Its relations with
strength.—Of our habits in relation to the beard. 388
II. _Of the Pilous System of the Trunk._
Its varieties according to the regions. 390
III. _Pilous System of the Extremities._
Its varieties.—It is wanting on the palms of the hands and the soles
of the feet. _ib._
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE PILOUS SYSTEM.
I. _Origin of the Hairs._
Of the membranous canal which encloses this origin.—Relation of the
hair with this canal.—Organization of this.—Swelling of the hair and
its origin.—Its course to the exterior. 391
II. _External Covering of the Hairs._
Analogy of this covering with the epidermis.—Its differences.—Action
of the different agents upon this covering.—Its external
arrangement. 394
III. _Internal Substance of the Hairs._