second.—Consequences of this principle as it regards the
phenomena.—There can only be diseases where there are vital
properties.—Why.—The progress of the physiological and physical
sciences wholly different in this respect.—Differences between
animate and inanimate solids and fluids.—The vital properties become
exhausted, the physical do not.—Consequences.—The latter are inherent
in matter, the others are not.—General remarks upon the enumeration
of the differences of animate and inanimate bodies.—Particular remark
relative to sympathies.—Their general phenomena. 23
IV. _Of the Vital Properties and their Phenomena considered in
relation to the Solids and the Fluids._
Division of the fluids into those of composition and those of
decomposition.—The vital properties are seated essentially in the
solids.—These are the seat of almost all the morbid symptoms.—The
fluids however may be affected.—Different attributes of the fluids
of composition and of those of decomposition in diseases.—How the
alterations of the first may take place.—Of those of the second.—Of
the cases in which the solids and the fluids are primarily
affected.—Division of diseases in this view.—The question must
necessarily be considered in many points of view.—What is true on
one side is not so on another.—Of the vitality of the fluids.—What
it is.—Their alterations affect their vitality.—New proofs of these
alterations.—How the fluids are assimilated and altered. 29
V. _Of the Properties Independent of Life._
Properties of texture.—Of contractility by the horny hardening.—Of
the agents which put it into action.—It is of two kinds.—Characters
of each.—Their differences.—Almost all the solids undergo the horny
hardening.—Condition which it requires.—Of the horny hardening during
life and after death.—Difference of this contractility from the
others.—General remarks. 38
VI. _General Observations upon the Organization of Animals._
Of the simple systems.—Necessity of considering them
abstractedly.—Their difference of forms.—Their variety of
organization, 1st, in the peculiar texture; 2d, in the common
parts.—Manner of knowing these differences.—Differences of the
vital properties and of texture.—Of the peculiar life.—It cannot be
understood of the compound organs, but of the simple systems.—Examples
which prove this assertion in the different organs. 44
VII. _Consequences of the preceding Principles relative to Diseases._
Each texture can be separately affected in an organ.—This even almost
always happens.—Various proofs of this assertion.—Observations upon
different diseases.—Sympathies do not take place in an organ as a
whole, but in some one texture of this organ.—Why.—Of sympathetic
fevers.—The different inflammations vary in each texture.—Phenomena
of the different kinds of virus variable from the same cause.—Yet
the different textures of the same organ have a certain dependance
upon each other.—Proofs.—Diseases chronic and acute.—Differences
of diseases in each simple system.—Two classes of symptoms in the
local affections.—Their difference.—Varieties of the pain, heat,
&c. according to the systems.—What should be understood by acute
and chronic affections in the simple systems.—Influence of these
considerations upon morbid anatomy.—Defects of the old divisions.—New
manner of considering morbid anatomy. 49
VIII. _Remarks upon the Classification of the Functions._
Table of this classification. 60
SYSTEMS COMMON TO ALL THE APPARATUS.
_General Observations._
Division of the systems.—Systems common to all the apparatus.—Their
characters.—They form the nutritive parenchyma of the organs.—Remarks
upon nutrition.—Diversity of the nutritive substances. 77
CELLULAR SYSTEM.
General Remarks.—Division. 87
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CONSIDERED IN RELATION TO THE ORGANS.
I. _Of the Cellular System exterior to each Organ._
Division of the organs in relation to the neighbouring texture. 88
_Of the Cellular System which adheres only to one side of the organs._
_Sub-cutaneous cellular texture._—Arrangement of this texture,
1st, upon the median line; 2d, in the different regions of the
body.—Varieties of density and laxity. Uses of the sub-cutaneous
texture.—Its fluids. 88
_Sub-mucous cellular texture._—Difference of this texture from the
preceding.—The density of that.—Consequences.
_Sub-serous cellular texture._—It is in general loose and
abundant.—Why.—Place where it is dense. 92
_Cellular texture exterior to the arteries._—Its peculiar nature is
analogous to that of the sub-mucous texture.—Its relations with the
arterial fibres.
_Cellular texture exterior to the veins._—It is analogous to the
preceding, only less thick.—Remarks.
_Cellular texture exterior to the excretory ducts._—The same structure
and arrangement as in the preceding. 96
_Of the cellular system considered in relation to the organs that
it surrounds on all sides._—Cellular atmosphere.—Fluids of this
atmosphere.—Insulation of the vitality of the organs.—Of this
atmosphere considered as a means for the propagation of diseases.—It
favours the motion of the parts. 96
II. _Of the Internal Cellular System of each Organ._
Arrangement of this texture.—Its uses.—Its different proportions. 102
ARTICLE SECOND.
OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM CONSIDERED INDEPENDENTLY OF THE ORGANS.
I. _Of the Cellular System of the Head._
_Cellular texture of the cranium._—It is almost nothing within.—Its
communications.—Consequences of these communications.—It is more
abundant without.
_Cellular texture of the face._—It is very abundant.—Its uses.—Its
communications, &c. 104
II. _Of the Cellular System of the Trunk._
_Vertebral cellular texture._—It is not abundant in the cavity of
the canal.—On the exterior, there is but little behind, and more in
front.—Consequences.
_Cervical cellular texture._—It is abundant.—Its
communications.—Consequences.
_Pectoral cellular texture._—It is found especially upon the median
line.—Its communications.—External texture.
_Abdominal cellular texture._—Of the parts in which it is most
abundant.—Its communications.
_Cellular texture of the pelvis._—It is very
abundant.—Why.—Consequences.—Its communications. 108
III. _Of the Cellular System of the Extremities._
Its different proportions in the superior and the inferior. 112
ARTICLE THIRD.
OF THE FORMS OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM, AND THE FLUIDS IT CONTAINS.
I. _Of the Cells._
Their form.—Their capacity.—Their communication.—-Experiments.—Of the
cellular permeability.—In what sense it should be understood. 114
II. _Of the Serum of the Cellular Membrane._
Proof of its existence.—Its evaporation.—It varies in the
different regions.—Method of ascertaining the proportions of
it.—Experiments.—Nature of this fluid.—Experiments. 117
III. _Of the Cellular Fat._
_Natural proportions of the fat._—Varieties of its proportions
according to the regions, organs, systems, &c—Its peculiar arrangement
in childhood.—Varieties according to the other ages. 119
_Unnatural proportions of fat._—Its preternatural abundance indicates
weakness.—Different proofs.—Of the causes of the diminution of
fat.—Remark upon this diminution. 121
_Different states of the fat._—Its degree of fluidity is not
during life in proportion to temperature.—Its consistence in young
animals.—Consequences.—Its alterations by age, diseases, &c. 125
_Exhalation of fat._—Different opinions.—The fat is
exhaled.—Proofs.—Nature of this fluid.—Relation of its uses with the
places where it exists and with those in which it is wanting. 127
ARTICLE FOURTH.
ORGANIZATION OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM.
I. _Texture peculiar to the organization of the Cellular System._
Filaments and layers from which it results.—Method of seeing them
to advantage.—Their nature.—Essential difference in the cellular
organization.—There are two species of cellular texture. 129
_Composition of the cellular texture._—Experiments upon this
texture.—Action of the air, water, caloric and the gastric
juices.—Experiments.—Of the gases sometimes extricated in the cellular
texture. 132
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Cellular Texture._
_Blood vessels._—The inaccuracy of injections in demonstrating them.
_Exhalants._—Of the cellular exhalations.—Proofs and phenomena of
these exhalations.
_Absorbents._—Cellular absorptions.—Proofs.—The cellular texture is
not wholly formed of absorbents.
_Nerves._ 136
ARTICLE FIFTH.
PROPERTIES OF THE CELLULAR SYSTEM.
I. _Properties of Texture._
_Extensibility._—Examples of the different distensions.—Distinctive
character of the cellular extensibility.—Its phenomena.—It becomes
nothing in inflammation, chronic engorgements, &c.
_Contractility._—Different examples of this property brought into
action.—Its varieties according to the ages.—General remarks. 140
II. _Vital Properties._
The animal ones are inconsiderable.—The organic are greater, except
sensible contractility, which however exists to a certain extent.
_Sympathies._—It is necessary to distinguish them from the phenomena
of juxta-position.—Various examples.—General observations.—Vital
properties put in action by the sympathies.
_Character of the vital properties._—The vital activity is very
considerable in the cellular texture.—Various proofs.—Remarks upon
the species.—Difference of vitality in the two species of cellular
texture. 143
III. _Properties of Reproduction._
_Influence of the cellular texture upon the formation of
cicatrices._—Division of the periods of the cicatrices.
_First period._—Inflammation.—How it takes place.—Its advantages.
_Second period._—Fleshy granulations.—Experiments.—Provisional
membrane of the cicatrices.—Its uses.—General phenomena of the
internal cicatrices.—Cellular nature of this membrane and of the
granulations.—Different opinions.
_Third period._—Suppuration.—What corresponds to it in the internal
cicatrices.—Analogy of these cicatrices with the external.
_Fourth period._—Contraction of the fleshy
granulations.—Adhesions.—Consequences of the preceding principles.—Of
union by the first intention. 148
_Influence of the cellular texture in the formation of
tumours._—Cellular nature of all tumours which grow and
increase.—Proofs.—Mode of development of these tumours.—How they
differ from various engorgements, acute and chronic. 157
_Influence of the cellular texture in the formation of cysts._—What
is a cyst.—Its analogy with the serous surfaces.—Its cellular
structure.—Mode of its development. 160
ARTICLE SIXTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELLULAR TEXTURE.
I. _State of the Cellular System in the First Age._
Mucous mass represented by the cellular texture of the
fœtus.—Superabundance of fluid.—This is then the cellular
fluid.—Difficulty of emphysema in the fœtus.—State of the cellular
texture in infancy and youth.—Its vital energy.—Consequences. 164
II. _State of the Cellular System in the After Ages._
Arrangement of the cellular texture in the adult.—Differences arising
from sex.—Degeneracy of this texture in old age.—Withering that it
experiences.—Consequences. 167
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
Division of the nerves into two systems.—Differences of these
two systems.—General arrangement of that of animal life.—Its
symmetry.—Relation of size between the nerves and the brain. 169
ARTICLE FIRST.
EXTERNAL FORMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Origin of the Cerebral Nerves._
In what sense this origin must be understood.—It takes place, 1st, in
the brain; 2d, in the tuber annulare and its dependancies; 3d, in the
spinal marrow.—Manner of this triple origin.—Of the crossing of the
nerves.—Phenomena of paralysis in regard to this.—Peculiar arrangement
of the cerebral membranes at the origin of the nerves.—Extent,
direction and form of the nerves at this origin. 171
II. _Course of the Cerebral Nerves._
_Communications of the cerebral nerves at their exit from
their osseous cavity._—There are none between the nerves of
the brain properly called.—The communications begin in those
of the tuber annulare.—They are very numerous in those of the
spinal marrow.—Arrangement of the plexuses which result from
them.—Consequences as it regards descriptive neurology.
_Internal communications of the nervous cords._—Manner
of these communications.—Internal plexus to each
nerve.—Consequences.—Difference from anastomoses.
_Nervous Trunks._—Their course.—Their form.—Their length, &c.
_Nervous branches, smaller branches, ramifications, &c._—Mode of
origin.—Length.—Course, &c. 176
III. _Termination of the Nerves._
What is to be understood by it.—Triple mode of termination.
_Anastomoses with the same system._—What is to be understood by
anastomoses.—They are rare in this system.—They can be referred to
three classes.
_Anastomoses with the system of organic life.—Termination in the
organs._—Manner of this termination.—Division of the organs in this
respect. 182
ARTICLE SECOND.
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._
Arrangement of the nervous cords.—Their varieties.—Each nerve has its
peculiar organization.—Of the structure of the nervous filaments.
_Of the nervous coat and its origin._—How this origin may be seen.—Its
triple arrangement at the brain, the tuber annulare and the spinal
marrow.—Particular arrangement of the optic nerve.—Remarks upon the
pia mater.—Course of the nervous coat. 185
_Action of certain substances upon the nervous coat; its resistance,
&c._—Action of the acids, water, caloric, and the alkalies.—Resistance
of the nervous coat.
_Medullary substance_; its origin, arrangement and proportions.
_Comparison between the medullary substance of the brain and the
nerves._—Effect of desiccation upon each.—Putrefaction and its
phenomena.—Absence of the horny hardening in both.—Action of water
upon both.—Action of the acids, the alkalies, neutral salts and the
digestive juices.—Difference of the nervous pulp in each part. 190
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Nervous System of Animal
Life._
_Cellular texture._—It is wanting in the nerves, in the cranium
and the spine. Elsewhere it is found between their filaments and
cords.—Cellular fat.
_Blood vessels._—Their arrangement.—Remarks upon the veins.—Of the
blood.—Of the nerves.—Action of this fluid upon them.
_Exhalants and Absorbents._—Examination of the opinion upon the
exhalation of the nervous coat.—Different observations.
_Nerves._ 199
ARTICLE THIRD.
PROPERTIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _Properties of Texture._
They are but very slightly marked.—Remarks upon the nervous
distensions. 204
II. _Vital Properties.—Properties of Animal Life._
_Animal sensibility inherent in the nerves._—Various experiments
upon this sensibility.—Remarks upon that of the brain.—Phenomena
of the experiments upon the nerves.—Character of the animal
nervous sensibility. —Of neuralgias.—Another character of this
sensibility.—Experiments.—Consequences. 206
_Influence of the nerves upon the animal sensibility of all the
organs._—Distinction of the sensations, in this respect, into
external and internal.—Subdivision of the external into general
and particular.—Part which the nerves perform in each.—Internal
sensations.—Uncertainty respecting the nervous influence
in sensations.—Differences between animal sensibility and
contractility.—Of the nervous atmosphere.—Uncertainty of this
opinion. 211
_Animal contractility.—Influence of the nerves upon that of the other
parts._—How the nerves are the agents of this property.—Different
opinions upon the action of the nerves.—Uncertainty of these
opinions.—General observations.
_Properties of organic life, considered in the nerves._—They are
slightly marked.—Increase of the size of the nerves in the affections
of some parts.—Various experiments and observations.
_Influence of the cerebral nerves upon the organic properties of
the other parts._—They are foreign to these properties.—They have
not there any known influence, 1st, upon the capillary circulation;
2d, upon exhalation; 3d, upon secretion; 4th, upon absorption;
5th, upon nutrition.—Different proofs of these assertions.—Remarks
on the diseases which affect animal life and those which affect
organic.—Uncertainty of the term _nervous influence_. 216
_Sympathies.—Sympathies peculiar to the nerves._—Different phenomena
of these sympathies.—Sympathies, 1st, between two nerves of the
same pair; 2d, between two nerves of the same side; 3d, between the
branches of the same pair; 4th, between the nerves and different
organs.—Different examples of these sympathies. 224
_Influence of the nerves upon the sympathies of the other
organs._—Different opinions upon sympathies.—Uncertainty of these
opinions.—Division of sympathies founded upon that of the vital
properties.—Different influence of the nerves upon each species of
sympathy.—Cases in which it is real and those in which it is
nothing. 226
III. _Properties of Reproduction._
Phenomena of nervous cicatrizations.—Their analogy with other
cicatrizations. 233
ARTICLE FOURTH.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ANIMAL LIFE.
I. _State of this System in the Fœtus._
It is much developed.—General remarks.—Inactivity of the brain,
notwithstanding its development.—Its softness.—Action of the
alkalies upon this organ.—The cerebral nerves are developed in
proportion.—Peculiar phenomenon of their development.—This phenomenon
is opposite to that of the arteries.—Consequence which results from
it. 235
II. _State of the Nervous System during Growth._
Phenomena at birth.—Influence of the red blood.—Predominance of
the nervous system during childhood.—Consequences relative to the
sensations, motions and various affections. 240
III. _State of the Nervous System after Growth._
Phenomenon of puberty.—Phenomena of the following ages. 244
IV. _State of the Nervous System in Old Age._
Its action is slight.—State of the brain at this period.—Influence of
this state upon sensibility.—Phenomena of sensation and motion in old
age. 244
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ORGANIC LIFE.
GENERAL REMARKS.
How this system should be understood.—The great sympathetic does not
exist.—Each ganglion forms an insulated system.—This system belongs to
organic life.—It exhibits many irregularities.—The mode of describing
it. 249
ARTICLE FIRST.
OF THE GANGLIONS.
I. _Situation, Forms, Relations, &c._
Ganglions that are constant.—Those that are accidental. 253
II. _Organization._
Colour.—Difference of the texture of the ganglions from that of the
brain.—Comparative experiments.—This texture is not fibrous.—It
differs essentially from that of the nerves.—Its organic lesions are
rare.—Common parts of this texture. 255
III. _Properties._
The ganglions have the organic ones.—The animal appear to be slightly
marked in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies.—Nervous affections of the
ganglions.—The kind of pain of this system.—General remarks. 260
IV. _Development._
It does not follow that of the brain.—Influence of this fact upon the
diseases of childhood.—Another difference between the ganglions and
the brain. 263
V. _Remarks upon the Vertebral Ganglions._
Their arrangement.—Obscurity which they throw upon the functions of
this system. 264
ARTICLE SECOND.
OF THE NERVES OF ORGANIC LIFE.
I. _Origin._
Manner of this origin.—Method of seeing it. 265
II. _Course, Termination, Plexuses._
Of the branches which go to the cerebral nerves.—Of those which go to
the neighbouring ganglions.—Of those which go the muscles.—Of those
which form the plexuses.—Arrangement of these last.—Of the filaments
which go from them.—Their double arrangement upon the arteries. 267
III. _Structure, Properties, &c._
Analogy with the preceding nerves as to texture.—Animal sensibility
appears to be less in them.—Experiments.—Sympathies of these
nerves.—General remarks. 271
VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.
ARTICLE FIRST.
GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE CIRCULATION.
I. _Division of the Circulation._
_Circulation of red blood._—General organs.—Direction.
_Circulation of black blood._—General organs.—Direction.
_Difference of the two circulations._—Their separation is
complete.—Opposition of the lungs to all the parts.
_General mechanical phenomena of the two circulations._—Conical
form of the circulatory apparatus.—There are two cones for each
circulation.—The heart is placed at their union as a double agent of
impulse.—Its inequality in this respect. 275
II. _Reflections upon the General Uses of the Circulation._
_General uses of the circulation of the red blood._—It furnishes the
materials of secretion, exhalation, absorption, &c.—All the great
phenomena of the economy are derived from it.
_General uses of the circulation of black blood._—It repairs
the losses made by the preceding, by the substances which it
receives.—General and opposite attributes of the two—sanguineous
systems. 282
ARTICLE SECOND.
SITUATION, FORMS, AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH
RED BLOOD.
Of the two portions of this system.—Of their union.—Position of the
agent of impulse compared to the whole body. 285
I. _Origin of the Arteries._
_Origin of the aorta._—Peculiar anatomical arrangement of this
origin. 287
_Origin of the trunks, branches, smaller branches, &c._—Number of the
arterial divisions.—Angles of origin.—Proportion of the divisions. 288
II. _Course of the Arteries._
_Course of the trunks and branches._—Their position, relation and
direction.—Motions which they communicate. 291
_Course of the smaller branches, ramifications,
&c._—Position.—Relations.—Curvatures.—These curvatures have no
influence upon the motion of the blood.—Proofs.—Uses of these
curvatures. 293
_Anastomoses of the arteries in their course._—Of the two modes
of anastomoses.—Triple mode of those in which two equal trunks
terminate.—Anastomoses with unequal trunks.—General remarks upon
anastomoses. 296
_Forms of the arteries in their course._—In what direction they are
conical.—Relation of capacities. 299
III. _Termination of the Arteries._
It takes place in the capillary system.—Its varieties according to the
organs. 300
ARTICLE THIRD.
ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM WITH RED BLOOD.
I. _Texture peculiar to this Organization._
Two principal membranes form it. 301
_Peculiar membrane of the
arteries._—Thickness.—Colour.—Experiments.—Varieties in the
cerebral arteries.—Arterial fibres.—Arrangement of these fibres at
the origin of the branches.—Their nature is not muscular.— Their
brittleness.—Their resistance.—General consequences. 302
_Action of different agents upon the arterial
texture._—Desiccation.—Putrefaction.—Maceration.—Stewing.—Action of
the acids, the alkalies, &c. 308
_Membrane common to the system with red blood._—Its differences in the
different regions.—Of the fluid which moistens it.—Its relations.—Its
nature.—Its singular disposition to ossification.—Peculiar phenomena
and laws of this ossification.—Pathological consequences. 311
II. _Parts common to the Organization of the Vascular System with Red
Blood._
_Blood vessels._—Their arrangement.—They do not appear to go to the
internal membrane. 317
_Cellular texture._—There are two species of it.—Of that which unites
the artery to the neighbouring organs.—Of that which is peculiar
to it, and which has a peculiar nature.—The arterial fibres are
remarkable for having none of this texture between
them.—Consequences. 318