Herzegovinians, as immigrants, 183_Aliens or Americans?

Hewes, F. W., 107

Home Missions, at Ellis Island, 274;

demand for extension of in New York, 287;

opportunities of, for local churches, 279;

personal work, 274, 290, 291;

results of abroad, 269;

settlement influences by residence, 292, 293

Honolulu, 53

Huguenot colonial stock, 240

Hungarians, as immigrants, 33, 128, 177-179;

cafés, as social centers, 178, 179;

fair degree of education, 177;

open to mission work, 178

Hungary, 19, 128

Huns, 27, 165

Hunter, Robert, 194, 200

Huss, John, 166, 170

Iberic peoples, 123

Idiots, excluded, 77, 78

Illiteracy, amount of among immigrants, 22, 24, 125;

test proposed, 95, 96

Immigrants, admission, 53-64;

"assisted," 43, 93;

approachable, 273, 282;

attracted to the city, 195;

debarred, 70, 71, 77, 78;

diseased, 57, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93, 94;

illiteracy among, 22, 23, see also _Illiteracy_;

"manifest," 55, 56, 61;

nationality, 21, 22;

"natural," 31-42;

ports and routes of entry, 53, 77;

"solicited," 42, 43, 80-82, 93;

smuggling of, 81, 92;

religious census and conditions, 251, 271;

value of first impression upon, 273;

views of America, 272;

women among, 18, 61, 76

Immigration, annual volume, 17-22;

Bureau of, 76, 77, 92, 104;

causes of, 29-31;

Christian view of, 8;

classes, 31-43;

Conference of 1905, 90, 91;

divine mission in, 270;

economic fallacies of, 245;

effect upon educational policy, 246;

inspectors and officers, 59-61, 76, 77;

laws, see _Laws, immigration_;

new development of, 121-155;

numbers since 1820, 25-27;

process by the steerage and Ellis Island described, 55-62;

Restrictive League, 96;

"runner," 80-82;

steamship and railroad arrangements, 55, 57, 62

Indianapolis, 22

Indians, North American, 45

Industrial Commission, 31

Insane, excluded, 77, 78

Insanity, low proportion among Italians and Jews, 140

Institutional church, need of, 286, 288

Ireland, 27, 43,

immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 128;

potato famine, 25

Irish, as immigrants, 19, 21, 38, 39, 89, 126;

compared with the Italians, 136, 137

Italian, Benevolent Institute, 147;

Chamber of Commerce, 145;

Hospital, 147;

Immigration Department, 138;

Savings Bank, 147

Italians, as immigrants, 19, 34, 36, 37, 110, 130;

distribution, 135, 136;

family coöperation, 207;

generally peaceable character, 141, 142, 208;

illiteracy, 22, 134;

in New York, 139, 145, 206;

number entering, 19, 134, 135;

parallel drawn with Irish, 136, 137;

societies for mutual aid, 50, 110, 145, 147;

spirit of converts, 284;

thrift, 139-147, 207;

women homemakers, 206;

Italy, 92, 131-133;

government action and aid, 79, 111;

immigrants from, 25, 31, 72, 79, 107;

Royal Department of Emigration, 111;

sections compared, 131-134

Ives, Mr., 294

Japanese, as immigrants, 40;

Robinson Crusoe, 40

Jefferson, President, 68

Jerome of Prague, 166

Jersey City, 22

Jewish children as pupils, 189

Jews, as immigrants, 21, 95, 96, 113, 128, 185-190;

Austria-Hungarian, 21, 186;

German, 185;

good qualities, 190;

number of in New York, 186, 198;

Roumanian, 186;

Russian, 11, 12, 21, 185-190

_John G. Carlisle_, ferryboat, 53

Joseph II, Emperor, of Austria, 167

Juvenile Court, Jewish children in, 190

Kansas City, 22

Kosciusko, 172

Kossuth, a Slovak, 175

Labor, immigration of skilled and unskilled, 23, 24

Latin races, as immigrants, 113, 131

Lawrence, Kansas, 20

Laws, immigration, 58, 64;

Bill of 1906, 95;

problems, 87-119;

protective, 65-68;

restrictive, 68-84;

summaries and recommendations, 309-313

Lee, Dr. S. H., 136, 152

Legislation, see _Laws, immigration_

Letts, the, as immigrants, 179, 180

Liberty, American, as a working leaven, 33, 34;

statue of, 57, 278

Lieber, Francis, 194

Lincoln, Abraham, 247

Lithuanians, as immigrants, 23, 36, 179, 180;

illiteracy, 23

Liverpool, 99

Lodge, Senator, 96

London, 99

Long Island, as a field for Italians, 149

Longfellow, 247

Louisiana, 113

Louisville, 23

Luther, 172

Lynn, Massachusetts, 24

Machinery, effect on immigration, 43

Madison, President, 68

Mafia, the, 130, 141

Magna Charta, 34

Magyars, as immigrants, 21, 177-179;

illiteracy, 23;

see also _Jews_

Rovinanek, Mr., 174, 175

Russia, 34, 128;

immigrants from, 25, 81, 217

Russian empire, 19;

Jews, 11, 19, 112;

persecution, 29, 30

Saint Louis, 145, 198

Saint Nazaire, 99

Saloon, evil effects of, 216, 217

Sampson, Sidney, 260

San Francisco, 41, 53, 73, 148

Saratoga Springs, New York, 20

Sargent, Commissioner-General, 28, 103, 158, 203

Scandinavians, 27;

agricultural tendency, 127;

useful immigrants, 19, 21, 126, 217;

small illiteracy, 23

Schauffler, Dr. A. F, 30, 195

Schauffler, Dr. H. A., 293

Scotch, as immigrants, 21, 126;

small illiteracy, 23

Scotland, 27

Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 77, 78

Seelye, ex-President of Amherst, 255

Servian immigrants, 21

Settlement service by religion and residence, 292, 293

Sioux Falls, Iowa, 20

Slavic home missionaries, 293, 294;

peoples, 124

Slavs, as immigrants, 21, 79, 107, 113, 127, 128, 157-192;

defined, 159, 160;

displacing other peoples, 160, 162;

illiteracy, 23, 164;

largely unskilled, 164;

migration of recent date, 160;

mostly mine and factory workers, 164;

native workers among, 285

Slovaks, as immigrants, 174-176;

from agricultural class, 175;

organizations among, 176;

tinware workers, 176

Slovenians, as immigrants, 183

Slums, peril of the children in, 220-224;

poverty and pauperism of, 217-219

Socialism, bred in the slums, 202

Societies in aid of immigrants by races, 110-112

Society for Italian immigrants, 50, 110, 111

Solicitation, as affecting immigration, 42, 43, 80-82, 93

South American immigrants, 21

South Carolina, 113

South, the New, as a field for immigrants, 113

Southampton, 99

Spahr, Dr. Charles B., 260

Spanish immigrants, 21, 217

Special Inquiry Board, 77

Speranza, Gino C., 88, 145

"Stairs of Separation," 62, 63

Standards of living, lowered through immigration, 244

States and countries as a scale of immigration, 24, 25, 27, 28

Statistics of immigration, aliens since Revolution, 28;

arrivals by years from 1820 to 1905, 305;

child labor in New York City, and in United States, 226, 227;

countries by totals, 127-129;

debarred during fourteen years, and by race or people, 77, 303;

distribution by states, 105-107;

entries at ports and through Canada, 53;

estimated immigration for 1905-6, 20;

illiteracy, 21-23, 134, 164;

increase of immigrants for 1905, 25;

inflow since 1820, 25-27;

insanity, 140;

Italians, by years, locality, and occupation, 134, 135, 143;

Jews, chiefly Russian, 185, 186, 198;

labor skilled and unskilled, 23, 24, 134, 164;

mendicancy, 140;

money sent from United States to aid immigrants, 31;

present annual race totals illustrated, 20-23;

race, sex, and age of immigrants for 1905, 306;

religious divisions for 1900, 251;

savings and investments of Italians, 145, 146;

Slavs for 1905, 159,

see also, for distribution and occupation, 165-183;

tendency among Italians to forsake Roman Catholic Church, 271

Steamships for immigrants, 55, 57;

overcrowding, 65;

rate cutting, 79;

steerage abuses and reforms, 65-68;

unkind treatment, 57, 58, 67;

unsanitary arrangements, 65-67;

violation of laws, 78-84

Stettin, 99

Strong, Dr. Josiah, 9-16, 193, 194, 256, 257

Sunday laws and observance, as affected by immigration, 72, 237,

241, 252-254;

Sunday-schools, among immigrants, 284, 294

Sweat-shop, description of system, 209, 210;

reproach to Christian civilization, 210;

victims of, 210-213

Sweden, 27;

immigrants from, 23, 25, 33, 37, 38, 126

Swiss, as immigrants, 21, 28

Switzerland, 27, 43

Syrian immigrants, 23, 39

Tariff, effect on immigration, 44

Temperance, large measure of, among Chinese, Italians, and Jews, 73,

141, 190

Tenement-houses, description of life in, 204-208;

evils of, 201;

exorbitant rents, 202;

model block of suggested, 288;

responsibility of landlords, 202;

unsanitary conditions of, 211

Tent campaign, winning Italians, 282

Teutonic peoples, 123

Texas, 113

Thompson, Dr. Charles L., 117, 268

Training schools, needed in work among aliens, 286

Trieste, 99

Tuoti, Mr. G., 145

Turks, as immigrants, 21;

illiteracy, 23

Tymkevich, Paul, 158

United Hebrew Charities, 111, 219, 277

United Kingdom, see _Great Britain_

United States, agencies of helpful to immigrants, 50, 54, 57-63,

111, 274;

"assisted" immigration to, 43, 93;

attraction of, 29-42;

Immigration Investigating Commission, 112, 113;

Industrial Commission on Immigration, 141;

legislation as to immigrants, see _Laws, immigration_;

money from relatives in, to aid immigrants, 31;

national songs, 34;

Post-office, an immigration agency, 33;

see also _Commissioner-General of Immigration, Ports of entry_

Venice, 199

Vincennes, Indiana, 20

Virginia, 45, 175

Vote, foreign, peril of, 249

Walker, General Francis A., 232

Ward, Robert D., 194

Warne, F. J., 157, 158, 162, 246

Warsaw, 199

Washington, city of, 24;

President, 68

Watchorn, Commissioner Robert, 30, 82

Welsh, as immigrants, 21, 126

Whelpley, J. D., 16, 70, 79, 94, 101

Wisconsin, 167

Women immigrants, 18, 35, 38, 39, 57, 61, 67, 75, 76, 304;

special inspection for, 61, 76

Work of leading denominations for foreign population, 314-320

Yiddish language, 198

Young people, as creators of public sentiment, 197;

opportunity of for Christian service, 10

Ziska, General, 166

* * * * *

~The Forward Mission Study Courses~

* * * * *

"Anywhere, _provided it be_ FORWARD."--_David Livingstone_

* * * * *

_Prepared under the auspices of the

YOUNG PEOPLE'S MISSIONARY MOVEMENT_

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:--Harry Wade Hicks, S. Earl Taylor, John W.

Wood, F. P. Haggard, T. H. P. Sailer.

* * * * *

The Forward Mission Study Courses are an outgrowth of a conference of

leaders in Young People's Mission Work, held in New York City, December,

1901. To meet the need that was manifested at that conference for

Mission Study Text-books suitable for young people, two of the

delegates, Professor Amos R. Wells, of the United Society of Christian

Endeavor, and Mr. S. Earl Taylor, Chairman of the General Missionary

Committee of the Epworth League, projected the Forward Mission Study

Courses. These courses have been officially adopted by the Young

People's Missionary Movement, and are now under the immediate direction

of the Executive Committee of the Movement, which consists of the young

people's secretaries, or other official representatives of twelve of the

leading missionary boards of the United States and Canada.

The aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the various home

and foreign mission fields, and written by leading authorities with

special reference to the needs of young people. The entire series when

completed will comprise perhaps as many as twenty text-books. A general

account will be given of some of the smaller countries, such as Japan,

Korea, and Turkey; but, for the larger fields, as China, Africa, and

India, the general account will be supplemented by a series of

biographies of the principal missionaries connected with the country.

The various home mission fields will also be treated both biographically

and historically.

The following text-books have been published:--

~1. The Price of Africa.~ (Biographical.) By S. Earl Taylor.

~2. Into All the World.~ A General Survey of Missions. By Amos R.

Wells.

~3. Princely Men in the Heavenly Kingdom.~ (Biographical.) By

Harlan P. Beach, M.A., F.R.G.S.

~4. Child Life in Mission Lands.~ A Course of Study for Junior

Societies. By Ralph E. Diffendorfer.

~5. Sunrise in the Sunrise Kingdom.~ A Study of Japan. By the Rev.

John H. De Forest, D.D.

~6. Heroes of the Cross in America.~ Home Missions. (Biographical.)

By Don O. Shelton.

~7. Daybreak in the Dark Continent.~ A Study of Africa. By Wilson

S. Naylor.

~8. The Christian Conquest of India.~ A Study of India. By Bishop

James M. Thoburn.

~9. Aliens or Americans?~ A Study of Immigration. By Rev. Howard B.

Grose, Ph.D.

These books are published by mutual arrangement among the denominational

publishing houses, to whom all orders should be addressed. They are

bound uniformly, and are sold for 50 cents, in cloth, and 35 cents, in

paper, postage extra.

* * * * *

Study classes desiring more advanced text-books are referred to the

admirable series published by the Interdenominational Committee of the

Woman's Boards. The volumes already published are:--

~Via Christi.~ A Study of Missions before Carey. By Louise Manning

Hodgkins.

~Lux Christi.~ A Study of Missions in India. By Caroline Atwater

Mason.

~Rex Christus.~ A Study of Missions in China. By Rev. Arthur H.

Smith, D.D.

~Dux Christus.~ A Study of Missions in Japan. By Rev. W. E.

Griffis, D.D.

~Christus Liberator.~ A Study of Missions in Africa. By Ellen C.

Parsons.

~Christus Redemptor.~ A Study of the Island World. By Helen Barrett

Montgomery.

* * * * *

[Illustration: AN ITALIAN SUNDAY SCHOOL IN NEW ENGLAND]

[Illustration: PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH CHILDREN

Portuguese Boy and Girl

Spanish Boys]

[Illustration: FOUR NATIONALITIES

Jewish Girl Polack Girl

Italian Boy Spanish Boy

]

[Illustration: AN ITALIAN FAMILY CROWDED IN A NEW YORK

TENEMENT]

[Illustration: A GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS JUST ARRIVED AT ELLIS

ISLAND]

[Illustration: THREE TYPES OF IMMIGRANTS

Alsace-Lorraine Girl Ruthenian Woman Holland Dame

]

[Illustration: A GROUP OF TWELVE DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES

Taken on the Roof Garden at Ellis Island]

[Illustration: AN APPEAL FROM THE SPECIAL INQUIRY BOARD TO

COMMISSIONER WATCHORN]

[Illustration: ITALIAN AND SWISS GIRLS

Italian Girl Swiss Girl

]

[Illustration: ELLIS ISLAND IMMIGRANT STATION

The Chief Port of Entry in New York Harbor]

[Illustration: DETAINED FOR SPECIAL EXAMINATION]

[Illustration: A GERMAN FAMILY

"Seven soldiers lost to the Kaiser." (German Consul's remark on seeing

this picture)]

[Illustration: RECEIVING ROOM AT ELLIS ISLAND

(A) Entrance stairs; (B) Examination of health ticket; (C) Surgeon's

examination; (D) Second surgeon's examination; (E) Group compartments;

(F) Waiting for inspection; (G) Passage to the stairway; (H) Detention

room; (I) The Inspectors' desks; (K) Outward passage to barge, ferry, or

detention room.]

[Illustration: THE LANDING AT THE BATTERY IN NEW YORK]

[Illustration: _From copyright stereograph, 1907, by Underwood &

Underwood, New York_

THE INFLOWING TIDE]

[Illustration: RACES OF IMMIGRANTS FISCAL YEAR 1905

FIGURES ON THE MAP REPRESENT THE NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS OF THE RACES NAMED

COMING FROM EACH COUNTRY INDICATED, WHILE THE FIGURES ON THE BARS

REPRESENT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS OF THE RACES NAMED COMING FROM

ALL COUNTRIES.

THE COLOR ON MAP INDICATES APPROXIMATELY REGIONS OF THE RACIAL GRAND

DIVISIONS

WHERE THE TERMS "BOHEMIAN," "BULGARIAN," "CROATIAN," AND "DALMATIAN" ARE

USED, THEY REFER TO "BOHEMIAN AND MORAVIAN," "BULGARIAN, SERVIAN, AND

MONTENEGRIN," "CROATIAN AND SLOVENIAN," AND "DALMATIAN, BOSNIAN, AND

HERZEGOVINIAN."]

* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] J. D. Whelpley, _The Problem of the Immigrant_, 2.

[2] Entrance Port for Immigrants at New York.

[3] The total immigration into the United States for the fiscal year

ending June 30, 1906, was 1,100,735.

[4] For table showing immigration for each year from 1820 to 1905, see

Appendix A.

[5] Now known as the Battery. See footnote 1, p. 54.

[6] _City Mission Monthly_, April, 1902.

[7] Those who are interested in this feature can trace--by examining the

table in the Appendix which gives the immigration by years since

1820--the relation between prosperity and immigration. The effect of the

panics of 1837, 1843, 1873, 1893, and the depression caused by the Civil

War, will be seen clearly in the immigration totals. This subject is

treated in _Immigration_, 17 ff.

[8] Published in _Baptist Home Mission Monthly_ for July, 1906.

[9] Hamilton Holt, _Undistinguished Americans._

[10] The Swedish _krone_ (kro-ne) has a value of about 27 cents.

[11] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 37.

[12] Prescott F. Hall, _Immigration_, 3, 4.

[13] The park and piers at the southern end of New York City, formerly

known as Castle Garden.

[14] Samuel E. Moffett, _Review of Reviews_, July, 1903.

[15] It is good to know that the reception conditions, so far as the

Government is concerned, have been made as favorable as present

accommodations will allow, and enlargement is already projected. Since

the Federal Government finally took charge of immigration in 1882, great

improvement has been made in method and administration. The inspection

is humane, prompt, and on the whole kindly, although entrance

examinations are as much dreaded by the average immigrant as by the

average student. Commissioner Watchorn, an admirable man for his place,

insists upon kindness, and want of it in an employee is cause for

dismissal. Ellis Island affords an excellent example of carefully

adjusted details and thorough system, whereby with least possible

friction thousands of aliens are examined in a day, and pronounced fit

or unfit to enter the country. The process is too rapid, however, to

give each case the attention which the best interests of the country

demand.

[16] Under the Act of 1903, this manifest has to state: The full name,

age and sex; whether married or single; the calling or occupation;

whether able to read or write; the nationality; the race; the last

residence; the seaport landing in the United States; the final

destination, if any, beyond the port of landing; whether having a ticket

through to such final destination; whether the alien has paid his own

passage or whether it has been paid by any other person or by any

corporation, society, municipality, or government, and if so, by whom;

whether in possession of thirty dollars, and if less, how much; whether

going to join a relative or friend and if so, what relative or friend,

and his name and complete address; whether ever before in the United

States, and if so, when and where; whether ever in prison or almshouse

or an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane

or supported by charity; whether a polygamist; whether an anarchist;

whether coming by reason of any offer, solicitation, promise, or

agreement, expressed or implied, to perform labor in the United States,

and what is the alien's condition of health, mental and physical, and

whether deformed or crippled, and if so, for how long and from what

cause.

[17] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, 208.

[18] This imaginary sketch adheres in every detail to the facts. The

medical examiners and inspectors become exceedingly expert in detecting

disease, disability, or deception. If an overcoat is carried over the

shoulder, they look for a false or stiff arm. The gait and general

appearance indicate health or want of it to them, and all who do not

appear normal are turned aside for further examination, which is

thorough. The women have a special inspection by the matrons, who have

to be both expert and alert to detect and reject the unworthy. The chief

difficulty lies in too small a force to handle such large numbers, which

have reached as high as 45,000 in five days.

[19] The present regulations were passed in 1882, and if lived up to, as

by trustworthy testimony they are not, would prevent serious

overcrowding, although the conditions as to air, sanitation, and morals

would still be most unsatisfactory. For protective laws, see Appendix B.

[20] Broughton Brandenburg, _Imported Americans_, chap. XIV.

[21] This Act of 1824 required of vessel-masters a report giving name,

birthplace, age, and occupation of each immigrant, and a bond to secure

the city against public charges.

[22] _Immigration_, chap. X.

[23] The main provisions are: 1. Head tax of $2. 2. Excluded classes

numbering 17. 3. Criminal offenses against the Immigration Acts,

enumerating 12 crimes. 4. Rejection of the diseased aliens. 5. Manifest,

required of vessel-masters, with answers to 19 questions. 6. Examination

of immigrants. 7. Detention and return of aliens. 8. Bonds and

guaranties. The law may be found in full in the Appendix to

_Immigration_, and in _The Problem of the Immigrant_, chap. VI., where

the rules and regulations for its enforcement are also given. A list of

the excluded classes and criminal offenses will be found in Appendix B

of this volume.

[24] Joseph H. Adams, in _Home Missionary_, for April, 1905.

[25] The Immigration Bureau has 1,214 inspectors and special agents. The

Commissioner-General says of them: They are spread throughout the

country from Maine to southern California. They are