with penalties of both fine and imprisonment: (1) Importing any person
for immoral purposes; (2) prepaying the transportation or encouraging
the migration of aliens under any offer, solicitation, promise or
agreement, parol or special, expressed or implied, made previous to the
importation of aliens, to perform labor in the United States; (3)
encouraging the migration of aliens by promise of employment through
advertisements in foreign countries; (4) encouraging immigration on the
part of owners of vessels and transportation companies by any means
other than communications giving the sailing of vessels and terms of
transportation; (5) bringing in or attempting to bring in any alien not
duly admitted by an immigrant inspector or not lawfully entitled to
enter the United States; (6) bringing in by any person other than
railway lines of any person afflicted with a loathsome or dangerous
contagious disease; (7) allowing an alien to land from a vessel at any
other time and place than that designated by the immigration officer;
(8) refusing or neglecting to return rejected aliens to the port from
which they came or to pay their maintenance while on land; (9) refusing
or neglecting to return aliens arrested within three years after entry
as being unlawfully in the United States; (10) knowingly or willfully
giving false testimony or swearing to any false statement affecting the
right of an alien to land is made perjury; (11) assisting any anarchist
to enter the United States, or conspiring to allow, procure or permit
any such person to enter; (12) failing to deliver manifests.
LAWS TO PROTECT THE IMMIGRANT
Act of 1819, providing that a vessel should not carry more than two
passengers for every five tons, and that a specified quantity of certain
provisions should be carried for every passenger; requiring the master
to deliver sworn manifests showing age, sex, occupation, nativity, and
destination of passengers.
Act of 1855, limited number to one for every two tons, and provided
that each passenger on main and poop decks should have sixteen feet of
floor space, and on lower decks eighteen feet.
Act of 1882, providing that in a steamship the unobstructed spaces shall
be sufficient to allow one hundred cubic feet per passenger on main and
next deck, and 120 on second deck below main deck, and forbidding
carrying of passengers on any other decks, or in any space having
vertical height less than six feet; other provisions regulate the
occupancy of berths, light and air, ventilation, toilet rooms, food, and
hospital facilities. Explosives and other dangerous articles are not to
be carried, nor animals with or below passengers. Lists of passengers
are to be delivered to the boarding officer of customs.
Act of 1884, provision that no keeper of a sailors' boarding house or
hotel, and no runner or person interested in one, could board an
incoming vessel until after it reached its dock. This to protect aliens
from imposition and knavery.
LEGISLATION RECOMMENDED IN 1905 BY THE COMMISSIONER-GENERAL OF
IMMIGRATION
1. In regard to diseased aliens: that competent medical officers be
located at the principal ports of embarkation; that all aliens seeking
passage secure as a prerequisite from such officer a certificate of good
health, mental and physical; and that the bringing of any alien
unprovided with such certificate shall subject the vessel by which he is
brought to summary fine. 2. That the penalty of $100 now prescribed for
carrying diseased persons be increased to $500, as a means of making the
transportation lines more careful. 3. Such further legislation as will
enable the government to punish those who induce aliens to come to this
country under promise or assurance of employment. Less exacting rules
of evidence and a summary mode of trial are needed to make the law
effective. 4. That Congress provide means for distributing arriving
aliens who now congregate in the large cities. 5. That as a means of
those incapable of self-support through age or feebleness; those who
have not brought sufficient money to maintain them for a reasonable time
in event of sickness or lack of employment. 6. That adequate means be
adopted, enforced by sufficient penalties, to compel steamship companies
to observe in good faith the law which forbids them to encourage or
solicit immigration. If other means fail, a limitation apportioning the
number of passengers in direct ratio to tonnage is suggested. 7. That
masters of vessels be required to furnish manifests of outgoing aliens,
similar to those of arriving aliens, so that the net annual increase of
alien population may be ascertained.
In addition two special recommendations are made, with view to control
immigration and lessen the hardships of the debarred: (1) To enlighten
aliens as to the provisions of our laws, so that they may not in
ignorance sever their home ties and sacrifice their small possessions in
an ineffectual attempt to enter the United States. To this end the laws
and regulations should be translated into the various tongues and
distributed widely. This might not prevail as against the influence and
promises of transportation agents, but it would relieve this country of
responsibility for needless distress and suffering. (2) An international
conference of immigration experts.
APPENDIX C
WORK OF LEADING DENOMINATIONS FOR THE FOREIGN POPULATION
The following facts and figures, received from the leading Home Mission
Boards, give some idea of the work which is now being done for the
evangelization of the foreign peoples in the United States. We should be
glad if the reports were more complete. They do not represent all of the
work that is being done, because a considerable part of this work is
carried on by the local churches in all of the denominations, and this
work is seldom reported and does not enter into the statistics of the
Home Mission Boards.
It is hoped that each Board will provide a supplementary chapter,
setting forth in detail its work among the foreign population--a work
abounding in incident and hopefulness. There is no more encouraging home
mission work, and wherever earnest effort has been made, the response
has been most gratifying. Write to your Home Mission Board for full
information. Where a special chapter is not furnished for a supplemental
study, the Boards will send the information and literature that will
enable the leader of the study class to show what is being done, with a
detail impossible in the general treatment of the subject.
It is significant, in this connection, that all the Boards are calling
especial attention to the needs of this work among the foreign peoples
and urging large advance in plans for evangelization.
MISSION WORK OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN 1906 AMONG THE FOREIGN
POPULATION
----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------
| No. of charges | Members and probationers
| receiving | in charge receiving
Nationality | missionary aid | missionary aid
----------------------+-----------------------+--------------------------
Welsh 4 185
Swedish 135 12,076
Norwegian and Danish 85 4,236
German 265 19,184
French 8 350
Chinese 11 298
Japanese 30 1,666
Bohemian and Hungarian 11 1,666
Italian 18 1,014
Portuguese 3 86
Finnish 9 93
Foreign Populations 3 ....
--- ------
582 39,557
Including the charges not now receiving missionary aid, the total number
of missions, or charges, among the foreign peoples was 971, not
including Spanish work, and the total membership, including
probationers, was 92,082 in 1906. The work is extended all over the
country.
The Woman's Home Missionary Society supports Immigrant Homes in New York
City, and in Boston, Mass., in which immigrants may find protection and
counsel as well as a safe lodging. In Philadelphia, Pa., work is also
done for incoming strangers, and lodgings provided in case of need.
Missionaries are stationed at each of these points. Much work is done
for foreigners by this Society through its three large city missions,
and its numerous Deaconess Homes.
MISSION WORK OF THE PRESBYTERIAN HOME MISSION BOARD IN 1906 AMONG THE
FOREIGN POPULATION
Nationality No. of Churches and Stations Membership
Armenian 3 183
Bohemian 30 1,529
Chinese 10 438
Danes and Norwegians 1 101
Dutch 12 1,365
French 9 508
German 156 13,446
Hungarian (Magyar) 15 1,035
--- ------
Total 236 18,605
Italian 32 955
Japanese 3 50
Korean 1 40
Russian 1 ....
Slavic 8 337
Syrian 2 15
Welsh 7 414
--- ------
Total 290 20,415
The Annual Report for 1906 says: In addition to the above it is
doubtless true that there are many churches, and even individuals,
carrying on religious work among foreigners which has not been reported
to the Board. Two facts warrant special attention. One is that the
proper carrying on of the work of giving the gospel to these
foreign-speaking peoples necessarily includes and is closely allied with
other needs--such as schools; literature in their own tongue, including
tracts, papers, and the Bible; colporteur visitation; Bible reading, and
so forth. It is not sufficient simply to open a church or hall where a
meeting can be held and expect the people to come. A great deal of
preparatory work must be done.
MISSION WORK OF THE AMERICAN BAPTIST HOME MISSION SOCIETY IN 1906, AMONG
THE FOREIGN POPULATION
Nationality No. of Field Members of Mission Fields
Bohemians 6 196
Chinese 12 209
Danes 20 484
Finns 13 175
French Canadian 29 650
Germans 148 5,196
Hungarians 3 42
Italians 25 391
Japanese 2 68
Jews 2 ....
--- ------
260 7,411
Lettish 2 31
Mexicans in U. S 18 113
Norwegians 50 1,095
Poles 6 82
Portuguese 2 42
Russians 2 71
Slavs 5 77
Swedes 205 7,623
Syrians 1 ....
--- ------
551 16,545
FOREIGN PEOPLES IN BAPTIST CHURCHES, THE RESULTS OF HOME MISSION WORK
Churches Memb'ship
Germans, 1906 266 26,274
Dane-Norwegian, 1903 90 5,530
Swedes, 1903 331 22,625
The number of missionaries among the foreign populations was 312. The
Women's Societies maintained a number of workers, including the
efficient missionaries at Ellis Island. The Home Mission Society is
supporting Italian missionaries in twenty cities. Aside from organized
effort, Chinese Sunday-schools are conducted by many local churches,
which do not report to any central organization. There is a considerable
work done also by the city mission societies, which work independently
in part. In some places, local churches also maintain missions among the
Italians, Hungarians, and Slavs.
MISSION WORK OF THE CONGREGATIONAL HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN 1906
Total number of Missionaries 215
German Missions 73
Scandinavian Missions 89
Bohemian " 20
Polish " 5
French " 7
Spanish Missions 10
Finnish " 6
Danish " 2
Armenian " 6
Greek " 1
Chinese and Japanese 22
STATEMENTS SHOWING NUMBER OF CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES FOR FOREIGN
SPEAKING PEOPLES, WITH THEIR TOTAL MEMBERSHIP
Churches Members Average to a Church
Germans 170 8,000 47
Scandinavians 95 7,495 79
Slavs 12 636 58
All other Nationalities,
(including Italians, French,
Greek, Armenian, Chinese,
Welsh, etc) 102 8,222 78
--- ------ ---
379 24,353 262
WORK OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH AMONG THE FOREIGN
POPULATION
The Domestic Section of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of
the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States carries on work to
a limited extent among the Swedes. There is a general missionary in the
East, who has charge of this work in the three dioceses of Rhode Island,
New York, and Massachusetts, and one in the northwest. In the eastern
dioceses named there were in 1906 fifteen Swedish missions and parishes,
with 1,897 communicants, ministered to by five clergymen. The western
general missionary visited Sweden during the past year for the purpose
of finding suitable university students for the ministry in this
country. There are missions in Duluth and at other points. The Annual
Report says: "Of all the work under the care of the general missionary,
none is more important than the mission to Scandinavian immigrants
arriving at Ellis Island, New York, for it acts as a special feeder to
the church. The Scandinavian immigrants outnumber those from any other
Protestant country."
What further work is done for the foreign peoples is carried on by the
local parishes, such as Grace Church, Trinity, Saint George's, and Saint
Bartholomew's in New York, which work among the Italians and other
nationalities, and equip their missions in a manner worthy of imitation.
LUTHERAN WORK IN THE UNITED STATES
Large numbers of the immigrants are Lutherans. The resources of the
Lutheran church in America to care for her people are thus stated by the
Rev. J. N. Lenker, D.D., in the _Lutheran World_, the church organ:
For the Germans, 5,000 pastors, 8,000 churches, and 1,200,000
communicant members.
For the Scandinavians, 1,800 pastors, 14,300 churches, and 500,000
communicant members.
For the Finns, three synods, 58 pastors, 187 churches, and 22,149
communicant members.
For the Slovaks, about 200 organizations with a growing number of
pastors and a very loyal constituency.
For the Letts and Esthonians, 21 organized congregations and preaching
stations, divided into the eastern and western districts.
For the Icelanders, one synod, 10 pastors, 37 organized congregations,
3,785 communicant members.
For the Poles, Bohemians, and Magyars, work is done by the various
German synods, the late statistics of which are not at hand. Besides
congregations in these languages, many understand German and are served
by German pastors.
The whole Lutheran Church of America, including the Swedish Mission
Friends with 33,000 members and the German Evangelical Synod with
222,000 members, the constituents of which are nearly all Lutherans,
making in all 8,956 pastors, 15,135 churches, and 2,123,639 communicant
members are the results of immigrant mission work or mission work in
foreign languages or languages other than English.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMMIGRATION FOR 1905, WITH REGARD TO RELIGIOUS
AFFILIATIONS AND EASE OF ASSIMILATION[102]
First class and the easiest to assimilate are
English 50,865 Reformed
Scotch 16,144 Reformed
Germans 82,360 Luth. and Cath.
Scandinavians 62,284 Lutheran
Irish 54,266 Catholic.
Finns 17,012 Lutheran
Letts, et al. 18,604 Lutheran
Slovaks 52,368 Lutheran
-------
Total 353,903
Second class and the second easiest to assimilate:
Magyars 46,030 Ref. and Cath.
Bohemians, etc 11,757 Ref. and Cath.
French 11,021 Ref. and Cath.
Ruthenians 14,473 Catholic
------
Total 83,281
Third class and the most difficult to evangelize and Americanize and the
class that makes the new problem difficult:
Poles 102,137 Catholic
Italians 226,320 Catholic
Hebrews 129,910 Israelites
-------
Total 458,367
APPENDIX D
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bernheimer, Charles S., Editor. The Russian Jew in the United States. B.
F. Buck & Co., New York $1.50. Written mostly by Jews; replete with
facts gathered in the various centers--New York, Philadelphia, Chicago,
Boston. Should be read by those who would understand this remarkable
people.
Brandenburg, Broughton. Imported Americans. F. A. Stokes, New York.
$1.60. Description of experiences while making personal investigations
in New York, Italy, and the steerage, of immigration problems.
Crowell, Katherine R. Coming Americans. Willett Press, New York. Paper,
25 cents; Cloth, 35 cents. A book for Juniors, putting in attractive
form for children and teachers of children the leading features of
immigration.
Gordon, W. Evans. The Alien Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons, New
York. $1.50. Describes the Hebrews in European countries, with chapter
on situation in the United States.
Hall, Prescott F. Immigration. Henry Holt & Co., New York. $1.50. The
latest volume of comprehensive character, taking the restrictive
position. The author is secretary of the Immigration Restriction League.
Holt, Hamilton. Undistinguished Americans. James Pott & Co., New York.
$1.50. Biographical and readable.
Lord, Eliot, et al. The Italian in America. B. F. Buck & Co., New York.
$1.50. Makes an exceedingly favorable showing for the Italians; somewhat
one-sided but valuable.
Mayo-Smith, Richmond. Emigration and Immigration. Charles Scribner's
Sons, New York. $1.50. An exceedingly valuable and scholarly work.
McLanahan, Samuel. Our People of Foreign Speech. Fleming H. Revell
Company, New York. 50 cents, net. A handbook containing many valuable
facts in compact form.
Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. Charles Scribner's Sons, New
York. $1.25, net. Descriptive of the conditions in which the foreign
population struggles for existence.
Roberts, Peter. Anthracite Coal Communities. The Macmillan Company, New
York. $3.50. A study of the anthracite regions and the Slavs, similar in
character to Dr. Warne's book.
Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.50. A
work based on personal investigation and living among the Slavs who
labor in the stockyards in Chicago; vivid narrative. This book discloses
the treatment of the alien that makes him a menace to America.
Strong, Josiah. Our Country. Baker & Taylor Company, New York. 60 cents.
The points made in the chapter on Immigration are as pertinent now as
when the book was issued in 1881.
Strong, Josiah. The Twentieth Century City. Baker & Taylor Company, New
York. Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 50 cents. Has the breadth of view and
effectiveness which belong to the author.
Warne, F. Julian. The Slav Invasion. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia,
Pa. $1.00, net. Study at first hand of conditions in Pennsylvania mining
regions and the Slav population.
Whelpley, J. D. The Problem of the Immigrant. Charles Scribner's Sons,
New York. $4.20. Dealing with the emigration and immigration laws of all
nations.
Wood, Robert A. Americans in Process. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
$1.50. A series of papers by Robert A. Wood, and other workers in the
South End House in Boston, Mass.
INDEX
Abuses, of immigration privileges and laws, 42, 43, 63-69, 78-84, 92, 93
Adams, Representative, of Pennsylvania, 74, 97
Admission, see _Immigrants_
Africans, 124
Alabama, 113
Albany, New York, 22
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 3
Alien, admission, 53-64;
advance in numbers and distribution, 15-50, 102-117;
characterized, 236, 237, 258;
ideas imported, 241;
loss of religious faith, 271;
opinion of America, 272;
protection, 65-68;
restriction, 68-84
Aliens, classes excluded, 77, 78;
total since American Revolution, 28
America, duty to guard its own genius, 232;
mission, 10, 269;
must be kept Christian, 271;
unique mission field, 269
American, Christians, duty of, 10, 11, 44-47;
fair play, 73;
ideals to be preserved, 11, 46, 47, 91, 238, 239, 262;
institutions, 232, 261;
liberty, 117;
Protestantism, 16, 47, 254, 255, 288;
teacher in Syria, 39;
Tract Society, 50;
type of nationality, 11, 45, 46, 92, 238, 240
Americanization of immigrants, 10, 14, 46, 113, 126, 176, 242;
children promoting, 205, 223, 259, 260
Anderson, Herbert, 268
Antwerp, 99
Appeal, right of, by excluded, 77, 78
Ardan, Ivan, 181, 182
Armenians, 124
Asia, immigrants from, 20, 21, 113
Assimilation of foreign peoples, 270, 271;
aid to, 293
Assisted immigration, 43, 77, 93, 101
Associated Charities of Boston, 96
Atchison, Rena M., 194, 247
Attila, 27
Australians, as immigrants, 22
Austria, 81, 82
Austria-Hungary, 92, 165;
immigrants from, 21, 25, 72
Baldwin, Mrs. S. L., 72, 73
Baltimore, 53
Barrows, Dr. S. J., 142
Battery, the, 54, 62, 108
Belgians, as immigrants, 21
Belgium, 29
Berlin, 199
Betts, Mrs. Lillian W., 151, 152, 204
Bible, 34, 167, 174, 283, 288
"Birds of passage," 71, 135
Blackwell's Island, 139
Board of Special Inquiry, 62
Bohemians, as immigrants, 21, 165-170;
city centers, 166;
freethinking tendencies, 168, 169;
Protestant in spirit, 165-168;
religious work among, 285
Booth, General William, 194
Bosnians, 183
Boston, 24, 53, 83, 198;
Italian Society, 111
Boyesen, Professor, 28, 89, 90, 234
Brandenburg, Broughton, 41, 65-68, 82, 97, 98, 101
Bremen, 82, 99
Brooklyn, 148
Brooks, Phillips, 232
Bryce, James, 200
Buffalo, 172
Bulgarians, as immigrants, 21, 183
Bureau of Information, 110
Burlington, Iowa, 20
Calvin, 172
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 24
Canada, 27;
ingress from, 53, 77, 92
Canadians, as immigrants, 21
Carr, Mr. 138
Carroll, Dr. H. K., 174
Castle Garden, 28
Celtic peoples, 123
Chandler, ex-Senator, 214
Chattanooga, Immigration Bureau in, 113
Chicago, 36, 166-172, 176, 187, 198
Childhood, the blighting of, 225, 226
Children, condition of, in great cities, 221, 222;
number of, at work, 224, 226
Chinese, as immigrants, 21, 40, 72, 73;
converts, 73, 89, 269;
exclusion act, 70, 73;
Sunday-schools for, 289
Chivers, Dr. E. E., 267
Chopin, 172
Christ, 44, 277
Christian attitude toward immigrants, 44-47, 270;
coöperation and federation, 286;
optimism, 8, 117, 262
Christianity, converts to, 73;
its first impression for newcomers, 277, 278
Churches, duty and opportunity of, 270, 282, 286;
abandoning lower New York, 278;
must be missionary, 270;
saving themselves through saving immigrants, 285;
work for foreigners, 289
Cincinnati, 23
Citizenship, how degraded, 214
City, the, bad government of, 200;
conditions of tenement-house life in, 201, 210;
demoralizing influences, 209, 214;
environment offered immigrants, 196, 201-206;
foreignization of, 198, 199, 217;
isolation of foreigners in, 205;
nerve and storm center, 193;
overcrowding, 203, 206;
political evils, 214
City College, many Jewish pupils in, 189
Civil War, effect on immigration, 26, 31
Claghorn, Kate H., 97, 259
Cleveland, Ohio, 24, 166, 169, 172
Cleveland, President, 96
Colonies, foreign, in America, 196, 198, 200, 217
Colonists distinguished from immigrants, 45, 46
Columbia University, 13
Columbus, Christopher, 188
Commissioner-General of Immigration, 25, 76-78, 83, 92, 93;
of the Port, 77
Coney Island, 150
Congestion of foreign elements in cities, 195
Congress, acts of, 70
Connecticut, 173, 174, 180
Consumption, statistics of, 220;
foreign element largely its victims, 220
Contract labor exclusion, 77, 82, 92;
violation, 82, 83
Convicts, excluded, 77
Cook, Joseph, 52
Coolies, Chinese, excluded, 70
Coöperation, interdenominational, 286;
of Home Mission Boards, 288
Copernicus, 172
Crime, conditions favorable to increase of, 209, 224;
foreigners led into by environment and example, 209
Croatians, 124, 183
Czechs, see _Bohemians_
Dalmatians, as immigrants, 183
Danes, as immigrants, 21
Debarred, see _Excluded_
Democracy, influence of upon aliens, 296, 298
Denmark, immigrants from, 23
Detroit, 21, 172
Discrimination needed as to immigrants, 127
Diseases guarded against, 57, 59, 60, 74, 77, 78, 93
Distribution of immigrants, 102-117;
New York state, 105, 107;
New Zealand methods, 116;
North Atlantic section, 105;
Ohio, 107;
Pennsylvania, 105, 107;
railroads assisting, 116;
societies aiding, 107-113;
South Central states, 105;
West Virginia, 107;
Western section, 105
Dublin, 199
Dutch, as immigrants, 21
Eastern invasion, the, 157-192
Edison, Thomas A., 247
Educational policy affected by immigration, 246
Ellis Island, 18, 19, 35, 37, 54, 55, 59-62, 74, 83, 99, 100, 108;
missionary workers at, 274;
results of personal efforts at, 275
Emerson, Ralph W., 247
English, as immigrants, 19, 21, 126;
language, influence of, 259, 260
Environment, evil effects of upon children, 243
Europe, American ideas working in, 33, 34;
immigrants from, 20, 23, 98, 123-192
Evangelization of immigrants, 10, 16, 46, 47;
accessibility, 294;
illustration of, 283;
most potent factor in Americanizing, 270;
need for extension of, 277;
personal responsibility for, 290;
sporadic, not systematic, 281
Evasion of immigration laws, 78-83
Excluded classes, 74-78, 100, 101
Federation of Jewish Charities, 102
Financial panics, effect on immigration, 26, 31
Finns, as immigrants, 21
Fiume, 82, 99
Forbes, James, 139
Foreign-born, distribution of, 107
Four State Immigration League, 113
France, 34
Franklin, Benjamin, 69
Freethinkers, their societies among immigrants, 168, 169, 180, 285
French-American College, the, 280
French, as immigrants, 21
French-Canadians, Roman Catholic convention of, 257
Fung Yuet Mow, 269
Gardner, Representative, of Massachusetts, 95
Genoa, 99, 132
Germans, as immigrants, 19, 21, 35, 126
Germany, immigrants from, 25, 33, 81
Goodchild, Rev. F. M., 33, 292
Grant, Ulysses S., 247
Great Britain, immigrants from, 25, 43, 128
Greece, 92
Greek Catholic Church, 182, 184;
Orthodox or Russian State Church, 182
Greeks, as immigrants, 21, 37, 41
Hall, Prescott F., 45, 70, 129
Hamburg, 82, 99
Havre, 99
Hebrew, see _Jewish_, _Jews_