(importance to Caribou Eskimos); 48 (back fat); 50 (wintering on
Barren Grounds; moving against wind; antler shedding; poor
quality of winter meat); 51 (wolves hunting caribou; does first
on spring migration; fawning in June); 52-53 (Eskimos feasting
on caribou in spring); 56 (fawning in late June and early July;
great migration at Baker Lake, late July; plagued by _Oedemagena
tarandi_; most important Eskimo hunting in late summer and early
autumn); 86 (tents of caribou skin among Caribou Eskimos); 89
(Eskimo spade made of antler); 90 (bags of caribou skin; fat for
illumination); 94 (skins for household use); 96 (the principal
diet among Caribou Eskimos); 98 (hunting by means of fences);
100 (Yathkyed Lake); 101 (heedless slaughter by Eskimos;
migration always incalculable; fox-trapping replacing
caribou-hunting); 102 (former use of bow in hunting); 104
(arrowheads of caribou bones); 106 (hunting by Eskimos;
wariness; keen hearing and smell; buck attacking a man at
Vansittart Island; deer-crossings in region of Baker Lake and
Kazan River); 107 (Eskimo hunting methods); 108 (snow pitfalls);
109-110 (spearing in water; swimming ability); 110-111 (driving
between lines of cairns); 112 (snares); 133 (gadfly larvae as
Eskimo delicacy); 134-135 (seasonal hunting); 135 (frequent
starvation of Eskimos in lack of caribou); 137 (staple food of
Caribou Eskimos); 138-139 (taboos in use of meat); 140-147
(Eskimo dressing of carcasses); 141-144 (raw, cooked, and dried
meat in Eskimo diet); 171 (meat as dog food); 186 (deerskin for
kayaks); 191, 196, 199-223 (Eskimo clothing of deerskin); 232,
239-251 (various Eskimo uses of skin, bones, and antlers); 262,
263 (Eskimo laws for hunting caribou); 268-271 (drums of
deerskin).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Seton, 1929, +3+:
95-135 (monographic); 97-99 (measurements, weight, color); 102
(distribution); 102-103 (antlers); 104 (molt; senses); 105
(communication; voice); 105-107 (disposition); 107 (aquatic
ability); 107-108 (food); 108-109 (Wolves and other predators);
109-110 (effect of mosquitoes); 110-111 (warble and nostril
flies); 111-116 (utilization of flesh and hide by natives and
civilized man); 113-114 (fat); 117-122 (hunting by Eskimos and
Indians); 122 (Artillery Lake to Back's River; Arctic islands;
migration); 124-125 (reproduction); 125-127 (migration); 127-128
(wintering between Great Bear, Great Slave, and Athabaska lakes
and Hudson Bay); 131 (Mackenzie River to Cape Bathurst; Langton
and Darnley Bays); 131-134 (numbers perhaps 30,000,000); 133-134
(destruction by Indians, whalers, and Eskimos).
"Caribou": Blanchet, 1930: 49 (E. of Great Bear, Great Slave,
and Athabaska Lakes; fawns born in late May or June; antler
growth and shedding); 49-52 (migration; Lac de Gras, Lake
MacKay, Beverly, Aberdeen, and Baker lakes; Coppermine,
Lockhart, Taltson, Dubawnt, Kazan, and Ferguson rivers; S. to
Cree and Reindeer lakes and Churchill; only a small migration
now from Victoria Island to mainland; Wager and Repulse bays);
50-51 (importance to Indians and Eskimos; Dawson Inlet to North
Seal River; inland from Eskimo Point and Nunalla; Padlei); 52
(food destroyed by fire; several millions); 53 (fawning area);
53-54 (possibilities for reindeer); 54-55 (relation of wolves to
caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Critchell-Bullock, 1930: 55
(Artillery Lake; weight; therapeutic value of meat); 58 (Thelon
River, thousands, late July); 143 (use as fox bait); 159-160
(numbers); 159-162 (useful role of Wolf as Caribou predator);
192 (wind direction scarcely affecting migration; Artillery
Lake, mostly bucks, September to November; bucks getting lean,
October 17; antlers dropping and flesh improving, November 7;
practically all (buck) antlers dropped, November 19; Artillery
Lake, several hundred does, November 4, then continuing to pass
N. during winter; bands of bucks passing S., November 26 to
December 9; young bucks with does during winter; does dropping
antlers, March 24 to mid-April; all does gone N. by April 27;
bucks moved N. of Hanbury River by June 20; main s. migration,
Thelon River, July 23; all sexes and ages, in bands up to
2,000--total number 10,000+); 193 (scourged and driven by
insects; voice; stage of pelage differing in sexes; delta of
Dubawnt River; possibly yearling doe with fawn; flies gone
August 24, animals putting on fat; does massing in September,
hundreds slaughtered by Eskimos at Thelon-Dubawnt mouth; last
seen, Baker Lake, September 5); 194-196 (table of Caribou
movements--localities, dates, numbers, sex, wind.)--1931: 32
(conservation); 33 (trade in hides; Back's River Eskimos living
"solely" on Caribou).
"Caribou": Hoare, 1930: 13 (bucks migrating NE., June, Artillery
Lake to Ford Lake); 14 (10,000+ near Campbell Lake, going SW.,
late July); 16 (bands near Smart Lake, August); 21 (Ford Lake,
early December); 22 (Artillery Lake and Pike's Portage,
numerous, December; wolf predation); 27 (small bands swimming
lower Thelon River, late June); 31 (swimming Hanbury River,
July); 33 (great numbers of bucks going S. Thelon River, July
22; relation of migrations to insects and storms); 36 (circular
migration about e. end of Great Slave Lake; ne. migration in
spring down Thelon River); 37-38 (relation of migration to
mosquitoes); 52-53 (summation by R. M. Anderson: carrying
capacity of range--60 acres per Caribou; probably total not over
3,000,000).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Kitto, 1930: 87 (food; economy;
numbers and depletion; migrations); 88 (effect of firearms;
segregation of sexes and ages); 89 (wolves; insect pests); 89-90
(conservation measures); 110 (Keewatin, mainland and Southampton
and Coats islands; Churchill, Eskimo Point, and Baker Lake).
"Caribou": Mallet, 1930: 13 (Eskimo clothing of skins, Kazan
River); 20-23 (great migrant herd, led by a doe, crossing Kazan
River near Yathkyed Lake); 27 (small herds migrating S., Ennadai
Lake, August); 32 (Chipewyan drum of caribou skin); 85 (Eskimos
between Nueltin and Baker lakes living on caribou); 87 (Eskimo
clothing of caribou fur); 89 (Eskimos starving for lack of
caribou); 90 (500 consumed per winter by 20-odd Eskimos); 92
(caribou-skin gloves; tongues as provisions for journey); 95
(Eskimos eating raw frozen caribou in winter and "lukewarm meat"
in summer); 102 (Eskimo tent of skins on Kazan River); 116
(Indians eating caribou on Kasmere River); 131-140 (Eskimo band
succumbing to starvation for lack of caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Jacobi, 1931: 78-80
(description); 80-84 (N. to Baffin Island and other Arctic
islands; E. to Hudson Bay, Southampton Island, and Melville
Peninsula; S. to Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and Fort
McMurray; W. to Athabaska and Mackenzie Rivers); 140
(phylogeny); 156, 157, 159 (depletion by natives, whalers, and
traders); 186-187 (habitat); 190 (occurrence in herds); 192-210
(migrations: causes, extent, routes, numbers, behavior,
segregation by sex and age, dates, winter quarters); 216
(swimming); 219, 220 (unwariness; curiosity); 223 (food); 232
(reproduction); 236 (molt); 237 (change of antlers); 240-241
(predation by wolves); 244-245 (parasitic flies).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Harper, 1932: 30
(Lake Athabaska; excessive slaughter by Indians; Tazin
Highlands; food; Thainka Lake; junction of Tazin and Taltson
Rivers; avoiding lower Taltson River after fire); 31 (Great
Slave Lake; "near Artillery Lake" [= Stark Lake?]; Indians
spearing hundreds in water; migration; havoc by wolves;
Caribou-eater Chipewyans).
"Caribou": Jenness, 1932: 47, 48, 58, 59 (caribou in Indian
economy); 51, 58, 75, 406-408, 411, 412, 414, 415 (caribou in
Eskimo economy).
"Cariboo" or "deer": Munn, 1932: 57 (Artillery Lake); 58 (great
migration of perhaps 2,000,000 between Artillery and Great Slave
lakes; relation to mosquitoes); 168 (Baffin Island); 191-192
(Eskimo sleeping-bags and clothing of caribou skin, Baffin
Island); 210, 214 (Eskimos hunting deer, Southampton Island);
255 (trade in skins from Melville Peninsula); 271 (depletion of
Baffin Island herds); 278 (decimation of caribou in w. Arctic
due to Eskimos trapping white fox instead of sealing in winter).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Sutton and Hamilton,
1932: 33, 35, 36, 81, 82, 84, 85 (predation by wolves,
Southampton Island); 79 (formerly abundant, but no longer); 79,
81 (migration); 80-83, 86-87 (hunting and utilization by
Eskimos); 81 (scatology); 81, 84-86 (reproduction); 81-86
(antler growth and shedding); 83 (standing on hind legs); 84
(food; foot-glands; voice); 84-86 (parasitic and other flies);
87-88 (description); 88 (previous records on Southampton
Island).
_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_. . .: Weyer, 1932: 38 (most
important land animal to Eskimos); 39 (utilization by Eskimos;
food); 40 (fawning period; seasonal fat; migration).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1933: 89 (immense
numbers on Barren Grounds, but recently declining); 90 (gadflies
plaguing caribou); 91-92 (migration); 92 (thousands at Baker
Lake, late July; scourged by mosquitoes); 93 (no longer
migrating from Victoria Island to mainland); 94 (occurrence in
autumn and winter at Repulse Bay); 100 (good hunting near Whale
Point, Roe's Welcome; use of cairns in hunting by Eskimos); 106
(not many near Eskimo Point); 112 (great migration at Baker Lake
beginning in June); 118 (deer crossings on lower Kazan River);
121 (difficulty of reconciling reindeer culture with presence of
caribou).
"Caribou": Ingstad, 1933: 34 (caribou deflected on s. side of
Great Slave Lake by forest fires); 48 (buck on Barren Grounds
harassed by black flies); 85, 110 (E. of Great Slave Lake); 86
(asleep on ice of lakes); 87 (leaping into air before running
off); 88 (varying wariness); 90 (carcass as fox bait near
Artillery Lake); 118, 122 (use of meat and hides by Indians,
Great Slave Lake); 134-135, 324 (spring migration across Great
Slave Lake); 135 (antler velvet eaten by Indians; larvae of
nostril and warble flies); 139 (Indian drum of caribou skin);
156-159 (migration; followed by wolves, ravens, foxes, and
wolverines); 158 (rutting season and behavior); 159 (antler
shedding); 160 (numbers); 161 (migration influenced by grazing
available; fawning on Arctic islands); 162 (separation into
different herd groupings); 162-163 (destruction by Eskimos with
firearms along Arctic coast); 163 (migration deflected by
burning of country); 165-166 (conservation; wolf predation); 167
(dependence of Caribou-eater Indians on this animal); 176, 181
(Stark Lake and vicinity); 186-187 (use of meat by
Caribou-eaters); 204, 216, 218, 220, 222 (upper Thelon River
region); 207 (predation by wolves); 225, 229-231 (Nonacho Lake
area); 247, 253 (dependence of Barren Ground Indians on
caribou); 253-254 (former hunting with spears, bows, dogteams,
barriers, snares); 257-259 (Indian use of meat and hides); 280
(migrating near e. end of Great Slave Lake); 291, 293, 296
(thousands in winter on Barrens E. of Great Slave Lake); 293,
297 (unwariness); 302-304, 306-307 (predation by wolves on
Barren Grounds); 312 (albino caribou).
"Barren land caribou": Stockwell, 1933: 45 (large herds in
August, Point, Thonokied, and MacKay lakes and Coppermine
River).
"Caribou": Weeks, 1933: 65 (very plentiful on Maguse River after
August 4).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson,
1934a: 81 (utilization of skin and meat; migrations; Melville
Peninsula, Boothia Peninsula, and Baffin Island).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1934b: 4062, fig. 9
(map shows range of subsp. arcticus extending N. only to Arctic
coast and over Baffin Island).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Flerov, 1934: 240 (cranial
measurements).
"Caribou": Godsell, 1934: 273-276 (trade with Eskimos on Arctic
coast resulting in great slaughter of caribou); 276 (importation
of reindeer to Mackenzie Delta region to replace caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Hornby, 1934: 105 (food;
weight; fat; migrations influenced by natives, unfrozen large
lakes, and fires; effects of flies; rutting season and behavior;
antler shedding); 106 (irregular migrations; sexual segregation;
wolf predation); 106-107 (movements, numbers, and dates in
region between Great Slave and Baker lakes); 108 (beneficial
effect of wolves on caribou).
"Caribou": Wray, 1934: 141 (abundant, Lac de Gras, 1932); 144
(few S. of Mackay Lake).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Degerbøl, 1935: 48-51
(specimens from Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula, including
an albino from Rae Isthmus; descriptions).
"Caribou": Freuchen, 1935: 93 (abundance of rabbits supposed to
lessen wolf predation on caribou); 99 (wolverine reputed to
attack sleeping caribou); 120 (pursuit by wolves near Wager
Inlet); 121 (followed by wolves, Melville Peninsula; predation
by wolves, Southampton Island); 122 (wolves said not to follow
caribou across streams; wolf methods of hunting caribou); 128
(caribou carcasses consumed by Arctic foxes).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Murie, 1935: 74, 75
(type locality; skull measurements).
"Barren ground caribou": Alcock, 1936: 9 (Lake Athabaska).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Birket-Smith, 1936: 90 (importance to
Eskimos); 91 (migration; snow pitfalls, baited with urine;
hunting with spears, rows of stone cairns, snares, and bows);
110 (dependence of Caribou Eskimos on Caribou); 111 (frequent
famine and cannibalism among them for lack of Caribou; lookout
knolls for Caribou); 112 (sexual segregation in herds); 115-116
(clothing of caribou skin).
"Caribou": Soper, 1936: 429 (resorting to Grinnell Glacier,
Baffin Island, to escape mosquitoes).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1937:
103 (lower Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay; use of skin and meat;
scarce on coast W. of Bathurst Inlet; concentration between
Bathurst Inlet, Great Slave Lake, and Baker Lake; S. into Wood
Buffalo Park; use of rifles by Central Eskimos resulting in
decrease; apparent intergradation with _R. a. pearyi_ in
northern islands).
"Caribou": Godsell, 1937: 288 (caribou migrating between
mainland and Arctic islands exterminated by Eskimos with
ammunition supplied by traders); 289 (reindeer imported to mouth
of Mackenzie to replace vanished caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Henriksen, 1937: 25 (larvae of
_Cephenomyia trompe_ L. from nasal passage, Baker Lake, May 2);
26 (larvae of _Oedemagena tarandi_ collected from caribou in
May, Gore Bay, Lyon Inlet, and Melville Peninsula).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1938: 400
(perhaps no great reduction in numbers, but some shifting of
range from human encroachments and fire; wintering S. to n.
Manitoba and Saskatchewan and ne. Alberta; estimate of
3,000,000).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Hamilton, 1939: 109 (hoofs; function
of fat); 244-247 (migrations); 246, 352, 359 (importance to
Indians and Eskimos); 247 (influence of mosquitoes on movements;
sexual segregation); 301 (distribution determined by insect
pests); 359 (immense herd in ne. Saskatchewan).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Murie, 1939: 239
(Mackenzie River to Hudson Bay and Baffin Island, including some
of the Arctic islands; diagnosis); 244 (antlers; pelage;
migration; rut in September and October); 245 (food; ankle
click; voice; gait; senses; insect pests; Wolves and other
predators); 245-246 (danger from introduction of Reindeer); 246
(adaptation to environment).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Clarke, 1940: 5, 7 (dependence
of Indians and Eskimos on caribou); 8-9 (Rum Lake country a
wintering ground; Eskimos from Back's River to Wager Inlet and
Baker Lake dependent on winter caribou; likewise those at
Beverly, Aberdeen, and Schultz lakes); 11 (great winter herd S.
and W. of Bathurst Inlet); 65 (fluctuations; current abundance
in Hanbury-Thelon region and scarcity at Baker Lake); 70
(parasites; diseases); 84 (economic importance); 85-86
(migrating southward in late July in Thelon Game Sanctuary and
at Tourgis Lake, in early August at Hanbury, Artillery,
Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes, and from early August to late
September at Taltson River and Thekulthili and Nonacho lakes; in
autumn near Lac de Gras and on upper Back's River; in autumn and
winter at Reliance and Snowdrift); 87-90 (at least 100,000
migrating N. in early July at Hanbury and Thelon rivers,
including does with month-old fawns); 89, 90 (molt); 91
(previous records in Thelon Sanctuary region); 92-93 (near Lake
Athabaska and Slave River and at Hill Island Lake in early
August; Wood Buffalo Park in winter; the various groups and
their movements defined); 93-95 (early ideas of migrations); 95
(fallacies; sexual segregation; antlers; influence of flies);
96-97 (details of migratory movements; retrograde autumnal
movement); 98 (extermination of bands formerly migrating from
mainland to Victoria and King William islands); 98-100
(irregular migrations; influences--such as wide open waters,
overgrazing, and fires--affecting migrations); 101-104 (carrying
capacity of range; numbers estimated at 3,000,000; increase and
decrease); 104-106 (accidents); 106-107 (effects of fire and
overgrazing; food); 107-110 (wolves and other predators); 110
(hunting and its effects); 112 (importance to natives).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): G. M. Allen, 1942:
297 (mainstay of Eskimos and Indians); 297-298 (description);
298-299 (Hudson Bay to Mackenzie River, N. to Banks and Victoria
Islands, Boothia, Southampton and Baffin Islands, S. to
Churchill River, Reindeer Lake, and ne. Alberta; migratory
habit; shift of range due to human crowding and destruction of
winter forage by fire); 299 (increased slaughter in winter
range; reduction on Southampton Island).
"Caribou": Manning, 1942: 28 (rapidly reduced on Southampton
Island after establishment of a post in 1924); 29 (insufficient
skins for Eskimo clothing); 29 (wolves, for lack of caribou,
became extinct on Southampton by 1937).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1942: 143 (in
1932-33, E. of Fort Smith, S. to 30th base line; along N. shore
of Lake Athabaska to Fond du Lac; W. of Slave River, between
Lobstick Creek and Grand Detour and into Wood Buffalo Park;
Tethul River to Tsu Lake and Taltson River; in 1933-34, crossing
Slave River from E. in vicinity of Caribou and Stony Islands and
Buffalo Landing, and feeding on goose grass [= _Equisetum, fide_
Raup, 1933: 39]).
"Caribou": Downes, 1943: 203 (Windy Lake, late July); 215
(1925-26 and 1938-39 bad years for caribou on upper Kazan River;
consequent mortality among Eskimos); 221 (Red River, July 28);
224, 249, 250 (Simons' Lake); 226 (grunting; shaking heads on
account of flies; buck with winter pelage); 227 (butchering
operation); 228 (use of antlers and hoofs; feeding on dwarf
birch; protecting carcasses from gulls); 236-237 (antics of a
buck); 253 (Red River); 255 (warble and nostril flies); 256
(does beginning to appear; swimming ability); 256-257 (snuffing,
snorting, and coughing); 258-260 (estimates of numbers); 260
(change of migration routes through human activities and forest
fires); 261-262 (effect of natives and wolves); pl. following p.
296 (Kasmere River).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1943a: 47 (recent
depletion by Eskimos); 49-52 (w. Baffin Island; Koukdjuak and
Hantzsch rivers; Bowman, Taverner, Wordie, and Harbour bays;
Tweedsmuir Islands; Baird Peninsula; Lake Nettilling; Cumberland
Sound; Fury and Hecla Strait); 50 (summer and winter droppings;
exterminated from most of Foxe Peninsula); 51 (estimated
population in central western Baffin Island 10,000); 51-52
(migratory movements); 52 (sexual segregation and herding;
females bearing young at end of second year); 52-53 (antler
growth and shedding); 53 (molt; development of warble flies, and
their scarcity in fawns; accumulation of fat); 55 (annual kill
by wolves on w. Baffin Island estimated at 2,000 animals over
one year of age).
"Caribou": Manning, 1943b: 103 (former migration--now
ceased--from the S. to Melville Peninsula, where the animals are
now scarce; still numerous on Baffin Island N. of Fury and Hecla
Strait; fairly numerous, Repulse Bay to Chesterfield Inlet;
dearth of skins for Eskimo clothing; numerous herds about
Piling, Baffin Island).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Porsild, 1943: 383 (food);
386 (warble and nostril flies "apparently do not travel very
far"; sparsely covered grazing areas suitable for caribou but
not for reindeer); 389 (migration affected by rotational grazing
and seasonal and local abundance of mosquitoes or flies;
wariness varying with size of herd; caribou disappear before
expanding reindeer culture).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Soper, 1944: 274-250
(great reduction in southern coastal region of Baffin Island;
few left on Foxe Peninsula; Hantzsch and Soper rivers; Bowman,
Amadjuak, and Frobisher bays; Lake Harbour; Nettilling Lake; Big
Island; Grinnell Glacier; Cockburn Land); 248 (measurements);
248-249 (migrations); 248-250 (utilization by Eskimos).
"Caribou": [U.S.] War Department, 1944: 40 (Canadian mainland
and Arctic islands); 77 (importance as food).
"Barren ground caribou": Wright, 1944: 185 (late summer skins
for clothing; high value of the meat; reduction in numbers); 186
(migration routes changed by overgrazing, fires, and excessive
hunting; numbers); 187 (annual consumption in Keewatin not less
than 22,000; decrease on Boothia and Melville peninsulas;
locally plentiful in w. Baffin Island; scarce on King William
Island; none on Adelaide Peninsula; great decrease on
Southampton Island); 188 (small herds on Coats Island; varying
numbers on Baffin Island, where skins are imported for clothing;
a herd on Bylot Island); 189 (scarce at Arctic Bay and on
Brodeur Peninsula); 190 (migration on Baffin Island); 191
(Baffin population estimated at 25,000); 193 (tables of numbers
taken annually on Baffin Island and in Keewatin); 195 (smaller
caribou on Boothia Peninsula and on Somerset and Prince of Wales
islands).
"Caribou": Young, 1944: 236-238, 243 (predation by wolves in the
Barren Grounds, including Southampton Island and Artillery
Lake).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Gavin, 1945: 227-228
(recent increase at Perry River and Bathurst Inlet; partly
resident on mainland but also migratory, a few crossing to
Victoria Island); 228 (many fawning on small coastal islands and
Kent Peninsula; many succumbing to mosquitoes; damage by larvae
of warble fly).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, 1947:
178 (type locality; Mackenzie and Keewatin, from Hudson Bay and
Melville Peninsula W. to lower Mackenzie Valley, and N. to s.
fringe of islands N. of the mainland Arctic coast; migrating S.
to Churchill River or beyond, Reindeer Lake, Lake Athabaska, and
occasionally the Wood Buffalo Park in ne. Alberta).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1948: 15 (decrease;
shift of range attributed to fire or overgrazing; need of
protection; killing from planes; Northwest Territories; northern
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Manning, 1948: 26-28 (Eyrie,
Big Sand, Neck, Sandhill, Malaher, Boundary, Boulder, South
Henik, Camp, Carr, Alder, Victory, Ninety-seven, Twin, and Baker
lakes; Tha-anne and Kazan rivers; W. of Padlei; Christopher
Island; Chesterfield Inlet; Tavani; most numerous in the more
southerly and westerly of these localities in Manitoba and
Keewatin; heavy grazing on lichens where the caribou had been
numerous; migration; trails).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948a: 211-212
(diagnosis); 212 (Northwest Territories, wandering southward in
winter as far as Fort McMurray (formerly) and Wood Buffalo Park;
food; habitat).
_Rangifer arcticus_ Richardson: Rand, 1948b: 149 (numerous at
Burnt Wood River, W. of Nelson House, winter of 1944-45, and in
Herb Lake area, Manitoba, winters of 1944-45 and 1945-46;
hundreds killed by Indians).
"Caribou": Yule, 1948: 287 (a losing battle for survival; not
half as many as a few years previously); 288 (considerable herds
between Churchill and Gillam, but fewer to the westward;
excessive kill; consumption by dogs and wolves; disaster
confronting Indians and Eskimos through diminishing supply of
caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_. . .: Banfield, 1949: 477
(economy); 478 (Mackenzie and Keewatin; numbers less than
previous estimate of 3,000,000; S. in winter to nw. Ontario,
central Manitoba, n. Saskatchewan, ne. Alberta, Wood Buffalo
Park, and Norman Wells; small bands remaining on Boothia and
Adelaide peninsulas, S. of Pelly Bay, on Somerset, Prince of
Wales, and Russell islands, and at Daly Bay; believed extirpated
on King William Island; Melville Peninsula); 481 (near Wager
Bay; fairly plentiful along Arctic coast from Back's River to
Horton River, in Perry River district, and on Kent Peninsula,
where a few cross to Victoria Island; population on Southampton
Island estimated at 300, on Coats Island at 1,000 and on Baffin
Island at 25,000; apparently extirpated on Bylot Island in 1941;
Eskimo pressure on Baffin Island herds). (Fig. 1 suggests n.
limit at s. Victoria Island and Prince of Wales and Somerset
islands.)