Cumberland Sound); 81 (Eskimos hunting caribou with harpoons);
102, 107 (Eskimo clothing of caribou skin, w. coast of Hudson
Bay); 150 (albino caribou).--1907: 465 (Eskimos W. of Hudson Bay
dependent on caribou); 474 (caribou plentiful on Southampton
Island and larger than on mainland); 493 (caribou-hunting at
Pond's Inlet); 501 (taboo against killing albino caribou, W. of
Hudson Bay).
[_Rangifer_] _arcticus_ (Rich.): Elliot, 1901: 37 ("Barren
grounds of Arctic America, north of the tree limit, to the
shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean"; diagnosis).
_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_ . . . (part): Lydekker, 1901: 38-40
(description).
"Reindeer and caribou (Rangifer caribou)": W. J. McLean, 1901: 5
(Great Slave Lake, annual arrival on August 12; hunting and
utilization by Indians); 6 (antler growth and change; migration;
trails; swimming).
_Rangifer tarandus_ . . . (part): Beddard, 1902: 298
("circumpolar").
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . .: Elliot, 1902: 259 ("in 1856 they
migrated to latitude 47° in great numbers to Lake Huron" [???]);
260, 274-275 (migrations); 273 (Arctic regions, W. to Coppermine
and Mackenzie Rivers); 276 (food; fat); 276-277 (utilization by
Indians and Eskimos); 277-279 (native hunting methods); 279-280
(antlers shed by old bucks in December and January, carried by
young bucks till spring, and by does till birth of fawns);
281-282, 286-287 (description).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Preble, 1902: 41 (50 and 25
miles S. of Eskimo Point; pursued by wolves; attacks of
insects); 42 (flashing a white throat-patch; summation of
previous records; ranging S. to Churchill River and Reindeer
Lake); 42-43 (pelage described).
"Caribou": J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 15 (Fort Reliance, Great
Slave Lake); 17 (Pike's Portage); 18-20 (Artillery Lake); 26
(nearly all gone farther N., only stragglers remaining along
Hanbury River, early July); 27-28 (numerous tracks but few
animals, middle Thelon River, early July; hundreds killed by
spring ice or Eskimos); 31 (large band moving S., Thelon River,
July 23); 33-35 (between Thelon River and Artillery Lake); 37
(great bands of caribou the chief food supply in Thelon River
region).
_Rangifer articus_ . . . (part): Grant, 1903: 186 (Barren
Grounds W. of Hudson Bay, W. to Mackenzie River, S. in winter to
Churchill River and Reindeer Lake; threatened with extinction by
whalers); 189 (Salisbury Island).
"Deer": Hanbury, 1903: 185 (between Lake Pelly and Arctic coast,
May).
"Caribou" or "deer": Hanbury, 1904: 8 (Marble Island and
Chesterfield Inlet, June); 9 (Baker Lake, July); 10 (large bands
migrating S., Aberdeen Lake, early August); 14 (scarce, Hanbury
River); 16 (plentiful, Lockhart River); 30 (Pike's Portage, late
July); 31 (Artillery Lake); 32 (Abbott Lake; scourged by warble
flies); 34 (large bands migrating S., Hanbury River, late July);
41 (hunted by Eskimos near Thelon-Dubawnt junction); 43-44, 47
(Schultz Lake); 43 (voice; spearing by Eskimos); 48 (scarce,
Baker Lake, early September); 49 (Chesterfield Inlet); 51
(plentiful near Marble Island, mid-September); 58 (leaving the
coast, late September); 67 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 70,
72 (killed by Eskimos, Baker Lake); 73 (thousands at Baker Lake;
fierce combats between old bucks in October rutting season); 75
(deerskin roof of igloo); 82 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 84,
88-90 (NW. of Baker Lake, November); 85 (unwariness); 89
(pursuit by wolves); 93 (bucks remaining all winter on Back's
River); 95 (numerous, Chesterfield Inlet; in December the old
bucks had dropped their antlers); 100 (near Depot Island);
104-107 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 108 (does migrating N. in
April); 111 (plentiful, Baker Lake, March); 113 (many, Schultz
Lake, March); 114-115, 123 (snow pitfalls made by Eskimos); 115,
116 (numerous, Aberdeen Lake, March); 116 (antlers of bucks
commencing to grow); 118 (NW. of Aberdeen Lake; buck weighing
280 lb.); 119 (Buchanan River); 120 (migration; many remaining
on Barrens all winter; deer meat essential to Eskimos on Back's
River); 121 (frequent famine among Indians and Eskimos; caribou
formerly migrating S. and W. to Forts Simpson and Providence);
127-131 (Pelly Lake and vicinity); 131 (antics; jumping and
trotting); 133-137 (near Ogden Bay); 133 (majority of does
shedding antlers by late April); 135 (ravens feeding on
carcasses); 137 (warbles eaten by Eskimos); 139 (caribou
wintering on Kent Peninsula, at Cape Barrow, and on Victoria
Island); 143 (Arctic coast Eskimos going inland, summer and
fall, to live on deer); 149 (White Bear Point); 153-167
(mainland near Kent Peninsula); 164-174 (Bathurst Inlet); 177,
185-197 (scarce, Cape Barrow to Coppermine River); 194 (molting,
July; suffering from mosquitoes); 200-208 (lower Coppermine
River); 209, 210 (Kendall River); 215-221 (Dismal Lake); 223,
229-233 (Dease River); 232 (rubbing trees).
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hornaday, 1904: 136 (Great
Bear and Great Slave Lakes to Cape Bathurst); 137 (Carey Lake;
migration); 138 (weight; antlers).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Stone and Cram, 1904: 52
(description; Arctic islands to Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River;
migration; rutting in October; sexual segregation); 53 (food;
Mackay Lake; grunting). (Chiefly quoted from Pike, 1892.)
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson) (part): Elliot, 1905: 401
("Barren grounds of Arctic America north of the tree limit, to
the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean").
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): MacFarlane, 1905: 680
(Mackenzie Basin; depletion through wanton slaughter by
Indians); 681-682 (Anderson River, in winter; hunting and
utilization by Eskimos and Indians); 682-683 (albino); 683
(trade in skins; wintering at Prince of Wales Strait and Mercy
Bay, Banks Island; migration between Arctic islands and
mainland); 684-685 (table of migration at Reindeer Lake);
692-693 (predation by wolves).
_R[angifer] arcticus_. . .: J. A. Allen, 1908a: 488 (specimens
from near Wager River described); 490 (migration).
_Rangifer arctica_ (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1908b: 584 (type
locality, Fort Enterprise).
"Reindeer": Amundsen, 1908, +1+: 76 (Boothia); 83-84 (King
William Island, September); 97 (reported formerly at Simpson
Strait in large herds in autumn); 99 (20 killed, King William
Island, late September); 102-106 (common in October, passing S.
over Simpson Strait; very shy; no wolves on King William
Island); 120 (Eskimos trading skins); 200 (King William Island,
first reindeer of season seen, June); 201 (supplied by Eskimos);
224 (Simpson Strait); 235, 241-243 (King William Island,
September); 237 (Eskimos hunting in September); 247 (large herds
passing over ice of Simpson Strait); 248 (King William Island,
October 15); 326-329 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos in
Boothia; few reindeer coming N. as early as May).--1908, +2+:
110 (many killed by Eskimos, King William Island); 311-316
(several, April); 322-325 (Royal Geographical Society Islands).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson) (part): Preble, 1908: 137
(Barren Grounds and islands northward; Great Bear Lake to Hudson
Bay; economy; probably two or more races; E. of Fort Smith in
winter; long ago S. to Fort McMurray); 138 (in 1902-03 to Cree
Lake; large numbers, Great Slave to Great Bear lakes; lower
Coppermine River); 139 (migration); 139-143 (summation of
previous records); 214 (wolves living largely on caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 (7 August
specimens from Artillery and Aylmer lakes; measurements and
weight).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Seton, 1911: 206-262, 341
(Artillery, Ptarmigan, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes;
habits); 210 (voice); 220, 258-260 (numbers); 225-226 (relation
to wolves); 259-262 (slaughter by natives and whalers).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Cameron, 1912: 127 (place in economy
of Caribou-eater Chipewyans; migration; on Lake Athabaska in
winter); 309 (Fort Rae as a "meat-post" for the Mackenzie
District).
"Caribou": Wheeler, 1912: 199 (Fort Enterprise and Coppermine
River; 1910 a very poor caribou year; females and yearlings
taken in April; females [only?] wintering between Rae and
Enterprise, and largely exterminated; usual numbers in 1911;
large migration of males commenced May 18); 200 (between
Coppermine River and Bathurst Inlet; by June 10 all caribou
beyond [N. of] Coppermine River).
"Barren ground caribou": R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5 (recent
great decrease); 6 (stragglers left in Mackenzie Delta region;
great diminution along Arctic coast E. to Cape Parry, since
recent advent of whaling ships; great numbers on Victoria Island
in summer, crossing to mainland for winter; Great Bear Lake and
Coppermine River; drives and spearing by Eskimos); 6, 8
(importance to Eskimos for clothing and meat); 8 (poor sight of
caribou; hunting methods).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson,
1913b: 502 (importance in native economy; recent enormous
decrease; few left in Eskimo Lakes region, on Cape Bathurst, and
at Langton and Darnley Bays; great number in summer on Victoria
Island, migrating to the mainland); 503 (Great Bear Lake;
Coppermine River; occurrence on Arctic coast at any season;
Eskimos driving them between lines of stone monuments into water
and there spearing them); 504 (hunting methods; senses;
infestation by bot-fly); 504-505 (fawning); 505 (geographical
variation; antler growth and change); 505-506 (fat); 516
(relations to wolves).
_"Caribou"_: Stefánsson, 1913a: 93 (ravens in Arctic feeding
on caribou left by wolves); 94 (caribou moving N., Prince Albert
Sound, Victoria Island, May 12); 95-96 (migrating across Dolphin
and Union Strait, March and May); 99 (plentiful on Dease River,
winter of 1910-11; abundant on lower Coppermine River, March; no
great numbers cross central Coronation Gulf; wintering on coast
E. of Coppermine; many moving N. across w. Coronation Gulf and
Dolphin and Union Strait, April and May, and w. Victoria Island,
May); 100 (migration across Kent Peninsula and in se. Victoria
Island); 102 (E. of Cape Bexley); 103, 106 (numbers wintering on
Banks Island, but few or none on Victoria Island); 105 (Eskimos
hunting caribou in summer on s. Victoria Island); 106 (caribou
wintering from Cape Bathurst to Kent Peninsula; migration N.
across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April 1-May
20, and S. in the fall as soon as the ice is strong enough; tens
of thousands on Dease River in late October; differences between
Victoria Island and mainland specimens).
"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1913b: 27 (Fort Smith a "meat post");
29 (abundant at Fort Norman 50 years previously); 127, 128, 156,
158 (Langton Bay); 130, 135, 137, 141, 142 (Horton River); 146
(Cape Parry); 151 (extreme scarcity of hornless caribou); 163
(Cape Lyon); 164 (Port Pierce; human eye keener than caribou's);
203 (summer hunting by Eskimos S. of Dolphin and Union Strait);
203-204 (migration N. to Victoria Island); 204 (bot-fly larvae);
205 (near Dolphin and Union Strait); 210, 212, 213 (lower
Coppermine River); 212-213 (seeking protection from mosquitoes
on snow banks); 214 (Dismal Lake); 215 (summer hunting by
Eskimos on Dease River); 219 (Great Bear Lake); 221 (August
skins for Eskimo clothing); 224-225 (hundreds of thousands,
Dease River, October); 228, 235 (N. of Great Bear Lake); 231,
232 (Horton River); 238, 239 (Kendall River); 241 (lower
Coppermine River); 241-244 (geographical variation in caribou);
263-265, 269 (migrating N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin
and Union Strait, early May); 274, 278, 287, 289, 297, 298, 301
(Victoria Island); 276-277 (variation from mainland animals);
278 (habitual wariness); 281 (caribou-skin tents and Eskimo
hunting, Victoria Island); 289 (Banks Island); 294 (few on
Victoria Island in winter); 324 (Cape Parry); 333 (Langton Bay;
skins spoiled by warble fly larvae, June and early July; skins
thick in summer and fall); 335 ("Endicott" [= Melville]
Mountains); 337-338 (Eskimo methods of hunting and curing meat);
348-350 (migrating NW., Horton River, October); 364 (Langton
Bay, February-March).
_Rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Chambers, 1914: 93 (immense
herd, between Churchill and Owl River, December); 291-294 (Great
Bear and Great Slave Lakes); 294 (Mackenzie Delta region);
342-350 (summation of records on the Barren Grounds).
"Caribou": Douglas, 1914: 103, 167, 168, 179, 180 (Dease River);
121, 190, 192, 196, 214 (lower Coppermine River); 137 (Great
Bear Lake); 157, 158 (very scarce, Great Bear Lake, winter); 185
(Dismal Lakes); 191-192 (larvae of warble and nostril flies).
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hornaday, 1914, +2+: 97
(importance to Indians); 100 (the great mass between Cape
Bathurst and Great Slave Lake; tens of thousands killed by
natives for whalers); 101-104 (migrations); 103 (voice); 104
(tameness of large numbers; weight); 225-226 (numbers).
"Caribou" or "deer": Stefánsson, 1914: 13 (former abundance from
Mackenzie River eastward); 26 (scarce near +Rae River+); 39
(common the year round on Banks Island; abundant in summer, but
scarce in winter, Victoria Island); 41 (migrating S. across
Coronation Gulf in November); 48 (stomach contents and droppings
eaten by Eskimos, Coronation Gulf); 54 (crossing ice in
migrating N., April and May); 56 (chief source of Eskimo food in
summer, Coronation Gulf); 57 (hunting with spear and bow); 58
(poor eyesight); 58-59 (use as food by Eskimos); 97 (kayak used
in spearing caribou); 137, 139 (former hunting in Mackenzie
Delta region); 140-141 (skin clothing in Mackenzie Delta
region); 147-148 (methods of removing and drying skins,
Mackenzie Delta region); 150 (use of skins and sinew); 275
(status about Great Bear Lake); 296 (droppings and warbles eaten
by Eskimos, Victoria Island); 353 (caribou taboos); 355-356
(many on Mackenzie coast).
"Caribou": Wheeler, 1914: 52 (Dog-rib clothing of caribou
skins); 54 (between Forts Rae and Enterprise); 56 (Fort Rae's
early trade in caribou meat and skins); 58 (countless thousands,
moving E., Great Slave Lake; Indian use of meat); 60 (caribou
scarce N. of Great Slave Lake after burning of country); 65
(plentiful, Little Marten Lake); 67 (near Lake Providence).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Harper, 1915: 160 (Tazin-Taltson
Basin).
_Rangifer tarandus arcticus_ (Richardson): Lydekker, 1915: 254
(bibliographical references; type locality; description; Baffin
Island).
_Tarandus rangifer arcticus_ (Richardson): Millais, 1915:
255-256 (considered conspecific with Woodland Caribou); 258, 263
(supposed interbreeding with Woodland Caribou); 261
(description; in winter ranging "west to the Rockies above Fort
Vermilion"[!]).
"Barren Ground Caribou": Camsell, 1916: 21 (Tazin-Taltson Basin,
autumn and winter).
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Nelson, 1916: 460 (Arctic
barrens; numbers; Artillery Lake; gait); 460-461 (use as food).
"Rein Deer": Thompson, 1916: 19 (Eskimo lances pointed with
leg-bone); 99 ([Barren Ground or Woodland species?] numerous in
spring on Hayes River, where snared by Indians); 100-101
(immense herd estimated at 3,564,000 individuals, crossing Hayes
River 20 miles above York Factory in late May, 1792).
"Caribou": J. B. Tyrrell, in Thompson, 1916: 16 (Eskimos on
Kazan River subsisting chiefly on caribou, killing them with
spears and using their skins for clothing and kayaks).
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . .: Kindle, 1917: 107-108 (tens of
thousands E. of Slave River, early winter); 108-109 (previous
accounts of great numbers).
"Barren Ground Caribou": Camsell and Malcolm, 1919: 46 (e.
border of Mackenzie Basin; migration).
"Barren Ground caribou": Malloch, 1919: 55-56 (larvae of
_Oedemagena tarandi_ from skin of caribou, Dolphin and Union
Strait, Bernard Harbour, and Coronation Gulf); 56 (larvae of
_Cephenemyia_ sp. from nasal passages of caribou, May 25,
Bernard Harbour).
"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1919: 310 (hunting in the Arctic).
"Caribou": Whittaker, 1919: 166 (in greater numbers than usual,
E. of Slave River, winter); 167 (1,000 does crossing Great Slave
Lake in March toward Barren Grounds).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Buchanan, 1920: 105 (S. in winter to
Reindeer Lake and Churchill River, rarely to Cumberland House);
105-108, 128-129 (migration); 105-106, 131 (food); 113-125,
134-137, 142-151 (hunting by Indians and others); 122, 124
(traveling upwind); 125-126 (description); 126 (antler change;
gait); 130-131 (numbers); 135-136 (snares); 136-140 (economic
uses by Indians).
"Caribou": R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1921: 743, 750
(Eskimos killing caribou, Victoria Island); 749 (Hood River);
750 (Bathurst Inlet).
_Rangifer arcticus_ . . . (part): Hewitt, 1921: 11-12 (as a
source of meat and clothing); 56 (most abundant of the larger
land mammals of the world); 58, 64-66 (place in native economy;
range and numbers becoming restricted by excessive slaughter);
59-60 (distribution); 59 (destruction by Eskimos and whalers);
60-63 (migration); 61 (food); 62 (fawning); 67 (warble flies,
black flies, and mosquitoes).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Johansen, 1921: 22-24 (larvae and
adults of _Oedemagena tarandi_ and larvae of _Cephenemyia_ sp.,
both parasites of caribou, at Bernard Harbour); 29 (adult _Oe.
tarandi_, Dolphin and Union Strait); 35, 37 (larvae of _Oe.
tarandi_, lower Coppermine River and Victoria Island).
"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1921: 18 (abundant, Banks Island,
winter); 227-230 (Norway Island [W. of Banks Island]); 231-234
(qualities of meat and fat); 242-249, 255, 258, 262, 281-283,
358, 364, 397, 369, 372, 473, 475, 476 (hunting on Banks
Island); 246-247 (fat); 247 (attacks by insects); 248 (speed
according to sex and age); 248-249 (pursuit by wolves); 251
(wariness on Banks Island); 252 (back fat); 255 (perhaps
2,000-3,000 caribou on Banks Island in summer); 307 (sight); 401
(hunting on Victoria Island, September; some migrating S. to
mainland); 401-402 (stone monuments used by Eskimos for driving
caribou to ambush); 475-476 (relations of caribou and wolves).
"Caribou" or "deer": Jenness, 1922: 15, 17 (migration between
mainland and Arctic islands; one route across Cape Krusenstern);
20-21 (Coppermine River to Great Bear Lake); 22 (Cape Barrow to
Bathurst Inlet); 25-26 (Victoria Island in summer); 47 (spearing
from kayaks in Coppermine region); 48, 101, 248 (use of fat for
fuel); 61 (skins as bedding); 78-81 (skins as tent material); 97
(stomach contents eaten by Eskimos); 100-103 (Caribou as food of
Eskimos; hunting on ice of Coronation Gulf and on Victoria
Island; Coppermine River to Bathurst Inlet); 124 (summer hunting
by Eskimos about Dolphin and Union Strait); 125 (October passage
from Victoria Island to mainland); 127-142 (hunting on Victoria
Island, April to October); 148-151 (Eskimo hunting methods about
Coronation Gulf and on Victoria Island; attacks on Eskimos by
Caribou); 182-189 (Eskimo superstitions concerning Caribou);
244, 249 (scarcity and destruction at Coronation Gulf).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: R. M. Anderson, 1924: 329 (varying
estimates of numbers; Barren Grounds of central mainland); 330
(relations to reindeer).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Miller, 1924: 491
(nomenclature; type locality).
"Caribou": Blanchet, 1925: 15 (upper Coppermine); 32-34
(migration); 32-33 (sexual segregation); 33 (fawning; food;
torment of flies; gait; molt; antler growth and change); 34
(senses; utilization by Indians; wariness; swimming; relations
to wolves and foxes; Great Slave Lake to Great Bear Lake and
Back's River).
"Caribou": Blanchet, 1926a: 73 (trails, Nonacho Lake); 96-97
(trail and signs, Lake Eileen); 98 (caribou in economy of the
Caribou-eater Chipewyans).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Blanchet, 1926b: 46-48 (migrations);
47 (fawning in early June; attacks of flies; gait; molt;
utilization of hides); 47-48 (antler change); 48 (senses;
segregation by sex and age; numbers in millions; Lake MacKay,
Great Bear Lake, Lac de Gras, Clinton-Colden and Aylmer lakes;
wintering S. to Cree, Foster, and Reindeer lakes).
_Rangifer_ spp.: Ekblaw, 1926: 101 (s. Arctic Archipelago).
"Caribou": Mallet, 1926: 79 (migration; wintering about
Reindeer, Cree, Wollaston, and Nueltin lakes and Pakatawagan;
predilection for frozen lakes; predation by wolves); 80
(dependence of travelers on Caribou for food; hunting on the ice
of lakes).
_Rangifer arcticus_. . .: Preble, 1926: 119 (Barren Grounds);
121 (depletion along Arctic coast E. to Coppermine River); 125
(Yellowknife Preserve); 137 (Back's River Preserve; great
numbers; migration); 138 (Arctic islands; partial migration);
139 (Banks and Victoria islands).
"Caribou": Blanchet, 1927: 145 (Abitau River); 149 (sw.
tributary of Dubawnt River, July 5).
"Caribou": Craig, 1927: 22 (Admiralty Inlet; former abundance;
depletion by hunting).
"Caribou": Henderson, 1927: 40 (Clyde River, Baffin Island;
annual caribou hunt by Eskimos).
"Caribou": Rasmussen, 1927: 5 (Eskimos clad in caribou skin,
Melville Peninsula); 20-21 (hunting on Melville Peninsula); 23
(Eskimo stores of caribou meat); 54 (caribou moving N., Baker
Lake, May); 59-60, 103, 105 (hunting by Eskimos, lower Kazan
River); 63, 68 (Yathkyed Lake); 65 (warble fly larvae as Eskimo
delicacy); 67 (decrease in Eskimos and caribou at Yathkyed
Lake); 68 (stone cairns for deflecting caribou); 73-77 (Eskimo
hunting methods); 104-106 (Eskimos starving for lack of caribou,
lower Kazan River); 145 (Eskimos hunting near Admiralty Inlet);
166-167 (caribou obtained by Eskimos, Pelly Bay); 205 (King
William Island); 214-217 (migration, September 15-21, King
William Island); 245 (Eskimos of Victoria Island living on
caribou in summer and autumn); 246 (enormous herds crossing
delta of Ellice River; Kent Peninsula becoming depopulated of
Eskimos through failure of caribou).
_Rangifer arcticus arcticus_ (Richardson): Anthony, 1928:
530-531 (description); 532 (Barren Grounds; former abundance;
destruction).
"Caribou": Kindle, 1928: 72-73 (numbers estimated at more than
30,000,000; utilization by natives for clothing and meat); 74
(economic value of reindeer).