C. T. Cruttwell:_History for ready reference, Volume 7

Literary History of Early Christianity,

191-192 (184-185).

W. Moeller:

The Christian Church,

453 (439).

G. Salmon:

Infallibility of the Church,

2476 (2417).

J. J. I. Döllinger:

History of the Church,

2476-2477 (2417-2418).

F. W. Farrar:

Early Days of Christianity,

2781-2782 (2707-2708).

J. B. Lightfoot:

The Apostolic Age,

453 (439).

(d) The Church at Alexandria.

R. S. Poole:

The Cities of Egypt,

44 (37).

E. Kirkpatrick:

Development of Superior Education,

708 (685).

A. Neander:

History of the Christian Church,

452 (438).

J. P. Mahaffy:

Alexander’s Empire,

2973 (2896).

(e) The Destruction of Jerusalem.

J. B. Lightfoot:

The Apostolic Age,

449 (435).

C. Merivale:

History of the Romans,

1962 (1921).

Besant and Palmer:

Jerusalem,

1963 (1922).

H. H. Milman:

History of the Jews,

1963 (1922).

J. B. Lightfoot:

The Apostolic Age,

461 (447).

(f) St. John, and the Church at Ephesus.

E. Abbott:

History of Greece,

146, second column, (139).

J. T. Wood:

Discoveries at Ephesus,

1008-1009 (981-2)

C. Merivale:

History of the Romans,

1009 (982).

J. B. Lightfoot;

Biblical Essays,

451-452 (437-438).

"For Christians are not distinguished from the rest of mankind

either in locality or in speech, or in customs. … They dwell

in their own countries as the lot of each is cast, but only as

sojourners; they bear their share in all things as citizens,

and they endure all hardships as strangers. Every foreign

country is a fatherland to him and every fatherland is

foreign. … Their existence is on earth, but their citizenship

is in heaven. They obey the established laws, and they surpass

the laws in their own lives. They love all men, and they are

persecuted by all. War is urged against them as aliens by the

Jews, and persecution is carried on against them by the

Greeks, and yet those that hate them cannot tell the reason of

their hostility."

THE EPISTLE TO DIOGNETUS (ABOUT A. D. 150).

6. THE PERIOD OF CHURCH DEVELOPMENT (A. D. 100-312):

G. B. Brown:

From Schola to Cathedral,

455 (441).

B. F. Westcott:

Religious Thought in the West,

453-454, 454 (439-440, 440).

J. F. Hurst:

History of the Christian Church,

454 (440).

G. Uhlhorn:

Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,

454 (440).

W. M. Ramsay:

The Church in the Roman Empire,

455 (441).

J. H. Kurtz:

Church History,

457 (443).

G. A. Jackson:

The Fathers of the Third Century,

457 (443).

See Map between pages 446-7 (432-3),

and Appendix D, 3806-3810 (End of Volume I.).

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY CHURCH AND CHRISTIANS:

G. Uhlhorn:

Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,

454 (440).

J. B. Lightfoot:

Translation Epistle to Diognetus,

454 (440).

R. W. Church:

Gifts of Civilization,

455 (441).

J. B. Lightfoot:

Apostolic Age,

457 (443).

G. P. Fisher:

Christian Church,

459 (445).

W. M. Ramsay:

The Church in the Roman Empire,

456 (442).

H. Hayman:

Diocesan Synods,

456 (442).

W. Moeller:

History of the Christian Church,

457 (443) .

G. A. Jackson:

Fathers of the Third Century,

457 (443).

J. H. Kurtz:

Church History,

459 (445).

8. THE RISE OF ECCLESIASTICISM:

W. D. Killen:

The Old Catholic Church,

458 (444).

J. B. Lightfoot:

The Apostolic Age,

458 (444).

C. Gore:

The Mission of the Church,

458 (444).

A. Neander:

The Christian Religion,

458 (444).

9. GROWTH OF GREAT CHURCH CENTRES:

F. W. Puller:

Primitive Saints,

458 (444).

(a) Alexandria.

C. T. Cruttwell:

Literary History of Early Christianity,

459-460 (445-446).

J. B. Heard:

Alexandrian Theology,

460 (446).

W. Moeller:

Christian Church,

460 (446).

C. Bigg:

The Christian Platonists,

460-461 (446-447).

F. C. Baur:

Church of the First Three Centuries,

1589 (1551).

(b) Rome.

W. Moeller:

The Christian Church,

462 (448).

R. Lanciani:

Pagan and Christian Rome,

462-463 (448-449).

E. de Pressensé:

Early Years of Christianity,

463 (449).

C. T. Cruttwell:

Literary History of Early Christianity,

461-462 (447-448).

J. I. von Döllinger:

European History,

462 (448).

{755}

10. THE PERSECUTIONS:

G. Uhlhorn:

The Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,

456 (442).

G. B. Brown:

From Schola to Cathedral,

455 (442).

(а) Under Nero

(A. D. 64-68).

F. W. Farrar:

Early Days of Christianity,

2781-2782 (2707-2708).

(b) Under Domitian

(A. D. 93-96).

V. Duruy:

History of Rome,

2784 (2710).

(A. D. 112-116).

R. W. Browne:

History of Rome,

2786, first column, (2712).

(d) Under Marcus Aurelius

(A. D. 175-178).

F. W. Farrar:

Seekers after God,

2788 (2714).

(e) Under Decius

(about A. D. 250).

J. C. Robertson:

History of Christian Church,

2790 (2716).

(f) Under Diocletian

(A. D. 303-5).

S. Eliot:

History of the Early Christians,

2792-2793 (2718-2719).

The Ante-Nicene Churches,

Appendix D, 3806 (End of Volume I.).

11. THE CHURCH FATHERS:

J. F. Hurst:

History of the Christian Church,

454 (440).

W. Moeller:

The Christian Church,

456-457 (442-443).

J. H. Kurtz:

Church History,

457 (443).

G. A. Jackson:

Fathers of the Third Century,

457 (443).

W. Moeller:

The Christian Church,

460 (446).

A. Plummer:

Church of the Early Fathers,

461 (447).

J. I. von Döllinger:

European History,

462 (448).

E. de Pressensé:

Early Years of Christianity,

463 (449).

W. Stewart:

Church in the Fourth Century,

468 (454).

G. T. Stokes:

The Celtic Church,

472 (458).

W. Stewart:

Church in the Fourth Century,

471 (456-457).

T. W. Allies:

The Holy See,

2482 (2423).

12. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH BECOMES THE CHURCH OF THE EMPIRE

(A. D. 323):

G. P. Fisher:

History of the Christian Church,

465 (451).

A. Carr:

The Church and the Roman Empire,

465-466 (451-452).

Eusebius:

Ecclesiastical History,

2794 (2720).

E. L. Cutts:

Constantine the Great,

2794-2795 (2721).

A. Neander:

History of the Christian Church,

2795 (2721).

J. C. L. Sismondi:

Fall of the Roman Empire,

2795 (2721).

H. H. Milman:

History of Christianity,

466-467, 467-468 (452-453, 453-454).

13. THE EASTERN, OR GREEK CHURCH:

E. L. Cutts:

Constantine the Great,

519 (505).

G. Finlay:

Greece under the Romans,

520 (506).

T. Hodgkin:

Italy and Her Invaders,

2801 (2727).

H. F. Tozer:

The Church and the Eastern Empire,

468-469 (454-455).

R. W. Church:

The Gifts of Civilization,

469 (455).

J. C. Lees:

The Greek Church,

470 (456).

14. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY, AND COUNCIL OF NICÆA

(A. D. 325):

The Councils of the Church,

644 (621).

J. C. L. Sismondi:

Fall of the Roman Empire,

138 (131).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

138-139 (131-132).

R. W. Bush:

St. Athanasius,

2411 (2359).

W. Moeller:

Christian Church,

466 (452).

T. Hodgkin:

The Dynasty of Theodosius,

2799, second column, (2725).

E. L. Cutts:

Charlemagne,

1150 (1120).

P. Schaff:

History of Christian Church,

1150 (1120).

15. THE REVIVAL OF PAGANISM, AND FORMAL ESTABLISHMENT OF

CHRISTIANITY (A. D. 361-395):

G. Uhlhorn:

Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,

2796-2798 (2722-2724).

J. C. L. Sismondi:

Fall of the Roman Empire,

2798, first column, (2724).

J. B. S. Carwithen:

History of the Christian Church,

2801 (2727).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2800-2801 (2726-2727).

16. THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE PROVINCES:

E. de Pressensé:

Early Years of Christianity,

463 (449).

C. A. A. Scott:

Ulfilas,

464, 1594 (450, 1556).

R. W. Church:

Beginning of the Middle Ages,

1432 (1399).

S. Baring-Gould;

The Church in Germany,

472 (458).

C. Merivale:

Church History,

464 (450).

R. W. Church:

Gifts of Civilization,

465 (451).

A. Plummer:

Church of the Early Fathers,

464 (450).

Appendix D, 3807-3810 (End of Volume I.).

17. THE FALL OF IMPERIAL, RISE OF ECCLESIASTICAL ROME:

J. Watt:

The Latin Church,

471 (457).

C. Merivale:

Early Church History,

471 (457).

E. Hatch:

Organization of the Christian Churches,

471 (457).

G. T. Stokes:

The Celtic Church,

472 (458).

J. J. I. von Döllinger:

History of the Church,

2481 (2421-2482).

C. Gore:

Leo the Great,

2481 (2422).

STUDY XIX.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH OF THE PAPACY.

1. THE ROMAN CHURCH CLAIM OF DESCENT FROM ST. PETER:

G. Salmon:

Infallibility of the Church,

2476 (2417).

J. J. I. von Döllinger;

History of the Church,

2476-2477 (2417-2418).

Cardinal Gibbons:

The Faith of Our Fathers,

2477-2478 (2418-2419).

Abbé Guettée:

The Papacy,

2478-2479 (2419-2420).

S. Cheetham:

History of the Church,

2480 (2421).

G. F. Seymour:

Christian Unity,

2480 (2421).

E. de Pressensé:

Early Years of Christianity.

463 (449).

2. THE RISE OF THE EPISCOPATE:

W. D. Killen:

The Old Catholic Church,

458 (444).

C. Gore:

Mission of the Church,

458 (444).

J. B. Lightfoot;

The Apostolic Age, 458 (444).

A. Neander:

The Christian Religion,

458 (444).

E. Hatch:

Organization of the Christian Churches,

471 (457).

C. Gore:

Leo the Great,

2481 (2422).

{756}

3. The PATRIARCHATES:

J. H. Egar:

Christendom; Ecclesiastical and Political,

466 (452).

J. E. T. Wiltsch:

Statistics of the Church,

466 (452).

J. C. Lees:

The Greek Church,

470, first column, (456).

C. Merivale:

Early Church History,

471 (457).

4. THE EARLY BISHOPS OF ROME

(A. D. 42-600):

J. J. I. von Döllinger:

History of the Church,

2480-2481 (2421-2422).

C. Gore:

Leo the Great,

2481 (2422).

J. H. Egar:

Ecclesiastical and Political Christendom,

476 (462).

V. Duruy:

Middle Ages,

476 (462).

5. ORIGIN OF THE PAPAL TITLE:

A. P. Stanley:

The Eastern Church,

2480 (2421).

R. W. Bush:

St. Athanasius,

2411 (2359).

6. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:

J. Watt:

The Latin Church,

471 (457).

C. Merivale:

Church History,

471 (457).

E. Hatch:

The Christian Churches,

471 (457).

C. Gore:

Leo the Great,

2481 (2422).

S. Cheetham:

The Christian Church,

2479, last column, 2480 (2421).

J. N. Larned:

Europe, 1045 (1017).

7. GREGORY THE GREAT

(A. D. 590-604):

V. Duruy:

The Middle Ages,

475-476 (461-462).

J. Barmby:

Gregory the Great,

2481-2482 (2422-2423).

T. W. Allies:

The Holy See,

2482 (2423).

M. Creighton:

History of the Papacy,

2818 (2744).

C. Merivale:

Early Church History,

476 (462).

V. Duruy:

The Middle Ages,

476-477 (462-463).

J. F. Rowbotham:

History of Music,

2280-2281.

8. FROM GREGORY TO CHARLEMAGNE

(A. D. 600-800):

The Succession of Popes,

2482-2483 (2423-2424).

(a) The Rise of Papal Sovereignty at Rome.

G. Finlay:

The Byzantine Empire,

2483 (2424).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2483 (2424).

J. E. Darras:

History of the Catholic Church,

2483 (2424).

P. Godwin:

History of France,

2483 (2424).

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire,

2483 (2424).

C. J. Stillé;

Mediæval History,

1467, second column, (1436).

(b) The Iconoclastic Controversy.

J. L. von Mosheim:

Ecclesiastical History,

1732 (1692-1693).

J. C. Lees:

The Greek Church,

470 (456).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2484 (2425).

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire,

2484 (2425).

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

2484 (2425).

J. E. Riddle:

History of the Papacy,

2485 (2426).

9. THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE FRANKS:

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire

(1846-1806). [sic]

R. W. Church:

Beginning of the Middle Ages,

1846-1847 (1806-1807).

C. J. Stillé:

Studies in Mediaeval History,

1467-1468 (1436-1437).

E.Emerton:

The Middle Ages,

1434-1435 (1401-1402).

10. FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO HILDEBRAND; DEGRADATION OF THE HOLY SEE

(A. D. 300-1073):

Cardinal J. H. Newman:

Essays,

2485-2486 (2426-2427).

A. F. Villemain:

Life of Gregory VII.,

2820 (2746).

Abbé J. E. Darras:

The Catholic Church,

2820 (2746).

C. W. Koch:

The Revolutions of Europe,

1471 (1439-1440).

J. I. von Döllinger:

European History,

2820-2821 (2746-2747).

J. H. Allen:

Christian History,

1473 (1442).

G. B. Adams:

Civilization during Middle Ages,

1473-1474 (1442-1443).

E. L. Cutts:

Charlemagne,

1150 (1120).

P. Schaff;

History of the Christian Church,

1150 (1120).

"Such are a few of the most prominent features of the

ecclesiastical history of these dreadful times, when, in the

words of St. Bruno, 'the world lay in wickedness, holiness had

disappeared, justice had perished, and truth had been buried;

Simon Magus lording it over the Church, whose bishops and

priests were given to luxury and fornication.’ Had we lived in

such deplorable times … we should have felt for certain, that

if it was possible to retrieve the Church, it must be by some

external power; she was helpless and resourceless; and the

civil power must interfere, or there was no hope."

CARDINAL J. H. NEWMAN.

11. HILDEBRAND AND REFORM

(A. D. 1073-1086):

Count de Montalembert:

Monks of the West,

2486-2487 (2427-2428).

J. Alzog:

Manual of History,

2487-2488 (2428).

G. B. Adams:

Civilization during Middle Ages,

1473-1474 (1442-1443).

J. N. Murphy:

The Chair of Peter,

2492 (2432).

(а) Papal Elections.

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

2491-2492 (2431-2432).

(b) Celibacy.

Sir James Stephen:

Hildebrand,

2488 (2429).

Hinschius:

Investiturstreit,

2488-2489 (3794-3796).

(d) At Canossa.

W. Moeller:

The Christian Church,

2490 (2430).

W. R. W. Stephens:

Hildebrand and His Times,

396-397 (386-387).

W. S. Lilly:

The Turning-Point of the Middle Ages,

2490-2491 (2430-2431).

J. H. Allen:

Christian History,

1474 (1442).

H. H. Milman:

Latin Christianity,

2821 (2747).

(e) The Concordat of Worms.

J. Sime:

History of Germany,

1474 (1443).

J. J. I. Döllinger:

History of the Church,

1474-1475 (1443-1444).

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church History,

2491 (2431).

12. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFEN

(A. D. 1138-1250):

J. C. L. Sismondi:

The Italian Republics,

1850 (1810).

M. Creighton:

History of the Papacy,

2492-2493 (2432-2433).

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

2493-2494 (2433-2434).

U. Balzani:

The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,

1478 (1445).

O. Browning:

Guelphs and Ghibellines,

1478-1479 (1445-1446).

E. A. Freeman:

European History,

1479 (1446).

E. A. Freeman:

Frederick the Second,

1479-1480 (1446-1447).

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire,

1854 (1814).

T. L. Kington:

Frederick the Second,

1855-1856 (1815-1816).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1050 and 1054 (1022, 1026).

13. THE "BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY"

(A. D. 1294-1378):

G. Trevor:

Rome,

2494-2495 (2434-2435).

L. Pastor:

History of the Popes,

2495-2496 (2435-2436).

M. Creighton:

History of the Papacy,

2496 (2436).

{757}

14. THE "GREAT SCHISM"

(A. D. 1378-1417):

W. W. Story:

Castle St. Angelo,

2497 (2437).

J. N. Murphy:

The Chair of Peter,

2498 (2438).

L. Pastor:

History of the Popes,

2498 (2438).

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

2498-2499 (2438-2439).

15. THE DARKEST AGE OF THE PAPACY

(A. D. 1417-1517):

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church History,

2500 (2440).

R. L. Poole:

Wycliffe and Reform Movements,

2501 (2441).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2501 (2441).

H. A. Taine:

English Literature,

2501-2502 (2441-2442).

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

2502, 2503 (2442, 2443).

16. EVE OF THE GREAT REFORMATION;

T. Kolde:

Martin Luther,

2504.

L. Ranke:

History of the Reformation,

2504-2505 (2443-2444).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2505 (2444).

Cardinal N. Wiseman:

Lectures on Catholic Church,

2505-2506 (2444-2445).

J. N. M. D’Aubigné:

Story of the Reformation,

2506 (2445).

17. THE INQUISITION

(A. D. 1203-1525):

J. A. Symonds:

The Catholic Reaction,

1789-1791 (1750-1752).

STUDY XX.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

MONASTICISM AND THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS.

1. MONASTICISM:

I. Gregory Smith:

Christian Monasticism,

468 (454).

E. Schürer:

The Jewish People,

1014 (3745).

Charles Kingsley:

The Hermits,

119-120 (112-113).

I. Gregory Smith:

Christian Monasticism,

2239-2240 (2195-2196).

Count de Montalembert:

Monks of the West,

2240-2241 (2196-2197).

A. Jessop:

The Coming of the Friars,

2241-2242 (2197-2198).

Count de Montalembert:

Monks of the West,

2050-2051 (2006-2007).

F. Madan:

Books in Manuscript,

2051-2052 (2007-2008).

F. Guizot:

History of Civilization,

711 (688).

A. T. Drane:

Christian Schools,

711-712 (688-689).

2. THE BENEDICTINES

(ABOUT A. D. 500):

(a) The Original Order.

C. J. Stillé:

Mediæval History,

288 (279).

(b) The Congregations of Cluny.

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval History,

495 (481).

3. THE CARTHUSIANS

(ABOUT A. D. 1075):

J. E. Darras:

The Catholic Church,

405 (395).

M. A. Schimmelpenninck:

La Grande Chartreuse,

405 (395).

4. THE CISTERCIANS

(ABOUT A. D. 1100):

(a) The Original Order.

K. Norgate:

England under the Angevin Kings,

487 (472-473).

C. J. Stillé:

Mediæval History,

491-492 (477-478).

H. Stebbing:

The Universal Church,

492 (478).

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

653 (630).

(b) The Trappists

(about 1150).

C. Lancelot:

La Grande Chartreuse,

3237-3238 (3121-3122).

(A. D. 1204-1710).

J. Tulloch:

Pascal,

2637 (2565).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

2637-2639 (2565-2567).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2639 (2567).

Duke of Saint Simon:

Memoirs,

2640 (2568).

J. J. I. Döllinger:

European History,

2640 (2568).

5. THE AUGUSTINIANS, OR AUSTIN CANONS

(ABOUT A. D. 1150):

K. Norgate:

England under the Angevin Kings,

197 (190).

E. L. Cutts:

Middle Ages,

2656 (2584).

6. THE CARMELITE FRIARS

(ABOUT A. D. 1150):

J. L. von Mosheim:

Ecclesiastical History,

401 (391).

7. THE DOMINICANS

(ABOUT A. D. 1200):

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

2196 (2152).

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

1789-1791 (1750-1752).

8. THE FRANCISCANS

(ABOUT A. D. 1225):

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

2196 (2152).

E. L. Cutts:

Middle Ages,

2196 (2152).

A. M. F. Robinson:

End of the Middle Ages,

285 (276).

J. L. von Mosheim:

Ecclesiastical History,

286 (277).

M. Creighton:

The Papacy,

2493, first column, (2433).

See

"The Recollects,"

2700 (2627).

9. THE CAPUCHINS

(ABOUT A. D. 1500):

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

399 (389).

10. THE THEATINES

(ABOUT A. D. 1525):

A. W. Ward:

The Counter-Reformation,

3189 (3104).

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

3189 (3104).

11. THE LAZARISTS

(ABOUT A. D. 1625):

J. Alzog:

Universal History,

2039 (1995).

12. HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM

(A. D. 1118-):

T. Keightley:

The Crusaders,

1701-1702 (1662-1663).

F. C. Woodhouse:

Military Religious Orders,

1702 (1663).

G. Finlay:

The Byzantine and Greek Empires,

1702 (1663).

W. H. Prescott:

Reign of Philip II.,

1703-1704 (1664-1665).

F. C. Woodhouse;

Military Religious Orders,

1704-1705 (1665-1666).

13. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS

(ABOUT A. D. 1120):

T. Keightley:

The Crusaders,

3176 (3091).

C. G. Addison:

The Knights Templars,

3176 (3091).

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

3177 (3092).

A. P. Marras:

Secret Fraternities of the Middle Ages,

1438-1439 (1405-1406).

R. A. Vaughn:

Hours with the Mystics,

2826-2827 (2752-2753).

14. THE TEUTONIC KNIGHTS

(ABOUT A. D. 1190):

F. C. Woodhouse:

Military Religious Orders,

3185-3186 (3100-3101).

G. F. Maclear:

Apostles of Mediæval Europe,

2684-2685 (2612-2613).

{758}

15. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS

(A. D. 1540-):

(a) Loyola, and the Founding of the Order.

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1928-1929 (1887-1888).

G. B. Nicolini:

The Jesuits,

1929 (1888).

A. T. Drane:

Christian Schools,

731 (708).

G. Compayré:

History of Pedagogy,

731-732 (708-709).

O. Browning:

Educational Theories,

732 (709).

(b) Early Jesuit Missions.

A Historical Sketch of the Jesuits,

1929-1930 (1888-1889).

W. P. Greswell:

The Dominion of Canada,

1930 (1889).

F. Parkman:

The Jesuits in North America,

1930-1931 (1889-1890).

R. Mackenzie:

America,

371-372 (361-362).

The Hundred Years of Christianity in Japan,

1915-1916 (1875-1876).

D. Murray:

The Story of Japan,

1916 (1876).

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

1931-1932 (1890-1891).

(d) Expulsion of the Order from France

(A. D. 1595).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1246, first column, (1214).

(e) Controversy with the Jansenists

(A. D. 1653-1715).

J. B. Perkins:

France and Mazarin,

2637-2639 (2565-2567).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2639 (2567).

(f) General Suppression of the Society throughout Europe

(A. D. 1757-1775).

H. M. Stephens:

The Story of Portugal,

1932-1933 (1891-1892).

W. H. Jervis:

History of the Church of France,

1933-1934 (1892-1893).

(g) Suppression of the Order by the Pope (A. D. 1773),

and Restoration (A. D. 1814).

The Jesuits and Their Expulsion,

1934-1935, and 1935 (1893-1894, and 1894).

Clement XIV. and the Jesuits,

1935 (1894).

"Himself without home or country, and not holding the

doctrines of any political party, the Disciple of Jesus

renounced everything which might alienate him among varying

nationalities, pursuing various political aims. Then he did

not confine his labors to the pulpit and the confessional; he

gained an influence over the rising generation by a systematic

attention to education, which had been shamefully neglected by

the other orders. It is a true saying, that ‘he who gains the

youth possesses the future’; and by devoting themselves to the

education of youth, the Jesuits secured a future to the Church

more surely than by any other scheme that could have been

devised. What the schoolmasters were for the youth, the

confessors were for those of riper years; what the clerical

teachers were for the common people, the spiritual directors

and confidants were for great lords and rulers—for the Jesuits

aspired to a place at the side of the great, and at gaining

the confidence of Kings."

L. HÄUSSER.

STUDY XXL

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE RISE AND CONQUESTS OF MOHAMMEDANISM.

1. ARABIA AND THE ARABS; THE SARACENS;

A. H. Sayce;

Races of the Old Testament,

2963 (2886).

G. Rawlinson:

Notes to Herodotus,

128 (121).

F. Lenormant:

Ancient History.

128-129 (121-122).

A. H. Sayce:

Ancient Arabia,

129-130 (122-123).

E. Gibbon;

Decline and Fall,

2878 (2803).

H. H. Milman:

Note to Gibbon,

2878 (2803).

H. Yule:

Cathay,

3215-3216, and 3216-3217 (3704-3705, and 3705-3706).

2. The Birth and Career of Mohammed

(A. D. 570-632):

E. A. Freeman:

Conquests of the Saracens,

2112 (2067).

Sir W. Muir:

Life of Mahomet,

2112-2113 (2067-2068).

J. W. H. Stobart

Islam and Its Founder,

1843 (1803).

Sir H. Nicholas:

Chronology of History,

1011 (984).

S. Lane-Poole:

Studies in a Mosque,

2194 (2150).

3. THE FIRST CALIPHATE; FROM ABU BEER TO ALI

(A. D. 632-661);

See

Caliph,

363 (353).

R. D. Osborn:

Islam under the Khalifs,

1735 (1696).

(а) Conquest of Syria.

George Adam Smith:

Geography of Holy Land,

3141-3142 (3057-3058).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2113-2114 (2068-2069).

W. Irving:

Mahomet and His Successors,

1923 (1882).

(b) Conquest of Persia.

G. Rawlinson:

Seventh Oriental Monarchy,

2114 (2069).

Sir W. Muir:

Annals of Early Caliphate,

2114-2115 (2069-2070).

Researches on Burning of Library of Alexandria,

2047-2048 (2003-2004).

(d) Conquest of Northern Africa.

T. Mommsen:

History of Rome,

2442 (2390)

H. E. M. Stutfield:

El Maghreb,

2133-2134 (2089-2090).

E. A. Freeman:

Conquest of Saracens,

2115 (2070).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2115 (2070).

4. THE OMEYYAD CALIPHATE

(A. D. 661-750)

E. A. Freeman:

Conquests of the Saracens,

2116 (2071).

Sir W. Muir:

Annals of the Early Caliphate,

2116-2117 (2071-2072).

5. THE SUBJUGATION OF THE TURKS

(A. D. 710):

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall, 3246 (3130).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall, 2117 (2072).

6. THE CONQUEST OF SPAIN (A. D. 711-13),

AND BATTLE OF TOURS (732):

R. W. Church:

Beginning of the Middle Ages,

1599-1600 (1561-1562).

H. Coppée:

The Conquest of Spain,

3054 (2974).

P. Godwin:

History of France,

2117-2118, 2119 (2072-2075, 2076).

7. THE DIVIDED CALIPHATE; THE OMEYYADS AND ABBASSIDES

(A. D. 715):

Sir W. Muir:

Annals of the Early Caliphate,

2118 (2075).

E. A. Freeman:

Conquests of the Saracens,

2119, 2120 (2076, 2077).

E. H. Palmer:

Haroun Alraschid,

2119 (2076).

T. Nöldeke:

Eastern History,

2120 (2077).

8. TURKISH SUPREMACY, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE

(A. D. 1000-):

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall.

3247 (3131).

A. Vambéry:

History of Bokhara,

3247, 3249 (3131, 3133).

R. D. Osborn:

Islam under Khalifs of Bagdad,

3247-3248 (3131-3132).

E. Pears:

The Fall of Constantinople,

3248 (3132).

G. Finlay:

The Byzantine and Greek Empires,

3348 (3133).

{759}

9. RISK OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (A. D. 1250-):

Besant and Palmer:

Jerusalem,

3867 (3793-3763).

J. F. Michaud:

History of the Crusades,

3867 (3793).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

3349-3350 (3133-3131).

10. CIVILIZATION OF THE SARACENS:

(a) Education.

J. W. Draper.

Intellectual Development of Europe,

713 (690).

Westminster Review:

Intellectual Revival,

713-714 (690-691).

(b) Medical Science.

J. H. Baas:

History of Medicine,

3173-3174 (3130).

G. F. Fort:

Medical Economy of Middle Ages,

2174 (2130).

P. V. Renouard:

History of Medicine,

3174 (2130).

H. Yule:

Cathay,

3215-3217 (3704-3706).

G. Finlay:

The Byzantine Empire,

3217-3218 (3706-3707).

STUDY XXII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE CRUSADES.

"‘You,’ continued the eloquent pontiff [Urban II.], ‘you, who

hear me, and who have received the true faith, and been

endowed by God with power, and strength, and greatness of

soul,—whose ancestors have been the prop of Christendom, and

whose Kings have put a barrier against the progress of the

infidel,—I call upon you to wipe off these impurities from the

face of the earth, and lift your oppressed fellow Christians

from the depths into which they have been trampled.’ Palestine

was, he said, a land flowing with milk and honey, and precious

in the sight of God, as the scene of the grand events which

have saved mankind. That land, he promised, should be divided

among them. Moreover, they should have full pardon for all

their offenses against God or man. ‘Go then,’ he added, ‘in

expiation of your sins; and go assured that, after this world

shall have passed away, imperishable glory shall be yours in

the world to come.’ The enthusiasm was no longer to be

restrained, and loud shouts interrupted the speaker; the

people exclaiming as with one voice, ‘Dieu le veult! Dieu le

veult!’"

C. MACKAY.

1. CAUSES OF THE MOVEMENTS:

W. Irving:

Mahomet and His Successors,

1923 (1882).

E. A. Freeman:

Conquests of the Saracens,

2120 (2077).

G. Finlay:

Byzantine and Greek Empires,

649 (626).

2. PREACHING OF POPE URBAN II., AND PETER THE HERMIT:

C. Mackay:

Popular Delusions,

649-50 (626-627).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

650 (627).

3. THE FIRST CRUSADE

(A. D. 1096-1099):

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

650-651 (627-628).

Besant and Palmer:

Jerusalem,

1923-1924 (1882-1883).

T. Keightley:

The Crusaders,

651-652 (628-629).

H. F. Brown:

Venice,

3725-3726 (3605-3606).

4. THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM

(A. D. 1099-1291):

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

1924 (1883).

T. Keightley:

The Crusaders,

1924 (1883).

C. Mills:

The Crusades,

1924-1925 (1883-1884).

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

1925 (1884).

5. THE SECOND CRUSADE

(A. D. 1147-1149):

H. von Sybel:

The Crusades,

652-653 (629-630).

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

653 (630).

C. M. Yonge:

History of France,

1193 (1161-1162).

K. Norgate:

England under the Angevin Kings,

127-128 (120-121).

6. THE THIRD CRUSADE

(A. D. 1188-1192):

J. F. Michaud:

The Crusades,

653 (630).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

653-654 (630-631).

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

654 (631).

7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CRUSADES

(A. D. 1196-1203):

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

654 (631).

E. Pears:

The Fall of Constantinople,

654-655 (631-632).

8. THE CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE

(A D. 1204):

G. Finlay:

The Byzantine and Greek Empires,

3726 (3606).

E. Pears:

The Fall of Constantinople,

3726, and 350-351 (3606 and 340-341).

G. Finlay:

History of Greece,

351 (341).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

351-352 (341-342).

G. Finlay:

History of Greece,

6 and 2730 (6 and 2656).

G. Finlay:

Byzantine and Greek Empires,

1649-1650 (1611-1612).

9. MINOR CRUSADING MOVEMENTS:

(a) The Children’s Crusade (A. D. 1212).

Besant and Palmer:

Jerusalem,

655-656 (632-633).

(b) Against the Albigenses (A. D. 1209-1229).

G. Rawlinson:

Seventh Oriental Monarchy,

2127-2128 (2083-2084).

J. L. Mosheim:

Christianity.

2128 (2084).

H. H. Milman:

Latin Christianity,

39 (32).

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

39 (32).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

39 (32).

E. Smedley:

History of France,

39-40 (32-33).

Sir James Stephen:

History of France,

40 and 41 (33 and 34).

E. A. Freeman:

Historical Geography of Europe,

40-41 (33-34).

(about A. D. 1200).

G. F. Maclear:

Apostles of Mediaeval Europe,

2075 (2031).

(d) Against the Prussians

(about A. D. 1250-).

G. F. Maclear:

Apostles of Mediæval Europe,

2684-2685 (2612-2613).

T. Carlyle:

Frederick the Great,

2685 (2613).

(e) Against the Almohades

(A. D. 1212).

E. A. Freeman:

Conquest of the Saracens,

49 (42.)

H. Coppée:

Conquest of Spain by the Moors,

3058 (2977).

10. THE SIXTH CRUSADE

(A. D. 1216-1229):

G. Procter:

The Crusades,

656-657 (633-634).

E. A. Freeman:

Emperor Frederick the Second,

1480 (1446-1447).

Besant and Palmer:

Jerusalem,

1926 (1885).

11. THE SEVENTH CRUSADE

(A. D. 1248-1254):

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

657-658 (634-635).

J. F. Michaud:

The Crusades,

658 (635).

12. FINAL MOVEMENTS

(A. D. (1270-1299):

F. P. Guizot:

HISTORY OF FRANCE,

658-659 (635-636).

G. Procter:

The Crusades,

1927-1928 (1886-1887).

W. Stubbs:

Mediaeval and Modern History,

1928 (1887).

C. G. Addison:

The Knights Templars,

659 (636).

{760}

13. THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES:

E. Gibbon;

Decline and Fall,

659 (636).

H. Hallam;

The Middle Ages,

659 (636).

W. Robertson;

Progress of Society in Europe,

659 (636).

W. Stubbs;

Mediæval and Modern History,

660 (637).

F. Guizot:

History of Civilization,

660-661 (637-638).

"The principle of the Crusades was a savage fanaticism; and

the most important effects were analogous to the cause. Each

pilgrim was ambitious to return with his sacred spoils, the

relics of Greece and Palestine; and each relic was preceded

and followed by a train of miracles and visions. The belief of

the Catholics was corrupted by new legends, their practice by

new superstitions; and the establishment of the inquisition,

the mendicant orders of monks and friars, the last abuse of

indulgences, and the final progress of idolatry, flowed from

the baleful fountain of the holy war."

E. GIBBON.

STUDY XXIII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE RENAISSANCE—THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN AGE

(A. D. 1400-1500).

1. THE GENERAL MEANING OF THE TERM:

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

2703-2704 (2630-2631).

P. Villari:

Niccolo Machiavelli,

2704 (2631).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1077-1079 (1049-1051).

2. THE LEADING INFLUENCE OF ITALY IN THE AWAKENING:

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

1872-1873, 1874-1875 (1832-1833, 1834-1835).

Vernon Lee:

Euphorion,

1874 (1834).

H. A. Taine:

Italy, Florence, and Venice,

1173 (1143).

"When Machiavelli called Italy 'the corruption of the world,'

he did not speak rhetorically. An impure and worldly clergy;

an irreligious, though superstitious, laity; a self-indulgent

and materialistic middle class: an idle aristocracy, excluded

from politics and unused to arms; a public given up to

pleasure and money getting; a multitude of scholars, devoted

to trifles, and vitiated by studies which clashed with the

ideals of Christianity—from such elements in the nation

proceeded a widely spread and ever-increasing degeneracy. …

Religion expired in laughter, irony, and license. Domestic

simplicity yielded to vice, whereof the records are precise

and unmistakable. The virile virtues disappeared. What

survived of courage assumed the forms of ruffianism, ferocity,

and treasonable daring. Still, simultaneously with this

decline in all the moral qualities which constitute a powerful

people, the Italians brought their arts and some departments

of their literature to a perfection that can only be

paralleled by Ancient Greece. The anomaly implied in this

statement is striking; but it is revealed to us by evidence

too overwhelming to be rejected.

J. A. SYMONDS.

3. OTHER GREATLY CONTRIBUTING CAUSES:

(a) The Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (A. D. 1453):

C. C. Felton:

Greece, Ancient and Modern,

524 (510).

Demetrios Bikelas:

The Byzantine Empire,

352 (342).

J. N. Larned:

The Greek Revival,

1077-1078 (1050).

(b) The Invention of Printing (A. D. 1456).

J. N. Larned:

The Invention of Printing,

1077 (1049).

H. Bouchot:

The Printed Book,

2660 (2588).

W. Blades:

Books in Chains,

2660-2661 (2588-2589).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1078-1079 (1050-1051).

J. A. Blanqui:

History of Political Economy,

3730-3731 (3610-3611).

(1) The Early Successes of the Portuguese.

C. R. Markham:

The Sea Fathers,

2644 (2572).

J. Yeats:

Growth of Commerce,

2644-2645 (2572-2573).

J. W. Draper:

Intellectual Development of Europe,

2645 (2573).

(2) The Spanish Discoveries.

H. H Bancroft:

History of the Pacific States,

55 (48).

Sir A. Helps:

The Spanish Conquest,

55-56 (48-49).

C. R. Markham:

The Sea Fathers,

56 (49).

W. Irving:

Life of Columbus,

57-58 (50-51).

J. Fiske:

The Discovery of America,

60 (53).

J. Winsor:

Narrative and Critical History of America,

61-62 (54-55).

(3) The English Discoveries.

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

58 (51).

H. Harrisse:

Discovery of North America,

59.

H. Harrisse:

Discovery of North America,

61 (3678).

4. THE EFFECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE:

(a) In Italy.

H. A. Taine:

History of English Literature,

2502 (2442).

W. Hunt:

History of Italy,

1870 (1830).

Mrs. Oliphant:

Makers of Florence,

1172 (1142).

H. A. Taine:

Italy, Florence, and Venice,

1172-1173 (1142-1143).

(b) In France.

J. A Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

1872-1873 (1832-1833).

Mrs. Mark Pattison:

The Renaissance of Art,

1216-1217 (1184-1185).

A. Tilley:

Literature of the French Renaissance,

1217 (1185).

M. Arnold:

Schools on the Continent,

727 (704).

(d) In England.

H. A. Taine:

English Literature,

851-852 (824-825).

J. A. Symonds:

Shakespeare's Predecessors,

852-853 (825-826).

5. THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE:

(a) Upon Art.

R. N. Wornum:

Epochs of Painting,

2462-2463.

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

2463-2454.

R. Westmacott:

Handbook of Sculpture,

2957-2958.

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

3732 (3612).

W. B. Scaife:

Florentine Life,

1169 (1139).

(b) Upon Education.

G. Compayré:

History of Pedagogy,

725 (702).

M. Arnold:

Schools on the Continent,

727 (704).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

728-729 (705-706).

A. Lang:

Oxford,

729-730 (706-707).

W. J. Henderson:

The Story of Music,

2284.

H. G. B. Hunt:

A History of Music,

2284.

(d) Upon the Foundation of Libraries.

J. A. Symonds:

The Renaissance in Italy,

2052-2053 (2008-2009).

G. W. Greene:

Historical Studies,

2053 (2009).

E. Edwards:

Statistics of Libraries,

2054 (2010).

(e) Upon Trade and Commerce.

J. N. Larned:

Modern Trade Routes, etc.,

3224-3228 (3713-3717).

J. A. Blanqui:

History of Political Economy,

3730-3731 (3610-3611).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland,

2299 (2251).

{761}

STUDY XXIV.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE GREAT REFORMATION

(A. D. 1517-).

1. STATE OF RELIGION AT THE CLOSE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY:

Vernon Lee:

Euphorion,

1874 (1834).

R. L. Poole:

Wyclif and Reform,

2501 (2441).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2501 (2441).

H. A. Taine:

English Literature,

2502 (2442).

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

2502 (2442).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1081-1082 (1053-1054).

2. REFORMERS BEFORE THE REFORMATION:

(a) The Albigenses

(A. D. 1209-1229).

(1) Their Origin and Beliefs.

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

2561 (2495).

H. H. Milman:

Latin Christianity,

39 (32).

A. Neander:

The Christian Church,

39 (32).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

39 (32).

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church,

409 (399).

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church,

3762-3763 (3641-3642).

(2) Their Extermination.

E. Smedley:

History of France,

39-40 (32-33).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France.

40 (33).

E. E. Crowe:

History of France,

41 (34).

E. A. Freeman:

Historical Geography of Europe,

41 (34).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

41 (34).

(b) Wyclif and the Lollards

(about A. D. 1375-1400).

A. M. F. Robinson:

End of Middle Ages,

285 (276).

C. Ullmann;

Reformers before the Reformation,

285-286 (276-277).

B. Herford:

Story of Religion in England,

841-842 (814-815).

R. L. Poole:

Wyclif and Reform,

842 (815).

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

842 (815).

J. Gairdner:

English History,

842 (815).

C. H. Pearson:

English History,

843-844 (816-817).

J. R. Green:

History of English People,

844 (817).

(A. D. (1405-1434).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1072-1073 (1044-1045).

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church,

296-297 (287-288).

B. Taylor:

History of Germany,

297-298 (288-289).

(d) Savonarola

(A. D. 1490-1498).

Mrs. Oliphant:

Makers of Florence,

1172 (1142).

O. T. Hill:

Introduction to Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross,

1173-1175 (1143-1145).

3. THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE REFORM OUTBREAK:

G. P. Fisher:

The Christian Church,

1489-1490 (1456-1457).

L. Ranke:

History of Reformation,

2504-2505 (2443-2444).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2505 (2444).

Cardinal Wiseman:

Doctrines of Catholic Church,

2505-2506 (2444-2445).

T. Kolde:

Martin Luther,

2503-2504.

J. N. M. D’Aubigné:

Story of the Reformation,

2506 (2445).

4. LUTHER’S PROTEST AND THE AWAKENING OF GERMANY

(A. D. 1517):

F. Seebohm:

The Protestant Revolution,

2506-2507 (2445-2446).

L. Ranke:

History of the Reformation,

2507 (2446).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1081-1082 (1053-1054).

5. THE NINETY-FIVE THESES:

Full Text of Luther’s Manifesto,

2507-2509 (2446-2448).

6. LUTHER BURNS THE PAPAL BULL (1520);

THE DIET AT WORMS (1521):

S. Baring-Gould;

The Church in Germany,

1490 (1457).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2509-2511 (2448-2450).

J. A. Froude:

Luther,

2512-2513 (2451-2452).

"The presence in which he [Luther, at the Diet] found himself

would have tried the nerves of the bravest of men; the

Emperor, sternly hostile, with his retinue of Spanish priests

and nobles; the Archbishops and bishops, all of the opinion

that the stake was the only fitting place for so insolent a

heretic; the dukes and barons, whose stern eyes were little

likely to reveal their sympathy, if sympathy any of them felt.

Only one of them, George of Frundsberg, had touched Luther on

the shoulder as he passed through the ante-room. ‘Little monk,

little monk,’ he said, ‘thou hast work before thee that I, and

many a man whose trade is war, never faced the like of. If thy

heart is right, and thy cause good, go on, in God’s name. He

will not forsake thee.’ … There was a pause, and then Eck said

that he had spoken disrespectfully; his heresies had already

been condemned at the Council at Constance; let him retract on

these special points, and he should have consideration for the

rest. He required a plain Yes or No from him ‘without horns.’

The taunt roused Luther’s blood. His full brave self was in

the reply. ‘I will give you an answer,’ he said, ‘which has

neither horns nor teeth. Popes have erred and Councils have

erred. Prove to me out of Scripture that I am wrong, and I

submit. Till then my conscience binds me. Here I stand. I can

do no more. God help me. Amen.’ All day long the storm raged.

Night had fallen, and torches were lighted before the sitting

closed. Luther was dismissed at last. When he had reached his

lodging again, he flung up his hands. ‘I am through!’ he

cried. ‘I am through! If I had a thousand heads they should be

struck off one by one before I would retract.’"

J. A. FROUDE.

7. ZWINGLI, AND THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND

(A. D. 1519-1531):

G. Waddington:

The Reformation,

2511 (2450).

Hug and Stead:

Switzerland,

2511-2512 (2450-2451).

Hug and Stead:

Switzerland,

3130-3131 (3046-3047).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1087-1088 (1059-1060).

8. THE REFORMATION MOVEMENT IN FRANCE:

M. Creighton:

The Papacy,

1210-1211 (1178-1179).

A. Tilley:

The French Renaissance,

1217 (1185).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2513-2514 (2452-2453).

R. Heath:

The Reformation in France,

2514 (2453).

9. THE REVOLT IN THE NETHERLANDS:

J. E. T. Rogers:

The Story of Holland,

2302 (2254).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2302-2303 (2254-2255).

C. Ullmann:

Reformers before the Reformation,

326 (316).

W. E. Griffis:

Influence of the Netherlands,

326 (316).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

728-729 (705-706).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2303 (2255).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2303-2304 (2255-2256).

10. GROWTH OF THE LUTHERAN MOVEMENT IN GERMANY

(A. D. 1522-1529):

W. Coxe:

House of Austria,

2515-2516 (2454-2455).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2516 (2455).

11. ORIGIN OF THE NAME "PROTESTANT"

(A. D.1529):

P. Bayne:

Martin Luther,

2516-2517 (2455-2456).

12. THE FINAL BREACH; THE "AUGSBURG CONFESSION"

(A. D. 1530):

J. Michelet:

Life of Luther,

2517 (2456).

J. Alzog:

Manual of Church History,

2517-2518 (2456-2457).

W. Robertson:

Charles V.,

1493-1494 (1460-1461).

J. N. Earned:

Europe,

1086-1087 (1058-1059).

{762}

13. CALVIN, AND HIS ECCLESIASTICAL STATE:

J. Tulloch:

Leaders of the Reformation,

1450 (1417).

R. Heath:

Reformation in France,

2514 (2453).

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1451-1452 (1417-1419).

14. THE BEGINNING OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

(ABOUT A. D. 1535):

"I intend to use this term Counter-Reformation to denote the

reform of the Catholic Church, which was stimulated by the

German Reformation, and which, when the Council of Trent had

fixed the dogmas and discipline of Latin Christianity, enabled

the Papacy to assume a militant policy in Europe, whereby it

regained a large portion of the provinces that had previously

lapsed to Lutheran and Calvinistic dissent. … The centre of

the world-wide movement which is termed the

Counter-Reformation was naturally Rome. Events had brought the

Holy See once more into a position of prominence. It was more

powerful as an Italian State now, through the support of Spain

and the extinction of national independence, than at any

previous period of history."

J. A. SYMONDS.

J. A. Symonds:

The Italian Renaissance,

1883-1884 (1843-1844).

A. W. Ward:

The Counter-Reformation,

2518 (2457).

J. A. Symonds;

The Catholic Reaction,

2518-2519 (2457-2458).

15. TWO EFFECTIVE AGENTS OF THE ROMAN CHURCH:

(a) The Council of Trent

(A. D. 1545-1563).

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

2519-2520 (2458-2459).

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

2520-2521 (2459-2460).

A. W. Ward:

The Counter-Reformation,

2521 (2460).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1092 (1064).

(b) The Society of Jesus (A. D. 1540-).

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1928-1929 (1887-1888).

G. B. Nicolini:

History of the Jesuits,

1929 (1888).

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

1931-1932 (1890-1891).

16. PROGRESS OF LUTHERANISM IN GERMANY

(A. D. 1530-1620):

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1086-1087 (1058-1059).

W. Robertson:

Charles V.,

1493-1494 (1460-1461).

S. A. Dunham:

The Germanic Empire,

1494-1495 (1461-1462).

S. Baring-Gould:

The Story of Germany,

118-119 (111-112).

17. WAR WITH THE EMPEROR

(A. D. 1546-1561):

C. D. Yonge:

Three Centuries of Modern History,

1495-1496 (1462-1463).

J. Alzog:

Universal Church History,

1496-1497 (1463-1464).

W. Menzel:

History of Germany,

1497-1498 (1464-1465).

18. INTERNAL DISSENSIONS AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:

W. Zimmerman:

History of Germany,

1498-1499 (1465-1466).

O. Kämmel:

German History,

2521-2522 (3766-3767).

STUDY XXV.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE REFORM MOVEMENT AND RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE.

1. THE COMPARATIVE INDEPENDENCE OF THE GALLICAN CHURCH:

H. Hallam;

The Middle Ages,

1197 (1165).

H. H. Milman:

Latin Christianity,

1197 (1165).

M. Creighton:

The Papacy,

1210-1211 (1178-1179).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1219-1220 (1187-1188).

W. H. Jervis:

The Church of France,

1220 (1188).

"The long contest for Gallican rights had lowered the prestige

of the popes in France, but it had not weakened the Catholic

Church, which was older than the monarchy itself, and, in the

feelings of the people, was indissolubly associated with it.

The College of the Sorbonne, or the Theological Faculty at

Paris, and the Parliament, which had together maintained

Gallican liberty, were united in stern hostility to all

doctrinal innovations."

G. P. FISHER.

2. BEGINNING OF THE PROTESTANT REFORM MOVEMENT

(ABOUT A. D. 1520):

A. Tilley:

The French Renaissance,

1217 (1185).

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2513-2514 (2452-2453).

R. Heath:

The Reformation in France,

2514 (2453).

W. Hanna:

The Wars of the Huguenots,

2292-2293 (2244-2245).

E. de Bonnechose:

History of France,

1225-1226 (1193-1194).

3. THE RISE OF THE HUGUENOTS

(ABOUT A. D. 1560):

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1229 (1197).

H. M. Baird:

The Rise of the Huguenots,

1230 (1198).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1089 (1061).

4. BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL WARS; THE GUISES, CONDÉS, ET AL.:

G. Masson:

The Huguenots,

1230 (1198).

W. Besant:

Gaspard de Coligny,

1230-1232 (1198-1200).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1097-1098 (1069-1070).

5. ROCHELLE, AND HENRY OF NAVARRE:

W. Hanna:

The Wars of the Huguenots,

2292-2293 (2244-2245).

W. Hanna:

The Wars of the Huguenots,

1232-1233 (1200-1201).

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1233-1234 (1201-2120).

6. THE MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY

(A. D. 1572):

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

1236 (1204).

T. Wright:

History of France,

1236 (1204).

7. THE FOURTH AND FIFTH CIVIL WARS

(A. D. 1572-1576):

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1236-1237 (1204-1205).

E. E. Crowe:

History of France,

1237-1238 (1205-1206).

S. A. Dunham:

History of Poland,

2615-2616 (2547).

8. THE CATHOLIC LEAGUE AND THE POPE’S BULL

(A. D. 1576):

W. H. Jervis:

The Church of France,

1238-1239 (1206-1207).

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

1239 (1207).

9. HENRY OF NAVARRE, AND THE BATTLE OF COUTRAS

(A. D. 1584-1589):

Duc d’Aumale:

Princes of Condé,

1240-1241 (1209).

W. Hanna:

Wars of the Huguenots,

1241 (1209).

V. Duruy:

History of France,

1241-1242 (1209-1210).

"The struggle lasted but an hour, yet within that hour the

Catholic army lost 3000 men, more than 400 of whom were

members of the first families in the Kingdom; 3000 men were

made prisoners. Not more than a third part of their entire

army escaped. The Huguenots lost only about 200 men. … Before

night fell Navarre wrote a few lines to the French King, which

ran thus:

‘Sire, my Lord and Brother,—Thank God, _I have beaten your

enemies and your army._' It was but too true that the poor

King’s worst enemies were to be found in the very armies that

were marshalled in his name."

W. HANNA.

{763}

10. HENRY BECOMES HENRY IV. OF FRANCE; THE BATTLE OF IVRY

(A. D. 1589):

Henry the Fourth of France,

1242-1243 (1210-1211).

"My friends, if you share my fortune this day, I share yours.

I am resolved to conquer or to die with you. Keep your ranks

firmly, I beg; if the heat of the combat compels you to quit

them, think always of the rally; it is the gaining of the

battle. If you lose your ensigns, pennons, and banners, do not

lose sight of my white plume; you will find it always on the

road of honor and victory.’

HENRY OF NAVARRE.

11. HENRY’S ABJURATION OF PROTESTANTISM

(A. D. 1593):

Duc d’Aumale:

The Princes of Condé,

1244-1245 (1212-1213).

H. M. Baird:

The Huguenots,

1245 (1213).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

1245 (1213).

12. THE SIEGE OF PARIS; INTERFERENCE OF PHILIP II.

(A. D. 1590-1598):

J. L. Motley:

The United Netherlands,

1243-1244 (1211-1212).

T. H. Dyer;

Modern Europe,

1245-1247 (1213-1215).

13. FROM THE EDICT OF NANTES (1598)

TO ASSASSINATION OF THE KING (1610):

H. M. Baird:

The Huguenots,

1247-1248 (1215-1216).

W. Hanna:

Wars of the Huguenots,

1248 (1216).

A. de Bonnechose;

History of France,

1248 (1216).

"For the benefit of the Protestants the cardinal concession of

the Edict was liberty to dwell anywhere in the royal

dominions, without being subjected to inquiry, vexed,

molested, or constrained to do anything contrary to their

conscience. As respects public worship, while perfect equality

was not established, the dispositions were such as to bring it

within the power of a Protestant in any part of the Kingdom to

meet his fellow-believers for the holiest acts, at least from

time to time. … Scholars of both religions were to be admitted

without distinction of religion to all universities, colleges,

and schools throughout France. The same impartiality was to

extend to the reception of the sick in the hospitals, and to

the poor in the provision made for this relief. More than

this, the Protestants were permitted to establish schools of

their own in all places where their worship was authorized."

H. M. BAIRD.

14. THE RISE OF RICHELIEU, AND DISTRACTION OF THE KINGDOM:

Voltaire:

Ancient and Modern History,

1248-1249 (1216-1217).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

1251 (1219).

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

1251-1252 (1220).

15. THE HUGUENOT REVOLT

(A. D. 1627-1628):

C. D. Yonge:

France under the Bourbons,

1252-1253 (1220-1221).

A. D. White:

The Statesmanship of Richelieu,

1253 (1221).

R. Heath:

The Reformation in France,

1253 (1221).

16. ACCESSION OF LOUIS XIV., AND RENEWED PERSECUTION

OF THE HUGUENOTS (A. D. 1661):

J. C. Morison:

Reign of Louis XIV.,

1265 (1233).

S. Smiles:

The Huguenots,

1265-1266 (1233-1234).

17. REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES (1685),

AND EXODUS OF THE HUGUENOTS (1681-1688):

A. de Lamartine:

Memoirs of Celebrated Characters,

1269 (1237).

R. L. Poole:

Huguenots of the Dispersion,

1269-1270 (1237-1238).

STUDY XXVI.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS—THE INQUISITION.

1. CONQUEST OF SPAIN BY THE ARAB MOORS

(A. D. 711-713):

H. Coppée:

Conquest of Spain,

3054 (2974).

S. A. Dunham:

History of Spain,

3056-3057 (2976-2977).

2. RISE OF THE CHRISTIAN STATES:

H. Coppée:

Conquest of Spain,

3055 (2975).

E. A. Freeman:

Conquest of the Saracens,

3055 (2975).

S. A. Dunham:

History of Spain,

2291 and 3056 (2243, 2976).

E. A. Freeman:

Historical Geography of Europe,

3058 (2977).

3. UNION OF CASTILE AND ARAGON:

E. E. Hale:

The Story of Spain,

3060 (2979).

C. H. Pearson:

English History,

3061-3062 (2980-2981).

H. Hallam:

Middle Ages,

3062-3063 (2981-2982).

4. RISE AND FALL OF THE MOORISH KINGDOM OF GRANADA:

C. M. Yonge:

The Christians and Moors of Spain,

3059-3060 (2978-2979).

H. Coppée:

Conquest of Spain,

3061 (2980).

H. Coppée:

Conquest of Spain,

3063-3064 (2982-2983).

W. H. Prescott:

Ferdinand and Isabella,

3064 (2983).

5. THE EARLY SPANISH CORTES AND THE SANTA HERMANDAD:

W. H. Prescott:

Ferdinand and Isabella,

639-640 (616-17).

H. Hallam:

Middle Ages,

640-641 (617-618).

W. H. Prescott:

Ferdinand and Isabella,

1698-1699 (1659-1660).

6. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INQUISITION:

J. A. Symonds:

Renaissance in Italy,

1789-1791 (1750-1752).

J. I. von Döllinger:

The Jews in Europe,

1966 (1925).

H. T. Buckle:

History of Civilization,

2270-2271 (2226-2227).

7. EARLY HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS:

J. L. Motley:

Rise of the Dutch Republic,

2298 (2250).

W. T. McCullagh:

The Free Nations,

2298-2299 (2250-2251).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2299 (2251).

C. M. Yonge:

Cameos of History.

2300 (2252).

8. RELATIONS WITH BURGUNDY; THE STATES GENERAL:

C. M. Davies:

History of Holland.

2300 (2252).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2300-2301 (2252-2253).

9. MARRIAGE OF MARY OF BURGUNDY TO MAXIMILIAN OF AUSTRIA

(A. D. 1477):

Philip de Commines:

Memoirs,

2301 (2253).

C. M. Davies:

History of Holland,

2301-2302 (2254).

10. RISE OF THE AUSTRO-SPANISH DYNASTY:

W. H. Prescott:

Ferdinand and Isabella,

3065-3066 (2984-2985).

J.E.T. Rogers:

The Story of Holland,

2302 (2254).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2302-2303 (2254-2255).

J. Bigland:

History of Spain,

3066 (2985).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

3066-3067 (2985-2986).

W. H. Prescott:

Philip II.,

3067 (2986).

11. BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN THE NETHERLANDS:

G. P. Fisher:

The Reformation,

2303 (2255).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2303-2304 (2255-2256).

{764}

12. THE ACCESSION AND HORRIBLE CHARACTER OF PHILIP II.

(A. D. 1555):

C. M. Davies:

History of Holland,

2304 (2256).

T. C. Grattan:

History of the Netherlands,

2304-2305 (2256-2257).

C. Gayarré:

Philip II.,

2305, 3068 (2257, 2987).

13. PHILIP II. AND THE CATHOLIC REACTION:

G. Procter:

History of Italy,

2520 (2459).

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

2520-2521 (2459-2460).

O. Kämmel:

History of Germany,

2521-2522.

14. BEGINNING OF ORGANIZED RESISTANCE TO THE TYRANNY OF PHILIP

(A. D. 1562):

W. H. Prescott:

The Reign of Philip II.,

2305-2306 (2257-2258).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2306 (2258).

T. C. Grattan:

History of the Netherlands,

2306-2307 (2258-2259).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2307 (2259).

F. Schiller:

The Revolt of the Netherlands,

2307 (2259).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1094-1095 (1066-1067).

15. THE DUKE OF ALVA AND HIS COUNCIL OF BLOOD

(A. D. 1567):

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

2307-2308 (2259-2260).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2309-2310 (2261-2262).

16. THE STUPENDOUS DEATH-SENTENCE

(A. D. 1568):

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2310 (2262).

"Upon the 16th February, 1568, a sentence of the Holy Office

condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as

heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons,

especially named, were excepted. A proclamation of the King,

dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the

Inquisition, and ordered it to be carried into instant

execution, without regard to age, sex, or condition. This is

probably the most concise death-warrant that was ever framed.

Three millions of people, men, women, and children, were

sentenced to the scaffold in three lines; and as it was well

known that these were not harmless thunders, like some bulls

of the Vatican, but serious and practical measures which it

was intended should be enforced, the horror which they

produced may be easily imagined."

J. L. MOTLEY.

17. BEGINNING OF THE FORTY YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1568):

C. D. Yonge:

Modern History,

2310-2311 (2262-2263).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2311-2312

(2263-2264).

A. Young:

History of the Netherlands,

2312-2313 (2264-2265).

18. THE RECALL OF ALVA, AND THE SIEGE OF LEYDEN

(A. D. 1573-1574):

C. M. Davies:

History of Holland,

2313-2314 (2265-2266).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

729 (706).

19. THE PACIFICATION OF GHENT, AND THE UNION OF BRUSSELS

(A. D. 1575-1577):

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2314-2316 (2266-2268).

J. E. T. Rogers:

The Story of Holland,

2316-2317 (2268-2269).

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

2317-2318 (2269-2270).

20. THE ASSASSINATION OF WILLIAM OF ORANGE,

AND BIRTH OF THE REPUBLIC (A. D. 1584-1585):

T. Grattan:

History of the Netherlands,

2318 (2270).

J. L. Motley:

The United Netherlands,

2318-2320 (2270-2272).

"Thus constituted was the commonwealth upon the death of

William the Silent. The gloom produced by that event was

tragical. Never in human history was a more poignant and

universal sorrow for the death of any individual. The despair

was, for a brief season, absolute; but it was soon succeeded

by more lofty sentiments. … Even on the very day of the

murder, the Estates of Holland, then sitting at Delft, passed

a resolution ‘to maintain the good cause, with God’s help, to

the uttermost, without sparing gold or blood.’ … The next

movement, after the last solemn obsequies had been rendered to

the Prince, was to provide for the immediate wants of his

family. For the man who had gone into the revolt with almost

royal revenues, left his estate so embarrassed that his

carpets, tapestries, household linen—nay, even his silver

spoons, and the very clothes of his wardrobe—were disposed of

at auction for the benefit of his creditors."

J. L. MOTLEY.

21. THE DOWNFALL OF ANTWERP

(A. D. 1585):

J. L. Motley:

The Dutch Republic,

125 (118).

G. L. Craik:

History of British Commerce,

3107 (3025).

J. N. Larned:

The Flemings and Dutch,

3226-3227 (3715-3716).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2320 (2272).

22. THE UNITED PROVINCES AND ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND:

Sir T. E. May:

Democracy in Europe,

2320-2321 (2272-2273).

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

2321-2322 (2274).

C. M. Davies:

History of Holland,

2322 (2274).

23. STEADY DECLINE OF SPANISH POWER, AND DEATH OF PHILIP II.

(A. D. 1590-1598):

Sir E. Cust:

The Thirty Years’ War,

2322-2323 (2274-2275).

Sir T. E. May:

Democracy in Europe,

2323-2324 (2275-2276).

24. RISE OF DUTCH COMMERCE; THE EAST INDIA COMPANY

(A. D. 1595-1620):

W. T. McCullagh:

Industrial History,

2324 (2276).

F. H. H. Guillemard:

Malaysia,

2124.

J. N. Larned:

The Flemings and the Dutch,

3226-3228 (3715-3717).

25. JOHN BARNEVELDT, AND THE ARMINIAN CONTROVERSY

(A. D. 1600-1620):

C. M. Yonge:

Cameos from English History,

2324-2326 (2276-2278).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

729 (706).

26. FINAL ESTABLISHMENT OF PEACE BETWEEN SPAIN AND

THE UNITED PROVINCES

(A. D. 1648):

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

2329-2330 (2281-2282).

J. Geddes:

John De Witt,

2330 (2282).

27. PROSPERITY OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, WHICH BECOMES HOLLAND

(ABOUT A. D. 1660):

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2332-2333 (2284-2285).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2333 (2285).

{765}

STUDY XXVII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1618-1648).

"The Thirty Years’ War was the last struggle which marked the

progress of the Reformation. This war, whose direction and

object were equally undetermined, may be divided into four

distinct portions, in which the Elector Palatine, Denmark,

Sweden, and France played in succession the principal part. It

became more and more complicated until it spread over the

whole of Europe. It was prolonged indefinitely by various

causes.

I. The intimate union between the two branches of the house of

Austria and of the Catholic party,—their opponents, on the

other hand, were not homogeneous.

II. The inaction of England, the tardy intervention of France,

the poverty of Denmark and Sweden, etc. The armies which took

part in the Thirty Years’ War were no longer feudal militias,

they were permanent armies, and lived at the expense of the

countries which they laid waste."

J. MICHELET.

1. CONDITIONS WHICH LED UP TO THE WAR:

O. Kämmel:

History of Germany,

2521-2522 (3767).

E. L. Godkin:

History of Hungary,

1717, first column, (1678).

W. Zimmerman:

History of Germany,

1498-1499 (1465-1466).

F. Schiller:

The Thirty Years’ War,

301-302 (293).

J. Sime:

History of Germany,

1499-1500 (1466-1467).

J. Michelet:

Modern History,

1500 (1467).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1099-1100 (1071-1072).

2. THE PROSTRATION OF PROTESTANTISM

(A. D. 1618-1626):

F. Kohlrausch:

History of Germany,

1500-1501 (1467-1468).

B. Chapman:

Gustavus Adolphus,

1501-1502 (1469).

S. R. Gardiner:

Thirty Years’ War,

1502 (1469).

W. Coxe:

House of Austria,

1502-1504 (1469-1471).

3. THE SUPPRESSION OF BOHEMIA

(A. D. 1621-1648):

L. Häusser:

The Great Reformation,

302 (293).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1100 (1072).

"No succor reached the unfortunate people; but neither did the

victors attain their end. Protestantism and Hussite memories

could not be slain, and only outward submission was extorted.

… But a desert was created; the land was crushed for a

generation. Before the war Bohemia had 4,000,000 inhabitants,

and in 1648 there were but 700,000 or 800,000. In some parts

of the country the population has not attained the standard of

1620 to this day."

L. HÄUSSER.

4. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:

C. F. Johnstone:

Historical Abstracts,

318 (308).

H. von Treitschke:

History of Germany,

2685-2686 (3768-3769).

5. THE GROWING POWER OF SWEDEN:

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2893-2894 (2818-2819).

C. R. L. Fletcher:

Gustavus Adolphus,

2894-2896 (2819-2821).

J. L. Stevens:

Gustavus Adolphus,

2896-2897 (2822).

6. THE SUPREMACY OF WALLENSTEIN

(A. D. 1625-1630):

G. B. Malleson:

Battlefields of Germany,

1504-1505 (1471-1472).

J. Mitchell:

Life of Wallenstein,

1505-1506 (1472-1473).

G. P. R. James:

Dark Scenes of History,

1506-1507 (1473-1474).

7. THE ADVENT OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS

(A. D. 1630-1632):

C. T. Lewis:

History of Germany,

1507-1508 (1475).

F. Schiller:

The Thirty Years’ War,

1508 (1475).

C. R. L. Fletcher:

Gustavas Adolphus,

1508-1509 (1475-1476).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1100-1101 (1072-1073).

8. THE DECISIVE BATTLE AT LEIPSIG (BREITENFELD)

(A. D. 1631):

B. Chapman:

Gustavus Adolphus,

1509-1510 (1477).

C. R. L. Fletcher:

Gustavus Adolphus,

1510 (1477).

"The battle of Breitenfeld was an epoch in war, it was an

epoch in history. It was an epoch in war, because first in it

was displayed on a great scale the superiority of mobility

over weight. It was an epoch in history, because it broke the

force upon which the revived Catholicism had relied for the

extension of its empire over Europe. Germany might tear

herself to pieces for yet another half-generation, but the

actual result of the Thirty Years’ War was as good as

achieved."

C. R. L. FLETCHER.

9. RECALL OF WALLENSTEIN;

THE BATTLE OF LÜTZEN;

DEATH OF GUSTAVUS

(A. D. 1632):

C. M. Yonge:

English History,

1510-1511 (1477-1478).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1511-1512 (1478-1479).

C. T. Lewis:

History of Germany,

1512 (1479).

10. RICHELIEU BECOMES AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN THE WAR:

J. Mitchell:

Life of Wallenstein,

1512-1513 (1480).

H. M. Hozier:

Turenne,

1513 (1480).

G. B. Malleson:

Battlefields of Germany,

1513-1514 (1480-1481).

11. SUCCESSES OF THE SWEDISH ARMY UNDER TORSTENSON

(A. D. 1640-1642):

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1514-1515 (1481-1482).

12. THE FINAL CAMPAIGNS OF THE WAR

(A. D. 1645-1648):

H. M. Hozier:

Turenne,

1515-1516 (1482-1453).

T. O. Cockayne:

Life of Turenne,

1516 (1483).

F. Schiller:

The Thirty Years’ War,

1516-1517 (1483-1484).

13. THE HORRORS OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:

R. C. Trench:

Gustavus Adolphus,

1517-1518 (1484-1485).

H. von Z-Südenhorst:

History of Germany,

1518 (3770).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1101 (1073).

"This, which had been a civil war at the first, did not

continue such for long, or rather it united presently all the

dreadfulness of a civil war and a foreign. It was not long

before the hosts which trampled the German soil had in large

part ceased to be German; every region of Europe sending of

its children, and, as it would seem, of those whom it must

have been gladdest to be rid of, to swell the ranks of the

destroyers. … Under conditions like these it is not wonderful

that the fields were left untilled; for who would sow, what he

could never reap? What wonder that famine, thus invited,

should before long have arrived? … Persons were found dead in

the fields with grass in their mouths, while the tanner’s and

knackers’ yards were beset for the putrid carcasses of beasts.

Men climbed up the gibbets and tore down the bodies which were

suspended there, and devoured them. Prisoners were killed that

they might be eaten. Children were enticed from home. …

Putting all together, it is not too much to say that the

crowning horrors of Samaria, of Jerusalem, of Saguntum, found

their parallels, and often worse than their parallels, in

Christian Germany only two centuries ago. … Of the population

it was found that three-fourths, in some parts a far larger

proportion, had perished … or fled to Switzerland, to Holland,

and to other countries never to return from them again."

R. C. TRENCH.

14. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (A. D. 1648);

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

1518-1519 (1486).

A. Gindely:

The Thirty Years’ War,

1519 (1486).

F. Kohlrausch:

History of Germany,

1519-1520 (1486-1487).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1101 (1073).

15. RESULTS OF THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA:

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire,

1520 (1487).

S. A. Dunham:

The Germanic Empire,

1520-1521 (1487-1488).

S. E. Turner:

The Germanic Constitution,

683-684 (660-661).

S. A. Dunham:

The Germanic Empire,

684 (661).

See Map of Germany at Peace of Westphalia,

1518-1519 (1486-1487).

{766}

"Both Lutherans and Calvinists were declared free from all

jurisdiction of the Pope or any Catholic prelate. Thus the

last link which bound Germany to Rome was snapped, the last of

the principles by virtue of which the Empire had existed was

abandoned. … The Peace of Westphalia was therefore an

abrogation of the sovereignty of Rome, and of the theory of

Church and State with which the name of Rome was associated. …

The Peace of Westphalia is an era in imperial history not less

clearly marked than the Coronation of Otto the Great, or the

death of Frederick II. … Properly, indeed, it was no longer an

Empire at all, but a Confederation, and that of the loosest

sort. … There were 300 petty principalities between the

Alps and the Baltic, each with its own laws, and its own

courts, its little armies, its separate coinage, its tolls and

custom-houses on the frontier, its crowd of meddlesome and

pedantic officials. This vicious system, which paralyzed the

trade, the literature, and the political thought of Germany,

had been forming itself for sometime, but did not become fully

established until the Peace of Westphalia, by emancipating the

princes from imperial control, had made them despots in their

own territories."

JAMES BRYCE.

16. THE RELATIONS OF AUSTRIA, GERMANY, AND FRANCE

AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:

H. von Treitschke:

History of Germany,

1521-1522 (3770-3771).

L. Häusser:

History of Germany,

1522 (3771).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1522-1523 (1488-1489).

STUDY XXVIII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE MAKING OF ENGLAND

(A. D. 449-1200).

1. BRITAIN:

C. F. Keary:

Dawn of History,

144-145 (137-138).

T. Wright:

Celt, Roman, and Saxon,

329 (319).

J. Cæsar:

Gallic War,

329 (319).

C. Merivale:

History of the Romans,

329-331 (319-321).

H. M. Scarth:

Roman Britain,

331 (321).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

332 (322).

J. R. Green:

The Making of England,

332 (322).

2. ENGLAND:

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

121 (114).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

121 (114).

T. Hodgkin:

Italy and Her Invaders,

2885 (2810).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

806 (779).

E. A. Freeman:

The English People,

807 (780).

J. R. Green:

The Making of England,

807-808 (780-781).

3. IRELAND:

M. Haverty:

History of Ireland,

1794-1795 (1754-1755).

E. Lawless:

The Story of Ireland,

1795 (1755).

T. Wright:

Celt, Roman, and Saxon,

1795 (1755).

4. SCOTLAND:

W. F. Skene:

Celtic Scotland,

2913-2914 (2838-2839).

J. Rhys:

Celtic Britain,

2914 (2839).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

2914 (2839).

W. F. Skene:

Celtic Scotland,

2914-2915 (2839-2840).

5. THE ANGLO-SAXON CONQUEST

(A. D. 470-630):

F. Palgrave:

The Anglo-Saxons,

808 (781).

J. M. Lappenberg:

England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings,

808-809 (781-782).

E. A. Freeman:

Old English History,

809 (782).

Thomas Fuller:

Church History of Britain,

810 (782-783).

G. F. Maclear:

The Conversion of the West,

810 (783).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

810 (783).

J. R. Green:

The Making of England,

811 (784).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1042 (1014).

6. THE CONVERSION OF IRELAND; ITS SCHOOLS AND MISSIONARIES:

Sir C. G. Duffy:

Irish History,

1795-1796 (1755-1756).

Count de Montalembert:

Monks of the West,

1796 (1756).

G. F. Maclear:

Conversion of the West,

474 (460).

R. C. Trench:

Mediæval Church History,

474-475 (460-461).

J. E. T. Wiltsch:

Statistics of the Church,

475 (461).

A. T. Drane:

Christian Schools,

711-712 (688-689).

"The rapid extension of the monastic institute in Ireland, and

the extraordinary ardour with which the Irish cœnobites

applied themselves to the cultivation of letters, remain

undisputed facts. ‘Within a century after the death of St.

Patrick,’ says Bishop Nicholson, ‘the Irish seminaries had so

increased that most parts of Europe sent their children to be

educated here, and drew thence their bishops and teachers.’

The whole country for miles round Leighlin was denominated the

‘land of Saints and Scholars.’ By the ninth century Armagh

could boast of 7000 students, and the schools of Cashel,

Dindaleathglass, and Lismore vied with it in renown."

A. T. DRANE.

7. THE SAXON HEPTARCHY:

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

811 (784).

F. Gneist:

The English Constitution,

811 (784).

E. A. Freeman:

Old English History,

812 (785).

W. F. Skene:

Celtic Scotland,

2914-2915 (2839-2810).

8. THE DANISH INVASIONS, AND ALFRED THE GREAT:

R. G. Latham:

Nationalities of Europe,

2891 (2816).

A. Thierry:

Conquest of England by the Normans,

2418 (2366).

G. W. Dasent:

The Story of Burnt Njal,

2418 (2366).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

812-813 (785-786).

M. J. Guest:

History of England,

813 (786).

Thomas Hughes:

Alfred the Great,

813-814 (786-787).

S. R. Gardiner:

English History,

815-816 (788-789).

J. A. Giles:

Alfred the Great,

713 (690).

"Alfred is the most perfect character in history. … No other

man on record has ever so thoroughly united all the virtues

both of ruler and of the private man. In no other man on

record were so many virtues disfigured by so little alloy. A

saint without superstition, a scholar without ostentation, a

warrior all whose wars were fought in the defense of his

country, a conqueror whose laurels were never stained by

cruelty, a prince never cast down by adversity, never lifted

up to insolence in the day of triumph—there is no other name

in history to compare with his. … The virtue of Alfred, like

the virtue of Washington, consisted in no marvelous displays

of superhuman genius, but in the simple, straight-forward

discharge of the duty of the moment."

E. A. FREEMAN.

9. THE DANISH CONQUEST

(A. D. 970-1042):

Sir E. S. Creasy:

History of England,

816 (789).

Gardiner and Mullinger:

History of England,

816 (789).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

817 (790).

M. Haverty:

History of Ireland,

1796 (1756).

S. Bryant:

Celtic Ireland,

1796-1797 (1756-1757).

T. D. McGee:

History of Ireland,

1797 (1757).

10. THE SAXON RESTORATION TO THE NORMAN CONQUEST

(A. D. 1042-1066):

A. H. Johnson:

The Normans in Europe,

817-818 (790-791).

R. Vaughan:

Revolutions of English History,

819 (792).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

819 (792).

{767}

11. FORMATION OF THE SCOTTISH KINGDOM,

AND ITS RELATION TO ENGLAND:

W. F. Skene:

Celtic Scotland,

2915 (2840).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

2916 (2840-2841).

W. F. Skene:

Celtic Scotland,

2916 (2841).

12. WILLIAM OF NORMANDY, AND HIS CLAIMS TO THE ENGLISH CROWN:

J. R. Green:

The Conquest of England,

2417 (2365).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

2417 (2365).

A. H. Johnson:

The Normans in Europe,

818 (791).

Sir F. Palgrave:

Normandy and England,

818 (791).

E. A. Freeman:

William the Conqueror,

818 (791).

13. THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS (A. D. 1066) AND NORMAN CONQUEST:

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

819 (792).

E. A. Freeman:

The Norman Conquest,

820 (793).

A. Thierry:

The Conquest of England,

820 (793).

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages.

820-821 (793-794).

C. Kingsley:

Hereward the Wake,

821 (794).

14. THE DOMESDAY BOOK

(A. D. 1086):

E. Fischel:

The English Constitution,

821 (794).

T. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitutional History,

821-822 (794-795).

Stuart Moore:

A Study of Domesday Book,

822 (795).

I. Taylor:

Domesday Survivals,

822 (795).

15. SCOTLAND AND THE CONQUEST:

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2916-2917 (2841-2842).

Sir Walter Scott:

Tales of a Grandfather,

2917 (2842).

16. REIGNS OF THE SONS OF THE CONQUEROR

(A. D. 1087-1154):

S. Turner:

History of England,

823-824 (796-797).

C. H. Pearson:

England during the Middle Ages,

824 (797).

J. H. Round:

Geoffrey de Mandeville,

824-825 (797-798).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

3106-3107 (3024-3025).

E. W. Robertson:

Scotland’s Early Kings,

2918 (2842-2843).

17. THE ANGEVIN KINGS (PLANTAGENETS);

HENRY II. (A. D. 1154-1189):

Sir F. Palgrave:

England and Normandy,

121-122 (114-115).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

122 (115).

K. Norgate:

England under the Angevins,

127-128 (120-121).

Mrs. J. R. Green:

Henry II.,

826 (799).

K. Norgate:

England under the Angevins,

826 (799).

C. H. Pearson:

England during the Middle Ages,

1798-1799 (1758-1759).

18. HENRY’S CONFLICT WITH THE CHURCH; BECKET

(A. D. 1162-1170):

J. Campbell:

Lives of the Lord Chancellors,

826-827 (799-800).

F. W. Maitland:

Henry II. and the Criminous Clerks,

827 (800).

A. P. Stanley:

Memorials of Canterbury,

827-828 (800-801).

H. C. Lea:

Studies in Church History,

289 (280).

Pollock and Maitland:

English Law,

1975.

J. B. Thayer:

Older Modes of Trial,

2000-2001 (1956-1957).

W. Forsyth:

Trial by Jury,

2001 and 2002 (1957-1958).

"He [Henry II.] was a foreign King who never spoke the English

tongue, who lived and moved for the most part in a foreign

camp, surrounded with a motley host of Brabançons and

hirelings. … It was under the rule of a foreigner such as

this, however, that the races of conquerors and conquered in

England first learnt to feel that they were one. It was by his

power that England, Scotland, and Ireland were brought to some

vague acknowledgment of a common suzerain lord, and the

foundations laid of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland. It was he who abolished feudalism as a system of

government, and left it little more than a system of land

tenure. It was he who defined the relations established

between Church and State, and decreed that in England

churchman as well as baron was to be held under the common

law. … His reforms established the judicial system whose main

outlines have been preserved to our own day. It was through

his ‘Constitutions’ and his ‘Assizes’ that it came to pass

that over all the world the English-speaking races are

governed by English and not by Roman law. It was by his genius

for government that the servants of the royal household became

transformed into Ministers of State. It was he who gave

England a foreign policy which decided our continental

relations for seven hundred years. The impress which the

personality of Henry II. left upon his time meets us wherever

we turn."

MRS. J. R. GREEN.

19. RICHARD CŒUR DE LION

(A. D. 1189-1199):

M. Burrows:

History of England,

828 (801).

W. Stubbs: Constitutional History of England,

828 (801).

J. F. Michaud:

The Crusades,

653 (630).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

653-654 (630-631).

G. W. Cox:

The Crusades,

654 (631).

STUDY XXIX.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

ENGLAND FROM MAGNA CARTA TO ACCESSION OF THE TUDORS

(A. D. 1215-1485).

1. KING JOHN AND MAGNA CARTA

(A. D. 1215):

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

1193-1194 (1162).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

828 (801).

M. A. Hookham:

Margaret of Anjou,

122-123 (116).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

828-829 (801-802).

2. THE BATTLE OF BOUVINES

(A. D. 1214):

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

315 (305).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

315 (305).

3. MAGNA CARTA

(A. D. 1215, JUNE 15):

S. Turner:

England during the Middle Ages,

824 (797).

J. R. Green:

The English People,

829 (802).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

829-830 (802-803).

R. Gneist:

The English Constitution,

834, first column, (807).

T. P. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitution,

888

Full Text of the Great Charter,

830-834 (803-807).

"The Great Charter although drawn up in the form of a royal

grant, was really a treaty between the King and his subjects.

… It is the collective people who really form the other high

contracting party in the great capitulation. … The Great

Charter is the first great public act of the nation, after it

has realized its identity. … The whole of the constitutional

history of England is little more than a commentary on Magna

Carta."

W. STUBBS.

{768}

4. THE EVOLUTION OP THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT

(A. D. 1216-):

E. A. Freeman:

Growth of the English Constitution,

2552-2553 (2486-2487).

(a) Under Henry III. (A. D. 1216-1272).

R. Gneist:

The English Constitution,

834 (807).

Simon de Montfort,

834-836 (807-809).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

836 (809).

(b) Under Edward I. (A. D. 1272-1307).

S. R. Gardiner:

English History,

836 (809).

W. Stubbs:

The Early Plantagenets,

836-837 (809-810).

T. F. Tout:

Edward the First,

837 (810).

É. Boutmy:

The English Constitution,

837-838 (810-811)

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1061-1062 (1033-1034).

5. GROWTH OF THE COMMON LAW UNDER HENRY III. AND EDWARD I.:

T. P. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitution,

838 (811).

See Law, Common,

2005-2007 (1960-1963).

6. CONQUEST OF SCOTLAND AND WALES BY EDWARD I.:

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

2919-2920 (2844-2845).

W. Stubbs:

The Early Plantagenets,

3764-3765 (3643-3644).

7. RESISTANCE TO PAPAL AGGRESSIONS

(A. D. 1200-1400):

C. H. Pearson:

England during Middle Ages,

838 (811).

T. P. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitution,

838 (811).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

838-839 (811-812).

8. Renewal of the Wars with Scotland; Bannockburn

(A. D. 1314):

M. MacArthur:

History of Scotland,

2920 (2845).

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2920-2921 (2845-2846).

W. Denton:

England in the 15th Century,

2921-2922 (2846-2847).

P. F. Tytler:

History of Scotland,

2922 (2847).

9. THE NOTABLE REIGN OF EDWARD III.

(A. D. 1327-1377):

(a) His Wars with the Scots.

W. Robertson:

History of Scotland,

2922 (2847).

Sir Walter Scott:

History of Scotland,

2922-2923 (2847-2848).

W. Warburton:

Edward III.,

2923-2924 (2848-2849).

Sir Walter Scott:

Tales of a Grandfather,

2924 (2849).

J. R. Green:

The English People,

291 (282).

(b) The One Hundred Years War

(A. D. 1337-1453).

J. Froissart:

Chronicles,

1200-1201 (1168-1169).

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

1201 and 2868 (1169, 2794).

G. W. Kitchin;

History of France,

1201 (1169).

H. Hallam:

Middle Ages,

1201 (1169).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1204 (1172).

C. H. Pearson:

English History,

839 (812).

(A. D. 1348-1349).

J. E. T. Rogers:

History of Agriculture,

292-293 and 1970 (283-284 and 1929).

G. Boccaccio:

The Decameron,

1166 (1136).

J. Michelet:

History of France,

1201-1202 (1169-1170).

J. E. T. Rogers:

History of Agriculture,

840 (813).

10. CHAUCER, AND THE NEW ENGLISH LANGUAGE

(A. D. 1340-1400):

B. Ten Brink:

English Literature,

840-841 (813-814).

G. P. Marsh:

History of the English Language,

841 (814).

11. WYCLIF, AND THE TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE

(A. D. 1384):

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

842 (815).

J. Gairdner:

English History,

842 (815).

12. THE LOLLARDS, AND WAT TYLER REBELLION

(A. D. 1375-):

C. Ullmann:

Reformers before the Reformation,

285-286 (276-277).

B. Herford:

Story of Religion in England,

841-842 (814-815).

S. R. Gardiner:

English History,

842-843 (815-816).

J. Gairdner:

Houses of Lancaster and York,

843 (816).

C. H. Pearson:

English History,

843-844 (816-817).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

844 (817).

Professor de Vericour:

Wat Tyler,

844 (817).

J. N. Larned:

England under Richard II.,

1068-1069 (1040-1041).

13. THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER

(A. D. 1399-1471):

J. Gairdner:

The Houses of Lancaster and York,

844-845 (817-818).

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2925 (2850).

J. Gairdner:

Houses of Lancaster and York,

3765 (3644).

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

845 (818).

14. HENRY V. (1413-1422) AND AGINCOURT:

A. J. Church:

Henry the Fifth,

1205-1206 (1173-1174).

C. M. Yonge:

English History,

1206-1207 (1174-1175).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1207 (1175).

A. J. Church:

Henry the Fifth,

1207 (1175).

15. HENRY VI. (1422-1471) AND END OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR:

A. de Lamartine:

Joan of Arc,

1207-1208 and 1208-1209 (1175-1176).

Lord Mahon:

Historical Essays,

1209 (1177).

J. O’Hagan:

Joan of Arc,

1209 (1177).

E. E. Crowe:

History of France,

1210 (1178).

C. W. Oman:

Warwick, the Kingmaker,

846-847 (819-820).

16. THE WARS OF THE ROSES

(A. D. 1455-1485):

Mrs. Hookham:

Life of Margaret of Anjou,

847 (820).

J. S. Brewer:

Reign of Henry VIII.,

848 (821).

W. Denton:

England in the 15th Century,

848 (821).

É. Boutmy:

The English Constitution,

848 (821).

J. Gairdner:

Henry VII.,

1801 (1761).

17. THE HOUSE OF YORK (A. D. 1461-1485);

THE "NEW MONARCHY":

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of England,

848-849 (821-822).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

849 (822).

C. M. Yonge:

English History.

849 (822).

J. Gairdner:

Life of Richard III.,

849-850 (822-823).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1069-1071 (1041-1043).

18. ADVANCE IN CIVILIZATION, 14TH TO 16TH CENTURIES:

(a) The Renaissance in England.

H. A. Taine:

English Literature,

851-852 (824-825).

J. A. Symonds:

Shakespere’s Predecessors,

852-823 (825-826).

A. Lang:

Oxford,

729-730 (706-707).

{769}

(b) The State of Learning.

B. Ten Brink:

English Literature,

840-841 (813-814).

H. C. M. Lyte:

The University of Oxford,

722 (699).

A. Lang:

Oxford,

722-723 (699-700).

V. A. Huber:

English Universities,

723-724 (700-701).

J. Mullinger:

The University of Cambridge,

724 (701).

W. Everett:

On the Cam,

724 (701).

F. Seebohm:

The Oxford Reformers,

730-731 (707-708).

C. Knight:

History of England,

2009 (1965).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

2662-2663 (2590-2591).

J. H. Slater:

Book Collecting,

2663 (2591).

T. A. Romer:

2009-2010 (1965-1966).

(d) Trade and Commerce.

L. Levi:

British Commerce,

3222 (3711).

W. Cunningham:

Growth of English Industry,

3222 (3711).

J. Michelet:

History of France,

1156 (1126).

STUDY XXX.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

ENGLAND: THE TUDORS (A. D. 1485-1603).

1. THE ACCESSION OF THE TUDORS; HENRY VII. (A. D. 1485-1509):

J. Forster:

Historical Essays,

850 (823).

J. Gairdner:

Henry the Seventh,

853 (826).

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2926-2927 (2851-2852).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1089 (1061).

2. THE FIRST ENGLISH VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY

(A. D. 1497-1498):

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

58 (51).

H. Harrisse:

The Discovery of America,

61 (3678).

"The discovery of the continent of North America and the first

landing on its east coast were accomplished, not by Sebastian

Cabot, but by his father John, in 1197, under the auspices of

King Henry VII. … The voyage of 1498, also accomplished under

the British flag, was likewise carried out by John Cabot

personally … and the exploration embraced the northeast coast

of the present United States, as far as Florida."

HENRY HARRISSE.

"Under this patent John Cabot, taking with him his son

Sebastian, embarked in quest of new islands and a passage to

Asia by the northwest. On the 24th day of June [1497], almost

fourteen months before Columbus came in sight of the main, and

more than two years before Amerigo Vespucci sailed west of the

Canaries, he discovered the western Continent, probably in the

latitude of about 56°, among the dismal cliffs of Labrador. He

ran along the coast for many leagues, it is said for even 300,

and landed on what he considered to be the territory of the

Grand Cham."

GEORGE BANCROFT.

3. HENRY VIII. (1509-1547) AND CARDINAL WOLSEY:

Sir R. Comyn:

The Western Empire,

1218 (1186).

M. Creighton:

Cardinal Wolsey,

854 (827).

4. THE FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD (A. D. 1520):

J. Michelet:

Modern History,

1222 (1190).

J. S. Brewer:

Henry VIII.,

1148 (1119).

5. HENRY VIII., AND THE DIVORCE QUESTION:

G. P. Fisher:

The Christian Church,

854-855 (827-828).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

Sir Thomas More,

855-856 (828-829).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of England,

858-859 (831-832).

6. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

(A. D. 1530-):

(a) Origin of the Term "Protestant."

P. Bayne:

Martin Luther,

2516-2517 (2455-2456).

(b) Henry’s Rupture with Rome.

G. P. Fisher:

The Christian Church,

855 (828).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1089-1090 (1061-1062).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

856 (829).

J. Tulloch:

Christian Philosophy,

856-857 (829-830).

G. G. Perry:

The Reformation in England,

857 (830).

"The Reformation in England was singular amongst the great

religious movements of the sixteenth century. It was the least

heroic of them all—the least swayed by religious passion, or

moulded and governed by spiritual and theological necessities.

From a general point of view, it looks at first little more

than a great political change. The exigencies of royal

passion, and the dubious impulses of statecraft, seem its

moving and really powerful springs. … The lust and avarice of

Henry, the policy of Cromwell, and the vacillations of the

leading clergy, attract prominent notice; but there may be

traced beneath the surface a widespread evangelical fervour

amongst the people, and, above all, a genuine spiritual

earnestness and excitement of thought at the universities.

These higher influences preside at the first birth of the

movement. They are seen in active operation long before the

reforming task was taken up by the Court and the bishops."

J. TULLOCH.

(d) The Suppression of the Monasteries.

H. Hallam:

History of England,

857-858 (830-831).

G. G. Perry:

Reformation in England,

858 (831).

F. A. Gasquet:

Henry VIII. and the Monasteries,

858 (831).

(e) The Reaction; The "Six Articles."

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

859 (832).

(f) The Establishment of Protestantism under Edward VI.

(A. D. 1547-1553).

D. Hume:

History of England,

859-860 (832-833).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

860 (833).

7. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF HENRY VIII.:

(a) Scotland.

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2926-2927 (2851-2852).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

2927 (2852).

Sir W. Scott:

History of Scotland,

2927 (2852).

D. Hume:

History of England,

2927-2928 (2852-2853).

D. Wilson:

Memories of Edinburgh,

2928 (2853).

(b) Ireland.

M. Haverty:

History of Ireland,

2471 (2412).

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

1801-1802 (1761-1762).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

1802-1803 (1762-1763).

W. Robertson:

Reign of Charles V.,

1880-1882 (1840-1842).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1225 (1193).

E. de Bonnechose:

History of France,

1225-1226 (1193-1194).

8. THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND:

W. Robertson:

History of Scotland,

2928-2929 (2853-2854).

L. von Ranke:

History of England,

2929-2930 (2854-2855).

J. Cunningham:

Church History of Scotland,

2930 (2855).

M. Creighton:

The Age of Elizabeth,

2930-2931 (2855-2856).

{770}

9. "BLOODY" MARY, AND CATHOLIC ASCENDENCY

(A. D. 1553-1558):

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of England,

860-861 (833-834).

T. Fuller:

Church History of Britain,

861 (834).

R. Southey:

Book of the Church,

861-862 (834-835).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of England,

862 (835).

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

862 (835).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

862 (835).

W. H. Jervis:

History of France,

1228 (1196).

10. THE ACCESSION OF ELIZABETH; THE ELIZABETHAN AGE

(A. D. 1558-1603):

(a) The Final Establishment of Protestantism.

D. Hume:

History of England,

862-863 (835-836).

C. Beard:

The Reformation,

863 (836).

(b) The Civil Government.

M. Burrows:

History of England,

863 (836).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

863-864 (836-837).

E. Fischel:

The English Constitution,

2993 (2915).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2027 (1983).

Austin Abbott:

Capital Punishment,

2027 (1983).

W. Hazlitt:

Literature of the Age of Elizabeth,

864 (837).

J. A. Symonds:

Elizabethan and Victorian Poetry,

864-865 (837-838).

(d) The Rise of the Great Schools of England.

H. Coleridge:

Biographia Borealis,

731 (708).

F. Seebohm:

The Oxford Reformers,

730-731 (707-708).

T. Hughes:

The Public Schools of England,

733-735 (710-712).

Our Public Schools—Their Discipline,

735 (712).

(e) Trade and Commerce.

C. Gross:

The Gild Merchant,

2197 (2153).

J. N. Larned:

Commercial Progress,

3228-3229 (3718).

Lord Mahon:

History of England,

1748-1749 (1710).

11. THE ACT OF SUPREMACY, AND ACT OF UNIFORMITY:

M. Burrows:

History of England,

865 (838).

D. Neal:

History of the Puritans,

865-866 (838-839).

12. THE RISE OF PURITANISM

(About A. D. 1560):

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

866 (839).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

866-867 (840).

H. O. Wakeman:

The Church and the Puritans,

867 (840).

13. FIRST USE OF THE TERM "PROTESTANT"

(A. D. 1564):

T. Fuller:

Church History of Britain,

867 (840).

P. Heylyn:

Ecclesia Restaurata,

867 (840).

14. ELIZABETH AND THE CATHOLICS:

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

867 (840).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

867-868 (840-841).

J. L. Motley:

The United Netherlands,

868 (841).

15. MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS:

D. Wilson:

Memorials of Edinburgh,

2928 (2853).

M. Mac Arthur:

History of Scotland,

2931-2932 (2856-2857).

E. S. Beesly:

Queen Elizabeth,

2932 (2857).

J. Skelton:

Historical Essays,

2932-2933 (2857-2858).

T. F. Henderson:

The Casket Letters,

2933 (2858).

S. H. Burke:

Historical Portraits,

2933-2934 (2858-2859).

A. C. Swinburne:

Mary Queen of Scots,

2934 (2859).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1095-1096 (1067-1068).

16. MARY AND THE CATHOLIC CONSPIRACIES; HER EXECUTION

(A. D. 1587):

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

868-869 (841-842).

J. A. Froude:

History of England,

869 (842).

17. THE EFFECT OF MARY’S EXECUTION; THE SPANISH ARMADA

(A. D. 1588):

R. Southey:

Lives of British Admirals,

869 (842).

S. A. Dunham:

Spain and Portugal,

869 (842).

J. L. Motley:

The United Netherlands,

869-870 (842-843).

H. R. Clinton:

From Crécy to Assye,

870-871 (843-844).

W. Camden:

History of Queen Elizabeth,

871-872 (844-845).

"The flame of patriotism never burnt purer; all Englishmen

alike, Romanists, Protestant Episcopalians, and Puritans, were

banded together to resist the invader. Every hamlet was on the

alert for the beacon-signal. … Philip’s preparations had been

commensurate with the grandeur of his scheme. … A vast

armament, named, as if to provoke Nemesis, the ‘Invincible

Armada,’ on which for three years the treasures of the

American mines had been lavished, at length rode the seas,

blessed with Papal benediction and under the patronage of the

Saints. … The 129 vessels were armed with 2430 brass and iron

guns of the best manufacture, and carried 5000 seamen. Parma’s

army amounted to 30,000 men—Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians,

and Walloons; and 19,000 Castilians and Portuguese, with 1000

gentlemen volunteers, were coming to meet him. … The overthrow

of this armament was effected by the navy and the elements. …

More than two-thirds of the expedition perished; and of the

remnant that again viewed the hills of Spain all but a few

hundred returned only to die."

H. R. CLINTON.

18. PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND:

M. C. Taylor:

John Knox,

2934 (2859).

T. Carlyle:

Heroes and Hero Worship,

2934-2935 (2859-2860).

J. Tulloch:

John Knox,

2935 (2860).

W. Robertson:

History of Scotland,

2935 (2860).

J. Cunningham:

Church History of Scotland,

2935-2936 (2860-2861).

T. M’Crie:

Scottish Church History,

2936 (2861).

J. Cunningham:

Church History of Scotland,

2936-2937 (2861-2862).

Sir W. Scott:

History of Scotland,

2937 (2862).

19. THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS; JAMES I.

(A. D. 1603):

J. Forster:

Historical Essays,

872 (845).

"His [James’] mother was Marie Stuart, or Mary, Queen of

Scots, born of her marriage with Lord Darnley. He came to the

English throne at a time when the autocratic spirit of the

Tudors, making use of the peculiar circumstances of their

time, had raised the royal power and prerogative to their most

exalted pitch; and he united the two Kingdoms of Scotland and

England under one sovereignty. The noble inheritance fell to a

race who, comprehending not one of the conditions by which

alone it was possible to be retained, profligately misused

until they lost it utterly. … What is called the Great

Rebellion can have no comment so pregnant as that which is

suggested by the character and previous career of the first of

the Stuart Kings."

J. FORSTER.

{771}

STUDY XXXI.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

ENGLAND: JAMES I. AND CHARLES I.; THE GREAT REBELLION

(A. D. 1603-1649).

I. THE ACCESSION OF THE STUARTS

(A. D. 1603):

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2925 (2850).

M. Noble:

Genealogy of the House of Stuart,

2925 (2850).

J. Forster:

Historical Essays,

872 (845).

T. P. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitutional History,

3107 (3025).

A. V. Dicey:

The Privy Council,

3107-3108 (3025-3026).

2. THE REIGN OF JAMES I.

(A. D. 1603-1625):

T. McCrie:

Scottish Church History,

872-873 (845-846).

D. Hume:

History of England,

873 (846).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

874 (847).

J. Cunningham:

Church History of Scotland,

2937 (2862).

3. THE SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA:

(a) In Virginia (A. D. 1606-).

John Fiske:

Beginnings of New England,

3748 (3627).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

3748-3749 (3627-3628).

H. C. Lodge:

English Colonies in America,

3749 (3628).

(b) The Independents or Separatists.

J. A. Goodwin:

The Pilgrim Republic,

2690-2691 (2617-2618).

G. Punchard:

History of Congregationalism,

2691 (2618).

J. Hunter:

The Founders of New Plymouth,

1737 (1698).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

1737 (1698).

(A. D. 1620).

J. Fiske:

The Beginnings of New England,

1738 (1699).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

1738-1739 (1699-1700).

F. B. Dexter:

The Pilgrim Church,

2141-2142 (2097-2098).

(d) The Massachusetts Bay Company

(A. D. 1630).

J. B. Moore:

Governors of Massachusetts Bay,

2145-2146 (2101-2102).

S. A. Drake:

Around the Hub,

2146-2147 (2102-2103).

R. C. Winthrop:

Boston Founded,

2147 (2103).

4. CHARLES I. (A. D. 1625-1649);

THE GREAT REBELLION:

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

874 (847).

C. D. Yonge:

History of France,

1252-1253 (1220-1221).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1805 (1765).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1103-1104 (1075-1076).

"He [Charles I.] seems to have learned from the theologians

whom he most esteemed that between him and his subjects there

could be nothing of the nature of mutual contract; that he

could not, even if he would, divest himself of his despotic

authority; and that, in every promise which he made, there was

an implied reservation that such promise might be broken in

case of necessity, and that of the necessity he was the sole

judge."

T. B. MACAULAY.

5. THE PETITION OF RIGHT

(A. D. 1628):

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

874 and 875 (847, 848).

Full Text of the Petition of Right,

875-876 (848-849).

"Our English Constitution was never made, in the sense in

which the Constitutions of many other countries have been

made. There never was any moment when Englishmen drew out

their political system in the shape of a formal document,

whether as the carrying out of any abstract political theories

or as the imitation of the past or present system of any other

nation. There are indeed certain great political documents,

each of which forms a land mark in our political history.

There is the Great Charter [1215], the Petition of Right

[1628], and the Bill of Rights [1689]. But not one of these

gave itself out as the enactment of anything new. All claimed

to set forth, with new strength, it might be, and with new

clearness, those rights of Englishmen which were already old.

… The life and soul of English law has ever been precedent; we

have always held that whatever our fathers once did their sons

have a right to do again."

E. A. FREEMAN.

"Lord Chatham called these three [Magna Carta, the Petition of

Right, and the Bill of Rights] ‘The Bible of the English

Constitution,’ to which appeal is to be made on every grave

political question."

SIR E. S. CREASY.

6. THE BURNING QUESTION OF TAXATION:

T. Carlyle:

Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,

877 (850).

T. B. Macaulay:

Essays.—Hampden,

878-879 (851-852).

7. BUCKINGHAM AND LAUD:

C. M. Yonge:

English History,

876-877 (849-850).

F. P. Guizot:

The English Revolution,

877-878 (850-851).

8. PRESBYTERIANS AND INDEPENDENTS:

J. Rushworth:

Historical Collections,

879 (852).

W. Godwin:

History of the Commonwealth,

879 (852).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

1737 (1698).

9. THE SCOTTISH NATIONAL COVENANT

(A. D. 1638):

T. Fuller:

Church History of Britain,

2937-2938 (2862-2863).

J. H. Burton:

History of Scotland,

2938 (2863).

J. Taylor:

The Scottish Covenanters,

2938 (2863).

A. P. Stanley:

The Church of Scotland,

2938-2939 (2863-2864).

Full text of the National Covenant,

2939-2942 (2864-2867).

10. THE BISHOPS’ WARS:

M. MacArthur:

History of Scotland,

2942-2943 (2867-2868).

T. Carlyle:

Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,

879-880 (852-853).

11. WENTWORTH’S SYSTEM OF "THOROUGH":

R. Hassencamp:

History of Ireland,

1805-1806 (1765-1766).

R. Browning:

Thomas Wentworth,

1806 (1766).

12. THE LONG PARLIAMENT (1640-1641);

EXECUTION OF STRAFFORD:

T. B. Macaulay:

Essays.—Hampden,

880 (853).

G. B. Smith:

History of the English Parliament,

2553 (2487).

J. R. Green:

The English People,

880-881 (853-854).

H. D. Traill:

Lord Strafford,

881 (854).

R. Browning:

Thomas Wentworth,

881-882 (855).

Text of the Articles of Impeachment of Strafford,

882 (855).

13. RISE OF PERMANENT PARTIES; CAVALIERS AND ROUNDHEADS:

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

882-883 (855-856).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

2828 (2754).

14. THE GRAND REMONSTRANCE

(A. D. 1641):

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

883 (856).

J. Forster:

Historical Essays,

883 (856).

Full Text of the Grand Remonstrance,

883-893 (856-866).

15. THE BEGINNING OF CIVIL WAR

(A. D. 1642):

D. Hume:

History of England,

893-894 (866-867).

T. Carlyle:

Letters and Speeches of Cromwell,

894 (867).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

894-895 (867-868).

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

895 (868).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1104-1105 (1076-1077).

{772}

16. EARLY ENGAGEMENTS AND CROMWELL’S IRONSIDES;

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

895-896 (868-869).

T. Carlyle:

Letters and Speeches of Cromwell,

896 (869).

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

896 (869).

"These were the men who ultimately decided the war, and

established the Commonwealth. On the field of Marston, Rupert

gave Cromwell the name of Ironside, and from thence this

famous name passed to his troopers. There are two features in

their history which we need to note. They were indeed ‘such

men as had some conscience in their work’; but they were also

much more. They were disciplined and trained soldiers. They

were the only body of ‘regulars ’ on either side. The

instinctive genius of Cromwell from the very first created the

strong nucleus of a regular army, which at last in discipline,

in skill, in valor, reached the highest perfection ever

attained by soldiers either in ancient or modern times."

FREDERIC HARRISON.

17. THE WESTMINSTER ASSEMBLY, AND SOLEMN LEAGUE AND COVENANT

(A. D. 1643):

D. Masson:

Life of Milton,

896-897 (869-870).

J. Forster:

Statesmen of the Commonwealth,

897-898 (870-871).

Text of the Solemn League and Covenant,

898-899 (871-872).

18. THE CATHOLIC RISING AND MASSACRES IN IRELAND

(A. D. 1641):

L. von Ranke:

History of England,

1806-1807 (1766-1767).

W. A. O’Connor:

The Irish People,

1807 (1767).

M. Hickson:

Ireland in 17th Century,

1807 (1767).

N. L. Walford:

Parliamentary Generals,

896 (869).

J. R. Green:

English People,

896 (869).

19. PROGRESS OF THE WAR; MARSTON MOOR

(A. D. 1644):

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

899 (872).

Earl of Clarendon:

History of the Rebellion,

899-900 (872-873).

N. L. Walford:

Parliamentary Generals,

900 (873).

C. R. Markham:

Life of Lord Fairfax,

900 (873).

C. Knight:

The History of England,

900 (873).

20. FROM MARSTON MOOR TO NASEBY:

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

901 (874).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

901 (874).

N. L. Walford:

Parliamentary Generals,

901 (874).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

902 (875).

T. Carlyle:

Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,

902 (875)

21. CLOSING EVENTS OF THE WAR

(A. D. 1645-1648):

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

902 (875).

C. R. Markham:

Life of Lord Fairfax,

903 (876).

W. Chambers:

Stories of Old Families,

2943 (2868).

B. M. Cordery:

King and Commonwealth,

903 (876).

J. A. Picton:

Oliver Cromwell,

903-904 (876-877).

J. K. Hosmer:

Life of Sir Henry Vane,

904-905 (877-878).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

905 (878).

22. THE SECOND CIVIL WAR, AND BATTLE OF PRESTON

(A. D. 1648):

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

906 (879).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

906 (879).

F. P. Guizot:

The English Revolution,

906 (879).

23. PRIDE’S PURGE, AND THE RUMP PARLIAMENT:

W. Godwin:

History of the Commonwealth,

906-907 (879-880).

J. K. Hosmer:

Life of Sir Henry Vane,

907 (880).

D. Neal:

History of the Puritans,

907 (880).

24. TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF CHARLES I.

(A. D. 1649):

C. Knight:

History of England,

907-908 (880-881).

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

908 (881).

W. Godwin:

History of the Commonwealth,

908-909 (881-882).

S. R. Gardiner:

History of the Great Civil War,

909 (882).

Text of the Act arraigning the King,

909-910 (882-883).

"As the head of the King rolled on the scaffold the old Feudal

Monarchy expired forever. In January, 1649, a great mark was

set in the course of the national life—the Old Rule behind it,

the New Rule before it. Parliamentary government, the consent

of the Nation, equality of rights, and equity in the law—all

date from this great New Departure. The Stuarts indeed

returned for one generation, but with the sting of the old

monarchy gone, and only to disappear almost without a blow.

The Church of England returned; but not the Church of Laud or

of Charles. The peers returned, but as a meek House of Lords

with their castles razed, their feudal rights and their

political power extinct. It is said that the regicides killed

Charles I. only to make Charles II. King. It is not so. They

killed the old Monarchy; and the restored monarch was by no

means its heir, but a royal Stadtholder or Hereditary

President."

FREDERIC HARRISON.

25. THE EIKON BASILIKE (FEBRUARY, 1649):

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

910 (883).

T. Carlyle:

Life, by Froude,

910-911 (883-884).

STUDY XXXII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

ENGLAND: FROM THE COMMONWEALTH TO CLOSE OF STUART DYNASTY

(A. D. 1649-1714).

1. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH

(A. D. 1649):

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

910 (883).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

2043 (1999).

J. A. Picton:

Oliver Cromwell,

2043 (1999).

2. CROMWELL IN IRELAND

(A. D. 1649-1650):

N. L. Walford:

Parliamentary Generals,

1807-1808 (1767-1768).

B. M. Cordery:

King and Commonwealth,

1808 (1768).

T. Carlyle:

Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,

1808-1809 (1768-1769).

J. P. Prendergast:

The Cromwellian Settlement,

1809-1810 (1769-1770).

3. THE SCOTTISH REVOLT; DUNBAR AND WORCESTER

(A. D. 1650-1651):

J. H. M. d’Aubigné:

The Protector,

2943-2944 (2868-2869).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

2944 (2869).

C. Knight:

History of England,

2945 (2870).

D. Hume:

History of England,

2945 (2870).

F. P. Guizot:

Oliver Cromwell,

2945-2946 (2870-2871).

4. PASSAGE OF THE NAVIGATION ACTS

(A. D. 1651):

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2332-2333 (2284-2285).

G. L. Craik:

British Commerce,

2293 (2245).

E. G. Scott:

Constitutional Liberty in English Colonies,

3286-3287 (3170-3171).

{773}

5. WAR WITH THE DUTCH REPUBLIC

(A.D. 1652-1624):

D. Hume:

History of England,

911-912 (884-885).

J. F. Blight:

History of England,

912 (885).

6. CROMWELL AND THE PARLIAMENTS

(A. D. 1651-1653):

J. R. Green:

Short History of England,

911 (884).

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

912-913 (885-886).

T. Carlyle:

Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches,

913 (886).

F. P. Guizot:

Oliver Cromwell,

913 (886).

7. THE PROTECTORATE

(A. D. 1653-1660):

Full Text of the Instrument of Government,

914-918 (887-891).

D. Masson:

Life of John Milton,

913-914 (886-887).

F. Harrison:

Oliver Cromwell,

918 (891).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

918 (891).

B. M. Cordery:

King and Commonwealth,

919 (892).

"His [Cromwell’s] wish seems to have been to govern

constitutionally, and to substitute the empire of the laws for

that of the sword. But he soon found that, hated as he was,

both by Royalists and Presbyterians, he could be safe only by

being absolute. … Those soldiers who would not suffer him to

assume the kingly title, stood by him when he ventured on acts

of power as high as any English King has ever attempted. The

government, therefore, though in form a republic, was in truth

a despotism, moderated only by the wisdom, the sobriety, and

the magnanimity of the despot."

T. B. MACAULAY.

8. THE RESTORATION; CHARLES II.

(A. D. 1660-1685):

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

919-920 (892-893).

F. P. Guizot:

The Restoration,

920 (893).

C. Dickens:

History of England,

920-921 (893-894).

H. Martin:

History of France,

921 (894).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1105-1106 (1077-1078).

J. Lingard:

History of England,

1810 (1770).

9. THE STATE OF THE CHURCH FOLLOWING THE RESTORATION:

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

921 (894).

J. Stoughton:

History of Religion,

921 (894).

J. Lingard:

History of England,

921-922 (894-895).

E. Calamy:

The Nonconformist’s Memorial,

922 (895).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

2946(2871).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

2946 (2871).

10. THE WARS WITH HOLLAND

(A.D. 1665-1678):

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2333 (2285).

G. P. R. James.

Life of Louis XIV.,

2333-2334 (2285-2286).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

2334 (2286).

J. Lingard:

History of England,

2335 (2287).

C. M. Yonge:

Landmarks of History,

2335-2336 (2287-2288).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2336 (2288).

J. R. Brodhead:

History of New York,

2336-2337 (2288-2289).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2414 (2362).

J. A. Stevens:

The English in New York,

2383 (2330-2331).

J. R. Brodhead:

History of New York,

2384-2385 (2332-2333).

11. CATHOLICISM AND THE TEST ACT

(A. D. 1673):

J. Lingard:

History of England,

922-923 (895-896).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

923-924 (896-897).

J. Stoughton:

History of Religion,

924 (897).

12. TITUS OATES, AND THE ALLEGED POPISH PLOT

(A. D. 1678-1679):

A. B. Buckley:

History of England,

924 (897).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

924 (897).

A. Carrel:

The Counter-Reformation,

925 (898).

C. Butler:

Memoirs of English Catholics,

925 (898).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

930 (903).

13. THE HABEAS CORPUS ACT

(A. D. 1679):

D. Hume:

History of England,

925 (898).

E. Fischel:

The English Constitution,

925-926 (898-899).

W. Blackstone:

Commentaries,

2014 (1970).

Full Text of the Act,

926-929 (899-902).

14. WHIGS AND TORIES

(ABOUT A. D. 1680):

D. Hume:

History of England.

930 (903).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

2698 (2625).

G. Burnet:

History of My Own Time,

3772 (3651).

15. JAMES II. (A. D. 1685-1689);

THE REVOLUTION:

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

930 (903).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

931 (904).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

931 (904).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

931-932 (904-905).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of the Revolution,

932 (905).

16. THE REVOLUTION:

W. H. Torriano:

William the Third,

933 (906).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of the Revolution,

933-934 (906-907).

R. Vaughan:

England under the Stuarts,

934-935 (907-908).

17. WILLIAM AND MARY

(A. D. 1689-1702):

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

934 (907).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

History of the Revolution,

934 (907).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1106-1107 (1078-1079).

H. D. Traill:

William the Third,

934 (907).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

935-936 (908-909).

Full Text of the Bill of Rights,

987-989 (910-912).

18. THE WAR IN IRELAND;

THE BATTLE OF THE BOYNE AND PEACE OF LIMERICK:

E. Hale:

The Fall of the Stuarts,

1810-1811 (1770-1771).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

1811 (1771).

W. H. Torriano:

William the Third,

1811-1812 (1771-1772).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1812-1813 (1772-1773).

W. K. Sullivan:

Two Centuries of Irish History,

1813-1814 (1773-1774).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

1814 (1774).

19. THE CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION:

J. Rowley:

The Settlement of the Constitution,

936 (909).

E. Hale:

The Fall of the Stuarts,

2948-2949 (2873-2874).

J. Cunningham:

Church History of Scotland,

2949 (2874).

20. WAR WITH FRANCE;

BEACHY HEAD, AND LA HOGUE

(A. D. 1690-1692):

W. H. Torriano:

William the Third,

939 (912).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

939 (912).

H. Martin:

History of France,

939-940 (912-13).

G. P. R. James:

Life of Louis XIV.,

1275 (1243).

J. W. Gerard:

The Peace of Utrecht,

1275-1276 (1243-1244).

{774}

21. FOUNDING OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND

(A. D. 1694):

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

2253-2254 (2209-2210).

W. Bagehot:

Lombard Street,

2254-2255 (2210-2211).

"It was indeed not easy to guess that a bill, which purported

only to impose a new duty on tonnage for the benefit of such

persons as should advance money towards carrying on the war

was really a bill creating the greatest commercial institution

that the world had ever seen."

T. B. MACAULAY.

22. THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT

(A. D. 1701):

J. Rowley:

Settlement of the Constitution,

940-941 (913-914).

H. Hallam:

Constitutional History of England,

941 (914).

"According to the tenor and intention of the Act of Settlement

all prior claims of inheritance, save that of the issue of

King William and the Princess Anne, being set aside and

annulled, the Princess Sophia became the source of a new royal

line. The throne of England and Ireland, by virtue of the

paramount will of Parliament, stands entailed upon the heirs

of her body, being protestants. In them the right is as truly

hereditary as it ever was in the Plantagenets or the Tudors.

But they derive it not from those ancient families. The blood

indeed of Cerdic and of the Conqueror flows in the veins of

his present majesty [George IV.]. Our Edwards and Henries

illustrate the almost unrivalled splendor and antiquity of the

house of Brunswick. But they have transmitted no more right to

the allegiance of England than Boniface of Este or Henry the

Lion. That rests wholly on the Act of Settlement, and resolves

itself into the sovereignty of the legislature."

H. HALLAM.

23. THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE

(A. D. 1702-1714):

H. D. Traill:

William the Third,

941 (914).

L. Stephen:

English Thought in 18th Century,

941-942 (914-915).

E. Gosse:

Eighteenth Century Literature,

942 (915).

24. THE WARS OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

(1702-1714):

Earl Stanhope:

Reign of Queen Anne,

3074 (2993).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

3074-3075 (2993-2994).

J. W. Gerard:

The Peace of Utrecht,

1526 (1492).

G. B. Malleson:

Prince Eugene of Savoy,

1526 (1492).

A. Alison:

Life of Marlborough,

1526-1527 (1492-1493).

G. Saintsbury:

Marlborough,

2341 (2293).

G. B. Malleson:

Eugene of Savoy,

2341-2342 (2293-2294).

L. Creighton:

Life of Marlborough,

2342 (2294).

G. Saintsbury:

Marlborough,

2342-2343 (2294-2295).

R. Johnson:

History of the French War,

2362 (2314).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

379-380 (369-370).

W. Russell:

History of Modern Europe,

3712-3713 (3592-3593).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1110-1111 (1082-1083).

25. THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

(A. D. 1707):

Earl Stanhope:

History of England,

2952-2953 (2877-2878).

Sir W. Scott:

Tales of a Grandfather,

2953 (2878).

J. Rowley:

Settlement of the Constitution,

2953-2954 (2878-2879).

26. FALL OF THE WHIGS AND MARLBOROUGH

(A. D. 1710-1712):

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

943-944 (916-917).

R. B. Brett:

Footprints of Statesmen,

944 (917).

W. E. H. Lecky:

England in the 18th Century,

944-945 (917-918).

27. END OF THE STUART LINE

(A. D. 1714):

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

945 (918).

E. E. Morris:

The Early Hanoverians,

945-946 (918-919).

28. BEGINNINGS OF ENGLISH COMMERCIAL SUPREMACY:

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2332-2333 (2284-2285).

R. L. Poole:

The Huguenots,

1270 (1238).

Earl Stanhope:

History of England,

1748-1749 (1709-1710).

J. E. T. Rogers:

Economic Interpretation of History,

3228-3230 (3717-3719).

E. Eggleston:

Commerce in the Colonies,

3230 (3719).

Lord Campbell:

Lives of the Chief Justices,

2017 (1973).

STUDY XXXIII.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

ENGLAND: FROM GEORGE I. TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

1. ACCESSION OF GEORGE I.

(A. D. 1714):

L. Mariotti:

Italy,

1014-1015 (986-987).

H. Hallam:

The Middle Ages,

1652 (1614).

P. M. Thornton:

The Brunswick Accession,

1652-1653 (1614-1615).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

945 (918).

E. E. Morris:

The Early Hanoverians,

946 (919).

2. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT:

J. Morley:

Walpole,

946-947 (919-920).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

947 (920).

3. THE EVOLUTION OF THE CABINET:

A. C. Ewald:

The Crown and Its Advisers,

2681 (2609).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

354 (344).

John Morley:

Walpole,

354 (344).

A. Y. Dicey:

The Privy Council,

354-355 (344-345).

"George I. cared very little for his new Kingdom, and knew

very little about its people or its institutions. … His

expeditions to Hanover threw the management of all domestic

affairs almost without control into the hands of his English

ministers. If the two first Hanoverian Kings had been

Englishmen instead of Germans, if they had been men of talent

and ambition, or even men of strong and commanding will

without much talent, Walpole would never have been able to lay

the foundations of government by the House of Commons and by

Cabinet so firmly that even the obdurate will of George III.

was unable to overthrow it. Happily for the system now

established, circumstances compelled the first two sovereigns

of the Hanoverian line to strike a bargain with the English

Whigs, and it was faithfully kept until the accession of the

third George. The King was to manage the affairs of Hanover,

and the Whigs were to govern England. It was an excellent

bargain for England."

JOHN MORLEY.

4. THE SOUTH SEA BUBBLE, AND THE MISSISSIPPI SCHEME:

Lord Mahon:

History of England,

3051-3052 (2971-2972).

J. W. Monette:

The Valley of the Mississippi,

2089 (2045).

S. A. Drake:

Making of the Great West,

2089-2090 (2045-2046).

Viscount Bury:

Exodus of the Western Nations,

1279-1280 (1247-1248).

L. Stephen:

Swift,

1816 (1776).

{775}

5. TROUBLES WITH SPAIN

(A. D. 1726-1731):

C. W. Koch:

Revolutions of Europe,

3079 (2998).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

3079-3080 (2998-2999).

6. ACCESSION OF GEORGE II. (1727);

WALPOLE’S ADMINISTRATION:

J. E. T. Rogers:

Historical Gleanings,

947-948 (920-921).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

948 (921).

7. THE WAR OP JENKINS’ EAR

(A. D. 1739-1741):

E. E. Morris:

Early Hanoverians,

949 (922).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

949 (922).

8. THE RISE OF PITT,—LORD CHATHAM:

Sir E. Creasy:

Eminent Etonians,

950 (923).

R. B. Brett:

Footprints of Statesman,

950 (923).

9. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

(A. D. 1740-1748):

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

225 (218).

J. Graham:

History of the United States,

2362-2363 (2314-2315).

R. Hildreth:

History of the United States,

2363-2364 (2315-2316).

J. G. Palfrey:

History of New England,

2364 (2316).

T. C. Haliburton:

English in America,

2364-2365 (2316-2317).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of Europe,

951 (924).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of Europe,

28-29 (21-22).

H. Tuttle:

History of Prussia,

29 (22).

10. THE LAST RISING OF THE JACOBITES

(A. D. 1745-1746):

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

2954 (2879).

11. ADOPTION OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR

(A. D. 1751):

W. Hales:

Analysis of Chronology,

357 (347).

Sir H. Nicholas:

Chronology of History,

357 (347).

12. THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1754-1763):

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

951-952 (924-925).

A. R. Ropes:

Causes of the Seven Years’ War,

952 (925).

B. A. Hinsdale:

The Old Northwest,

2445-2446 (2393-2394).

R. Hildreth:

History of the United States,

3755 (3634).

T. J. Chapman:

The French in the Allegheny Valley,

2446-2447 (2394-2395).

C. B. Brackenbury:

Frederick the Great,

1529 (1495).

T. Carlyle:

Friedrich II. of Prussia,

1529 (1495).

Lord Mahon:

History of England,

1529-1530 (1495-1496).

Justin McCarthy:

The Four Georges,

952 (925).

T. B. Macaulay:

William Pitt,

952-953 (925-926).

F. W. Longman:

The Seven Years’ War,

954 (927).

C. B. Brackenbury:

Frederick the Great,

1535-1536 (1501-1502).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2975 (2898).

T. Carlyle:

Friedrich II. of Prussia,

2975-2976 (2898-2899).

Frederick II.:

The Seven Years’ War,

2976 (2899).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1114-1115 (1086-1087).

13. ACCESSION OF GEORGE III.

(A. D. 1760):

J. Fiske:

The American Revolution,

954-955 (927-928).

Sir T. E. May:

Constitutional History of England,

955-956 (928-929).

14. THE GREAT STRUGGLE OF THE PEOPLE WITH ABSOLUTISM:

(a) The Fight for the Freedom of the Press.

C. H. Timperley:

Encyclopedia of Typography,

2667-2668 (2595-2596).

J. Grant:

The Newspaper Press,

2668 (2596).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

2669 (2597).

C. H. Timperley:

Encyclopaedia of Typography,

2671-2672 (2599-2600).

(1) The Case of John Wilkes.

W. Massey:

History of England,

956-957 (930).

W. F. Rae:

John Wilkes,

958-959 (931-932).

(2) The Junius Letters.

Lord Mahon:

History of England,

959-960 (933).

Cushing:

Initials and Pseudonyms,

960 (933).

J. W. Ross Brown:

Criminal Law of Libel,

2028-2029 (1984-1985).

"It may be doubted whether Junius had any confidant or trusted

friend. When dedicating his collected letters to the English

people, he declares: ‘I am the sole depository of my own

secret, and it shall perish with me.’"

LORD MAHON.

(3) The Surrender of Parliament.

W. Massey:

History of England,

961-962 (934-935).

T. P. Taswell-Langmead:

English Constitutional History,

962 (935).

(b) Remarkable Increase of Capital Offenses.

Sir T. E. May:

Constitutional History of England,

2028 (1984).

J. F. Dillon:

Jurisprudence of England,

2029 (1985).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

3295 (3178-3179).

B. A. Hinsdale:

The American Government,

3295 (3179).

J. Fiske:

War of Independence,

3297-3298 (3182).

J. Morley:

Edmund Burke,

3298 (3182).

(d) The Stamp Act.

J. G. Palfrey:

History of New England,

3299 (3183).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

3303 (3186-3187).

W. Wirt:

Life of Patrick Henry,

3303-3305 (3189).

J. Fiske:

The American Revolution,

3305-3306 (3189-3190).

(e) Declaration of Rights of Stamp Act Congress.

R. Frothingham:

Rise of the Republic,

3306-3307 (3190-3191).

Full Text of the Stamp Act,

3299-3302 (3183-3186).

15. THE MINISTRY OP LORD NORTH; THE AMERICAN WAR:

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

960-961 (933-934).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

962-963 (935-936).

J. Morley:

Edmund Burke,

963 (936).

E. A. Freeman:

The English People,

963 (936).

16. EARLY WAR MEASURES:

H. S. Randall:

Life of Jefferson,

3346-3347 (3230-3231).

Lord Mahon:

History of England,

3347 (3231).

E. J. Lowell:

Hessians in the Revolution,

3347-3348 (3231-3232).

For Details of the American War,

see Study XXXVIII.

17. CATHOLIC RELIEF AND THE GORDON RIOTS

(A. D. 1778-1780):

J. G. Bourinot:

Constitutional History of Canada,

388-389 (378-379).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

963-964 (936-937).

Sketches of Popular Tumults,

964-965 (937-938).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1818-1819 (1778-1779).

{776}

18. LEGISLATIVE INDEPENDENCE FOR IRELAND

(A. D. 1782):

J. H. McCarthy:

Ireland since the Union,

1817 (1777).

W. F. Collier:

History of Ireland,

1817-1818 (1777-1778).

J. E. T. Rogers:

Ireland,

1818 (1778).

19. THE FALL OF LORD NORTH’S MINISTRY:

J. Fiske:

American Revolution,

965 (938).

W. Massey:

History of England,

965-966 (938-939).

H. O. Wakeman:

Life of Fox,

966-967 (939-940).

20. CLOSE OF AMERICAN WAR; THE TREATY OF PARIS

(A. D. 1783):

The Diplomacy of the United States,

3398-3399 (3282-3283).

E. Fitzmaurice:

The Earl of Shelburne,

3399-3400 (3283-3284).

John Fiske:

Critical Period,

3400-3401 (3284-3285).

J. Q. Adams:

Life of John Adams,

3401-3402 (3285-3286).

F. Wharton:

Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence,

3402 (3286).

J. Bigelow:

Life of Franklin,

3402-3403 (3286-3287).

Text of the Treaty of Peace,

3403-3404 (3287-3288).

21. BRITISH RULE IN INDIA:

(a) Establishment of the Empire.

J. M. Ludlow:

British India,

1752 (1713).

H. Martineau:

British Rule in India,

1752-1753 (1713-1714).

J. Mill:

British India,

1753-1754 (1714-1715).

J. R. Seeley:

Expansion of England,

1754 (1715).

"The words ‘wonderful,’ ‘strange,’ are often applied to great

historical events, and there is no event to which they have

been applied more freely than to our [the English] conquest of

India. But the event was not wonderful in a sense that it is

difficult to discover adequate causes by which it could have

been produced. If we begin by remarking that authority in

India had fallen on the ground through the decay of the Mogul

Empire, that it lay there waiting to be picked up by somebody,

and that all over India in that period adventurers of one kind

or another were founding Empires, it is really not surprising

that a mercantile corporation which had money to pay a

mercenary force should be able to compete with other

adventurers, nor yet that it should outstrip all its

competitors by bringing into the field English military

science and generalship, especially when it was backed over

and over again by the whole power and credit of England and

directed by English statesmen. … England did not, in a strict

sense, conquer India; but certain Englishmen, who happened to

reside in India at the time when the Mogul Empire fell, had a

fortune like that of Hyder Ali or Runjeet Singh and rose to

supreme power there."

J. R. SEELEY.

(b) The Administration of Clive.

T. B. Macaulay:

Lord Clive,

1754-1756 (1715-1717).

C. Knight:

History of England,

1756 (1717).

Sir W. Hunter:

India,

1756-1758 (1717-1719).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1759-1760 (1720-1721).

H. Martineau:

British Rule in India,

1760-1761 (1721-1722).

Sir A. Lyall:

Warren Hastings,

1761 (1722).

Sir J. Strachey:

Hastings and the Rohillas,

1762 (1723).

L. J. Trotter:

Warren Hastings,

1762-1763 (1723-1724).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1763-1764 (1724-1725).

Sir A. Lyall:

British Dominion in India,

1764-1765 (1725-1726).

(d) The Permanent Settlement.

J. M. Ludlow:

British India,

1765 (1726).

Sir J. Strachey:

India,

1765-1766 (1726-1727).

(e) The Impeachment of Warren Hastings.

T. B. Macaulay:

Warren Hastings,

1766-1768 (1727-1729).

Sir A. Lyall:

Warren Hastings,

1768 (1729).

22. RISE OF THE YOUNGER PITT:

Lord Rosebery:

Pitt,

968 (941).

W. Bagehot:

William Pitt,

968-969 (941-942).

Sir T. E. May:

Constitutional History of England

969 (942).

23. POPULAR FEELING TOWARD THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

969-970 (942-943).

Goldwin Smith:

Three English Statesman,

970 (943).

G. W. Cooke:

History of Party,

970 (943).

24. A PERIOD OF REVOLUTIONARY INVENTION:

S. Walpole:

History of England,

643-644 (620-621).

S. Smiles:

Lives of Boulton and Watt,

3109-3110 (3027-3028).

Life of James Watt,

3110-3111 (3028-3029).

25. THE RISE OF THE PRESS:

I. Thomas:

Printing in America,

2669-2670 (2598).

G. Bancroft:

History of the United States,

2670 (2598).

T. B. Macaulay:

Life of Addison,

2670 (2598).

E. Gosse:

Eighteenth Century Literature,

2670-2671 (2598-2599).

A. Dobson:

Eighteenth Century Essays,

2671 (2599).

F. Hudson:

Journalism in the United States,

2672 (2600).

C. Pebody:

English Journalism,

2672-2873 (2601)

STUDY XXXIV.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

EUROPE: FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648)

TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789).

1. THE GENERAL SITUATION AT CLOSE OF THIRTY YEARS’ WAR:

A. Gindely:

The Thirty Years’ War,

1519 (1486).

J. Bryce:

The Holy Roman Empire,

1520 (1487).

S. A. Dunham:

The Germanic Empire,

1520-1521 (1487-1488).

H. von Treitschke:

History of Germany,

1521-1522 (3770-3771).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

2329-2330 (2281-2282).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1101 (1073).

See Map between pages

1518-1519 (1486-1487).

2. THE RISE OF PRUSSIA:

T. Carlyle:

Frederick the Great,

316-317 (306-307).

H. Tuttle:

History of Prussia,

317-318 (307-308).

T. Carlyle:

Frederick the Great,

2684-2685 (2613).

C. F. Johnstone:

Historical Abstracts,

318 (308).

G. B. Malleson:

The Battlefields of Germany,

318-320 (308-310).

H. von Treitschke:

History of Germany,

2685-2686 (3768-3769).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2686 (2613).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1107-1108 (1079-1080).

{777}

3. THE WARS OF THE FRONDE IN FRANCE:

J.B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

1258 (1226).

H. M. Hozier:

Turenne,

1258-1259 (1226-1227).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1260 (1228).

C. M. Yonge:

English History,

1260-1262 (1228-1230).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

306 (297).

J. N. Larned:

Europe, 1102

(1074).

4. THE TREATY OF THE PYRENEES

(A. D. 1659):

T. Wright:

History of France,

1262 (1230).

T. O. Cockayne:

Life of Turenne,

1262-1263 (1231).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

1263 (1231).

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

1263-1264 (1231-1232).

J. Dunlop:

Memoirs of Spain,

1264(1232).

5. LOUIS XIV. ASSUMES THE GOVERNMENT OF FRANCE

(A. D. 1661):

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

1255, second column, (1223).

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

1257-1258 (1225-1226).

J. C. Morison:

Reign of Louis XIV.,

1264-1265 (1232-1233).

"What the age of Pericles was in the history of the Athenian

Democracy, what the age of the Scipios was in the history of

the Roman Republic, that was the reign of Louis XIV. in the

history of the old monarchy of France. … It is not only the

most conspicuous reign in the history of France—it is the most

conspicuous reign in the History of Monarchy in general. … His

court was an extraordinary creation. He made it the microcosm

of all that was most brilliant and prominent in France. Every

order of merit was invited there and received courteous

welcome. … But Louis XIV.’s reign has better titles than the

adulations of courtiers and the eulogies of wits and poets to

the attention of posterity. It marks one of the most memorable

epochs in the annals of mankind. It stretches across history

like a great mountain range, separating ancient France from

the France of modern times. On the farther slope are

Catholicism and Feudalism in their various stages of splendor

and decay—the France of crusade and chivalry, of St. Louis

and Bayard. On the hither side are free-thought, industry, and

centralization—the France of Voltaire, Turgot, and Condorcet.

When Louis came to the throne, the Thirty Years’ War still

wanted six years of its end, and the heat of theological

strife was at its intensest glow. When he died, the religious

temperature had cooled nearly to the freezing point, and a new

vegetation of science and positive inquiry was overspreading

the world."

J. C. MORISON.

6. THE ADMINISTRATION OF COLBERT

(A. D. 1661-1683):

(a) Some other Tariff Measures.

J. A. Blanqui:

History of Political Economy,

3730-3731 (3610-3611).

W. T. McCullagh:

Industrial History,

3147-3148 (3063-3064).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2332-2333 (2284-2285).

M. Chamberlain:

The Revolution Impending,

3286-3287 (3170-3171).

(h) The System of Colbert.

Lady Dilke:

France under Colbert,

1266-1267 (1234-1235).

J. A. Blanqui:

History of Political Economy,

3148-3149 (3064-3065).

H. Martin:

History of France,

1267-1268 (1235-1236).

7. THE DUTCH REPUBLIC:

A. L. Pontalis:

John de Witt,

2330-2332 (2282-2284).

D. Campbell:

The Puritan in Holland, etc.,

2332-2333 (2284-2285).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2333 (2285).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1106-1107 (1078-1079).

8. WARS WITH FRANCE AND ENGLAND:

T. B Macaulay:

Sir William Temple,

2335 (2287).

J. Lingard:

History of England,

922-923 (895-896).

C. M. Yonge:

Landmarks of History,

2335-2336 (2287-2288).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2336 (2288).

J. R. Brodhead:

History of New York,

2336-2337 (2288-2289).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2337-2338 (2289-2290).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1109-1110 (1081-1082).

9. THE PEACE OF NIMEGUEN

(A. D. 1678-1679):

H. Martin:

History of France,

2414 (2362).

O. Airy:

The English Restoration,

2414-2415 (2362-2363).

J. C. Morison:

Reign of Louis XIV.,

2338 (2290).

10. FRENCH ABSORPTION OF ALSACE AND LORRAINE

(A. D. 1679-1681):

G. B. Malleson:

Battlefields of Germany,

1513-1514 (1480-1481).

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

1518-1519 (1485-1486).

W. Coxe:

House of Austria,

1519 (1486).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

2086-2087 (2042-2043).

H. Martin:

History of France,

1268-1269 (1236-1237).

11. LOUIS XIV.’S PERSECUTION OF THE HUGUENOTS:

S. Smiles:

History of the Huguenots,

1265-1266 (1233-1234).

A. de Lamartine:

Bossuet,

1269 (1237).

R. L. Poole:

Huguenots of the Dispersion,

1270 (1237-1238).

12. WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG

(A. D. 1689-1697):

E. Hale:

Fall of the Stuarts,

1271 (1239).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

1271 (1239).

W. K. Sullivan:

Irish History,

1813 (1773).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1271-1272 (1239-1240).

H. D. Traill:

William the Third,

1272-1273 (1240-1241).

T. B. Macaulay:

History of England,

1273-1274 (1241-1242).

G. P. R. James:

Life of Louis XIV.,

1275 (1243).

13. THE PEACE OF RYSWICK

(A. D. 1697):

J. W. Gerard:

The Peace of Utrecht,

1275-1276 (1243-1244).

H. Martin:

History of France,

1276 (1244).

14. THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

(A. D. 1702-1714):

See Study XXXII.

15. FURTHER RELIGIOUS PERSECUTIONS:

(a) The Camisards.

H. M. Baird:

The Camisard Uprising,

1276 (1244-1245).

(b) The Port Royalists.

J. Tulloch:

Pascal,

2637 (2565).

J. B. Perkins:

France under Mazarin,

2637-2639 (2565-2567).

H. Martin:

History of France,

2639 (2567).

Duke of Saint Simon:

Memoirs,

2639-2640 (2568).

J. I. von Döllinger:

European History,

2640 (2568).

16. THE PAPACY:

L. von Ranke:

History of the Popes,

2524-2525 (2462-2463).

A. R. Pennington:

Epochs of the Papacy,

2525-2526 (2463-2464).

17. DEATH OF LOUIS XIV., AND STATE OF THE KINGDOM

(A. D. 1715):

A. Thierry:

The Tiers État,

1278 (1246).

{778}

Y. Duruy:

History of France,

1278-1279 (1246-1247).

"When the reign, which was to crown … the ascendant march of

the French monarchy, had falsified the unbounded hopes which

its commencement had excited; when in the midst of fruitless

victories and continually increasing reverses, the people

beheld progress in all the branches of public economy changed

into distress,—the ruin of the finances, industry, and

agriculture—the exhaustion of all the resources of the

country,—the impoverishment of all classes of the nation, the

dreadful misery of the population, they were seized with a

bitter disappointment of spirit, which took the place of the

enthusiasm of their confidence and love."

A. THIERRY.

"Succeeding generations have remembered only the numerous

victories, Europe defied, France for twenty years

preponderant, and the incomparable splendor of the Court of

Versailles, with its marvels of letters and arts, which have

given to the 17th century the name of the age of Louis XIV. It

is for history to show the price which France has paid for her

King’s vain attempts abroad to rule over Europe, and at home

to enslave the wills and consciences of men. … The weight of

the authority of Louis XIV. had been crushing during his last

years. When the nation felt it lifted, it breathed more

freely; the court and the city burst into disrespectful

demonstrations of joy; the very coffin of the great King was

insulted."

V. DURUY.

18. ACCESSION AND CHARACTER OF LOUIS XV.

(A. D. 1715-1774);

V. Duruy:

History of France,

1278-1279 (1246-1247).

W. Smyth;

The French Revolution,

1280 (1248).

J. B. Perkins:

France under the Regency,

1280-1281 (1248-1249).

19. POLAND;

S. A. Dunham:

History of Poland,

2613 (2545).

E. Gibbon:

Decline and Fall,

2100 (2056).

W. Koch:

Revolutions in Europe,

2613-2614 (2545-2546).

Westminster Review:

Poland: Her History and Prospects,

2614-2615 (2546-2547).

Westminster Review:

Poland: Her History and Prospects,

2616-2617 (2548-2549).

S. A. Dunham:

History of Poland,

2619-2620 (2551-2552).

20. RUSSIA:

V. Thomsen:

Russia and Scandinavia,

2829 (2755).

E. A. Freeman:

Historical Geography of Europe,

2830 (2756).

C. F. Johnstone:

Historical Abstracts,

2830-2832 (2756-2758).

A. Leroy-Beaulieu:

Empire of the Tsars,

2832 (2758).

H. S. Edwards:

The Romanoffs,

2832-2833 (2758-2759).

A. Rambaud:

History of Russia,

2833 (2759).

Voltaire:

History of Charles XII.,

2835 (2761).

21. SWEDEN:

(a) Early History.

H. H. Howorth:

History of Sweden,

2890 (2815).

R. G. Latham:

Nationalities of Europe,

2890-2891 (2825-2816).

E. A. Freeman:

Historical Geography of Europe,

2891-2892 (2816-2817).

T. Carlyle:

Early Kings of Norway,

2892 (2817).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2893-2894 (2818-2819).

C. R. Fletcher:

Gustavus Adolphus,

2894-2896 (2819-2821).

J. L. Stevens:

Gustavus Adolphus,

2897 (2822).

(b) From the Thirty Years’ War.

J. Mitchell:

Life of Wallenstein,

1505-1506 (1473).

G. P. R. James:

Wallenstein,

1506-1507 (1473-1474).

F. Schiller:

The Thirty Years’ War,

1507-1508 (1475).

B. Chapman:

Gustavus Adolphus,

1509-1510 (1477).

C. M. Yonge:

English History,

1510-1511 (1478).

L. Häusser:

The Reformation,

1514-1515 (1481-1482).

E. C. Otté:

Scandinavian History,

2897-2899 (2824).

22. WARS OF CHARLES XII. OF SWEDEN:

Voltaire:

History of Charles XII.,

2899-2900 (2824-2825).

A. Crichton:

Scandinavia,

2900-2901 (2825-2826).

W. C. Taylor:

Modern History,

2901-2903 (2826-2828).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

2903 (2828).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1111-1112 (1083-1084).

23. RAPID ADVANCE OF PRUSSIA:

T. B. Macaulay:

Frederic the Great,

1524 (1490).

H. von Sybel:

Founding of the German Empire,

1524-1525 (1490-1491).

L. P. Ségur:

Frederic William II.,

1528 (1494).

24. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION

(A. D. 1740-1748):

See Study XXXIII.

25. THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR

(A. D. 1754-1763):

See Study XXXIII.

26. THE PARTITION OF POLAND:

G. W. Kitchin:

History of France,

2621 (2553).

H. von Sybel:

First Partition of Poland,

2621-2623 (2553-2555).

T. Carlyle:

Frederick the Great,

2623 (2555).

Sir J. Mackintosh:

The Partition of Poland,

2623-2624 (2555-2556).

A. Rambaud:

History of Russia,

2624-2625 (2556-2557).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1115-1116 (1087-1088).

See Maps between pages

1114-1115 and 2622-2623 (1086-1087 and 2554-2555).

27. THE GENERAL ATTACK UPON THE JESUIT ORDER:

H. M. Stephens:

The Story of Portugal,

1932-1933 (1891-1892).

W. H. Jervis:

The Church of France,

1933-1934 (1892-1893).

Clement XIV. and the Jesuits,

1934-1935 (1893-1894).

28. EUROPE ON THE EVE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1116-1117 (1088-1089).

A. Sorel:

Europe and the French Revolution,

1283-1284 (3755-3756).

E. J. Lowell:

Eve of the French Revolution,

1286-1287 (1253-1254).

Sarah Tytler:

Marie Antoinette,

1287-1288 (1254-1255).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1288-1289 (1255-1256).

W. Bagehot:

William Pitt,

968-969 (941-942).

T. E. May:

Constitutional History of England,

969 (942).

C. T. Lewis:

History of Germany,

1536-1537 (1503).

I. Butt:

History of Italy,

1892-1893 (1852-1853).

A. Sorel:

Europe and the French Revolution,

3081-3082 (3804-3805).

C. E. Mallet:

The French Revolution,

228-229 (221-222).

STUDY XXXV.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

(A. D. 1789-1796).

1. THE GOVERNMENT OF LOUIS XVI.:

A. Thiers:

The French Revolution,

1285-1286 (1252-1253).

E. J. Lowell:

Eve of the French Revolution,

1286-1287 (1253-1254).

Sarah Tytler:

Marie Antoinette,

1287-1288 (1254-1255).

{779}

2. THE FRENCH PEOPLE AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION:

H. A. Taine:

Ancien Régime,

1289-1291 (1256-1258).

T. H. Huxley:

The Revolutionary Spirit,

1291 (1258).

Chancellor Pasquier:

Memoirs,

1291-1292 (1258-1259).

H. von Holst:

The French Revolution,

1292 (3757).

M. de la Rocheterie:

Marie Antoinette,

1292 (1259).

"'I am miserable because too much is taken from me. Too much

is taken from me because not enough is taken from the

privileged. Not only do the privileged force me to pay in

their place, but, again, they previously deduct from my

earnings their ecclesiastical and feudal dues. When, out of my

income of 100 francs, I have parted with 58 francs, or more,

to the collector, I am obliged again to give 14 francs to the

seignior, also more than 14 for tithes, and, out of the

remaining 18 or 19 francs I have additionally to satisfy the

exciseman.' … These, in precise terms, are the vague ideas

beginning to ferment in the popular brain and encountered on

every page of the records of the States-General. … The

privileged wrought their own destruction."

H. A. TAINE.

"In 1791, long before the inauguration of the Reign of Terror,

there were in a population of 650,000 [in Paris], 118,000

paupers. Under the 'ancien regime' the immigrant proletariat

from the country was by the law barred out from all ways of

earning a livelihood except as common day laborers, and the

wages of these were in 1788, on an average, 26 cents for men

and 15 for women, while the price of bread was higher than in

our times. What a gigantic heap of ferment!"

H. VON HOLST.

3. THE STATES-GENERAL:

Sir J. Stephen:

History of France,

3108-3109 (3027).

F. P. Guizot:

History of France,

3109 (3027).

Lord Brougham:

History of England and France,

2555 (2489).

Bussey and Gaspey:

History of France,

1197, second column, (1165).

A. Thierry:

Formation of the Tiers État,

1202-1203 (1170-1171).

Voltaire:

Modern History,

1249, first column, (1216).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1288-1289 (1255-1256).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1292-1293 (1259-1260).

4. THE THIRD ESTATE; THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

(JUNE, 1789):

W. Stubbs:

Constitutional History of England,

1014 (986).

A. Thierry:

Formation of the Third Estate,

1014 (986).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1293-1294 (1260-1261).

5. THE MOB IN ARMS;

FALL OF THE BASTILLE

(JULY 14, 1789):

Chambers’ Miscellany:

History of the Bastille,

280 (271).

H. A. Taine:

The French Revolution,

1294-1295 (1261-1262).

Chancellor Pasquier:

Memoirs,

1295-1296 (1262-1263).

6. THE WORK OF THE ASSEMBLY;

THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS:

B. Tuckerman:

Life of Lafayette,

1296-1297 (1264).

H. M. Stephens:

The French Revolution,

1297-1298 (1264-1265).

G. H. Lewes:

Life of Robespierre,

1298-1299 (1265-1266).

G. H. Lewes:

Life of Robespierre,

1656 (1618).

7. THE ATTACK OF THE WOMEN ON VERSAILLES:

T. Carlyle:

The French Revolution,

1299-1300 (1266-1267).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1300-1301 (1267-1268).

8. THE NEW CONSTITUTION (A. D. 1789-1791):

Sir T. E. May:

Democracy in Europe,

1301 (1268).

W. O’C. Morris:

The French Revolution,

1301-1302 (1268-1269).

9. THE EMIGRATION OF THE NOBILITY:

Chancellor Pasquier:

Memoirs,

1297 (1264).

W. O’C. Morris:

The French Revolution,

1302, first column, (1269).

10. THE RISE OF THE CLUBS:

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1302 (1269).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1302 (1269).

G. H. Lewes:

Life of Robespierre,

1302-1303 (1270).

J. Michelet:

The French Revolution,

1303 (1270).

11. THE ATTITUDE OF FOREIGN POWERS;

FLIGHT OF THE KING

(A. D. 1791):

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1303-1304 (1270-1271).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1304-1305 (1271-1272).

12. The GIRONDISTS:

H. Van Laun:

The Revolutionary Epoch,

1306 (1273).

A. de Lamartine:

The Girondists,

1306 (1273).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1306-1307 (1273-1274).

W. E. H. Lecky:

History of England,

1307 (1274).

R. Lodge:

Modern Europe,

1307-1308 (1274-1275).

13. WAR WITH AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA;

MOB RULE IN PARIS

(A. D. 1792):

A. Griffiths:

Revolutionary Generals,

1308-1309 (1275-1276).

B. M. Gardiner:

The French Revolution,

1309-1310 (1276-1277).

H. M. Stephens:

The French Revolution,

1310-1312 (1277-1279).

14. THE SEPTEMBER MASSACRES

(A. D. 1792):

A. de Lamartine:

The Girondists,

1312-1313 (1280).

H. A. Taine:

The French Revolution,

1313-1314 (1280-1281).

15. THE PROCLAMATION OF THE REPUBLIC

(SEPTEMBER 21, 1792):

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1314-1316 (1283).

C. MacFarlane:

The French Revolution,

1332 (1299).

H. M. Stephens:

The French Revolution,

1332 (1299).

16. FIRST SUCCESSES OF THE REPUBLICAN ARMY:

C. F. Johnstone:

Historical Abstracts,

2345-2346 (2297-2298).

C. E. Mallet:

The French Revolution,

228-229 (221-222).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1537-1539 (1503-1505).

C. A. Fyffe:

Modern Europe,

1316-1317 (1283-1284).

17. THE TRIAL, SENTENCE, AND EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI.

(JANUARY, 1793):

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1317-1318 (1284-1285).

W. O’C. Morris:

The First Empire,

1318 (1285).

T. Carlyle:

The French Revolution,

1319-1320 (1286-1287).

18. INCREASING ANARCHY;

THE REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL:

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1320-1321 (1287-1288).

H. M. Stephens:

The French Revolution,

1322-1324 (1289-1291).

{780}

19. THE INSURRECTION IN LA VENDÉE

(A. D. 1793):

A. Thiers:

The French Revolution,

1321-1322 (1288-1289).

A. de Lamartine:

The Girondists,

1324-1325 (1292).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1325 (1292).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1327-1328 (1294-1295).

20. FORMATION OF EUROPEAN COALITION AGAINST FRANCE:

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

969-970 (942-943).

Goldwin Smith:

Three English Statesmen,

970 (943).

G. W. Cooke:

History of Party,

970 (943).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1318 (1285).

J. R. Green:

History of the English People,

1318 (1285).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1324 (1291).

21. THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY

(AUGUST, 1793):

R. Lodge:

Modern Europe,

1325-1326 (1292-1293).

L. Gronlund:

Ça Ira,

1326 (1293).

22. CHARLOTTE CORDAY;

THE ASSASSINATION OF MARAT:

B. M. Gardiner:

The French Revolution,

1326-1327 (1293-1294).

23. THE "REIGN OF TERROR";

EXECUTION OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, AND MME. ROLAND

(A. D. 1793):

H. Martin:

History of France,

1329-1331 (1296-1298).

H. M. Stephens:

The French Revolution,

1331-1332 (1298-1299).

Sir T. E. May:

Democracy in Europe,

1333 (1300).

T. Carlyle:

The French Revolution,

1333-1334 (1300-1301).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1119-1120 (1091-1092).

24. ABANDONMENT OF CHRISTIANITY; THE WORSHIP OF REASON:

C. MacFarlane:

The French Revolution,

1332 (1299).

W. H. Jervis:

The Gallican Church,

1332-1333 (1299-1300).

John Morley;

Robespierre,

1334-1335 (1301-1302).

"Before the year ended [1793] the legislators of Paris voted

that there was no God, and destroyed or altered nearly

everything that had any reference to Christianity. … They

decreed that on the 10th of November the ‘Worship of Reason’

should be inaugurated at Notre Dame. A temple dedicated to

‘Philosophy’ was erected on a platform in the middle of the

choir. A motley procession of citizens of both sexes, headed

by the constituted authorities, advanced towards it; on their

approach, the Goddess of Reason, impersonated by a well known

figurante of the opera, took her seat upon a grassy throne in

front of the temple; a hymn, composed in her honor by the poet

Chenier, was sung by a body of young girls dressed in white

and bedecked with flowers; and the multitude bowed the knee

before her in profound adoration. It was the ‘abomination of

desolation sitting in the holy place.’ … The example set by

Paris, was faithfully repeated, if not surpassed in atrocity,

throughout the provinces. Religion was proscribed, churches

closed, Christian ordinances interdicted; the dreary gloom of

atheistical despotism overspread the land."

W. H. JERVIS.

25. PROGRESS OF THE WAR AGAINST THE COALITION

(A. D. 1793-1794):

W. O’C. Morris:

The French Revolution,

1328 (1295).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1328-1329 (1296).

W. Massey:

History of England,

1336-1337 (1303-1304).

26. THE CLIMAX OF THE "REIGN OF TERROR" (A. D. 1794);

THE 22D PRAIRIAL;

John Morley:

Robespierre,

1337-1338 (1304-1305).

H. von Sybel:

The French Revolution,

1338 (1305).

A. Thiers:

The French Revolution,

1338 (1305).

H. A. Taine:

The French Revolution,

1338 (1305).

"It is estimated that, in the eleven western departments, the

dead of both sexes and of all ages exceeded 400,000.

Considering the programme and principles of the Jacobin sect,

this is no great number; they might have killed a good many

more. But time was wanting; during their short reign they did

what they could with the instrument in their hands."

H. A. TAINE.

27. FALL OF ROBESPIERRE; END OF THE "REIGN OF TERROR"

(JULY, 1794):

J. E. Symes:

The French Revolution,

1338-1339 (1305-1306).

T. B. Macaulay:

Barère’s Memoirs,

1340 (1307).

H. Martin:

History of France,

1340 (1307).

Sergent Marceau:

Reminiscences of a Regicide,

1340 (1307).

B. M. Gardiner:

The French Revolution,

1340-1341 (1307-1308).

28. PROGRESS OF THE FOREIGN WARS:

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1341-1342 (1308-1309).

H. Van Laun:

The Revolutionary Epoch,

1342-1343 (1309-1310).

H. Martin:

History of France,

1345-1346 (1312-1313).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1346 (1313).

29. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE YEAR III.

(A. D. 1795):

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1343-1344 (1310-1311).

A. Thiers:

The French Revolution,

1344-1345 (1311-1312).

30. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE; THE DIRECTORY

(A. D. 1795):

J. G. Lockhart:

Life of Napoleon,

1346-1347 (1314).

E. de Bonnechose:

History of France,

1347 (1314).

"Within five days from the ‘Day of the Sections’ Buonaparte

was named second in command of the army of the interior; and

shortly afterwards, Barras finding his duties as Director

sufficient to occupy his time, gave up the command-in-chief of

the same army to his ‘little Corsican officer.’"

J. G. LOCKHART.

STUDY XXXVI.

Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON

(A. D. 1795-1815).

1. NAPOLEON IN COMMAND

(A. D. 1795):

J. G. Lockhart:

Life of Napoleon,

1346-1347 (1313-1314).

E. de Bonnechose:

History of France,

1347 (1314).

J. N. Larned:

Europe,

1120 (1092).

2. THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN

(A. D. 1796-1797):

C. A. Fyffe:

Modern Europe,

1347-1349 (1314-1316).

Count de Melito:

Memoirs,

1349 (1316).

R. Lodge:

Modern Europe,

1349-1350 (1316-1317).

3. THE STATE OF ENGLAND:

A. Alison:

History of Europe,

970-971 (943-944).

T. Wright:

History of France,

1349 (1316).

W. Bagehot:

Lombard Street,

2255 (2211).

4. THE OVERTHROW OF VENICE;

PEACE OF CAMPO FORMIO:

T. Mitchell:

Rise of Napoleon,

1350-1351 (1317-1318).

T. H. Dyer:

Modern Europe,

1351-1352 (1318-1319).

See Map between pages 2622-2623 (2554-2555).

{781}

5. THE COUP D’ÉTAT OF THE 18TH FRUCTIDOR

(A. D. 1797):

E. de Bonnechose:

History of France,

1352-1353 (1319-1320).

A. Thiers:

The French Revolution,

1353 (1320).

Chevalier O’Clery:

The Italian Revolution,

1353-1354 (1320-1321).

6. THE UNITED STATES AND THE REVOLUTION;

THE X. Y. Z. LETTERS:

E. Everett:

Life of Washington,

3422 (3306).

H. C. Lodge:

George Washington,

3422 (3306).

T. W. Higginson:

The United States,

3431 (3315).

"The plan of this covert intercourse came through the private

Secretary of M. de Talleyrand, then French Minister for

Foreign Affairs; and the impudence of these three letters of

the alphabet went so far as to propose" a bribe of 1,200,000

francs. ‘You must pay money, a great deal of money,’ remarked

Monsieur Y. The secret of these names was kept, but the

diplomatic correspondence was made public, and created much

wrath in Europe, as well as in America. … At last the insults

passed beyond bearing, and it was at this time that ‘millions

for defense, not one cent for tribute,’ first became a

proverbial phrase, having been originally used by Charles C.

Pinckney."

T. W. HIGGINSON.

7. THE HELVETIC REPUBLIC:

H. Zschokke:

History of Switzerland,

3133-3134 (3049-3050).

C. A. Fyffe:

Modern Europe,

3134-3135 (3050-3051).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

3135 (3051).

8. Napoleon in Egypt (A. D. 1798-1799);

Battle of the Nile:

W. Massey:

History of England,

1354-1355 (1321-1322).

J. G. Lockhart:

Life of Napoleon,

1357-1359 (1326).

9. THE SECOND EUROPEAN COALITION

(A. D. 1798-1799):

H. Van Laun:

The Revolutionary Epoch,

1355-1357 (1322-1324).

T. Wright:

History of France,

1359-1360 (1326-1327).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1360-1361 (1327-1328).

Sir W. Scott:

Life of Napoleon,

1361 (1328).

F. C. Schlosser:

The Eighteenth Century,

1361-1362 (1328-1329).

J. Adolphus:

History of England,

1362 (1329).

10. END OF THE FIRST REPUBLIC;

NAPOLEON FIRST CONSUL

(A. D. 1799):

C. K. Adams:

Democracy in France,

1362-1364 (1329-1331).

F. A. Mignet:

The French Revolution,

1364 (1331).

F. C. Schlosser:

The Eighteenth Century,

1364-1365 (1331-1332).

11. THE SECOND CONQUEST OF ITALY;

PEACE OF LUNEVILLE

(A. D. 1800-1801):

R. H. Horne:

Napoleon Bonaparte,

1365-1366 (1332-1333).

W. O’C. Morris:

The French Revolution,

1366-1367 (1333-1334).

Sir W. Scott:

Life of Napoleon,

1367 (1334).

Sir A. Alison:

History of Europe,

1539-1540 (1505-1506).

C. T. Lewis:

History of Germany,

1540 (1506).

12. LOUISIANA WRESTED FROM SPAIN AND SOLD TO THE UNITED STATES

(A. D. 1802-1803):

M. Thompson:

The Story of Louisiana,

2093-2094 (2049-2050).

C. F. Robertson:

The Louisiana Purchase,

2094 (2050).

H. von Holst:

Constitutional History of the United States,

3443 (3327).

T. M. Cooley:

The Acquisition of Louisiana,

3443-3444 (3327-3328).

Henry Adams:

History of the United States,

3444 (3328).

13. THE "CONTINENTAL SYSTEM"; NAPOLEON’S DOMESTIC POLICIES:

J. R. Green:

The English People,

1368-1369 (1335-1336).

L. Levi:

British Commerce,

1379-1380 (1346-1347).

Captain A. T. Mahan:

Influence of Sea Power,

1380-1381 (1347-1348).

H. Martin:

History of Europe,

1369-1370 (1336-1337).

C. A. Fyffe:

Modern Europe,

1370-1371 (1337-1338).

P. Lanfrey:

History of Napoleon,

1371 (1338).

M. Arnold:

Schools on the Continent,

738-739 (715-16).

"The significance of the Peace of Luneville lay in this, not

only that it was the close of the earlier revolutionary

struggle in Europe; … but that it marked the concentration of

all her energies in a struggle with Britain for the supremacy

of the world. … The country [Britain] stood utterly alone

while the Peace of Luneville secured France from all hostility

on the Continent. … To strike at England’s wealth had been

among the projects of the Directory; it was now the dream of

the First Consul. … Her carrying trade must be annihilated if

he closed every port against her ships. It was this gigantic

project of a 'Continental System' that revealed itself as soon

as Buonaparte became master of France."

J. R. GREEN.

14. WAR DECLARED BY GREAT BRITAIN;

NAPOLEON BECOMES EMPEROR:

H. Martineau:

History of England,

1371-1373 (1338-1340).

J. R. Seeley:

History of Napoleon I.,

1373-1374 (1340-1341).

Chancellor Pasquier:

Memoirs,

1374 (1341).

Sir W. Scott:

Life of Napoleon,

1374-1375 (1341-1342).

15. THIRD EUROPEAN COALITION;

TRAFALGAR AND AUSTERLITZ

(A. D. 1805):

R. Lodge:

Modern Europe,

1375 (1342).

J. F. Bright:

History of England,

1375-1376 (1342-1343).

W. O’C. Morris:

Napoleon,

1376-1377 (1343-1344).

16. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST PRUSSIA AND RUSSIA

(A. D. 1806-1807):