international disputes adopted at The Hague, and that it shall
determine, in so far as there shall be no agreement between
the parties, the justice, and the amount of the debt, the time
and mode of payment thereof.’ …
{719}
"The third convention relates to the opening of hostilities
and provides, in Article I, that the contracting powers
recognize that hostilities between them should not commence
without notice, which shall be either in the form of a formal
declaration of war or of an ultimatum in the nature of a
declaration of conditional war. This is to protect
belligerents from surprise and bad faith. Article 11 is meant
to safeguard the rights of neutrals. The state of war should
be notified without delay to neutral powers, and shall only
affect them after the receipt of a notification, which may be
sent even by telegram.’ …
"The fourth convention concerns the laws and customs of land
warfare, [and is] a revision of the convention of 1899. It is
highly technical and codifies in a humanitarian spirit the
warfare of the present.
"The fifth convention attempts to regulate the rights and
duties of neutral powers and of neutral persons in case of
land warfare. Short, but important, its guiding spirit is
expressed in the opening paragraph of the preamble, namely, to
render more certain the rights and duties of neutral powers in
case of warfare upon land and to regulate the situation of
belligerent refugees in neutral territory. …
"The sixth is the convention concerning enemy merchant ships
found in enemy ports or upon the high seas at the outbreak of
hostilities. Custom forbids the capture of enemy vessels
within the port of the enemy on the outbreak of hostilities
and allows them a limited time to discharge or load their
cargo and depart for their port of destination. The attempt
was made to establish this custom or privilege as a right. The
proposition, however, met with serious opposition and, instead
of the right, the convention states that it is desirable that
enemy ships be permitted freely to leave the port. The
convention, therefore, was restrictive rather than declaratory
of existing international practice. The same might be said of
another provision of the convention concerning the treatment
of enemy merchant ships upon the high seas. It may be said
that the expression of a desire is tantamount to a positive
declaration, but, strictly construed, the convention is not
progressive. It lessens rights acquired by custom and usage,
although it does, indeed, render the privilege granted
universal. The American delegation, therefore, refrained from
signing the convention.
"The seventh convention deals with the transformation of
merchant ships into ships of war, and it must be said that the
positive results of this convention are of little or no
practical value. The burning question was whether merchant
ships might be transformed into men-of-war upon the high seas.
As the transformation of merchant vessels into war vessels
upon the high seas caused an international commotion during
the recent Russo-Japanese war. Great Britain and the United
States insisted that the transfer should only be allowed
within the territorial jurisdiction of the transforming power.
Some of the continental states, on the contrary, refused to
renounce the exercise of the alleged right. The great maritime
states were thus divided, and as the question was too simple
and too plain to admit of compromise, it was agreed to drop it
entirely for the present. In order, however, that something
might remain of the careful and elaborate discussions of the
subject, a series of regulations was drawn up regarding the
transformation of merchant ships into vessels of war,
declaratory of international custom. … Indirectly, the
rightfulness or wrongfulness of privateering was concerned,
and inasmuch as the United States would not consent to abolish
privateering unless the immunity of private property be
safeguarded, the American delegation abstained from signing
the convention.
"The eighth convention relates to the placing of submarine
automatic mines of contact, a subject of present and special
interest to belligerents; while the interest of the neutral is
very general. … Mines break from their moorings and endanger
neutral life and property. The conference, therefore, desires
to regulate the use of mines in such a way as not to deprive
the belligerents of a recognized and legitimate means of
warfare, but to restrict, as far as possible, the damage to
the immediate belligerents. …
"The ninth convention forbade the bombardment by naval forces
of undefended harbors, villages, towns, or buildings. The
presence, however, of military stores would permit bombardment
of such ports for the sole purpose of destroying the stores,
provided they were not destroyed or delivered up upon request.
Notice, however, should be given of the intention to bombard.
In like manner, the convention permitted the bombardment of
such undefended places if provisions were not supplied upon
requisition to the naval force. Bombardment, however, was not
allowed for the collection of mere money contributions. …
"The tenth convention adapted to maritime warfare the
principles of the Geneva Convention of 1906. …
"The eleventh convention relates to certain restrictions in
the exercise of the right of capture in maritime war. It is a
modest document, but is all that was saved from the wreck of
the immunity of private property. The American delegation
urged the abolition of the right of capture of unoffending
enemy private property upon the high seas, but great maritime
powers such as Great Britain, France, Russia, and Japan were
unwilling to relinquish this means of bringing the enemy to
terms. …
"The twelfth convention sought to establish an international
court of prize, and there only remains the ratification of
this convention by the contracting powers in order to call
into being this great and beneficent institution. For years
enlightened opinion has protested against the right of
belligerents to pass final judgment upon the lawfulness of the
capture of neutral property, and it is a pleasure to be able
to state that the interests of the neutrals in the neutral
prize are henceforward to be placed in the hands of neutral
judges with a representation of the belligerents, in order
that the rights of all concerned may be carefully weighed and
considered. …
{720}
"The thirteenth convention concerns and seeks to regulate the
rights and duties of neutral powers in case of maritime war.
This is an elaborate codification of the rights and duties of
neutrals in which the conference essayed to generalize and
define on the one hand the rights of neutrals and the
correlative duties of the belligerents, and in the second
place to set forth in detail the duties of neutrals, thus
safeguarding the rights of belligerents in certain phases of
maritime warfare. … The result, however, was unsatisfactory to
some of the larger maritime powers, which prefer their present
regulations on the subject of neutrality or which were
unwilling to accept the modifications proposed. The United
States was not satisfied with certain provisions of the
convention, and reserved the right to study the project in
detail before expressing a final opinion. It therefore
abstained from voting and signing.
"The fourteenth convention is a reenactment of the declaration
of 1899 forbidding the launching of projectiles and explosives
from balloons. The original declaration was agreed to for a
period of five years, and as this period had expired the
powers were without a regulation on the subject. The
reenactment provided that the present declaration shall
extend, not merely for a period of five years, but to the end
of the Third Conference of Peace."
Reprinted in
_Senate Document Number 433, 60th Congress, 1st Session._
Appended to these Conventions are the Resolutions or
Declarations of accepted Principles embodied in the "Final
Act"; and these are far from being the least important of the
fruits of the Conference. They need presentation in full.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST:
Final Act of the Second International Peace Conference.
"At a series of meetings, held from the 15th June to the 18th
October, 1907, in which the above Delegates [named in a
preamble] were throughout animated by the desire to realize,
in the fullest possible measure, the generous views of the
august initiator of the Conference and the intentions of their
Governments, the Conference drew up for submission for
signature by the Plenipotentiaries, the text of the
Conventions and of the Declaration enumerated below [named in
their order, as summarized above] and annexed to the present
Act:—
"These Conventions and Declaration shall form so many separate
Acts. These Acts shall be dated this day, and may be signed up
to the 30th June, 1908, at The Hague, by the Plenipotentiaries
of the Powers represented at the Second Peace Conference.
"The Conference, actuated by the spirit of mutual agreement
and concession characterizing its deliberations, has agreed
upon the following Declaration, which, while reserving to each
of the Powers represented full liberty of action as regards
voting, enables them to affirm the principles which they
regard as unanimously admitted;—
"It is unanimous—
"1. In admitting the principle of compulsory arbitration.
"2. In declaring that certain disputes, in particular those
relating to the interpretation and application of the
provisions of International Agreements, may be submitted to
compulsory arbitration without any restriction.
"Finally, it is unanimous in proclaiming that, although it has
not yet been found feasible to conclude a Convention in this
sense, nevertheless the divergences of opinion which have come
to light have not exceeded the bounds of judicial controversy,
and that, by working together here during the past four
months, the collected Powers not only have learnt to
understand one another and to draw closer together, but have
succeeded in the course of this long collaboration in evolving
a very lofty conception of the common welfare of humanity.
"The Conference has further unanimously adopted the following
Resolution:—
"The Second Peace Conference confirms the Resolution adopted
by the Conference of 1899 in regard to the limitation of
military expenditure; and inasmuch as military expenditure has
considerably increased in almost every country since that
time, the Conference declares that it is eminently desirable
that the Governments should resume the serious examination of
this question.
"It has besides expressed the following opinions:—
"1. The Conference calls the attention of the Signatory Powers
to the advisability of adopting the annexed draft Convention
for the creation of a Judicial Arbitration Court, and of
bringing it into force as soon as an agreement has been
reached respecting the selection of the Judges and the
constitution of the Court.
"2. The Conference expresses the opinion that, in case of war,
the responsible authorities, civil as well as military, should
make it their special duty to ensure and safeguard the
maintenance of specific relations, more especially of the
commercial and industrial relations between the inhabitants of
the belligerent States and neutral countries.
"3. The Conference expresses the opinion that the Powers
should regulate, by special Treaties, the position, as regards
military charges, of foreigners residing within their
territories.
"4. The Conference expresses the opinion that the preparation
of regulations relative to the laws and customs of naval war
should figure in the programme of the next Conference, and
that in any case the Powers may apply, as far as possible, to
war by sea the principles of the Convention relative to the
Laws and Customs of War on land.
"Finally, the Conference recommends to the Powers the assembly
of a Third Peace Conference, which might be held within a
period corresponding to that which has elapsed since the
preceding Conference, at a date to be fixed by common
agreement between the Powers, and it calls their attention to
the necessity of preparing the programme of this Third
Conference a sufficient time in advance to ensure its
deliberations being conducted with the necessary authority and
expedition.
"In order to attain this object the Conference considers that
it would be very desirable that, some two years before the
probable date of the meeting, a preparatory Committee should
be charged by the Governments with the task of collecting the
various proposals to be submitted to the Conference, of
ascertaining what subjects are ripe for embodiment in an
International Regulation, and of preparing a programme which
the Governments should decide upon in sufficient time to
enable it to be carefully examined by the countries
interested. This Committee should further be intrusted with
the task of proposing a system of organization and procedure
for the Conference itself.
"In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Act and have affixed their seals thereto."
{721}
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST:
Draft Convention recommended for the Creation of
a Judicial Arbitration Court.
The following are the more important provisions of the
"annexed draft Convention for the creation of a Judicial
Arbitration Court" which the Signatory Powers are asked, in
the first of the "Opinions" expressed above, to consider "the
advisability of adopting":
"Article I.
With a view to promoting the cause of arbitration, the
Contracting Powers agree to constitute, without altering the
status of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, a Judicial
Arbitration Court, of free and easy access, composed of Judges
representing the various juridical systems of the world, and
capable of insuring continuity in jurisprudence of
arbitration.
"Article II.
The Judicial Arbitration Court is composed of Judges and
Deputy Judges chosen from persons of the highest moral
reputation, and all fulfilling conditions qualifying them, in
their respective countries, to occupy high legal posts, or be
jurists of recognized competence in matters of international
law. The Judges and Deputy Judges of the Court are appointed,
as far as possible, from the members of the Permanent Court of
Arbitration. The appointment shall be made within the six
months following the ratification of the present Convention.
"Article III.
The Judges and Deputy Judges are appointed for a period of
twelve years, counting from the date on which the appointment
is notified to the Administrative Council created by the
Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes. Their appointments can be renewed. Should a Judge or
Deputy Judge die or retire, the vacancy is filled in the
manner in which his appointment was made. In this case, the
appointment is made for a fresh period of twelve years.
"Article IV.
The Judges of the Judicial Arbitration Court are equal and
rank according to the date on which their appointment was
notified. The Judge who is senior in point of age takes
precedence when the date of notification is the same. The
Deputy Judges are assimilated, in the exercise of their
functions, with the Judges. They rank, however, below the
latter.
"Article V.
The Judges enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities in the
exercise of their functions, outside their own country. Before
taking their seat, the Judges and Deputy Judges must swear,
before the Administrative Council, or make a solemn
affirmation to exercise their functions impartially and
conscientiously.
"Article VI.
The Court annually nominates three Judges to form a special
delegation and three more to replace them should the necessity
arise. They may be re-elected. They are balloted for. The
persons who secure the largest number of votes are considered
elected. The delegation itself elects its President, who, in
default of a majority, is appointed by lot. A member of the
delegation cannot exercise his duties when the Power which
appointed him, or of which he is a national, is one of the
parties. The members of the delegation are to conclude all
matters submitted to them, even if the period for which they
have been appointed Judges has expired.
"Article VII.
A Judge may not exercise his judicial functions in any case in
which he has, in any way whatever, taken part in the decision
of a National Tribunal, of a Tribunal of Arbitration, or of a
Commission of Inquiry, or has figured in the suit as counsel
or advocate for one of the parties. A Judge cannot act as
agent or advocate before the Judicial Arbitration Court or the
Permanent Court of Arbitration, before a Special Tribunal of
Arbitration or a Commission of Inquiry, nor act for one of the
parties in any capacity whatsoever so long as his appointment
lasts. …
"Article X.
The Judges may not accept from their own Government or from
that of any other Power any remuneration for services
connected with their duties in their capacity of members of
the Court.
"Article XI.
The seat of the Judicial Court of Arbitration is at The Hague,
and cannot be transferred, unless absolutely obliged by
circumstances, elsewhere. …
"Article XII.
The Administrative Council fulfills with regard to the
Judicial Court of Arbitration the same functions as to the
Permanent Court of Arbitration.
"Article XIV.
The Court meets in session once a year. The session opens the
third Wednesday in June and lasts until all the business on
the agenda has been transacted. …
"Article XVII. The Judicial Court of Arbitration is competent
to deal with all cases submitted to it, in virtue either of a
general undertaking to have recourse to arbitration or of a
special agreement.
"Article XXXII.
The Court itself draws up its own rules of procedure, which
must be communicated to the Contracting Powers. After the
ratification of the present Convention the Court shall meet as
early as possible in order to elaborate these rules, elect the
President and Vice-President, and appoint the members of the
delegation.
"Article XXXIII.
The Court may propose modifications in the provisions of the
present Convention concerning procedure. These proposals are
communicated through the Netherland Government to the
Contracting Powers, which will consider together as to the
measures to be taken."
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST:
The sequent International Naval Conference
at London in 1908-1909.
The action of the Peace Conference which contemplated the
establishment of an International Prize Court (embodied in the
Twelfth Convention described above) had a sequel in the next
year, resulting from the suggestion by the British Government
that, preliminary to the creation of such a court, the prior
holding of an International Naval Conference was desirable,
for the purpose which it explained in the following words:
"Having regard to the importance attached by his Majesty’s
Government to the setting up of that Court, they decided to
take the initiative in inviting the co-operation of the Powers
whose belligerent rights would be most directly affected, in
formulating in precise terms a set of rules relative to the
law of prize, which should be recognized as embodying
doctrines held to be generally binding as part of the existing
law of nations." In connection with this suggestion a list of
questions was submitted to the several Governments consulted,
"on which his Majesty’s Government, after careful examination,
considered that an understanding should if possible be
reached, and which would therefore appropriately constitute
the programme of a special naval conference to meet in
London."
{722}
The questions were as follows:
"(_a._)
Contraband, including the circumstances under which particular
articles can be considered as contraband; the penalties for
their carriage; the immunity of a ship from search when under
convoy; and the rules with regard to compensation where
vessels have been seized but have been found in fact only to
be carrying innocent cargo;
"(_b._)
Blockade, including the questions as to the locality where
seizure can be effected, and the notice that is necessary
before a ship can be seized;
"(_c._)
The doctrine of continuous voyage in respect both of
contraband and of blockade;
"(_d._)
The legality of the destruction of neutral vessels prior to
their condemnation by a Prize Court;
"(_e._)
The rules as to neutral ships or persons rendering ‘unneutral
service’ (‘assistance hostile’);
"(_f._)
The legality of the conversion of a merchant-vessel into a
war-ship on the high seas;
"(_g._)
The rules as to the transfer of merchant-vessels from a
belligerent to a neutral flag during or in contemplation of
hostilities;
"(_h._)
The question whether the nationality or the domicile of the
owner should be adopted as the dominant factor in deciding
whether property is enemy property."
Responses to the British invitation by the greater naval
Powers were favorable, and the resulting International Naval
Conference had sittings in London from December 4, 1908, until
February 26, 1909. The Powers sending representatives to take
part in it were Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia,
Austria-Hungary, Italy, the United States, Japan, Spain,
Holland. A report of the proceedings and conclusions arrived
at was made public on the 22d of March. On two, only, of the
questions, proposed by Great Britain, no agreement was
reached, and these were left open,—namely; "the legality of
the conversion of a merchant-vessel into a war-ship on the
high seas, and the question whether the nationality or the
domicile of the owner should be regarded as the dominant
factor in deciding the character, neutral or enemy, of
property." Original differences on other questions were
compromised.
A serious difficulty in the undertakings of the Conference was
occasioned by the fact that the Constitution of the United
States is held to preclude any right of appeal from decisions
of its Supreme Court. What was done to overcome this
difficulty is explained in the report of the British Delegates
as follows: "The Conference was asked to express its
acceptance of the principle that, as regards countries in
which such constitutional difficulty arose, all proceedings in
the International Prize Court should be treated as a rehearing
of the case _de novo_, in the form of an action for
compensation, whereby the validity of the judgments of the
national courts would remain unaffected, whilst the duty of
carrying out a decision of the International Court ordering
the payment of compensation would fall upon the government
concerned. The proposal was further coupled with the
suggestion that the jurisdiction of the International Prize
Court might be extended, by agreement between two or more of
the signatory Powers, to cover cases at present excluded from
its jurisdiction by the express terms of the Prize Court
Convention, and that in the hearing of such cases that court
should have the functions, and follow the procedure, laid down
in the Draft Convention relative to the creation of a Judicial
Arbitration Court, which was annexed to the Final Act of the
Second Peace Conference of 1907.
"Great hesitation was felt in approaching these questions. It
was undeniable that they lay wholly outside the programme
which the Conference had been invited to discuss, and to which
the Powers accepting the invitation had expressly assented. It
was, however, not disputed that so much of the United States
proposal as related to the difficulties in the way of the
ratification of the Prize Court Convention was in so far
germane to the labours of the Conference, as these also were
avowedly directed to preparing the way for the more general
acceptance of the Prize Court Convention. As it must clearly
be desired by all countries interested in the establishment of
the International Prize Court that the United States should be
one of the Powers submitting to its jurisdiction and bound by
its decisions, the Conference thought it right,
notwithstanding its lack of formal authority, to go so far as
to express the wish (‘vœu’) which stands recorded in the final
Protocol of its proceedings, and of which the substance is
that the attention of the various Governments represented is
called by their delegates to the desirability of allowing such
countries as are precluded by the terms of their constitution
from ratifying the Prize Court Convention in its present form,
to do so with a reservation in the sense of the first part of
the United States proposal. On the other hand, the question of
setting up the Judicial Arbitration Court, which seemed to
have no necessary connexion with the Prize Court Convention,
was decided by all the delegations, except that which had
brought it forward, to be one which the Conference could not
discuss."
_Parliamentary Papers, 1909:
Papers by Command, 4554._
Also,
_London Times, March 22, 1909._
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST:
Central American Peace Conference at Washington.
General Treaty of Peace and Amity.
Convention establishing a Central American Court of Justice.
See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1907.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907-1908.
Waning of the Military Passion in France.
Two very striking indications of the cooling in the French
people of the militant passion which made them in former times
one of the most warlike of the European races have been
afforded within the past three years. The first appeared in
the winter of 1907, when a Paris newspaper of great
circulation collected votes from its readers on the question,
"Who was the Greatest Frenchman of the Nineteenth Century?"
Much interest in the query was excited, and more than
15,000,000 [votes] were said to have been cast.
{723}
From any prior generation the answer of a big majority would
undoubtedly have been, "Napoleon Bonaparte"; but the French of
the Twentieth Century have developed so different an estimate of
human greatness that Louis Pasteur, the Man of Science, led
the poll, receiving 1,838,103 votes; while Victor Hugo came
next below him, by somewhat more than a hundred thousand
votes, and Gambetta was put third in the list. Napoleon
received only the fourth place of honor in the estimate of
fifteen millions of the French of these days.
About a year later the same change was betokened in a hardly
less significant way, by a speech from the Prime Minister of
France. The occasion of the address was the inauguration of a
monument to M. Scheurer-Kestner, who had been vice-president
of the French Senate when the Dreyfus iniquities began to be
dragged out of darkness into light, and who was one of the few
men in public life then who strove heroically to have the
truth ascertained and justice done. Scheurer-Kestner was an
Alsatian, and this fact gave Premier Clemenceau an opportunity
to break silence on the sore subject of the loss of Alsace,
which French statesmen have not ventured to refer to since the
heart-breaking surrender of 1871. His breaking of that silence
was meant to break, and assuredly does break, the long
brooding of revengefulness in French hearts which has been a
menace to the peace of Europe for nearly 40 years.
"I do not fear," he said, "to call up the memory of that
bloody past. I am mindful of the responsibility which belongs
to my office, and I can speak without constraint of events
which have entered into history. I can proclaim feelings which
we cannot repudiate—which we cannot even hide without lowering
ourselves." And this is his open proclamation of the feeling
to which France has come, in its thought of Alsace:
"We received France issuing from frightful trial. To rebuild
her in her legitimate power of expansion as well as in her
dignity as a great moral person, we have no need either to
hate or to lie, nor even to recriminate. We look to the
future. Sons of a great history, jealously careful of the
lofty impulses native to us, in which the civilizing virtue of
France was fashioned, we can look in quiet of soul on the
descendants of strong races which for centuries have measured
themselves with the men of our lands in battlefields beyond
numbering. Two such great rival peoples, for the very honor of
their rivalry, have a like interest to keep their respect, the
one for the other."
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1907-1909.
German Opposition to the "Navy Fever,"
in High Circles as well as Low.
Views of Herr Von Holstein and Admiral Galster.
How far the naval ambitions and costly naval policy of Germany
are supported by public opinion is much of a question. It is
certain that they are a cause of wide discontent in the
industrial classes, and no less certain that the weightiest
influence behind them is that of the Emperor, who stimulates
the exertions of a powerful Navy League. That there is an
effective disapproval of the policy in high political circles
has been shown lately by the publication of some expressions
on the subject by the late Herr von Holstein, who was for many
years the chief of the Political Department of the German
Foreign Office,—the mentor and prompter from behind the scenes
of several successive Chancellors of the Empire. In some
reminiscences of this important official, by an intimate
friend, Herr von Rath, who published them in September, 1909,
he is quoted as having, in 1907, denounced what he called
"navy fever" in Germany in these strong words;
"This dangerous disease is fed upon the fear of an attack by
England, which is not in accordance with facts. The effect
of the ‘navy fever’ is pernicious in three directions—in
domestic politics on account of the intrigues of the Navy
League, which also produce the greatest ill-feeling in South
Germany; in the finances on account of the prohibitive
expenditure; in foreign politics on account of the mistrust
which these armaments awake. England sees in them a menace
which keeps her bound to the side of France. At the same time,
even with taxation strained to the utmost limit, the
construction of a fleet able to cope with the united fleets of
England and France is entirely out of the question. From the
menace which everybody in England sees in German naval
construction the present Liberal Government in England will
not draw serious conclusions. It will be different when the
Conservatives come into power. The danger of war between
Germany on the one hand and England and France on the other is
even today playing a part in the political calculations of
other countries. Against armaments on land nobody will offer
any objection, because they are justified by the needs of
defence. In our naval armaments several Powers see a perpetual
menace.
"Even among Parliamentary Deputies there are many who condemn
the ‘navy fever,’ but no one of them will take the
responsibility of refusing to vote ships, a responsibility
which would recoil upon him in the event of a defeat at sea.
Anybody who to-day makes a stand against the prevailing ‘navy
fever’ is attacked from all sides as wanting in patriotism,
but a few years hence the justice of my opinion will be
established."
According to Herr von Rath, Herr von Holstein declared in
February, 1909, three months before his death, that the navy
question transcended all others in importance. He is said to
have watched with approval the campaign which is still more or
less vigorously carried on by Vice-Admiral Galster and others
against the "big ship policy," and to have said, with
reference to one of Admiral Galster’s pamphlets:—"The main
thing is to expose the lying and treacherous fallacy expressed
in the statement that every fresh ship is an addition to the
power of Germany—when every fresh ship causes England, to say
nothing of France, to build two ships."
The Vice-Admiral Galster here referred to contends that
submarines are more effective for defence than Dreadnoughts,
and he labors to persuade his fellow countrymen to be
satisfied with defensive armament, repudiating what creates
suspicion of offensive designs.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1908.
School Peace League, The American.
"The American School Peace League [organized in 1908] aims to
secure the cooperation of the educational public of America in
the project for promoting international justice and equity. …
It is hoped that every teacher in the country will subscribe
to the purposes of the League by becoming a member. Much of
the work will be done by committees, five of which have been
organized up to the present time. …
{724}
"The Committee on Meetings and Discussion aims to induce
educational associations throughout the country to place the
subject of internationalism on their programs. It also seeks
to stimulate literary and debating societies, in colleges and
schools, to study the subject. The Committee recommends to
educational associations the establishment of International
Committees, or Departments, for the purpose of making a
detailed study of the relation of the International Movement
to school instruction.
"The Committee on Publications intends to build up a body of
literature, dealing with the interrelation between peoples and
nations along political, industrial, and social lines. To this
end, the Committee purposes to issue, directly or indirectly,
a series of publications for the young, that may be used in
the geography, history, science, and literature classes; it
also intends to make a collection of the present songs which
illustrate the peace sentiment, and to stimulate the writing
of new ones.
"The Press Committee, which comprises some of the leading
educational editors of the country, is prepared to acquaint
teachers with the work of the League through the columns of
the educational magazines.
"The Committee on Teaching History will study the textbooks
with reference to the space devoted respectively to war and to
peace. It hopes to develop among teachers a sentiment which
shall lay emphasis on the arts of peace, and on the industrial
and social conditions of the people, rather than on campaigns,
battles, and other military details. It further aims to
arrange, if possible, courses in history to be given at summer
schools and teachers’ institutes, with special attention to
the growth of international friendship.
"The International Committee intends to make a constructive
study of international cooperation in activities which
particularly affect educational work."
_Mrs. Fannie Fern Andrews, Secretary.
Objects of the American School Peace League,_
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1908.
Evasion of the Conscription in Russia.
According to statistics published in the spring of 1909 by the
military organ, the _Russky Invalid_, the conscription of
1908 took place in the following circumstances. The annual
contingent had been fixed by the Duma at 456,481 men.
Altogether 1,281,655 conscripts were called up for
examination. Of this huge number 80,165 men failed to appear,
including 20,693 Jews, out of a total of 64,005 Jews
conscripted. The largest number of absentees was in the
provinces of Suwalki, Lomja, Plotzk, and Kovno. It is from
these provinces that a general exodus of Polish, Lithuanian,
and Jewish youths to America is noticeable. The actual number
found to be fit for military service in 1908 was 17,926 short
of the contingent fixed by the Duma. This deficiency was
composed of 943 Russians, 5,154 other Christians, 10,677 Jews,
1,082 Mahomedans, and 70 other non-Christians. The recruiting
stations noted a general falling off in the physique of the
conscripts.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
Changed Conditions in Europe making for Peace.
See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1909.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST:
International School of Peace.
Mr. Ginn’s Great Fund for Peace Propagandism.
Members of the various Boston peace organizations took part
last evening [December 15] in the formation of an
International School of Peace. The idea originated with Edwin
Ginn, the publisher, and the ‘house warming’ took place at No.
29 Beacon Street, where a room was appropriately adorned for
the occasion with the flags of many nations and large
portraits of Sumner and Cobden and other great international
leaders.
"Mr. Ginn welcomed the company in a speech wherein the motives
and experience which prompted him to found the school were set
forth. He explained what he hoped of the organization, how he
had for years appealed to various millionaires to unite with
him in some larger provision than any which existed for the
systematic education of the people in peace principles, the
response to which had been disappointing.
"Mr. Ginn felt that some large beginning must be made by
somebody; and so he had appropriated $50,000 a year to the
work from now on, and provided in his will that the bulk of
his estate, after proper provision for family and friends,
should go to this cause, which he felt to be the greatest and
most necessary cause in the world. This action had brought him
multitudes of letters, he said, and clearly awakened much
interest; and if it prompted others to do much more than he
could do, that was what he wanted. The friends of the cause,
especially its wealthy friends, had been strangely asleep to
the pressing need for this work of popular education. It must
be thoroughly organized to reach the schools and colleges, the
churches and newspapers and business men. He gave
illustrations of the awful cost and waste of the present
military system, which he said violated every principle of
good business, political economy, and common sense. …
‘The room is not only a bureau for the office force, but a
reading-room and library, where the latest information
touching the progress of the movement will always be furnished
to teachers, preachers, and all who are interested. Regular
conferences upon the different aspects of the movement will
also be held there."
_The Boston Transcript,
December 16, 1909._
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
The Second National Peace Congress in the United States,
assembled at Chicago.
The Second National Peace Congress in the United States held
its session in Chicago, May 3-5, 1909. The attendance was
large, the speaking of high quality and the prevailing spirit
earnest in its repudiation of all reasoning or feeling that is
tolerant of the barbarism of war. Respectful attention was
given to an address by the German Ambassador to the United
States, Count Bernstorff, who defended the attitude of his
Government on the question of a limitation of armaments, but
the expressions of the Congress on the subject were not toned
to agreement with his plea. Among its resolutions was the
following:
"Resolved, That no dispute between nations, except such as may
involve the national life and independence, should be reserved
from arbitration, and that a general treaty of obligatory
arbitration should be included at the earliest possible date.
Pending such a general treaty, we urge upon our government,
and the other leading Powers, such broadening of the scope of
their arbitration treaties as shall provide, after the example
of the Danish Netherlands treaty, for the reference to the
Hague Court of all differences whatever not settled otherwise
by peaceful means."
{725}
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
The Annual Lake Mohonk Peace Conferences in the United States.
The annual Peace Conferences at Lake Mohonk, in the United
States, have been held with regularity. At the Fifteenth,
convened in May, 1909, a strong resolution was adopted, asking
the Government of the United States to consider "whether the
peculiar position it occupies among the nations does not
afford it a special opportunity to lead the way towards …
carrying into effect the strongly expressed desire of the two
Peace Conferences at The Hague, that the governments examine
the possibility of an agreement as to the limitation of armed
forces by land and sea, and of war budgets."
Privately during the Conference there was discussion of the
suggestion that if four or five of the great Powers—England,
Germany, France, Italy, the United States, and Japan, and
perhaps Spain and Russia—could join in establishing a Supreme
Court of the nations, to which they would refer their
difficulties, other nations would be compelled by the course
of events to accept the tribunal and its decisions, and to
come into participation in it on such terms as might later be
agreed upon.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
Exchange of Parliamentary Visits between France and Sweden.
Seventy-six members of the French Parliament, representing the
international arbitration group, visited Stockholm in July,
1909, under the leadership of Baron d’Estournelles de
Constant. The visit was paid in return for one made by the
members of the three Scandinavian Parliaments to Paris some
time before.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
A World Petition for a General Treaty
of Obligatory Arbitration.
At the annual meeting of the International Peace Bureau at
Brussels, October 9, 1909, the following resolution was
adopted, expressing approval of the world-petition to the
third Hague Conference in favor of a general treaty of
obligatory arbitration:
"_Whereas_, Public opinion, _if recorded_, will
prove an influential factor at the third Hague Conference; and
_Whereas_, The ‘world-petition to the third Hague
Conference’ has begun to successfully establish a statistical
record of the men and women in every country who desire to
support the governments in their efforts to perfect the new
international order based on the principle of the solidarity
of all nations;
_Resolved_, That the Commission and the General Assembly
of the International Peace Bureau, meeting at Brussels October
8 and 9, 1909, urgently recommend the signing of the
‘world-petition to the third Hague Conference.’"
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
Evasion of Military Service in France.
Spread of Anti-Militarism.
According to returns of the recruiting for the French Army,
published in the summer of 1909, there appears to be a steady
increase in the evasion of service by young men at the times
they are required by law to enter it. "Since 1906, when the
number of refractory recruits amounted to 4,567, the figures
have slowly risen, until they have now reached 11,782. The
_soldat insoumis_ may be punished in France by
imprisonment of from one month to one year. But on about an
average of every two years during the last 20 years Parliament
has regularly voted an Amnesty Bill in favour of deserters and
recalcitrant recruits or reservists." This is one supposed
cause of the increasing evasions; but a more important
influence working with it is the propagandism of anti-military
doctrines, preached passionately by Gustav Hervé, accepted
widely, it is said, among the primary teachers of the country,
as well as in the ranks of the workingmen. The General
Confederation of Labor is reported to be distributing annually
some thousands of "soldiers’ manuals" in which desertion is urged
as a duty to humanity at large.
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909 (October).
American Proposal that the Prize Court now established be
also a Court of Arbitral Justice.
By reference to the proceedings of the Second Peace Conference
at The Hague, as set forth above, it will be seen that the
Conference gave favorable consideration to a draft Convention
for the creation of a "Judicial Arbitration Court" (the text
of which draft is given at the end of said proceedings), and
that the Conference went so far as to declare the
"advisability of adopting … and of bringing it into force as
soon as an agreement has been reached respecting the selection
of the judges and the constitution of the Court." It will be
seen, also, that the Conference adopted measures for the
creation of an International Prize Court, preliminary to which
an International Naval Conference was held in London from
December 4, 1908, until February 26, 1909. At that Conference
a suggestion was made that "the jurisdiction of the
International Prize Court might be extended, by agreement
between two or more of the signatory Powers, to cover cases at
present excluded from its jurisdiction by the express terms of
the Prize Court Convention, and that in the hearing of such
cases that Court should have the functions and follow the
procedure laid down in the draft Convention relative to the
creation of a Judicial Arbitration Court, which was annexed to
the Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, of 1907."
In line with this suggestion, it was made known, in the later
part of the past year, that the Government of the United
States, through its State Department, had proposed in a
circular note to the Powers, that the Prize Court should be
invested with the jurisdiction and functions of the proposed
Judicial Arbitration Court. The difficulties in selecting
judges for that contemplated Court, which caused the creation
of it to be postponed in 1907, would thus be happily
surmounted, and, as remarked by Secretary Knox, there would be
at once given "to the world an international judicial body to
adjudge cases arising in peace, as well as controversies
incident to war."
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST: A. D. 1909.
Attitude of the Workingmen.
At the Twentieth International Congress of Miners, held in
Berlin, in May, 1909, there were strong declarations for
disarmament, and one Belgian delegate, M. Maroille, said
significantly: If it were better organized the International
Federation of Miners could by itself render wars impossible.
They need not do anything violent or illegal; they had only to
remain quiet, so very quiet that war could not be carried on.
{726}
WAR.
See (in this Volume)
Red Cross Society.
WARD, SIR JOSEPH GEORGE:
Prime Minister of New Zealand.
See (in this Volume)
NEW ZEALAND A. D. 1906-1909.
WARD, SIR JOSEPH GEORGE:
At the Imperial Conference of 1907.
See (in this Volume)
BRITISH EMPIRE: A. D. 1907.
WARD, SIR JOSEPH GEORGE:
Testimony on the Working of Woman Suffrage in New Zealand.
See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
WARSAW, DISTURBANCES IN.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905, and 1905 (FEBRUARY-NOVEMBER).
WASHBURN, Reverend. Dr. George:
President of Robert College.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: TURKEY, &c.
WASHINGTON, BOOKER T.:
His work at Tuskegee Institute.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1906.
WASHINGTON: A. D. 1908.
Meeting of International Congress on Tuberculosis.
See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH. TUBERCULOSIS.
WASHINGTON MEMORIAL INSTITUTION, THE.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901.
WATER POWER TRUST:
Threatened in the United States.
Precautionary Measures taken.
See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909.
WATERS AND WATER POWER, CONSERVATION OF.
See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
WATERS-PIERCE OIL COMPANY.
See (in this Volume)
COMBINATIONS, INDUSTRIAL, &c.:
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904-1909.
WATERWAYS COMMISSION AND WATERWAYS TREATY.
See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY).
WATKINS, THOMAS H.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902-1903.
WATSON, J. C.:
Premier of Australia.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1903-1904.
WATSON, Thomas E.:
Nomination for President of the United States.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1904 (MARCH-NOVEMBER),
and 1908 (MARCH-NOVEMBER).
WAZEER, GRAND.
See (in this Volume)
MOROCCO: A. D. 1903.
WEALTH:
Its Concentration in Great Britain.
In a speech made in Parliament, on a motion to graduate the
Income Tax, March 24, 1909, Mr. Chiozza-Money, who speaks with
considerable authority on such subjects, made the following
statements: "Statistics were available in Somerset House
showing the product of the graduated scale of death duties
imposed by Sir William Harcourt in 1894. Of the 700,000
persons who died annually, only about 80,000 left sufficient
property to need an inquisition by Somerset House. Out of the
80,000 persons nearly the whole of the property was left by
27,000 persons; and £200,000,000 worth of property was left by
about 4,000 persons each year. This was not only a curious
fact, but it was a constant fact in relation to this problem.
He also showed that there had arisen a tendency among rich
persons to devise part of their property before death in order
to escape the death duties, with the result that a good deal
of wealth did not come under the review of Somerset House.
What he described as his own conservative estimate of the
wealth of the United Kingdom was a total of about
£11,500,000,000. Of that sum five millions of persons owned
£10,900,000,000. One-ninth of the population owned 95 per
cent. of the entire capital stock of the United Kingdom. Thus
the whole of the country regarded as a business undertaking
was in the hands of a handful of people. Taking the income of
the country at 1,800 millions a year, there were about five
million persons who took one-half and 39 millions the other
half. Of the five million persons who took 900 millions of
income about 1¼ million persons, or 250,000 families, took 600
millions out of the 900 millions. From this state of facts the
most terrible inequalities resulted, evidences of which could
be seen along the Embankment and other parts of Westminster
almost within a stone’s throw of that House."
WEALTH PROBLEM, THE.
The Question of a Progressive Taxation.
"At this moment we are passing through a period of great
unrest—social, political and industrial unrest. It is of the
utmost importance for our future that this should prove to be
not the unrest of mere rebelliousness against life, of mere
dissatisfaction with the inevitable inequality of conditions,
but the unrest of a resolute and eager ambition to secure the
betterment of the individual and the nation. … It is a prime
necessity that if the present unrest is to result in permanent
good the emotion shall be translated into action, and that the
action shall be marked by honesty, sanity, and self-restraint.
There is mighty little good in a mere spasm of reform. The
reform that counts is that which comes through steady,
continuous growth; violent emotionalism leads to exhaustion.
"It is important to this people to grapple with the problems
connected with the amassing of enormous fortunes, and the use
of those fortunes, both corporate and individual, in business.
We should discriminate in the sharpest way between fortunes
well won and fortunes ill won; between those gained as an
incident to performing great services to the community as a
whole, and those gained in evil fashion by keeping just within
the limits of mere law-honesty. Of course no amount of charity
in spending such fortunes in any way compensates for
misconduct in making them. As a matter of personal conviction,
and without pretending to discuss the details or formulate the
system, I feel that we shall ultimately have to consider the
adoption of some such scheme as that of a progressive tax on
all fortunes, beyond a certain amount, either given in life or
devised or bequeathed upon death to any individual—a tax so
framed as to put it out of the power of the owner of one of
these enormous fortunes to hand on more than a certain amount
to any one individual; the tax, of course, to be imposed by
the National and not the State Government. Such taxation
should, of course, be aimed merely at the inheritance or
transmission in their entirety of those fortunes swollen
beyond all healthy limits."
_President Roosevelt,
Address at the Laying of the Corner Stone of the
Office-Building of the House of Representatives,
April 14, 1906._
WEAVER, JOHN: MAYOR OF PHILADELPHIA.
See (in this Volume)
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.
{727}
WEEKLY REST DAY.
See (in this Volume)
SUNDAY OBSERVANCE.
"WE FREES."
See (in this Volume)
SCOTLAND: A. D. 1904-1905.
WEI-HAI-WEI:
Strategic Worthlessness of the Port.
See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1902 (FEBRUARY).
WEKERLE, ALEXANDER: PRIME MINISTER OF HUNGARY.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA HUNGARY: A. D. 1905-1906, and 1908-1909.
WELSH COERCION ACT.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: ENGLAND: A. D. 1902.
WERMUTH, Herr:
Secretary of the German Imperial Treasury.
See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908-1909.
WEST AFRICA:
White Colonization impossible in Present Conditions.
See (in this Volume)
AFRICA.
WEST INDIES, DANISH:
Failure of Projected Sale to the United States.
See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1902.
WESTERN FEDERATION OF MINERS.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION. UNITED STATES: A. D. 1899-1907.
WET, C. R. de.
See (in this Volume)
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1901-1902.
WEYLER, GENERAL Y NICOLAU:
Suppression of Strike at Barcelona.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: SPAIN.
WEYLER, GENERAL Y NICOLAU:
Spanish Minister of War.
See (in this Volume)
SPAIN: A. D. 1901-1904.
WHITE, HENRY:
American Delegate to the Algeciras Conference'
on the Morocco Question.
See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.
WHITE HOUSE, THE:
Its Restoration.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1902 (MAY-NOVEMBER).
WHITE MOUNTAIN FOREST, PRESERVATION OF THE.
See (in this Volume)
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: UNITED STATES.
WHITE SLAVE TRADE, MOVEMENT FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF THE.
The movement for the suppression of what is now described as
the White Slave Traffic, and which has grown into an important
international organization, appears to have had its beginning
in the formation of a committee at London, in 1880, "for the
purpose of exposing and suppressing the [then] existing
traffic in English, Scotch and Irish girls for foreign
prostitution." This committee presented a memorial on the
subject to Lord Granville, then Secretary for Foreign Affairs,
setting out a statement of facts which "revealed the existence
of systematic abduction to Brussels, and elsewhere on the
Continent of Europe, of girls who were English subjects, and
who, having been induced to go abroad under promise of
obtaining employment or respectable situations, were on
arrival taken to the office of the ‘Police des Mœurs’ for
registration as prostitutes." The memorialists craved Lord
Granville’s influence "in favour of measures which would
render it impossible that British subjects, however humble,
should in the future be subjected to such infamy and
degradation, including the loss of their personal liberty."
Such measures were taken, Parliament passing an Act which
became law in 1885, with so much effectiveness that "the
traffic was at once checked. The miscreants who were engaged
in it were dismayed by its provisions, and within five years
after the Act had come into operation the Burgomaster of
Brussels, which had been the head-quarters of the traffic,
questioned as to the effect produced by that measure, in April
1890 wrote as follows: 'Comme suite à votre lettre du 15
courant, j’ai l’honneur de vous faire connaître que depuis
1880 aucune fille de nationalité Auglaise n’a été inscrite aux
registres de Bruxelles.’ While, however, the traffic, so far
as the United Kingdom was concerned, was thus almost
extinguished, it seems to have increased and spread in certain
districts of Eastern Europe to an extent which attracted the
serious and alarmed attention of the Governments and public
authorities of the countries immediately concerned. About the
year 1898 the National Vigilance Society, headed by the late
Duke of Westminster, then its President, resolved ‘to open
definite measures for its mitigation—if possible, its
suppression.’ This organization was fortunate in having for
its Secretary and chief administrative officer Mr. William
Alexander Coote, a man of remarkable energy and
determination."
_Parliamentary Papers, 1907 (Cd. 3453)._
Mr. Coote went on a mission to the Continent and aroused the
interest of the Governments most concerned. International
conferences on the subject were held, in London, 1899, at
Paris, 1902, and again at Paris in 1906, producing concerted
action. In 1904 an International Agreement was signed at
Paris, May 18, by the plenipotentiaries of Great Britain,
Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and Norway, and
Switzerland, the first two articles of which were as follows:
"Article 1.
Each of the Contracting Governments undertakes to establish or
name some authority charged with the co-ordination of all
information relative to the procuring of women or girls for
immoral purposes abroad; this authority shall be empowered to
correspond direct with the similar department established in
each of the other Contracting States.
Article 2.
Each of the Governments undertakes to have a watch kept,
especially in railway stations, ports of embarkation, and
_en route_, for persons in charge of women and girls
destined for an immoral life. With this object instructions
shall be given to the officials and all other qualified
persons to obtain, within legal limits, all information likely
to lead to the detection of criminal traffic. The arrival of
persons who clearly appear to be the principals, accomplices
in, or victims of, such traffic shall be notified, when it
occurs, either to the authorities of the place of destination,
or to the Diplomatic or Consular Agents interested, or to any
other competent authorities."
_Parliamentary Papers, 1905,
Treaty Series No. 24 (Cd. 2689)._
Meantime, in the United States, due attention was not given to
the matter, until it was found that the abominable traffic had
become organized to an appalling extent in the country,
especially in connection with its foreign immigration, and had
a principal seat in New York, with a suspected connivance on
the part of men having political influence, if not official
power. An investigation of the facts became one of the main
objects of the Congressional Immigration Commission which
pursued inquiries in Europe and America in 1909, and was the
leading subject of the preliminary report made public by the
Commission, December 10.
{728}
In this report the Commission says that the white slave
traffic is the most pitiful phase of the immigration question.
The business has assumed large proportions, and has exerted an
evil influence upon the country. The inquiry covered the
cities of New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland,
Salt Lake, Ogden, Butte, Denver, Buffalo, Boston, and New
Orleans. No attempt was made to investigate conditions in
every important city. But the commission believes that enough
evidence with reference to women of different races and
nationalities, living under different conditions has been
obtained from localities sufficiently scattered to warrant the
reports being used as a basis for official action.
Among other recommendations of the Commission is one that the
transportation of persons from one State, Territory, or
district, to another for the purpose of prostitution be
forbidden under heavy penalties. The commission also expresses
the opinion that the Legislatures of the several States should
consider the advisability of enacting more stringent laws
regarding prostitution. It is suggested that the Illinois
statute regarding pandering be carefully considered. A number
of suggestions of administrative changes and more rigid
enforcement of existing regulations by the Department of
Commerce and Labor, particularly by the Bureau of Immigration,
and amendments of the Immigration act itself are submitted by
the commission.
Legislation on the lines recommended is now pending in
Congress and in New York and other States, while the alleged
organization of the traffic in the city of New York is being
investigated by a special grand jury of one of the State
Courts.
WICKERSHAM, GEORGE W.:
Attorney-General.
See (in this Volume )
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1909 (MARCH).
WIJU.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).
WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
Statement of his Peace Policy based on Preparation for War.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR.
WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
His speech at Tangier.
See (in this Volume)
EUROPE: A. D. 1905-1906.
WILLIAM II., German Emperor:
His published Interview with an Englishman and its Effect.
See (in this Volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1908 (NOVEMBER).
WILSON, James:
Secretary of Agriculture.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905; 1905-1909; AND 1909 (MARCH).
WILSON, General John M.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1903-1903.
WILSON, Woodrow:
President of Princeton University.
See (in this Volume)
EDUCATION: UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1909.
WINE-GROWERS’ REVOLT, IN FRANCE.
See (in this Volume)
FRANCE: A. D. 1907 (MAY-JULY).
WINNIPEG: A. D. 1909.
Meeting of British Association for the Advancement of Science.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: PHYSICAL.
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
See (in this Volume and in Volume VI.)
SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.
WISCONSIN: A. D. 1900-1909.
Governor and Senator La Follette.
The recognized "new movement" in American politics which has
been putting a distinctive mark on the last decade, directed
towards the emancipation of parties from a selfishly organized
system, or "machine," had nowhere in the West a more vigorous
starting than in Wisconsin; and nobody can doubt that the
initial force given to it there came mostly from the energy of
the leader it found in Robert Marion La Follette. He had
entered politics when he entered the profession of law, in
1880. From 1889 to 1901 he was a representative in Congress.
At the end of that period he had been elected Governor of his
State, and he held the office for three terms, resigning it in
1905 to accept a seat in the Senate of the United States,
where he exercises a degree of independence not common in that
assembly. All this advancement in public service has gone with
a personal leadership in politics, resisted unavailingly by
the old party organization.
WISCONSIN: A. D. 1907.
Enactment of Public Utilities Law.
See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC UTILITIES.
WISCONSIN STATE UNIVERSITY:
Its Legislative Reference Department and Municipal
Reference Bureau.
See (in this Volume).
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.
WITBOIS, THE.
See (in this Volume)
Africa: A. D. 1904-1905,
and
GERMANY: A. D. 1906-1907.
WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
As Russian Finance Minister and practically as Premier.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1901-1904, and 1904-1905.
WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Withdrawal from Premiership.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1906.
WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Memorial to the Tsar on Religious Liberty and the Bondage
of the Church to the State.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1905 (APRIL-AUGUST).
WITTE, Sergius Yulievitch:
Russian Plenipotentiary for negotiating Treaty of Peace
with Japan.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1905 (JUNE-OCTOBER).
WOLF’S HILL, The Capture of.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904-1905 (MAY-JANUARY).
WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE.
WOMEN, International Council of: A. D. 1909.
Proceedings at Toronto.
The International Council of Women was assembled at Toronto,
Canada, in June, 1909, being then in the twenty-fifth year of
its existence. Its large gatherings are undertaken but once in
five years, executive meetings being held in years between.
The Toronto session was opened on the 17th of June, and was
prolonged interestingly for ten days. The delegates attending
numbered 160, from all parts of Europe, America and
Australasia, Great Britain sending the largest number. Germany
comes next with 19, Sweden sends 7, Denmark 4, Italy 3,
Austria-Hungary 5, Norway 10, Belgium 4, Greece 3, the
Netherlands 11, Australasia 11, the United States 16, and
Canada 11.
Lady Aberdeen, the President of the Council, in her opening
remarks, indicated the breadth of the ideas of service to the
world which this international organization contemplates, when
she said: "Having proved that we are truly representative of
the women workers of the world and that within our various
councils we have gathered organizations of women of all races,
creeds, classes, and parties, what is the outcome?
{729}
What do we stand for? What practical contribution can we offer
to the world’s welfare?" Turning to the Canadian delegates,
she answered these questions by alluding to the sympathy that
the National Council of Canada had created between the women
of the different provinces and the way in which it had made
them recognize their true relationship to their country and
the world. From this Lady Aberdeen went on to say:
"Our International Council must indeed be of necessity the
strongest peace society that can exist, for if the homes of
the different countries of the world are brought in touch with
one another and understand and believe in one another, there
can be no more war. Again, the health movement which our
national councils’ reports show us is going on in all
countries of the world is one that has within itself
potentialities far beyond the immediate objects it aims at.
What are these medical and scientific congresses, these
international conferences on tuberculosis, infant mortality,
school hygiene, temperance, and the like doing? Are they not
bringing the world’s thinkers and workers into line for the
preservation of life, for the furtherance of a high and
vigorous type of life based on knowledge, principle, and
self-control, for international action in the interests of the
world’s health? Here is work which concerns all women in all
countries, and in which every society has an interest. … But …
the keynote of our success and influence must always lie in
the fact that we lay stress in being more than doing, in the
spirit of our work more than the work itself, in the motive
underlying our union, rather than in our actual federation."
Peace and Arbitration, Woman Suffrage (favored by a majority
of the delegates in attendance), the "White Slave Traffic,"
so-called, Public Health, Education, Immigration, cheapened
International Postage, were among the principal subjects of
discussion taken up on successive days.
The next quinquennial council was appointed to be held at
Rome, in 1914, with executive meetings in Sweden in 1911 and
in the Netherlands in 1913. Lady Aberdeen was reelected
President.
WOMEN WORKERS:
Legal Regulation of Hours and Conditions.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION: HOURS OF LABOR.
WOOD, GENERAL LEONARD:
Military Governor of Cuba.
See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1901-1902.
WOODWARD, Dr. Robert S.:
President of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION: CARNEGIE INSTITUTION.
WORKMEN.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION.
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION ACT, BRITISH.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR PROTECTION.
WORLD MOVEMENTS:
Fichte’s Prophecy of a World Commonwealth.
The Progress of a Century toward its Fulfilment.
"Fichte says: ‘It is the vocation of our race to unite itself
into one single body, all the parts of which shall be
thoroughly known to each other, and all possessed of similar
culture. Nature, and even the passions and vices of men have,
from the beginning, tended towards this end: a great part of
the way towards it is already passed, and we may surely
calculate that this end, which is the condition of all further
progress, will in time be attained. … Until the existing
culture of every age shall have been diffused over the whole
inhabited globe, and our race become capable of the most
unlimited inter-communication with itself, one nation or one
continent must pause on the great common path of progress, and
wait for the advance of the others; and each must bring as an
offering to the universal commonwealth, for the sake of which
alone it exists, its ages of apparent immobility, or
retrogression. When that first point shall have been attained,
when every useful discovery made at one end of the earth shall
be at once made known and communicated to all the rest, then,
without further interruption, without halt or regress, with
united strength and equal step, humanity shall move onward to
a higher culture, of which we can at present form no
conception.’
"This was an end-of-the-eighteenth-century utterance, and
events have followed it as if it were a resistless fiat
compelling its own fulfilment, rather than the dictum of a
philosopher. The nations have striven fiercely to carry
forward the work which the great Seer pointed to as the
essential condition of the higher progress. Inspired by varied
aims, and carried forward by diverse means, the end has been
ever the same. The missionary with his religious mandate, the
devil-may-care adventurer seeking excitement, the restless
military caste craving advancement, the trader thirsting for
gain, all promote the ‘Divine plan.’ …
"The pride of independent nationality must gradually give way
to the pride of being members of the great confederations. The
transition from Nationalism to internationalism will be
brought about by a threefold pressure, and will be rendered
easy by the system we have evolved with our great Colonies.
There will be the pressure of the higher organisation on the
lower, the larger upon the less; there will be racial
pressure, as yellow and black begin to feel their power; and
there will be commercial pressure. This irresistible pressure
will be gradually recognised as a benevolent despotism forcing
the practical recognition of the brotherhood of man.
"With regard to commercial pressure. A glance ahead will show
that the Western nations, in forcing their trade on yellow and
black races, are educating the latter into formidable
competitors. Like the Japs they will better the instruction,
and, with their more favourable economic conditions, will
flood the Western world with commodities at prices it cannot
compete with. To avoid being dragged down to their lower level
of subsistence the great world powers will be compelled to
draw a ring-fence of tariffs round their possessions. In our
case the British Empire contains nearly all climates and
resources that will enable it to be entirely self-contained
and self-supporting. The comparative free trade within the
fence will starve isolated countries to come in.
{730}
"There is no reason why an Empire such as ours should not be
much more truly happy and prosperous than it has yet been, if
we organise it scientifically. The loss of our abnormal
position in foreign trade will be a blessing if we exercise
foresight. In the furtherance of the World-purpose it was
necessary that the progressive nations should for a time
worship foreign trade as a fetich, and as the chief means of
prosperity. Nothing else would have given them the needed
stimulus, and forced them to such Herculean efforts to conquer
and keep foreign markets. But when all foreign markets have
been opened up, and we have unintentionally educated other
races, not only to supply their own wants, but to swamp us
with their manufactures, then we must readjust our ideas, and
adopt less one-sided aims. In our ambition to be the Cheap
John of the world, we have developed some of our resources
abnormally, and neglected others. To foster foreign trade we
converted a large part of our island home into black country,
we have been prodigally wasteful of our mineral resources, and
have neglected our agriculture. In striving for foreign
markets we have neglected the best market in the world—the
Home market—and have left ourselves miserably dependent on the
foreigner. This is really incipient heart disease of the
Empire.
"It was providential that we adopted ‘free trade’ when we did,
as it gives a moral justification for our annexations which no
protective nation can show; but as the other great Powers
extend their sway, and their tariff barriers, we shall cease
to need our free trade justification. Then we can reconsider
the case."
_E. W. Cook,
The Organisation of Mankind
(Contemporary Review, September, 1901)._
WORLD MOVEMENTS:
The Making of a World Constitution and the development
of World Legislation.
"In the relations of nations to one another, as proved by
their treaties and code of international law, certain truths
are recognized which involve the very nature of mankind as a
created whole. That is, there is a world-constitution,
unwritten, not called by that name, but existing as truly as
the animal creation existed before it was named by man, and as
independent of his recognition and his naming as the animal
creation was independent of human recognition. Though that
world-constitution has remained obscure and unrecognized, yet
world progress toward its formal expression has been
wonderfully rapid in recent years.
"In the first place that constitution is bringing about the
formal existence of an organ for the use and for the
expression of the intelligence and the will of the world.
Nations, repeatedly, in separate congresses, upon special
subjects, have expressed their intelligence and their will,
and have entrusted to the nations severally the duty of
carrying out that will, as is most perfectly illustrated in
the case of the Universal Postal Union. That is, the nations
are creating a world legislative department.
"In the next place, the establishment of the Hague Court of
Arbitration is doubtless the beginning of the establishment of
a judicial department which will include other duties than the
settlement of causes dangerous to the peace of nations.
Lastly, the formal establishment of some world-executive will
not long lag behind the creation of the legislative and
judicial departments. The world is moving rapidly toward
political organization as one body, and the situation must
soon reveal itself to present doubters."
_R. L. Bridgman,
World-Organization secures World-Peace
(Atlantic Monthly, September, 1904)._
"At the session of the Massachusetts Legislature of 1902 a
petition was presented in favor of a world-legislature. That
petition was referred to the Legislature of 1903 in order that
the subject might receive further public consideration, and
the chairman of the committee which heard the petitioners
said, in each branch respectively, that the proposal was
meritorious. According to the report, the petition is pending
before the Legislature of 1903, with hundreds of signers,
including some of the best citizens. The American Peace
Society, by vote of its directors, signed the petition, while
it also presented another petition of its own, asking for a
movement for a world-conference or congress, with
recommendatory powers, to meet at stated intervals, say once
in seven years. Thus the proposal of world-organization is
formally before the public.
"Since the first petition was presented repeated instances
have occurred to support the main argument for it,—that
business exigencies of the world were becoming so urgent that
world-organization, as a necessity, would precede the efforts
of pure philanthropy or statesmanship for the same end. Early
in the year came the Pan-American Congress. Among its
proposals, suited for a world-scale, were these: a
Pan-American bank; a custom-house congress, and an
international customs commission; a statistical bureau of
international scope; an international copyright law; an
international commission to codify international law;
international regulations to cover inventions and trademarks;
a common treaty of extradition and protection against anarchy;
international regulations for the world-wide practice of the
liberal professions; an international archaeological
commission; an international office as depositary of the
archives of international conferences; an international
regulation granting equal rights to all foreigners from any of
the signatory countries, and some minor plans.
"Other world-propositions which developed during the year
included (in January) the organization of the International
Banking Corporation, with power, under a Connecticut charter,
of doing business all over the world; (early in the year)
circulation by the Manchester (England) Statistical Society of
a pamphlet advocating an international gold coinage; (in July)
suggestion by Russia of an international conference to protect
the nations against trusts and other private operations of
capital; (in July) another plan for an international bank; (in
August) meeting of the International Congress on Commerce and
Industry; and (in December) the meeting of the International
Sanitary Conference in Washington; to which may be added (in
January, 1903) the meeting in New York of the International
Customs Congress. For one year that is a notable record of
progress toward world-organization in matters of business, not
as matters of theory or of pure philanthropy. These instances
illustrate the truth, which many persons still fail to
realize, that the world is getting together at a rapid rate,
and that, as a matter of self-interest, the nations must soon
have a permanent legislative body as a means of establishing
regulations for the benefit of all.
{731}
"Pertinent to the case is the fact that world-legislation has
occurred repeatedly, though no world-legislature has been
organized. … In the case of the International Postal Union we
have absolute world-legislation. … That is the most
conspicuous and most successful illustration of
world-legislation, because it embraces organized mankind, and
because it is so eminently successful. …
"Mention may be made of the International Conference in
Washington, in 1885, for the establishment of a common prime
meridian, at which twenty-six nations were represented. At the
International Sanitary Conference in Vienna in 1892, fifteen
nations were represented. At the Dresden International
Sanitary Conference in 1893, nineteen nations were
represented."
_R. L. Bridgman,
A World-Legislature
(Atlantic Monthly, March, 1903)._
WORLD MOVEMENTS:
The Passing of the Age of Colonial Dominion.
The Coming of the Epoch of the "Open Door."
The old notions of colonial dominion, which had pricked the
ambition of nations since the sixteenth century, came
practically to the end of their working in the last years of
the nineteenth. The European partitioning of Africa, in the
decade after 1884, the scramble for footings in China between
1897 and the Boxer rising, and the Spanish-American War of
1898, may be looked upon as the expiring operations of
statesmanship on lines of "colonial policy," in the
acquisitive sense. As certainly as anything in politics can be
certain, the epoch of the founding and spreading of colonial
dominions came then to its close.
The colonial policy of that epoch meant colonial dominion
necessarily, for the reason that the commerce-spreading
nations of the West could not think of agreeing to open doors
of trade with the feebler or more backward folk of the East.
Each could make sure of marts in the great orient and oceanic
region only by seizing and walling them in, behind well-locked
doors, to keep the others out. Now, however, they have arrived
at a state of things in the world which compels them to think
of the "open door" for commerce, as a substitute for the
colonial dependency, held under lock and key. Several changes
have worked together in bringing this new situation about.
Principally, of course, it results from the near approach to
an exhaustion of the territory available for easy conquest and
colony-making. Africa and the great archipelagos of the South
Sea have all been divided up. Japan, with China making ready
to stand with her, has undertaken a policing of Eastern Asia,
to stop the staking out of lawless claims there. Moreover,
confidence in the stability as well as belief in the
usefulness of colonial dominion is much shaken of late, by
increasing signs of relaxing bonds in the great British
Empire, without much sign of harm to the prosperity or the
power of the imperial nation itself. Several of the outlying
dependencies of the British crown have grown to so much of
independence that they have taken the doorkeeping of their
commerce into their own hands and the sovereign mother country
makes no objection or complaint.
For many years past the commercial experience of England has
been furnishing proof that trade and dominion, under the
conditions of the present day, have little of necessary
connection with each other; and now the Germans, within later
years, have been adding to that proof. The few colonies they
have laid hands on, in Africa and Oceanica, have been of less
profit than expense to them; but, more rapidly than any other
people, they have pushed their trade in regions where they
have no political influence or control, by sheer energy and
careful learning of the conditions to be met.
The commercial mind, which has always dictated the policies of
government, is being thus compelled to turn its thought to the
"open door," and that, as a commercial aim, will evidently
extinguish colonial undertakings hereafter. It ruled the
settlement of the Chinese troubles of 1900 (thanks to John
Hay); it has gone into the recent treaties of Japan with
England, Russia and France; it gave a practicable solution to
the Morocco problem, at the Algeciras conference; it furnished
the ground in 1907 for an arrangement of long-troubled
relations between England and Russia in Persia, Tibet, and
Afghanistan.
Manifestly, the commercial policy of the future is to be, not
the policy of colonial dependencies, but the policy of open
doors. Even the imperialists and the stand-patters of the
United States will have to accept it; and in due time the
tariff-walled nations, after practicing themselves
sufficiently in the dictatorial opening of other people’s
doors, will be ready to unlock their own.
WORLD MOVEMENTS:
For and against War.
See (in this Volume)
WAR, THE PREPARATIONS FOR,
and
WAR, THE REVOLT AGAINST.
World’s Prohibition Confederation.
See (in this Volume)
ALCOHOL PROBLEM; INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS.
WOS Y GIL, GENERAL:
Revolutionary President of San Domingo.
See (in this Volume)
SAN DOMINGO: A. D. 1904-1907
WRIGHT, DR. A. E.,
WRIGHT, DR. DOUGLAS;
The Discoverers of Opsonins.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT. OPSONINS.
WRIGHT, Carroll D.:
On the Anthracite Coal Strike Arbitration Commission.
See (in this Volume)
LABOR ORGANIZATION: UNITED STATES; A. D. 1902-1903.
WRIGHT, GENERAL LUKE E.:
Secretary of War.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1905-1909.
WRIGHT, ORVILLE AND WILBUR.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.
WURTEMBERG: A. D. 1906.
Displacement of Privileged Members from the Parliament.
See (in this Volume)
ELECTIVE FRANCHISE: GERMANY: A. D. 1906.
WYNDHAM, G.:
Chief Secretary for Ireland.
See (in this Volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1902 (JULY).
WYNNE, Robert J.:
Postmaster-General.
See (in this Volume)
UNITED STATES: A. D. 1901-1905.
{732}
Y.
YALU, BATTLES AT THE.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).
YAMAGATA, Prince Aritomo.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1903 (JUNE) and 1909 (OCTOBER).
YANGTZULING, BATTLE OF.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).
YASHIMA, SINKING OF THE.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-AUGUST).
YASS-CANBERRA.
Chosen Site of the Capital of Australia.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRALIA: A. D. 1905-1906.
YELLOW FEVER.
See (in this Volume)
PUBLIC HEALTH.
YOUNG EGYPT.
See (in this Volume)
EGYPT. A. D. 1909 (SEPTEMBER).
YOUNG FINNS:
See (in this Volume)
FINLAND: A. D. 1908-1909.
YOUNG TURKS.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1908 (JULY-DECEMBER), and after.
YOUNGHUSBAND, COLONEL GEORGE J.:
Mission to Tibet.
See (in this Volume)
TIBET: A. D. 1902-1904.
YOUSSUF IZEDDIN.
See (in this Volume)
TURKEY: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY-MAY).
YUAN SHIH-KAI:
His abrupt Dismissal from Office.
See (in this Volume)
CHINA: A. D. 1909 (JANUARY).
YUKON DISTRICT, THE:
Census, 1901.
See (in this Volume)
CANADA: A. D. 1901-1902.
YUSHIN-KAI.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1909.
ZAHLE MINISTRY.
See (in this Volume)
DENMARK: A. D. 1905-1909.
ZAIMIS, M.,
High Commissioner of Crete.
See (in this Volume)
CRETE: A. D. 1905-1906.
ZAMENHOF, DR.:
Inventor of Esperanto.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: ESPERANTO.
ZANARDELLI, Giuseppe:
Premier of Italy.
See (in this Volume)
ITALY: A. D. 1901 and 1903.
ZANZIBAR: A. D. 1903.
Practical Ending of Slavery.
The following remarks are from reports made by British
consular officers in 1903. By decree of the Sultan of Zanzibar
the legal status of slavery was annulled in 1897: "As I have
anticipated in my former Reports, the number of slaves who
have thought fit to present themselves for freedom to the
Zanzibar Government has been very small. … It is as well known
as ever throughout the Island of Zanzibar that a slave has
only to appear and ask for freedom and it is immediately
granted. But the slaves have long since discovered that
freedom is not such ‘a bed of roses’ as was anticipated. They
have learnt that practically they lose far more than they gain
by leaving their owners to get freedom, and then having to
find a new home and support themselves."
"The slavery question may be said to be at an end in Pemba.
Those slaves who still remain in a state of servitude are
slaves only in name, and they continue to be so of their own
free will, for there is not a man or a woman at this time in
the island unaware of the fact that any slave can obtain
manumission for the asking. A small number of slaves do apply
for and obtain their freedom month by month, but the bulk of
the servile population in Pemba appear to be content with
their existing status."
ZASULICH, General.
See (in this Volume)
JAPAN: A. D. 1904 (FEBRUARY-JULY).
ZAYISTAS.
See (in this Volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1906-1909.
ZEEMAN, Peter.
See (in this Volume)
NOBEL PRIZES.
ZELAYA, JOSE CANTOS:
President of Nicaragua.
See (in this Volume)
CENTRAL AMERICA: NICARAGUA: A. D. 1909.
ZEMSTVOS, RUSSIAN.
See (in this Volume)
RUSSIA: A. D. 1904-1905, and 1905-1907.
ZEPPELIN, Count.
See (in this Volume)
SCIENCE AND INVENTION, RECENT: AERONAUTICS.
ZICHY, Count.
See (in this Volume)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1904; 1905-1906.
ZIEGLER ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS.
See (in this Volume)
POLAR EXPLORATION.
ZIL-ES-SULTAN.
See (in this Volume)
PERSIA: A. D. 1907-1908 (SEPTEMBER-JUNE).
ZULUS, The:
Their revolt in 1906.
See (in this Volume)
South Africa.
{733}
COURSES FOR STUDY OR READING
PREPARED by C. W. CHASE
As an aid to those possessors of this work who may wish to
pursue in it regular courses of reading or study, the
following directory, as it may be called, has been prepared by
a gentleman whose acquaintance with the contents of the
Volumes and with their arrangement is very thorough, and whose
equipment of historical knowledge is large. This responds to a
great number of requests and suggestions that have been coming
to the publishers of "History for Ready Reference," ever since
it began to make itself known as the best of compilations for
"Topical Reading" in history, as well as for "Ready
Reference," because drawn from the best historical writers in
their own exact words.
Those who make use of these "Studies" should bear in mind that
the first five Volumes of "History for Ready Reference" cover
all times, from the earliest, down to its publication in 1895,
and are under one comprehensive arrangement, for which reason
the numbering of pages in those Volumes is consecutive from
the first to the last; whereas Volumes VI. and VII. deal with
two succeeding periods, of Recent History, and have separately
numbered pages. Hence reference in the "Studies" to pages in
the first five Volumes is without mention of the number of the
Volume.
On revision of the original five-Volume work in 1901 some
rearrangement of matter occurred which changed the page
numbers. This necessitates the giving of both new and old
numbers in the reference to every matter within those Volumes.
For copies of the work purchased before 1901 the numbers are
in parenthesis, and those for the later edition precede them.
The following is a subject index to the "Studies" appended:
ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS:
Study X.
AMERICA:
Study XXIII.
(See, also, UNITED STATES, CANADA, and SPANISH AMERICA.)
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:
Studies
XIV.,
XV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.
BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA:
Study IV.
CANADA:
Study XLIX.
CHINA:
Studies
VII., LI.
CHRISTIANITY:
Studies
XVIII.,
XIX.,
XX.,
XXIV.
CRUSADES:
Study XXV.
EGYPT, ANCIENT:
Study V.
ENGLAND:
Studies
XXVIII.,
XXIX.,
XXX.,
XXXI.,
XXXII.,
XXXIII.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLII.,
XLVIII.
EUROPE AT LARGE:
Studies
XII.,
XIII.,
XIV.,
XVIII.,
XIX.,
XX.,
XXII.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.
FRANCE:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XVI.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXV.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLIII.
FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON:
Studies
XXXV
XXXVI.
GERMANY:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XV.,
XXIII.,
XXIV.,
XXVII.,
XXXIV.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
XLIV.
GREAT BRITAIN.
See ENGLAND.
GREECE, ANCIENT:
Studies
VIII.,
IX.,
X.
HISTORY AND ITS STUDY:
Study I.
INDIA, ANCIENT:
Study VII.
ITALY, MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN:
Studies
XIV.,
XVII.,
XXIII.,
XXXV.,
XXXVI.,
LV.
JAPAN:
Study L.
JEWS:
Study VI.
MIDDLE AGES:
Studies
XIII.,
XIV.,
XV.,
XVI.,
XVII.
MOHAMMEDANISM:
Studies
XXI.,
XXII.
MONASTICISM:
Study XX.
NETHERLANDS:
Study XXVI.
PAPACY:
Study
XIX.,
XXIV.,
XXV.
PRIMITIVE PEOPLES:
Studies
II.,
III.
REFORMATION, PROTESTANT:
Studies
XXIV.,
XXV.
RENAISSANCE:
Study XXIII.
ROME, ANCIENT:
Studies
XI.,
XII.,
XIII.
RUSSIA:
Study LII.
SPAIN:
Studies
XXVI.,
XXXVI.
SPANISH AMERICA:
Study LIV.
(See, also, AMERICA.)
TURKISH EMPIRE:
Study LIII.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
Studies
XXXVII.,
XXXVIII.,
XXXIX.,
XL.,
XLI.,
XLV.,
XLVI.,
XLVII.
{734}
APPENDIX
COURSES FOR STUDY OR READING
Note.
The text of "History for Ready Reference" is made up of matter
taken from the best writers and special students of all ages
and all nations. Under the various topics in these Studies,
therefore, the historical works referred to are those from
which the matter of the text is taken; the figures following
each citation indicating the pages in "History for Ready
Reference" where the matter may be found,—the figures inclosed
in parentheses showing where the same matter may be found in
the first (1895) edition of the work. These extracts vary from
a quarter of a column to five or six columns in length.
[Transcriber's note—A colon (:) at the end of a line
indicates the following line begins a subheading,
a citation, or the citation title.]
STUDY I.
HISTORY AND ITS STUDY.
"It is seldom appreciated what a very large share of the
world’s literature is history of some sort. The primitive
savage is probably the only kind of a man who takes no
interest in it. But as soon as a spark of civilization
illumines this primitive darkness men begin to take interest
in other men,—not only beyond their immediate surroundings,
but beyond the limits of their own generation. Interest in the
past and provision for the future are perhaps essential
differences between the civilized man and the savage.
Accordingly as this care for the past and future increases,
all literature divides itself into that which concerns the
forces of nature, and that which concerns the history of man."
PROFESSOR J. P. MAHAFFY.
1. VARIOUS VIEWS AS TO WHAT HISTORY IS:
R. Flint:
History of the Philosophy of History,
1686-1687 (1648-1649).
archive.org/details/historyphilosop00flingoog
"With us the word ‘History,’ like its equivalents in all
modern languages, signifies either a form of literary
composition, or the appropriate subject matter of such
composition,—either a narrative of events, or events which may
be narrated."
R. FLINT.
2. THE PROPER SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF HISTORY:
E. A. Freeman:
Practical Bearings of European History,
1687-1688 (1648-1649).
T. B. Macaulay:
History (Essays),
1692 (1658).
"The perfect historian is he in whose work the character and
spirit of an age is exhibited in miniature. … By judicious
selection, rejection, and arrangement, he gives to truth those
attractions which have been usurped by fiction. … He shows us
the court, the camp, and the senate. But he also shows us the
nation. He considers no anecdote, no peculiarity of manner, no
familiar saying, as too insignificant for his notice, which is
not too insignificant to illustrate the operation of laws, of
religion, and of education, and to mark the progress of the
human mind."
T. B. MACAULAY.
3. THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY:
R. Flint:
Philosophy of History_,
1688 (1649).
4. HISTORY AS A SCIENCE;
and
HISTORY AS THE ROOT OF ALL SCIENCE:
H. T. Buckle:
History of Civilization in England,
1688 (1649).
www.gutenberg.org
J. G. Droysen:
Outline of the Principles of History,
1689 (1650).
archive.org/details/outlineofprincip01droy
T. Carlyle:
On History (Essays),
1689-1690 (1650-1651).
"There is, I speak humbly, in common with Natural Science, in
the study of living History, a gradual approximation to a
consciousness that we are growing into a perception of the
workings of the Almighty ruler of the world. … The study of
History is in this respect, as Coleridge said of Poetry, its
own great reward, a thing to be loved and cultivated for its
own sake. … For one great, insoluble problem of astronomy or
geology, there are a thousand insoluble problems in the life,
in the character, in the face of every man that meets you in
the street. Thus, whether we look at the dignity of the
subject matter, or at the nature of the mental exercise which
it requires, or at the nature of the field over which the
pursuit ranges, History, the knowledge of the adventures, the
development, the changeful career, the varied growths, the
ambitions, aspirations, and, if you like, the approximating
destinies of mankind, claims a place second to none in the
roll of Sciences."
BISHOP STUBBS.
5. HOW TO STUDY HISTORY:
A. B. Hart:
How to Study History,
1693 (1654).
6. THE EDUCATIONAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF HISTORY;
ITS MORAL LESSONS:
J. A. Froude:
Short Studies on Great Subjects,
1690 (1651).
W. E. H. Lecky:
The Political Value of History,
1690 (1651).
C. K. Adams:
Manual of Historical Literature,
1690-1691 (1651-1652).
W. Stubbs:
The Study of Modern History,
1691 (1652).
"The effect of historical reading is analogous, in many
respects, to that produced by foreign travel. The student,
like the tourist, is transported into a new state of society.
He sees new fashions. He hears new modes of expression. His
mind is enlarged by contemplating the wide diversities of
laws, of morals, and of manners."
T. B. MACAULAY.
7. THE PROVINCE AND VALUE OF THE HISTORICAL ROMANCE:
G. H. Lewes:
Historical Romance,
1692-1693 (1653-1654).
A. Thierry:
The Merovingian Era,
1693 (1654).
J. R. Seeley:
History and Politics,
1693 (1654).
"To say that there is more real history in his (Scott’s)
novels on Scotland and England than in the philosophically
false compilations which still possess that great name, is not
advancing anything strange in the eyes of those who have read
and understood ‘Old Mortality,’ ‘Waverley,’ ‘Rob Roy,’ the
‘Fortunes of Nigel,’ and the ‘Heart of Midlothian.’"
A. THIERRY.
"We can hardly read the interesting Life of Lord Macaulay
without perceiving that the most popular historical work of
modern times owes its origin in a great measure to the
Waverley Novels. Macaulay grew up in a world of novels: his
youth and early manhood witnessed the appearance of the
Waverley Novels themselves. He became naturally possessed by
the idea which is expressed over and over again in his Essays,
and which at last he realized with such wonderful success, the
idea that it was quite possible to make history as interesting
as romance."
J. R. SEELEY.
{736}
8. THE IMPORTANCE OF A KNOWLEDGE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY:
O. Browning:
The Teaching Of History In Schools,
1604 (1655).
"To know History is impossible; not even Mr. Freeman, not
Professor Ranke himself, can be said to know history. … No
one, therefore, should be discouraged from studying History.
Its greatest service is not so much to increase our knowledge
as to stimulate thought and broaden our intellectual horizon,
_and for this purpose no study is its equal_."
W. P. ATKINSON.
STUDY II.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE DAWN OF HISTORY; PRIMITIVE PEOPLES.
I. THE THREE MARKED DIVISIONS OF THE HUMAN RACE
WHEN THE EARLIEST HISTORIC RECORD BEGINS:
(a) The Aryan:
144 (137), 145 (138) and
Appendix A., Volume V. (Volume I).
(b) The Semitic:
2963-2966 (2886-2889).
(c) The Turanian:
3245, 1740, 2265 (3129, 1701, 2221).
2. THESE DIVISIONS WERE NOT PROPERLY RACIAL, BUT LINGUISTIC,
THOUGH USAGE HAS GIVEN THEM A RACIAL SIGNIFICANCE:
"Aryan in Scientific language is utterly inapplicable to race.
It means language, and nothing but language … I have declared
again and again that if I say ‘Aryas,’ I mean simply those who
speak the ‘Aryan’ language."
MAX MÜLLER.
"The ‘Semitic race’ owes its name to a confusion of ethnology
and philology. A certain family of speech, composed of
languages closely related to one another, and presupposing a
common mother tongue, received the title of ‘Semitic’ … But
whatever justification there may have been for speaking of a
Semitic family of languages, there was none for speaking of a
Semitic race."
A. H. SAYCE.
3. BIRTHPLACE OF THE ARYANS:
C. F. Keary:
The Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52030.
J. N. Larned:
A Historical Sketch of Europe,
1018 (990).
J. Rhys:
Race Theories,
145 (138).
4. EARLY ARYAN MIGRATIONS:
(a) To India.
W. W. Hunter:
History of India,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
(b) To Greece.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2603 (2535).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1604-1605 (1566-1567).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1019-1021 (991-993).
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 23-25.
(c) To Italy.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1016-1017, 1845 (988-989, 1805).
F. Haverfield:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 25.
(d) To Western Europe.
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
J. N. Larned:
Europe, 1019 (991).
(e) In General.
Appendix A.
at end of Volume V. (Volume I.).
Ethnological Map,
before Title Page, Volume I.
5. ORIGIN OF THE SEMITIC PEOPLES:
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964-2965 (2887-2888).
6. THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS OF THE SEMITES:
(a) In General.
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2963-2964 (2886-2887).
(b) The Babylonian.
J F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Z. A. Ragozin:
The Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
A. H. Sayce:
Recent Discoveries in Babylonia,
Volume VI., 14-15.
(c) The Canaanitic and Phoenician.
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of East,
2598-2599 (2530-2531).
(d) The Hebraic.
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1936 (1895).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1937 (1896).
S. R. Driver:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 12.
7. DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEMITES, AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD CIVILIZATION:
A. H Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
E. Renan:
Studies in Religious History,
2965 (2888).
"We owe to the Semitic race neither political life, art,
poetry, philosophy, nor Science. What, then, do we owe to
them? We owe to them Religion. The whole world, if we except
India, China, Japan, and tribes altogether savage, has adopted
the Semitic religion."
E. RENAN.
8. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARLY SEMITES AND THE PRIMITIVE CHINESE:
R. K. Douglas:
China,
430-432 (416-418).
T. de Lacouperie:
History of Chinese Civilization,
246 (239).
9. ORIGIN AND RACIAL CONNECTIONS OF
THE PRIMITIVE EGYPTIAN PEOPLES:
H. Brugsch Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
777 (750).
G. Rawlinson.
History of Ancient Egypt,
777 (750).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Research in Egypt,
Volume VI., 18-20.
10. THE EARLIEST SEMITES KNOWN TO HISTORY:
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Max Müller:
The Enormous Antiquity of the East,
2966 (2889).
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
"The Babylonians were … the first of the Semites to enter the
arena of history, and they did so by virtue of the
civilization to which they attained in and through their
settlement on the lower Euphrates and Tigris."
J. F. MCCURDY.
{737}
STUDY III.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE LIFE OF PRIMITIVE PEOPLES;
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF WORK OF EXCAVATION OF BURIED CITIES:
W. M. F. Petrie.
The Story of a "Tell,"
782 (755).
G. Smith:
Assyrian Discoveries,
149-150 (143).
H. V. Hilprecht:
Recent Research in Bible Lands,
Volume VI., 12.
Sunday School Times,
Volume VI., 13.
2. PREHISTORIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION:
(a) Babylonia.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246 (239).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and The Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
S. R. Driver:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 12.
Perrot and Chipiez:
Art in Chaldæa and Assyria,
2969 (2892).
"When civilization makes up its mind to reenter upon that
country, nothing more will be needed for the reawakening in it
of life and reproductive energy, than the restoration of the
great works undertaken by the contemporaries of Abraham and
Jacob."
PERROT AND CHIPIEZ.
(b) Egypt.
H. G. Tomkins:
Studies on Times of Abraham,
778-779 (751-752).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20, 21.
(c) Greece.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1605, last column, (1567).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
1605-1606 (1567-1568).
S. H. Butcher:
Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
A. J. Evans:
London Times,
Volume VI., 23, 24.
A. L. Frothingham:
Archaeological Progress,
Volume VI., 25.
(d) Italy and Rome.
Padre de Cara:
The Academy,
1845 (1805).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1020-1021 (992-993).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2731 (2657).
Goldwin Smith:
The Greatness of the Romans,
2732-2733 (2658-2659).
"It may seem a paradox, but we suspect that in their imperial
ascendency is seen one of the earliest and not least important
steps in that gradual triumph of intellect over force, even in
war, which has been an essential part of the progress of
civilization. The happy day may come when Science in the form
of a benign old gentleman with a bald head and spectacles on
nose, holding some beneficent compound in his hand, will
confront a standing army, and the standing army will cease to
exist. That will be the final victory of intellect. But in the
meantime, our acknowledgments are due to the primitive
inventors of military discipline. They shivered Goliath’s
spear."
GOLDWIN SMITH.
(e) India.
W. W. Hunter:
History of Indian People,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
(f) China.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
430-432 (416-418).
3. Early Language and Literature:
(a) Babylonia and Assyria.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150, 245-246, 664-665 (143, 238-239, 641-642).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life of Assyrians and Babylonians,
2044 (2000).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886)
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2971 (2894).
(b) Egypt.
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
777 (750).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
777 (750).
E. A. W. Budge:
The Mummy,
1684-1685 (1645-1646).
A. Mariette-Bey:
Monuments of Upper Egypt,
2826 (2752).
(c) Phoenicia.
Perrot and Chipiez:
Art in Phoenicia,
2601 end of last column, (2533).
(d) Greece
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1674-1675 (1635-1636).
W. E. Gladstone:
Homer,
1699-1700 (1660-1661).
W. Leaf:
Companion to the Iliad,
1700 (1661).
A. Lang:
Homer and the Epic,
1700 (1661).
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archæology,
Volume VI., 25.
(e) Italy and Rome.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1845 (1805).
G. A. Simcox:
History of Latin Literature,
2734 (2660).
(f) India.
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
4. EDUCATION:
(a) Babylonia and Assyria.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 697-698 (239, 674-675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150 (143).
"The primitive Chaldeans were preeminently a literary people,
and it is by their literary relics, by the scattered contents
of their libraries, that we can know and judge them. As
befitted the inventors of a system of writing, like the
Chinese they set the highest value on education, even though
examinations may have been unknown among them. Education,
however, was widely diffused."
A. H. SAYCE.
(b) Egypt.
G. Maspero:
Life in Ancient Egypt,
697 (674).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
697 (674).
"In the education of youth the Egyptians were particularly
strict; and ‘they knew,’ says Plato, ‘that children ought to
be early accustomed to such gestures, looks, and motions, as
are decent and proper; and not to be suffered either to hear
or learn any verses and songs other than those which are
calculated to inspire them with virtue.’"
J. G. WILKINSON.
(c) Greece.
(1) Athenian.
Plato:
Protagoras,
701 (678).
Aristotle:
Politics,
701-702 (678-679).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
703 (680).
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
703-704 (680-681).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
5 (5).
Guhl and Koner:
Life of Greeks and Romans,
1657 (1619).
(2) Spartan.
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
704-5 (681-2).
(d) Alexandria.
J. H. Newman:
Historical Sketches,
708 (685).
(e) Rome.
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
708-709 (685-686).
(f) Judæa.
E. Schürer:
History of Jewish People,
700 (677).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
700-1 (677-678).
(g) China.
W. A. P. Martin:
The Chinese,
698-699 (675-676).
(h) Persia.
G. Rawlinson:
The Five Great Monarchies,
699-700 (676-677).
5. RELIGION:
(a) China.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
432-433 (418-419).
(b) Egypt.
A. B. Edwards:
The Academy,
305 (296).
(c) Greece.
C. C. Felton:
Greece, Ancient and Modern,
804-805, 2453 (777-778, 2401).
{738}
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2452 (2400).
W. M. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
2451 (2399).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2451 (2399).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
680 (657).
(d) India.
M. Williams:
Religious Thought in India,
1742 (1703).
Hinduism,
1743-1744 (1704-1705).
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
406 (396).
(e) Persia.
G. Rawlinson:
Religions of the Ancient World,
3788-3789 (3666-3667).
M. Haug:
Lectures on Zoroaster,
3790 (3668).
(f) Rome.
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2981 (2903).
H. Macmillan:
Roman Mosaics,
2981 (2903).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
195 (188).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196-197 (189-190).
Guhl and Koner:
Greeks and Romans,
3743 (3623).
N. Hawthorne:
The Marble Faun,
2476 (2417).
Note.—In nearly all cases, in the Studies that follow, all
chronological divisions previous to the sixth or seventh
centuries B. C. must be regarded as approximate only. The
dates given are those generally accepted by the best scholars
of the present day.
STUDY IV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA.
1. GEOGRAPHY:
G. Rawlinson:
Five Great Monarchies,
2198 (2154).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of the East,
2964 (2887).
G. Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964 (2887).
2. CHALDEA-BABYLONIA:
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
245-246 (239), and following authorities.
3. THE ACCADIANS, SUMERIANS, ELAMITES, AND CUSHITES:
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 698 (239, 675).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150, 246 (143, 239).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
795(768).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and Monuments,
2965-2966 (2888-2889).
Dr. Tiele:
History of Babylonia,
2967 (2890).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of the East,
128-129 (121-122).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 14.
4. THE ERA OF CITY STATES
(5000 to 3800 B. C.):
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
5. CONQUESTS OF SARGON I.
(3750 B. C.):
Dr. Tiele:
History of Babylonia,
2967 (2890).
F. Max Müller:
Enormous Antiquity of the East,
2966 (2889).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
247 (240).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 13, 14.
6. HAMMURABI ESTABLISHES THE FIRST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
(2250 B. C.):
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2967(2890).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2967 (2890).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
247 (240).
7. THE CITY OF BABYLON:
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
247 (240).
G. Rawlinson:
Herodotus,
245 (238).
W. B. Wright:
Ancient Cities,
2969-2970 (2893).
B. T. A. Evetts:
New Light on the Bible and Holy Land,
2970-2971 (2893-2894).
8. THE KASSITE EMPIRE AND EGYPTIAN INVASIONS
(1800-1250 B. C.):
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2967 (2890).
A. H. Sayce:
Higher Criticism and Verdict of the Monuments,
2968 (2891).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2968 (2891).
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
779-780 (752-753).
9. ASSYRIA GAINS AND HOLDS SUPREMACY
(1250-600 B. C.):
Perrot and Chipiez:
History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,
2968-2969 (2891-2892).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
2969 (2892).
10. THE CITY OF NINEVEH:
A. H. Sayce:
Higher Criticism and the Monuments,
2967-2968 (2891).
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
150 (143).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
2415 (2363).
Perrot and Chipiez:
History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria,
2969 (2892).
11. THE LAST BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
(625-536 B. C.):
E. A. W. Budge:
Babylonian Life and History,
2969 (2892).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of East,
247 (240).
Introduction to Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther,
2577-2578 (2510-2511).
Ancient Empires of the East,
2577 (2510).
12. BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LIFE:
(a) Literature.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
245-246 (238-239).
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
246, 697-698 (239, 674-675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. V. Hilprecht:
Sunday School Times,
Volume VI., 15-16.
(b) Education.
A. H. Sayce:
Babylonian Literature,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Social Life Among the Babylonians,
698 (675).
A. H. Sayce:
Contemporary Review,
Volume VI., 14.
(c) Trade and Commerce.
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
3207-3208 (3697).
E. J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2243 (2199).
Sir J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2243-2244 (2200).
(d) Treatment of Diseases.
G. Rawlinson:
Herodotus,
2166 (2122).
F. Lenormant:
Chaldean Magic,
2166-2167 (2122-2123).
{739}
13. THE PRE-EMINENT FIGURES IN BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HISTORY:
B. C.
Sargon I 3750
Hammurabi 2250
Tiglathpileser I. 1110-1090
Tiglathpileser III. 745-727
Sargon II 722-705
Sennacherib 705-681
Assurbanipal
(Sardanapalus) 668-626
Nebuchadnezzar 605-562
STUDY V.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EGYPT.
1. ORIGIN OP THE NAME AND PEOPLE:
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
776 (749).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
776 (749).
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
777 (750).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
777 (750).
A. H. Keane:
The African Races,
17 (19).
2. HISTORICAL ANTIQUITY:
H. Brugsch-Bey:
History of Egypt,
776-777 (750).
W. M. F. Petrie:
History of Egypt,
777 (3743).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Address,
Volume VI., 20-21.
3. PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION:
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20.
4. THE OLD AND MIDDLE EMPIRES
(4700-2750 B. C.);
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
777-778, 2127 (750-751, 2083).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Research in Egypt,
Volume VI., 18-19.
W. M. F. Petrie:
History of Egypt,
777-778 (750-751).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
2196, 3189 (2152, 3104).
5. THE PYRAMIDS, AND THE OBELISKS; "CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLES"
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
777 (750).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
780 (753).
6. THE HYKSOS, OR SHEPHERD KINGS (2150-1700 B. C.),
AND SOJOURN OF ABRAHAM:
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
778 (751).
E. Wilson:
The Egypt of the Past,
778 (751).
E. A. W. Budge:
The Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1937-1938 (1896-1897).
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
116, 1695 (109, 1656).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
779 (752).
7. THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY; THE NEW EMPIRE
(1600-1300 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
779-780 (752-753).
C. Bezold:
Oriental Diplomacy,
781 (754).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2968 (2891).
8. ISRAEL IN EGYPT
(1750-1300 B. C.):
E. A.W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
1937 (1896).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
782 (755).
R. S. Poole:
Ancient Egypt,
782 (755).
9. DECLINE OF EMPIRE OF THE PHARAOHS;
ASSYRIAN CONQUEST (1200-525 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
History of Ancient Egypt,
782-783 (755-6).
Five Great Monarchies,
783 (756).
10. THE PERSIAN CONQUEST
(525-332 B. C.):
G. Rawlinson:
Five Great Monarchies,
784 (757).
P. Smith:
Ancient History,
784 (757).
A. H. Sayce:
Introduction to Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther,
2578 (2511).
11. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN LIFE AND CULTURE:
(a) Literature and Art.
A. B. Edwards:
The Academy,
305 (296).
Edinburgh Review:
The Tel El-Amarna Tablets,
780 (753).
C. Bezold:
Oriental Diplomacy,
781 (754).
W. M. F. Petrie:
Recent Egyptian Exploration,
Volume VI., 20-21.
(b) Education.
J. G. Wilkinson, and others,
696-697 (673-674).
(c) Trade and Commerce.
Earliest Records of Trade,
3207 (3696).
Sir J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2243 (2199).
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
2244 (2200).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
2600 (2532).
F. Lenormant:
History of the East,
129 (122).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
785-786 (758-759).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
3211-3213 (3700-3702).
(d) Treatment of Diseases.
G. Rawlinson and others,
2164-2166 (2120-2122).
12. THE CONQUEST OF ALEXANDER AND THE KINGDOM OF THE PTOLEMIES
(332-330 B. C.):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
785 (758).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2103 (2059).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Ancient History,
2104 (2060).
T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
2106 (2062).
S. Sharpe:
History of Egypt,
785, also 786 (758, 759).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
786 (759).
13. THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA:
J. P. Mahaffy:
The Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
A. Hirtius:
The Alexandrian War,
46 (39).
J. J. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
2295-2296 (2247-2248).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire,
46, also 47 (39, 40).
H. H. Milman:
History of Latin Christianity,
47 (40).
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2115 (2070).
E. Kirkpatrick:
Development of Superior Instruction,
707-708 (684-685).
Fraser’s Magazine:
Historical Researches on the Burning of
the Library of Alexandria by Saracens,
2047-2048 (2003-2004).
Fraser’s Magazine:
The American Journal of Archaeology,
Volume VI., 28.
14. THE MOSLEM CONQUEST
(640-646 A. D.):
Sir W. Muir:
Annals of the Early Caliphate,
2114-2115 (2069-2070).
15. EGYPT AND THE CRUSADES
(1216-1254 A. D.):
G. Procter:
The Crusades,
656-657 (633-634).
T. L. Kington:
History of Frederick II.,
657 (634).
F. P. Guizot.
History of France,
657-658 (634-635).
{740}
16. THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST
(1517 A. D.):
S. Lane-Poole:
The Story of Turkey,
3254 (3138).
17. OVERTHROW OF THE OTTOMAN POWER BY NAPOLEON
(A. D. 1798):
W. Massey:
History of England,
1354-1355 (1321-1322).
J. G. Lockhart:
Life of Napoleon,
1357-1359 (1324-1326).
18. OVERTHROW OF FRENCH POWER BY ENGLAND,
AND RESTORATION OF EGYPT TO TURKEY
(1801-1802 A.D.):
J. R. Green:
History of English People,
1368-1369 (1335-1336).
19. BANKRUPTCY OF THE STATE AND ENGLISH OCCUPATION
(1875-1883):
H. Vogt:
The Egyptian War of 1882,
792 (765).
J. E. Bowen:
Conflict of East and West in Egypt,
792-794 (765-767).
E. Dicey.
Egypt,
Volume VI., 198.
20. THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN CONDOMINIUM (1899):
Great Britain, Papers by Command;
Egypt,
Volume VI., 201-203.
STUDY VI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE JEWS.
1. THE NATIONAL NAMES:
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1936 (1895).
A. P. Stanley:
History of Jewish Church,
1936 (1895).
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR RACIAL CONNECTIONS:
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2964-2965 (2887-2888).
A. H. Sayce:
Races of the Old Testament,
2963 (2886).
J. F. McCurdy:
History, Prophecy, and the Monuments,
2963-2964 (2886-2887).
A. Lefèvre:
Race and Language,
2971 (2804).
3. THE MIGRATION OF ABRAHAM
(2200 B. C.):
E. A. W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
E. Wilson:
Egypt of the Past,
778 (751).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1937 (1896).
4. THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS WITH WHOM ISRAEL CAME IN CONTACT:
(a) The Canaanites.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
365 (355).
A. Kuenen:
The Religion of Israel,
1936 (1895).
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History of East,
2599 (2531).
(b) The Hittites.
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
1695 (1656).
Padre de Cara:
Civilità Cattolica,
1845 (1805).
(c) The Amorites.
A. H. Sayce:
The Hittites,
116 (109).
(d) The Moabites.
A. H. Sayce:
Fresh Light from the Monuments,
2237 (2193).
(e) The Philistines.
F. W. Newman:
History of the Hebrew Monarchy,
2598 (2530).
George Adam Smith:
Historical Geography of the Holy Land,
2598 (2530).
5. THE SOJOURN OF ISRAEL IN EGYPT
(1750-1300 B. C.):
H. Brugsch-Bey:
Egypt under the Pharaohs,
779, 1937 (752, 1896).
E. A. W. Budge:
Dwellers on the Nile,
1937 (1896).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1937-1938 (1896-1897).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient Egypt,
1937 (1896).
6. THE EXODUS AND THE SETTLEMENT IN CANAAN
(1300-1230 B. C.):
E. Naville:
The Store-City Pithom,
1938 (1897).
F. Lenormant:
History of the East,
782 (755).
R. S. Poole:
Ancient Egypt,
782 (755).
E. Naville:
Route of the Exodus,
1938-1939 (1897-1898).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1939-1940 (1898-1899).
7. THE JUDGES
(1250-1075 B. C.):
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
1940 (1899).
S. Sharpe:
History of the Hebrew Nation,
1940-1941 (1899-1900).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1941 (1900).
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
701 (678).
8. JERUSALEM THE NATIONAL CAPITAL:
T. Lewin:
Jerusalem,
1921 (1880).
F. W. Newman:
History of the Hebrew Monarchy,
1922 (1881).
Josephus:
Antiquities,
1922 (1881).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1942 (1901).
9. THE SINGLE MONARCHY
(1075-950 B. C.):
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1941-1942 (1900-1901).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
1943 (1902).
E. Renan:
The People of Israel,
1943-1944 (1902-1903).
H. Ewald;
History of Israel,
3210 (3699).
10. THE DIVIDED KINGDOM; ISRAEL, JUDAH
(950-730 B. C.):
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on the Jewish Church,
1944 (1903).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1945 (1904).
J. Wellhausen:
History of Israel and Judah,
1945 (1904).
A. H. Sayce:
LIFE AND TIMES OF ISAIAH,
1945 (1904).
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on the Jewish Church,
1946 (1905).
11. SAMARIA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF ISRAEL:
Dean Stanley:
Lectures on Jewish Church,
1944 (1903).
W. Robertson Smith:
The Prophets of Israel,
1944 (1904).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
2871 (2796).
H. Graetz:
History of the Jews,
2871-2872 (2796-2797).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
2872 (2797).
12. THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
(724-598 B. C.):
M. Arnold:
Isaiah of Jerusalem,
1946 (1905).
J. Wellhausen:
Israel and Judah,
1946 (1905).
S. R. Driver:
Isaiah,
1946-1947 (1905-1906).
C. G. Montefiore:
Lectures on Religion,
1947-1948 (1906-1907).
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1948 (1907).
J. Wellhausen:
Israel and Judah,
1945 (1904).
{741}
13. THE EXILE AND THE RESTORATION
(598-332 B. C.):
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1948-1949 (1907-1908).
A. Kuenen:
Religion of Israel,
1949 (1908).
P. H. Hunter:
After the Exile,
1949-1950 (1908-1909).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1950-1951 (1909-1910).
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
1952 (1911).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1952 (1911).
A. H. Sayce:
Ancient Empires of the East,
2577 (2510).
A. H. Sayce:
Introduction to Books of Ezra, etc.,
2577-2578 (2510-2511).
14. THE GREEK DOMINION AND THE MACCABEAN WAR
(332-340 B. C.):
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2102-2103 (2058-2059).
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2960 (2883).
H. Ewald:
History of Israel,
1953 (1912).
J. J. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
1954 (1913).
E. H. Palmer:
History of Jewish Nation,
1954 (1913).
W. D. Morrison:
Jews under Roman Rule,
1954-1955 (1913-1914).
J. H. Allen:
Hebrew Men and Times,
1955 (1914).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1956 (1915).
E. Schürer:
History of Jewish People,
1957 (1916).
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1958 (1917).
E. Schürer,
History of the Jewish People,
1677-1678 (1638-1639).
15. HEROD AND THE HERODIANS; ROMAN SUPREMACY
(B. C. 40-A. D. 44):
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1958-1959 (1917-1918).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1960 (1919).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1960 (1919).
16. THE BIRTH OF JESUS AND THE FALL OF JERUSALEM
(B. C. 8-A. D. 70):
T. Keim:
History of Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
E. de Pressensé:
Jesus Christ,
1961-1962 (1920-1921).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1962 (1921).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1962-1963 (1921-1922).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1963 (1922).
"Nations that are fitted to play a part in universal history
must die first that the world may live through them' A people
must choose between the prolonged life, the tranquil and
obscure destiny of one who lives for himself, and the
troubled, stormy career of one who lives for humanity. The
nation which revolves within its breast social and religious
problems is always weak politically. Thus it was with the
Jews, who in order to make the religious conquest of the world
must needs disappear as a nation. They lost a material city;
they opened the reign of the Spiritual Jerusalem."
RENAN.
STUDY VII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EARLY HISTORY OF INDIA AND CHINA.
A. INDIA.
1. THE NAME, AND ORIGINAL INHABITANTS:
J. R. Seeley:
The Expansion of England,
1739-1740 (1701).
H. G. Keene:
History of Hindustan,
1740 (1701).
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
W. W. Hunter:
History of Indian People,
1740-1741 (1701-1702).
See Maps of India,
1748 (1708).
2. THE ARYAN CONQUEST
(B. C. 1500-1400 (?)):
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
1741-1742 (1702-1703).
M. Williams:
Religious Life in India,
1742 (1703).
3. THE INVASION AND CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
(B. C. 327-322):
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
1742-1743 (1703-1704).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
2103 (2059).
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
4. THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
(B. C. 312-):
M. Williams:
Hinduism,
1743-1744 (1704-1705).
V. Smith:
London Times,
Volume VI., 57-58.
5. TRADE AND COMMERCE:
Mrs. Manning:
Ancient and Mediaeval India,
3208 (3697).
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
3208 (3697).
B. CHINA.
1. THE NAME AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY:
H. Yule:
Cathay,
428 (416).
E. Reclus:
The Earth and its Inhabitants,
428-430.
2. THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE:
T. de Lacouperie:
Babylonia and China,
246 (239).
T. de Lacouperie:
History of Chinese Civilization,
246 (239).
R. K. Douglas:
China,
431-432 (416-418).
3. LIFE OF THE EARLY PEOPLE:
(a) Religion.
R. K. Douglas:
China,
432-433 (418-419).
T. W. Rhys Davids:
Buddhism,
433 (419).
(b) Education.
W. A. P. Martin:
The Chinese,
699 (675-676).
(c) Trade and Commerce.
Sir J. Lubbock:
History of Money,
2244-2245 (2200-2201).
E. J. Simcox:
Primitive Civilizations,
3215 (3704).
STUDY VIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
EARLY GREECE AND THE PERSIAN WARS.
"Our interest in Ancient history, it may be said, lies not in
large masses. It matters little how early the Arcadians
acquired a political unity or what Nabis did to Mycenae; that
which interests us is the Constitution of Athens, the repulse
of Persia, the brief bloom of Thebes."
S. H. BOTCHER.
1. THE LAND, AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON THE PEOPLE:
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
3192 (3107).
E. Reclus:
The Earth and its Inhabitants,
1603 (1565).
E. A. Freeman:
Practical Bearings of European History,
1604 (1566).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
2. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS:
(a) In General.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2562-2563 (2496-2497).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
{741}
C. F. Keary:
The Dawn of History,
145 (138).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1674-1675 (1635-1636).
(b) The Pelopids and Mycenae.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2563 (2497).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters of Greek History,
1605-1606 (1567-1568).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
3241-3242 (3125-3126).
The Nation:
Dr. Schliemann’s Work,
3242 (3126).
(c) The Cretans and Knossos.
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
647 (624).
A. J. Evans:
London Times,
Volume VI., 23-24.
D. G. Hogarth:
Authority and Archaeology,
Volume VI., 24-25.
A. L. Frothingham:
Archaeological Progress,
Volume VI., 25.
3. EARLY MIGRATIONS:
(a) In General.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1605 (1567).
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
146-147 (139-140).
(5) Dorians and Ionians.
C. O. Müller:
History of Dorian Race,
687, 1682 (664, 1643).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
687 (664).
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
687 (664).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
3100 (3018).
194-195 (187-188).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1020-1021 (992-993).
(c) Æolians.
G. Schömann:
Antiquities of Greece,
9-10.
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
146-147 (139-140).
4. THE EARLY CITY STATES, AND POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
1606 (1568).
Thucydides:
History,
151-153 (144-146).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1019 (991).
Z. A. Ragozin:
Story of Chaldea,
246-247 (239-240).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1607 (1569).
Perrot and Chipiez:
Chaldea and Assyria,
2968, top of second column, (2891).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676, second column, (1637).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189, second column, (182).
M. Duncker:
History of Greece,
3189-3190 (3105).
5. THE RENOWNED LAWGIVERS:
(a) Lycurgus.
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
3100-3102 (3018-3020).
C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3103 (3021).
(b) Draco.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
153 (146).
(c) Solon.
C. F. Hermann:
Political Antiquities of Greece,
155 (148).
W. Wachsmuth:
Historical Antiquities of the Greeks,
155-156 (148-149).
G. Grote:
History of Greeks,
673 (649-650).
6. THE RISE OF ATHENS:
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
194-195 (187-188).
Thucydides:
History,
151-153 (144-146).
W. W. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
151 (144).
See Maps, 152 (145).
E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens, 154 (147).
7. THE PISISTRATIDÆ AND CONSTITUTION OF CLEISTHENES
(560-507 B. C.):
E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
156 (149).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-50).
8. CONTEST WITH SPARTA FOR SUPREMACY
(509-506 B. C.):
C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3102 (3021).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-150).
C. W. Cox:
The Greeks and Persians,
157 (150).
9. THE IONIAN REVOLT AND PERSIAN WARS
(B. C. 500-479):
(a) In General.
Herodotus:
Story of the Persian War,
1607-1608 (1569-1570).
P. Smith:
Ancient History of the East,
2579 (2512).
P. Smith:
History of the World, 1609 (1571).
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
157-159 (150-152).
G. Rawlinson:
Ancient History,
2580 (2513).
(b) Marathon.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1609 (1571).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1609-1610 (1571-1572).
(c) Thermopylae.
Herodotus:
History,
1610-1611 (1572-1573).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).
(d) Platæa and Mycale.
Herodotus:
History,
1612, 1613 (1574, 1575).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1613 (1575).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).
10. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS AND END OF PERSIAN WARS
(B. C. 477-461):
G. W. Cox:
History of Greece.
1613 (1575).
W. W. Lloyd:
The Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).
T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
164 (157).
J. Fiske:
Greek Federations,
1137 (1109).
11. POLITICAL RESULTS OF PERSIAN WARS:
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
163 (155-156).
Aristotle:
Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).
"None of these men were enervated by wealth or hesitated to
resign the pleasures of life. … And when the moment came they
were minded to resist and suffer, rather than to fly and save
their lives; they ran away from the word of dishonor, but on
the battlefield their feet stood fast, and in an instant, at
the height of their fortune, they passed away from the scene,
not of their fear, but of their glory. Such was the end of
these men; they were worthy of Athens; and the living may not
desire to have a more heroic spirit although they may pray for
a less fatal issue. … The sacrifice which they collectively
made was individually repaid to them; for they received again
each one for himself a praise which grows not old, and the
noblest of all sepulchers—I speak not of that in which their
remains are laid, but of that in which their glory survives,
and is proclaimed always and on every fitting occasion both in
word and deed. For the whole earth is the sepulcher of famous
men; not only are they commemorated by columns and
inscriptions in their own country, but in foreign lands there
dwells also an unwritten memorial of them, graven not on
stone, but in the hearts of men."
From the Funeral Oration of Pericles,
pages 175-178 (168-171).
STUDY IX.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.
"To Greece we owe the love of Science, the love of Art, the
love of Freedom; not Science alone, Art alone, or Freedom
alone, but these vitally correlated with one another and
brought into organic union. And in this union we recognize the
distinctive features of the West. The Greek genius is the
European genius in its first and brightest bloom. From a
vivifying contact with the Greek spirit Europe derived that
new and mighty impulse which we call Progress."
S. H. BUTCHER.
I. ATHENS AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS:
(a) The Rebuilding of the City.
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
161-152 (154-155).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1022-1023 (994-995).
(b) The Enlargement of the Democracy.
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
162-163 (155-156).
{743}
Aristotle:
The Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).
A. J. Grant:
The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
132 (125).
(c) Quarrels with Sparta.
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
166-167 (159-160).
A. J. Grant:
Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1615-1616 (1577-1578).
2. THE RISE OF PERICLES
(B. C. 466-429):
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).
A. J. Grant:
The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).
3. THE AGE OF PERICLES
(B. C. 445-429):
(a) The Splendor of Athens.
E. Abbott:
Pericles,
167-168 (160-161).
E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens,
168 (161).
(b) Art and the Domestic Life.
E. E. Viollet-le-Duc:
Habitations of Man in All Ages,
168-169 (161-162).
R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1676 (1637).
(c) Education and Literature.
Plato:
Protagoras,
701 (678).
Aristotle:
Politics,
702 (679).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
703-704 (680-681).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
(d) Law and its Administration.
Sir H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
170 (163).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Social Life in Greece,
170-171 (163-164).
(e) The Political Life.
E. A. Freeman:
Athenian Democracy,
172 (165).
E. A. Freeman:
Comparative Politics,
171-172 (164-165).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
172 (165).
J. S. Blackie:
What does History Teach,
173 (166).
Pericles:
Funeral Oration,
175-178 (168-171).
4. THE GREAT PLAGUE AND DEATH OF PERICLES
(B.C. 430-429):
Thucydides:
History,
178 (171).
5. THE RISE OF THE DEMAGOGUES
(429-421 B. C.):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
178-179 (171-172).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Essays,
179 (172).
6. SOCRATES AS SOLDIER AND CITIZEN:
F. J. Church:
Trial and Death of Socrates,
179-180 (172-173).
E. Zeller:
Socrates,
705-706 (682-683).
7. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (B. C. 431-404):
(a) First Period (431-421) to Peace of Nicias:
Thucydides:
History,
1620 (1582).
W. Mitford:
History of Greece,
1620-1621 (1582-1583).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1622 (1584).
T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
1623-1924 (1585-1586).
C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
181 (174).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
181 (174).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023 (995).
(b) Alcibiades; The Sicilian Expedition
(B. C. 415-413):
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1624-1625 (1586-1587).
Y. Duruy:
History of Greek People,
182 (175).
E. A. Freeman:
Story of Sicily,
182-183 (175-176).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1625-1627 (1587-15899).
T. N. Talfourd:
History of Greece,
1629 (1591).
W. Wachsmuth:
Antiquities of the Greeks,
184-185 (177-178).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185 (178).
(c) Battle of Ægospotami; Overthrow of Athens
(405 B. C.).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
185 (178).
G. W. Cox:
Athenian Empire,
1629-1630 (1591-1592).
8. THE OVERTHROW OF DEMOCRACY:
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185-186 (178-179).
9. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS; RETREAT OF THE "TEN THOUSAND"
(B. C. 401-400):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2581 (2514).
10. THE SUPREMACY OF THEBES
(B. C. 379-362):
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1631-1632 (1593-1594).
Xenophon:
Hellenica,
1632 (1594).
C. Sankey:
The Spartan and Theban Supremacies,
1632-1634 (1594-1596).
11. CHÆRONEA; END OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE
(B. C. 338):
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).
W. W. Fowler:
The City State,
186-187 (179-180).
P. Gardner:
Greek History,
189, first column, (182).
12. HELLENIC GENIUS, CULTURE, AND INFLUENCE:
The Funeral Oration of Pericles,
175-178 (168-171).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188, 189, 706 (181, 182, 683).
T. Davidson:
Aristotle,
704 and 705 (681, 682).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).
O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).
The Nation:
Free Schools in Greece,
705 (682).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
706-707 (683-684).
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).
R. C. Jebb:
Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1675-1676 (1636-1637).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
J. P. Mahaffy:
The Greek World under Roman Sway,
1680 (1641).
L. E. Upcott:
Introduction to Greek Sculpture,
2956-2957.
J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
1657 (1819).
W. M. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
1657 (1619).
W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
5 (5).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1679 second column, (1640).
"So long as Greece was free and the spirit of freedom animated
the Greeks, so long their literature was creative and genius
marked it. When liberty perished, literature declined. The
field of Chæronea was fatal alike to the political liberty and
to the literature of Greece."
F. B. JEVONS.
{744}
STUDY X.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.
1. MACEDONIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY:
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
2101 (2057).
P. Smith:
Ancient History of East,
2579 (2512).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1631 (1593).
2. RISE AND CAREER OF PHILIP OF MACEDON
(B. C. 359-336):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1634 (1596).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).
E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1636 (1598).
W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
186-187 (179-180).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Politics of Ancient Greece,
188 (181).
"No alliance could save Greece from the Macedonian power, as
subsequent events plainly showed. What was needed was a real
federal union between the leading states, with a strong
central controlling force; and Demosthenes’ policy was
hopeless just because Athens could never be the center of such
a union, nor could any other city. Demosthenes is thus the
last, and in some respects the most heroic champion of the old
Greek instinct for autonomy. He is the true child of the
City-State, but the child of its old age and decrepitude."
W. W. FOWLER.
3. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT
(B. C. 336-323):
L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1637 (1599).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2102-2103 (2058-2059).
C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
2103 (2059).
E. A. Freeman:
Alexander,
2103-2104 (2059-2060).
J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
1742-1743 (1703-1704).
See Maps,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).
4. THE EFFECTS OF THE MACEDONIAN CONQUESTS:
E. Zeller:
Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics,
188 (181).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188-189 (181-182).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1640, first column, (1602).
F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).
R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
44 (37).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023-1024 (995-996).
5. The Division of Alexander’s Empire:
(a) Preliminary Struggles to Battle of Ipsus
(B.C. 323-301).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1639-1640 (1601-1602).
T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
1637-1639 (1599-1601).
A. H. L. Heeren:
Ancient History,
2104 (2060).
W. C. Taylor:
Ancient History,
2104-2105 (2060-2061).
T. T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
2105-2016 (2061-2062).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).
(b) The Seleucidæ.
G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2960 (2883).
B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
2960-2961 (2883-2884).
P. Smith:
History of the World,
2961-2963 (2884-2886).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire,
2959-2960 (2882-2883).
(c) The Ptolemies.
S. Sharpe:
History of Egypt,
785 (758).
P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
785-786 (758-759).
J. H. Newman:
Historical Sketches,
707-708 (684-685).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).
6. THE ACHAIAN LEAGUE (E. C. 280-146):
E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1640-1641 (1602-1603).
E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1136 (1108).
John Fiske:
American Political Ideas,
1137 (1109).
7. THE GALLIC INVASION
(B. C. 280-279):
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1448-1449 (1415-1416).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1442 (1409).
8. THE ROMAN CONQUEST (B. C. 214-146):
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1641 (1603).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
191 (184).
E. S. Shuckburgh:
History of Rome,
2752-2753 (2678-2679).
R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1678 (1639).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1680 (1641).
"So too it was with Greece. As a people she ceased to be. When
her freedom was overthrown at Chæronea, the page of her
history was to all appearance closed. Yet from that moment
'she was to enter on a larger life and on universal empire. …
As Alexander passed conquering through Asia, he restored to
the East, as garnered grain, that Greek civilization whose
seeds had long ago been received from the East. Each conqueror
in turn, the Macedonian and the Roman, bowed before conquered
Greece and learnt lessons at her feet. To the modern world too
Greece has been the great civilizer, the œcumenical teacher,
the disturber and regenerator of slumbering societies. She is
the source of most of the quickening ideas which remake
nations and renovate literature and art. If we reckon up our
secular possessions, the wealth and heritage of the past, the
large share may be traced back to Greece. One half of life she
has made her domain,—all, or well-nigh all, that belongs to
the present order of things, and to the visible world.
S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
page 1675 (1636).
STUDY XI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
RISE OF ROME AND CONQUEST OF THE WORLD.
1. ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE:
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1844-1845, 2731 (30-31, 1804-1805, 2657).
A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
1455-1456 (1422-1423).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
1456 (1423).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2731 (2657).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1024 (996).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2861 (2787).
Padre de Cara:
Civilità Cattolica,
1845 (1805).
Appendix A,
3793-3794 (End Volume I.).
2. LATIUM AND THE LATIN NAME:
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1998 (30-31, 1954).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
1997-1998 (1953-1954).
3. THE FOUNDING OF ROME, AND ITS CIVILIZATION
(B. C. 753-):
Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
2734 (2660).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).
Goldwin Smith:
Greatness of the Romans,
2733 (2659).
G. A Simcox:
History of Latin Literature,
2734 (2660).
{745}
4. THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBS:
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2732 (2658).
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
505 (491).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
5. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
(a) The King.
Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).
W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham,
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).
(b) The Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata,
and Comitia Tributa.
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
504, 505 (490, 491).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
(c) The Senate.
A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
2971 (2894).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2971-2972 (2894-2895).
(d) The Consuls and Prætors.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
633-634 (610-11).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2744 (611, 2670).
(e) The Censors.
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
412 (402-403).
(f) The Tribunes.
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2737-2738, 2739 (2663-2664, 2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2738, 2739 (611, 2664, 2665).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
6. THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS
(B. C. 753-510):
Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).
T. Livy:
History of Rome,
2735 (2661).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).
A. J. Church:
Stories from Livy,
2736-2737 (2662-2663).
7. RISE OF THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 509-):
(a) Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians
(B. C. 509-286).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2738 (2664).
F. de Coulanges:
Ancient City,
2738 (2664).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
673 (650).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1025 (997).
(b) Laws establishing Privileges of the People.
(1) The Valerian Laws (B. C. 509).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).
(2) The Publilian Laws
(B. C. 472).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
(3) The Icilian Law
(B. C. 456).
J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).
(4) The Terentilian Law and The Twelve Tables
(B. C. 451-449)
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2740-2741 (2666-2667).
H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
2741 (2667).
(5) The Valerio-Horatian Laws
(B. C. 440).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2741 (2667).
(6)
The Canuleian Law
(B. C. 445).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2741-2742 (2667-2668).
(7) The Licinian Laws
(B. C. 376-367).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
A. Stephenson:
Agrarian Laws of Roman Republic,
2743-2744 (2669-2670).
(8) The Publilian Laws
(B. C. 340).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2745 (2671).
(9) The Hortensian Laws
(B. C. 286).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2747 (2673).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2747-2748 (2673-2674).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
673 (650).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2727-2728 (2653-2654).
8. THE EXPANSION OF ROME:
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2739, 2742 (2665, 2668).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
J. Michelet:
The Roman Republic,
2744-2745 (2671).
W. Ihne:
History of Romans,
2745 (2671).
F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2745 (2671).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2748 (2674).
9. GALLIC INVASION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY
(B. C. 390):
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1448-1449 (1415-1416).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
10. UNION OF ITALY UNDER THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 275):
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2748-2749 (2674-2675).
J. N. Larned.
Europe,
1025 (997).
11. THE PUNIC WARS
(B. C. 264-202):
M. Duncker:
History of Antiquity,
402 (392).
G. Grote:
History of Greece,
403 (393).
T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
2749 (2675).
W. B. Boyce:
Introduction to Study of History,
2750 (2676).
E. A. Freeman:
Outlines of History,
2750 (2676).
M. Creighton:
History of Rome,
2750-2751 (2676-2677).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2751 (2677).
R. F. Leighton:
History of Rome,
2751-2752 (2677-2678).
R. B. Smith:
Carthage and the Carthaginians,
403-404, 2687-2690, 2752 (393-394, 2614-2617, 2678).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2754 (2680).
12. DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
(B. C. 200-45):
E. S. Shuckburgh:
History of Rome,
2752-2753 (2678-2679).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2753-2754 (2680).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2754-2755 (2680).
W. T. Arnold:
Roman Administration,
2755 (2681).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2971-2972 (2894-2895).
M. Creighton:
History of Rome,
2756-2757 (2682-2683).
13. ATTEMPTS AT REFORM; AGRARIAN LAWS; THE GRACCHI:
G. Long:Decline of Roman Republic,
27 (20).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
27 (20).
A. Stephenson:
Agrarian Laws, etc.,
2743-2744 (2669-2670).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2755 (2681).
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
2755-2756 (2681-2682).
C. Merivale:
Fall of Roman Republic,
2756 (2682).
14. THE SOCIAL AND CIVIL WARS
(B. C. 90-45):
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2757-2758 (2683-2684).
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
2758-2759 (2684-2685).
C. Merivale:
Roman Triumvirates,
2759-2760 (2685-2686).
W. Forsyth:
Life of Cicero,
2762 (2688).
{746}
15. JULIUS CAESAR; QUÆSTOR TO IMPERATOR
(B. C. 69-45):
W. W. Fowler:
Julius Caesar,
2761-2762 (2687-2688).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2762-2763 (2688-2689).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic Wars,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2763-2764 (2690).
Plutarch: Cæsar,
2764-2765 (2690-2691).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2767-2768 (2693-2694).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2768-2769 (2694-2695).
J. A. Froude:
Cæsar,
2770-2771 (2696-2697).
Goldwin Smith:
Last Republicans of Rome,
2771 (2697).
16. THE TRIUMVIRATES; RISE OF THE EMPIRE
(B. C. 44-31):
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
2772-2773 (2698).
W. W. Capes:
The Early Empire,
2773-2775 (2699-2701).
H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2775 (2701).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
355 (345).
17. CONQUEST OF THE WORLD:
G. Long:
Decline of Roman Republic,
3053 (2973).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic War,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1641 (1603).
P. Smith:
History of the World,
2961-2963 (2884-2886).
R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2236-2237 (2192-2193).
A. Hirtius:
The Alexandrian War,
46 (39).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic War,
329 (319).
C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
329-331, 1463-1464 (319-321, 1430-1431).
STUDY XII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
1. TRANSITION FROM THE REPUBLIC TO THE EMPIRE:
W. W. Capes:
The Early Empire,
2773-2775 (2699-2701).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
196, 355 (189, 345).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196 (189).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1032 (1004).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2773 (2699).
2. THE RISING INFLUENCE OF THE PRÆTORIAN GUARDS:
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2040 (1996).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2040 (1996).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
2655 (2583).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2655 (2583).
B. G. Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2776 (2702).
3. THE JULIAN AND CHRISTIAN ERA:
Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
357-358 (347-348)
W. Hales:
Analysis of Chronology,
358, 1011 (348, 984).
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
4. THE JULIAN LINE
(B. C. 31-A. D. 70):
T. De Quincey:
The Cæsars,
2782 (2708).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1975 (1934).
B. G. Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2775-2776 (2701-2702).
Suetonius:
Lives of the Twelve Cæsars,
2776-2777 (2702-2703).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2777-2779 (2703-2705).
T. Keightley:
Roman Empire,
2779-2780 (2705-2706).
5. NERO; THE BURNING OF ROME AND PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS
(A. D. 64-68):
T. De Quincey:
The Cæsars,
2780-2781 (2706-2707).
F. W. Farrar:
Early Days of Christianity,
2781-2782 (2707-2708).
6. THE FLAVIAN LINE
(A. D. 69-192):
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1159 (1129).
(a) Vespasian-Domitian (69-96):
Y. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2783-2785 (2709-2711).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1962-1963 (1921-1922).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1963 (1922).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2632-2633 (2560-2561).
E. Edwards:
Memoirs of Libraries,
2049-2050 (2005-2006).
(b) Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian
(A. D. 96-138).
R. W. Browne:
History of Rome,
2785-2787 (2713).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1963-1964 (1922-1923).
(c) The Antonines (138-192).
F. W. Farrar:
Seekers after God,
2787-2788 (2714).
E. Renan:
English Conferences,
2788 (2714).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2788-2789 (2714-2715).
"If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the
world during which the condition of the human race was most
happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that
which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of
Commodus. The vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by
absolute power, under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. The
armies were restrained by the firm but gentle hand of four
successive Emperors whose characters and authority commanded
involuntary respect."
E. GIBBON.
7. COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE
(A. D. 192-305):
T. Keightley:
Outlines of History,
2789-2790 (2716).
J. C. Robertson:
History of Christian Church,
2790 (2716).
W.C. Taylor:
Ancient History,
2790-2791 (2716-2717).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2472-2473 (2413-2414).
B. F. Westcott:
History of Religious Thought,
454 (440).
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity with Heathenism,
456 (442).
8. THE CONSTANTINES
(A. D. 305-361):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2793-2794, 2795-2796 (2719-2720, 2721-2722).
Eusebius:
Ecclesiastical History,
2794 (2720).
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
2795 (2721).
9. CHRISTIANITY BECOMES THE STATE RELIGION
(A. D. 323-):
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
2794-1795 (2720-2721).
A. Neander:
History of Christian Religion.
2795 (2721).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2795 (2721).
G. P. Fisher:
The Christian Church,
465 (451).
A. Carr:
Christianity and Roman Empire,
465-466 (451-2).
H. H. Milman:
History of Christianity,
467 (453).
J. N. Lamed:
Europe,
1035-1036 (1007-1008).
"Shortly after the beginning of the fourth century there
occurred an event which, had it been predicted in the days of
Nero or even of Decius, would have been deemed a wild fancy.
It was nothing less than the conversion of the Roman Emperor
to the Christian faith. It was an event of momentous
importance in the history of the Christian religion. The Roman
Empire, from being the enemy and persecutor of the Church,
thenceforward became its protector and patron. The Church
entered into an alliance with the State, which was to prove
fruitful of consequences, both good and evil, in the
subsequent history of Europe. Christianity was now to reap the
advantages and incur the dangers arising from the friendship
of earthly rulers, and from a close connection with the civil
authority."
G. P. FISHER.
{747}
"This important crisis in the history of Christianity almost
forcibly arrests attention to contemplate the change wrought
in Christianity by its advancement into a dominant power in
the State. By ceasing to exist as a separate community, and by
advancing its pretensions to influence the general government
of mankind, Christianity, to a certain extent, forfeited its
independence. It was no longer a republic, governed
exclusively—as far, at least, as its religious concerns—by
its own internal policy. The interference of the civil power
in some of its most, private affairs, the promulgation of its
canons and even, in some cases, the election of its bishops,
by the State, was the price which it must inevitably pay for
its association with the ruling power."
H. H. MILMAN.
10. THE NEW CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE
(A. D. 330):
E. L. Cutts:
Constantine the Great,
519 (505).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
520-521 (506-507).
G. Finlay:
Greece under Romans,
521 (507).
11. JULIAN, TO THE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE
(A. D. 361-395):
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2796 (2722).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445 (1412).
G. Rawlinson:
Seventh Oriental Monarchy,
2582 (2515).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2799 (2724-2725).
T. Hodgkin:
Dynasty of Theodosius,
2799-2800 (2725-2726).
12. REVIVAL AND FINAL OVERTHROW OF PAGANISM
(A. D. 361-395):
G. Uhlhorn:
Conflict of Christianity and Heathenism,
2796-2798 (2722-2724).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2800-2801 (2726-2727).
J. B. Carwithen:
History of Christian Church,
2801 (2727).
13. THE DIVIDED EMPIRE
(A. D. 395-):
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2801 (2727).
R. H. Wrightson:
Respublica Romana,
2801-2802 (2727-2728).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
2803-2804 (2729-2730).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1037 (1009).
14. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
(A. D. 400-):
W. Smith:
Note to Decline and Fall,
1591-1592 (1553-1554).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1592 (1554).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1592-1593 (1554-1555).
C. A. Scott:
Ulfilas,
1594 (1556).
J. C. L. de Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1595 (1557).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1431 (1397-1398).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1431 (1398).
J. B. Bury:
Later Roman Empire,
2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2805-2806 (2731-2732).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
2806-2807 (2732-2733).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2807-2808, 2808-2809 (2733-2734, 2734-2735).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2808 (2734).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
2809 (2735).
J. Bryce:
Holy Roman Empire,
2809-2810 (2735-2736).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1038-1040 (1010-1012).
15. CAUSES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE:
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
2807 (2733).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
2810 (2736).
J. R. Seeley:
Roman Imperialism,
2810-2811 (2736-2737).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
2811-2812 (2738).
A. Thierry:
Merovingian Era,
2812 (2738).
W. Stewart:
The Church in Fourth Century,
470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale:
Epochs of Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
Organization of Christian Churches,
471 (457).
16. CIVILIZATION OF THE LATER REPUBLIC AND EMPIRE:
(a) Education.
J. J. I. Döllinger:
Gentile and Jew,
708-709 (685-686).
E. Kirkpatrick:
Development of Superior Education,
709-710 (686-687).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
710-711 (688).
E. Edwards:
Memoirs of Libraries,
2048-2049 (2005).
Guhl and Koner:
Life of Greeks and Romans,
2049 (2005).
T. H. Horne:
Study of Bibliography,
2050 (2006).
Historic Researches regarding Library of Alexandria,
2047-2048 (2003-2004).
(b) Religion.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
195 (188).
W. Ramsay:
Roman Antiquities,
196-197 (189-190).
(c) Law.
E. Reich:
Græco-Roman Institutions,
2726-2727, 2728-2729 (2652-2653, 2655).
Sir F. Pollock:
Oxford Lectures,
2728 (2654).
T. W. Dwight:
Introduction to Maine’s Ancient Law,
www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22910
2727 (2653).
J. Austin:
Lectures on Jurisprudence,
2728-2729 (2654-2655).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2727-2728 (2653-2654).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
673 (650).
(d) Trade and Commerce.
C. Merivale:
History of Rome,
3211-3213 (3702).
H. Pigeonneau:
History of French Commerce,
3213-3215 (3702-3704).
H. Fox Bourne:
Romance of Trade,
2245-2246 (2201-2202).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2248 (2204).
(e) Medical Science.
Pliny:
Natural History,
2171-2172 (2127-2128).
W. Whewell:
Inductive Sciences,
2172-2173 (2129).
Roswell Park:
History of Medicine,
2173(2129).
(f) Slavery.
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2753-2754 (2680).
W. R. Brownlow:
Slavery and Serfdom,
2990 (2912).
STUDY XIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FROM THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS TO CHARLEMAGNE
(A. D. 400-800).
1. ORIGIN AND MIGRATIONS OF THE BARBARIC NATIONS:
C. F. Keary:
Dawn of Civilization,
144-145 (137-138).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
42, 483 (35, 469).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1464-1465 (1431-1432).
Appendix A.,
3793-3796 (End of Volume I.).
2. GAUL AND THE GAULS:
J. Rhys:
Celtic Britain,
412 (402).
C. Merivale:
History of Romans,
1448-1449 (1416).
H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1449 (1416).
J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1442 (1409).
J. Cæsar:
Gallic Wars,
1444-1445 (1411-1412).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445, 1448 (1412, 1415).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1445-1446 (1412-1413).
H. Pigeonneau:
History of French Commerce,
3213-3215 (3702-3704).
{748}
3. THE GOTHS:
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and her Invaders.
1592 (1554).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1592-1593 (1554-1555).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1593 (1555).
C. A. A. Scott:
Ulfilas,
1594 (1556).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of the Roman Empire,
1595-1596 (1557-1558).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
1596-1597 (1558-1559).
(a.) The Ostrogoths and Theodoric.
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1594 (1556).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome.
1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1598 (1560).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1598-1599 (1560-1561).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
2812-2813 (2738-2739).
V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2813 (2739).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2814-2815 (2740-2741).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
1600 (1562).
(b) The Visigoths and Alaric.
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1594, 1595 (1556, 1557).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1597 (1559).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2807-2808 (2733-2734).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1597 (1559).
H. Bradley:
Story of the Goths,
1598, 1599 (1560, 1561).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1598 (1560).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
1599-1600 (1561-1562).
4. BREAKING OF THE RHINE BARRIER
(A. D. 406-500):
J. B. Bury:
Later Roman Empire,
2805 (2731).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2805-2806 (2731-2732)
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2806 (2732).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
2806-2807 (2732-2733).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during Middle Ages,
2807 (2733).
5. THE HUNS AND ATTILA:
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1726 (1687).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1727 (1688).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
1727 (1688).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1727 (1688).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1727-1728 (1689)
Sir E. Creasy:
Fifteen Decisive Battles,
1728 (1689).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1728-1729 (1689-1690).
6. THE VANDALS AND GENSERIC:
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3595).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1445-1446, 3053-3054, 3715 (1412-1413, 2973-2974, 3595).
G. Finlay:
Greece under the Romans,
3716 (3596).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
3716 (3596).
7. THE FRANKS AND CLOVIS:
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1430-1431 (1397-1398).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1431 (1398).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1445 (1412).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
3207 (3121).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
French under the Merovingians,
1432 (1399).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
42-43 (35-36).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1433 (1400).
S. Baring Gould:
The Church in Germany,
472 (458).
8. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN
(A. D. 527-565):
G. Finlay:
Greece Under the Romans,
2814 (2740).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2814-2415 (2740-2701).
J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
637-638 (614-615).
9. THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY
(A. D. 448-752):
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The French under the Merovingians,
1432 (1399).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
202, 1432-1433 (195, 1399-1400).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
202 (195).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1466 (1435).
A. Thierry:
The Merovingian Era,
1446 (1413).
10. THE LOMBARDS:
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
11. CIVILIZATION AT BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES:
(a) Political and Social.
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2224 (2180).
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during the Middle Ages,
2224-2225 (2180-2181).
B. Bosanquet:
Civilization of Christendom,
2225 (2181).
A. Thierry:
Formation of the Tiers État,
1446-1448 (1413-1415).
W. Robertson:
Charles the Fifth,
2990-2991 (2913).
(i) Religion.
W. Stewart:
Church of the Fifth Century,
470-471 (456-457).
C. Merivale:
Early Church History,
471 (457).
E. Hatch:
Organization of Christian Churches,
471 (457).
G. Stokes:
The Celtic Church,
472 (458).
M. Creighton:
The Papacy,
2818 (2744).
I. Gregory Smith:
Christian Monasticism,
2239-2240 (2195-2196).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2240-2241 (2196-2197).
(c) Education.
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
710 (687).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
710-711 (687-688).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools,
711-712 (688-689).
12. THE RISE OF FEUDALISM:
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
1145-1146 (1117-1118).
E. Emerton:
The Middle Ages,
1146 (1118).
Schröder:
Deutsehen Rechtsgeschichte,
1146-1147.
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1047-1048 (1019-1020).
A. Thierry:
Formation of the Tiers État,
1446-1448 (1413-1415).
{749}
STUDY XIV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE RISE OF THE MODERN NATIONS.
1. THE FRANKS:
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1432 (1399).
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1465-1466 (1432-1435).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1466 (1435).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization.
2163 (2119).
W. C. Perry:
The Franks,
1432-1433 (1399-1400).
S. Baring Gould:
The Church in Germany,
472 (458).
E. L. Cutts:
Charlemagne,
472-473 (458-459).
2. THE BURGUNDIANS:
J. G. Sheppard:
The Fall of Rome,
3714-3715 (3594-3495).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
338 (328).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The French under the Merovingians,
339 (329).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
339 (329).
3. THE SAXONS:
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
2884-2885 (2809-2810).
R. G. Latham:
The Germany of Tacitus,
2885 (2810).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2885 (2810).
4. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE
(A. D. 800-814):
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church:
Beginning of the Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
E. Emerton:
Study of the Middle Ages,
1434-1435 (1401-1402).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1435 (1402)
Sir J. Stephen:
History of France,
1436 (1403).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1468 (1437).
A. T. Drane:
Christian Schools and Scholars,
712 (689).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2911 (2836).
Eginhard:
Life of Charlemagne,
474 (460).
J. B. Mullinger:
Schools of Charles the Great,
474 (460).
"Gibbon has remarked, that of all the heroes to whom the title
of ‘The Great’ has been given, Charlemagne alone has retained
it as a permanent addition to his name. The reason may perhaps
be that in no other man were ever united, in so large a
measure, and in such perfect harmony, the qualities, which, in
their combination, constitute the heroic character,—such as
energy, or love of action; ambition, or the love of power;
curiosity, or the love of knowledge; and sensibility, or the
love of pleasure. Not, indeed, the love of forbidden,
unhallowed, or of enervating pleasure, but the keen relish for
those blameless delights by which the burdened mind and jaded
spirits recruit and renovate their powers. … His lofty
stature, his open countenance, his large and brilliant eyes,
and the dome-like structure of his head, imparted, as we learn
from Eginhard, to all his attitudes the dignity which becomes
a King, relieved by the graceful activity of a practised
warrior. … Whether he was engaged in a frolic or a
chase—composed verses or listened to homilies—fought or
negotiated—cast down thrones or built them up—studied,
conversed, or legislated, it seemed as if he, and he alone,
were the one wakeful and really living agent in the midst of
an inert, visionary, and somnolent generation."
SIR JAMES STEPHEN.
5. THE BEGINNINGS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY:
F. Lenormant:
Ancient History,
3245 (3129).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1726 (1687).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
1594-1595 (1556-1557).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
1728-1729 (1689-1690).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
242-243 (235-236).
G. P. R. James:
History of Charlemagne,
243 (236).
L. Leger:
History of Austro-Hungary,
205 (198).
6. DISSOLUTION OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE
(A. D. 814-877):
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
H. H. Milman:
History of Latin Christianity,
1468 (1437).
S. Menzies:
History of Europe,
1468-1469 (1437-1438).
7. THE TREATY OF VERDUN
(A. D. 843):
P. Godwin:
History of France,
3735 (3615).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
3736 (3616).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1469 (1438).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS
(A. D. 843-1000):
(a) France.
P. Godwin:
History of France,
1187 (1157).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1187 (1157).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1187-1188 (1157-1158).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1188 (1158).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1438 (1405).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy and England,
1188 (1158).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1188-1189 (1158-1159).
E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and Gauls,
1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse:
Political History of Europe,
1189 (1159).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
3274 (3158).
(b) Germany.
T. Smith:
Arminius,
1464-1465 (1431-1432).
C. J. Stillé:
Mediæval History,
1467-1468 (1436-1437).
R. W. Church:
Beginnings of Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
E. Emerton:
Study of Middle Ages,
1434 (1401).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1436-1438 (1403-1405).
E. A. Freeman:
Franks and Gauls,
1438 (1405).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1469 (1438).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1470 (1439).
A. W. Grübe:
Heroes of History,
1470 (1439).
C. W. Koch:
The Revolutions of Europe,
1470-1471 (1439-1440).
L. Ranke:
History of Reformation,
1471-1472 (1440-1441).
(c) Italy.
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2816 (2742).
J. G. Sheppard:
Fall of Rome,
2076 (2032).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Fall of Roman Empire,
2077 (2033).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
S. Menzies:
History of Europe,
1468-1469 (1437-1438).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1847-1848 (1807-1808).
A. F. Villemain:
Life of Gregory VII.,
2820 (2746).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
1848 (1808).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1848 (1808).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1849 (1809).
{750}
STUDY XV.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
GERMANY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
(A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. I. von Döllinger:
European History,
2820-2821 (2746-2747).
Cardinal J. H. Newman:
Essays,
2485-2486 (2426-2427).
W. B. Boyce:
Introduction to the Study of History,
1472-1473 (1441-1442).
S. A. Dunham:
History of the Germanic Empire,
2730 (2656).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2730 (2656).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1473 (1442).
2. BEGINNING OF THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE EMPIRE AND THE PAPACY:
G. B. Adams:
Civilization during the Middle Ages,
1473-1474 (1442-1443).
Count de Montalembert:
Monks of the West,
2486-2487 (2427-2428).
J. Alzog:
Manual of Church History,
2487 (2428).
Hinschius:
Investiturstrcit,
2488-2489 (3794-3796).
W. R. W. Stephens:
Hildebrand,
396-397 (386-387).
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
2887 (2812).
J. H. Allen:
Christian History,
1474 (1443).
J. J. I. Döllinger:
History of the Church,
1474-1475 (1443-1444).
3. RISE OF THE COLLEGE OF ELECTORS
(A. D. 1125-1272):
K. Lamprecht:
History of Germany,
1475-1476 (3759-3760).
T. Carlyle:
Frederick the Great,
1476-1477 (1445).
T. Carlyle:
Frederick the Great,
316-317 (306).
4. THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE EMPIRE:
J. Jastrow:
Deutschen Einheitstraum,
1477-1478 (3761-3672).
C. Beard:
Martin Luther,
487 (473).
W. J. Wyatt:
History of Prussia,
487-488 (473-474).
5. RISE OF THE HOHENSTAUFEN; THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1478 (1445).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1652 (1614).
P. M. Thornton:
The Brunswick Accession,
1652-1653 (1614-1615).
A. Gallenga:
Italy,
1014-1015 (986-987).
Sir A. Halliday:
Annals of the House of Hanover,
2888 (2813).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
6. THE TWO GREAT FREDERICKS:
(a) Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1152-1190).
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1852 (1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1853 (1813).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2492-2493 (2432-2433).
The Republic of Venice,
3726 (3606).
(b) Frederick the Second
(A. D. 1220-1250).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
1480 (1447).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1854 (1814).
A. B. Pennington:
Emperor Frederick II.,
1854-1855 (1814-1815).
T. L. Kington:
Frederick the Second,
1855-1856 (1815-1816).
G. Procter:
History of the Crusades,
657, first column, (634).
Besant and Palmer:
Jerusalem,
1926, second column, (1885).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
"We have seen the Roman Empire revived in A. D. 800, by a
prince whose vast dominions gave ground to his claim of
universal monarchy; again erected, in A. D. 962, on the
narrower but firmer basis of the German Kingdom. We have seen
Otto the Great and his successors during the three following
centuries, a line of monarchs of unrivalled vigor and
abilities, strain every nerve to make good the pretensions of
their office against the rebels in Italy and the
ecclesiastical power. The Roman Empire might, and, so far as
practical utility was concerned, ought now to have been
suffered to expire; nor could it have ended more gloriously
than with the last of the Hohenstaufen. That it did not so
expire, but lived on 600 years more, till it became a piece of
antiquarianism hardly more venerable than ridiculous,—till, as
Voltaire said, all that could be said about it was that it was
neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire,—was owing partly
indeed to the belief, still unshaken, that it was a necessary
part of the world’s order, yet chiefly to its connection,
which was by this time indissoluble, with the German Kingdom.
The Germans had confounded the two characters of their
sovereign so long, and had grown so fond of the style and
pretensions of a dignity whose possession appeared to exalt
them above the other peoples of Europe, that it was now too
late for them to separate the local from the universal
monarch."
JAMES BRYCE.
7. THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE
(ABOUT A. D. 1250):
History of the Hanseatic League,
1663 (1626).
R. Schröder:
Der Deutschen Rechtsgeschichte,
1663-1664.
K. Lamprecht:
Deutsche Geschichte,
1664-1665.
8. THE RISE OF THE HAPSBURGS:
Sir R. Comyn:
History of the Western Empire,
1482-1483 (1449-1450).
W. Coxe:
History of the House of Austria,
206 (199).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
Sir R. Comyn:
The Western Empire,
206-207 (199-200).
T. H. Dyer:
Modern Europe,
1710 (1671).
The Legend of Tell and Rütli,
3127, first column, (3043).
9. A CENTURY OF CONFUSION:
C. T. Lewis:
History of Germany,
1484 (1451).
S. A. Dunham:
The Germanic Empire,
1484-1485 (1451-1452).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1485-1486 (1452-1543).
L. von Ranke:
The Reformation in Germany,
1486 (1453).
10. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1435 and 2725 (1402 and 2652).
L. von Ranke:
History of the World,
2725-2726.
W. von Giesebrecht:
The German Empire,
2726.
F. A. Gregorovius:
History of Rome,
2726.
C. W. Koch:
Revolutions of Europe,
1471, second column, (1440).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
1471-1472 (1440-1441).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1481-1482 (1448-1449).
L. von Ranke:
History of the Reformation,
1486 (1453).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1541 (1507).
{751}
"On August 1, the French Envoy at Regensburg announced to the
Diet that his master, who had consented to become Protector of
the Confederate princes, no longer recognized the existence of
the Empire. Francis II. resolved at once to anticipate this
new Odoacer, and by a declaration, dated August 6, 1800,
resigned the imperial dignity. … Throughout, the term German
Empire (deutsches Reich) is employed. But it was the crown of
Augustus, of Constantine, of Charles, of Maximilian, that
Francis of Hapsburg laid down, and a new era in the world’s
history was marked by the fall of its most venerable
institution. One thousand and six years after Leo, the Pope,
had crowned the Frankish King, eighteen hundred and
fifty-eight years after Cæsar had conquered at Pharsalia, the
Holy Roman Empire came to its end."
JAMES BRYCE.
STUDY XVI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
FRANCE TO THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES
(A. D. 1000-1453).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PERIOD
(ABOUT A. D. 1000):
E. de Bounechose:
History of France,
1189 (1159).
E. A. Freeman:
The Franks and the Gauls,
1189 (1159).
E. Lavisse:
Political History of Europe,
1189 (1159).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
France under the Feudal System,
1189-1190 (1159-1160).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1190 (1161).
M. Arnold:
Schools and Universities,
717-718 (694-695).
2. THE RISE OF FREE CITIES AND OF THE COMMUNES:
Achille Luchaire:
The French Communes,
1190-1193 (3748-3750).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
505-506 (491-492).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
506 (492).
3. CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION OF THE KINGDOM
(A. D. 1100-1225):
C. M. Yonge:
History of France,
1193 (1162).
Mrs. J. R. Green:
Henry the Second,
826 (799).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1193-1194 (1162).
E. Smedley:
History of France,
2551 (2485).
W. Stubbs:
Constitutional History of England,
828 (801).
See Maps between pages 1200-1201 (1168-1169).
4. THE NOTABLE REIGN OF SAINT LOUIS, LOUIS IX.
(1226-1270):
G. Masson:
St. Louis,
1194 (1163).
A. L. la Marche:
France under Saint Louis,
1194-1196 (3750-3753).
Saint Louis of France,
1196 (1164).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1197 (1165).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
1197 (1165).
F. P. Guizot;
History of France,
657-658 and 658-659 (634-635 and 635-636).
Origin of the Houses of Valois and Bourbon,
1197, 3714 (1165, 3594).
Duc d’Aumale:
The House of Condé,
314 (304).
"St. Louis struck at the spirit of the Middle Age, and therein
insured the downfall of its forms and whole embodiment. … He
undermined Feudalism, because he hated injustice; he warred
with the Middle Age, because he could not tolerate its
disregard of human rights; and he paved the way for
Philip-le-Bel’s struggle with the Papacy, because he looked
upon religion and the Church as instruments for man’s
salvation, not as tools for worldly aggrandizement. The first
calm, deliberate, consistent opposition to the centralizing
power of the great See was that offered by its truest friend
and honest ally, Louis of France. … He is perhaps the only
monarch on record who failed in most of what he undertook of
active enterprise, who was under the control of the prejudices
of his age, who was a true conservative, who never dreamed of
effecting great social changes,—and who yet, by his mere
virtues, his sense of duty, his power of conscience, made the
most mighty and vital reforms."
5. PHILIP IV. AND THE STRUGGLE WITH THE PAPACY
(A. D. 1285-1314):
G. M. Bussey:
History of France,
1198 (1166).
G. Trevor:
Fall of the Western Empire,
2494-2495 (2434-2435).
A. R. Pennington:
The Church in Italy,
2495 (2435).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
3177 (3092).
6. THE PARLIAMENT OF PARIS AND THE STATES GENERAL:
Sir James Stephen:
History of France,
2554-2555 (2488-2489).
Lord Brougham:
History of England and France,
2555 (2489).
Sir James Stephen:
History of France,
3108-3109 3026-3027).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
3109 (3027).
A. Thierry:
The Tiers État,
1202-1203 (1170-1171).
7. THE ACCESSION OF PHILIP OF VALOIS, PHILIP VI.
(A. D. 1328):
J. Michelet:
History of France.
1200 (1168).
E. de Bonnechose:
History of France,
1200 (1168).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1200 (1168).
8. THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR
(A. D. 1327-1435):
(a) The First Period (1327-1380).
J. Froissart:
Chronicles,
1200-1201 (1168-1169).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
1201 (1169).
F. Guizot:
History of Civilization,
2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
2868 (2794).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
2868 (2794).
G. W. Kitchin:
History of France,
1201 (1169).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1201 (1169).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1201-1202 (1169-1170).
A. Thierry:
The Tiers État,
1202-1203 (1170-1171).
Professor de Vericour:
The Jacquerie,
1204 (1172).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1204 (1172).
E. Bonnechose:
History of France,
1205 (1173).
(b) The Second Period
(1415-1435).
A. J. Church:
Henry the Fifth,
1205-1206 (1173-1174).
C. M. Yonge:
English History,
1206 (1174).
F. P. Guizot:
History of France,
1207 (1175).
9. MISSION OF THE MAID OF ORLEANS
(A. D. 1429-1431);
A. de Lamartine:
Joan of Arc,
1207-1208 (1175-1176).
S. Luce:
Jeanne d’Arc,
1208 (3755).
A. de Lamartine:
Joan of Arc,
1208-1209 (1175-1176).
Lord Mahon:
Historical Essays,
1209 (1177).
J. O’Hagan:
Joan of Arc,
1209 (1177).
T. de Quincey:
Joan of Arc,
1209-1210 (1177-1178).
"Her ways and habits during the year she was in arms are
attested by a multitude of witnesses. Dunois and the Duke of
Alençon bear testimony to what they term her extraordinary
talents for war, and to her perfect fearlessness in action;
but in all other things she was the most simple of creatures.
She wept when she first saw men slain in battle, to think that
they should have died without confession. She wept at the
abominable epithets which the English heaped upon her; but she
was without a trace of vindictiveness. … In her diet she was
abstemious in the extreme, rarely eating until evening, and
then for the most part, of bread and water, sometimes mixed
with wine. In the field, she slept in her armor; but when she
came into a city, she always sought out some honorable matron,
under whose protection she placed herself; and there is
wonderful evidence of the atmosphere of purity which she
diffused around her, her very presence banishing from men’s
hearts all evil thoughts and wishes. Her conversation, when
not of war, was entirely of religion. She confessed often, and
received communion twice in the week."
J. O’HAGAN.
{752}
10. THE EFFECTS OF THE ONE HUNDRED YEARS WAR:
E. E. Crowe:
History of France,
1210 (1178).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1211 (1179).
C. W. Oman:
Warwick the King-Maker,
846-847 (819-820).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1065-1068 (1037-1040).
11. THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION OF CHARLES VII.
(A. D. 1438):
R. C. Trench:
Church History,
2500 (2440).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
1210-1211 (1178-1179).
"Such were the chief reforms of its own special grievances
which France wished to establish. It was the first step in the
assertion of the rights of National Churches to arrange for
themselves the details of their own ecclesiastical
organizations."
M. CREIGHTON.
STUDY XVII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
ITALY TO THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES
(A. D. 1000-1450).
1. GENERAL CONDITIONS AT THE CLOSE OF THE TENTH CENTURY:
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1848 (1808).
A. F. Villemain:
Life of Gregory VII.,
2820 (2746).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2820 (2746).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1848 (1808).
H. Hallam:
The Middle Ages,
1848-1849 (1808-1809).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
2725 (2652).
L. von Ranke:
History of the World,
2725-2726.
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2078, first column, (2034).
2. THE NORMAN SETTLEMENTS
(A. D. 1000-1100):
A. Thierry:
Conquest of England,
2418 (2366).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy, etc.,
2419-2420 (2367-2368).
E. A. Freeman:
The Norman Conquest,
2421-2422 (2369-2370).
Sir F. Palgrave:
History of Normandy,
2422 (2370).
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2981-2982 (2903-2904).
E. A. Freeman:
Story of Sicily,
2983 (2905).
G. Finlay:
The Byzantine Empire,
2984 (2906).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2984 (2906).
J. Michelet:
History of France,
1849 (1809).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1849-1850 (1809-1810).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2821 (2747).
A. H. Johnson:
The Normans in Europe,
1850-1851 (1810-1811).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1051 (1023).
3. RISE OF THE FREE CITIES:
P. Godwin:
History of France,
2077-2078 (2033-2034).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1850 (1810).
Hinschius:
Investiturstreit,
2488-2489 (3794-3796).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
3273 (3157).
(a) Milan.
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2746-2747 (2672-2673).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2226 (2182).
G. B. Testa:
War of Frederick I. against Lombardy,
2226 (2182).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
2226-2227 (2182-2183).
(b) Florence.
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1160 (1130).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1160-1161 (1130-1131).
B. Duffy:
The Tuscan Republics,
1161 (1131).
(c) Pavia.
G. B Niebuhr:
History of Rome,
2070 (2026).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2077 (2033).
(d) Pisa.
L. Pignotti:
History of Tuscany,
2605-2606 (2537-2538).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
2606-2607 (2538-2539).
(e) Venice.
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
3722 (3602).
T. Hodgkin:
Italy and Her Invaders,
3722 (3602).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine Empire,
3722-3723 (3602-3603).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
3724-3725 (3604-3605).
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATES OF THE CHURCH:
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of Peter,
2492 (2432).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
3273 (3157).
M. Creighton:
History of the Papacy,
2493 (2433).
5. CONDITIONS IN ROME.
J. I. Döllinger:
European History,
2821 (2747).
H. H. Milman:
Latin Christianity,
2821 (2747).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
2822 (2748).
6. STRUGGLE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS WITH THE EMPERORS:
(a) With Frederick I., Barbarossa (A. D. 1154-1183).
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1478-1479 (1445-1446).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1851-1852 (1811-1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852 (1812).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
The Italian Republics,
1852 (1812).
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1852-1853 (1812-1813).
W. Menzel:
History of Germany,
1853 (1813).
(b) With Frederick the Second
(A. D. 1220-1250).
J. Bryce:
The Holy Roman Empire,
1854 (1814).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1137-1138 (1109-1110).
E. A. Freeman:
European History,
1479 (1446).
E. A. Freeman:
Frederick the Second,
1480, first column (1447).
J. A. Symonds:
The Revival of Learning,
720 (697).
(c) The Results of the Contest.
J. Burckhardt:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1856-1857 (1816-1817).
O. Browning:
Guelfs and Ghibellines,
1856 (1816).
E. Smedley:
History of France,
1858-1859 (1818-1819).
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1163 (1133).
7. THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
U. Balzani:
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen,
1478 (1445).
H. Hallam:
Middle Ages,
1652 (1614).
Sir A. Halliday:
Annals of House of Hanover,
1652 (1614).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
R. W. Church:
Dante,
1858 (1818).
N. Machiavelli:
History of Florence,
1161-1162 (1131-1132).
{753}
O. Browning:
Guelphs and Ghibellines,
1162 (1132).
T. A. Trollope:
The Commonwealth of Florence,
1162-1163 (1132-1133).
8. THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS
(A. D. 1250-1500):
J. Burckhardt:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1856-1857 (1816-1817).
T. A. Trollope:
The Commonwealth of Florence,
1857-1858 (1817-1818).
E. A. Freeman:
Historical Geography of Europe,
1859 (1819).
J. A. Symonds:
The Renaissance in Italy,
1859 (1819).
J. Yeats:
Growth of Commerce,
2249, second column, (2205).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
2250 (2206).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
2250 (2206).
J. A. Symonds:
The Renaissance,
2463-2464.
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1074-1045 (1046-1047).
9. CONTINUED CONTESTS BETWEEN THE GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES:
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1860-1861 (1820-1821).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1861 (1821).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1862-1863 (1822-1823).
10. RIENZI; THE LAST OF THE TRIBUNES
(A. D. 1347-1354):
Professor de Vericour:
Rienzi, 2822-2824 (2748-2750).
W. W. Story:
The Castle of St. Angelo,
2824-2825 (2750-2751).
11. THE INFAMOUS "FREE COMPANIES"
(ABOUT A. D. 1340-1390):
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1865-1866 (1825-1826).
W. P. Urquhart:
Life of F. Sforza,
1866 (1826).
Sir John Hawkwood,
1866 (1826).
12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY PRINCIPALITIES:
(a) Florence.
(1) The Passing of the Republic.
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1163 (1133).
C. Balbo:
Life of Dante,
1164 (1134).
W. P. Urquhart:
Life of F. Sforza,
1165 (1135).
T. B. Macaulay:
Machiavelli,
1166 (1136).
G. Boccaccio:
The Decameron,
1166 (1136).
J. E. T. Rogers:
History of Agriculture,
292-293 (283-284).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1166-1167 (1136-1137).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1167 (1137).
(2) The Medici.
J. A. Symonds:
Florence and the Medici,
1167-1168 (1137-1138).
T. A. Trollope:
Commonwealth of Florence,
1168-1169 (1138-1139).
W. B. Scaife:
Florentine Life,
1169 (1139).
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1169 (1139).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
1169-1170 (1139-1140).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1170-1171 (1140-1141).
P. Villari:
Machiavelli,
1171-1172 (1141-1142).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
H. A. Taine:
Italy, Florence, and Venice,
1172-1173 (1142-1143).
(3) Savonarola.
O. T. Hill:
Savonarola’s Triumph of the Cross,
1173-1175 (1143-1145).
H. E. Napier:
Florentine History,
1176 (1146).
J. A. Symonds:
Studies in Italy,
1176-1177 (1146-1147).
Mrs. Oliphant:
Makers of Florence,
1172 (1142).
"Florence was as near a pagan city as it was possible for its
rulers to make it. … Society had never been more dissolute,
more selfish, or more utterly deprived of any higher aim.
Barren scholarship, busy over grammatical questions, and
elegant philosophy, snipping and piecing its logical systems,
formed the top-dressing to that half-brutal,
hall-superstitious ignorance of the poor. The dilettante world
dreamed hazily of a restoration of the worship of the pagan
gods; Cardinal Bembo bade his friend beware of reading St.
Paul’s Epistles, lest their barbarous style should corrupt his
taste. … Thus limited intellectually, the age of Lorenzo was
still more hopeless morally, full of debauchery, cruelty and
corruption, violating oaths, betraying trusts, believing in
nothing but Greek manuscripts, coins, and statues, caring for
nothing but pleasure. This was the world in which Savonarola
found himself."
MRS. OLIPHANT.
(b) Milan.
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1851, second column, (1811).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
1852, second column, (1812).
J. A. Symonds:
Age of Despots,
2227-2228 (2183-2184).
W. Robertson:
Charles the Fifth,
2228 (2184).
A. von Reumont:
Lorenzo de’ Medici,
2228-2229 (2184-2185).
(c) Pisa.
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
2606-2607 (2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds:
Studies in Italy,
50-51 (43-44).
E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall,
522-523 (508-509).
G. Procter:
History of Italy,
1862-1863 (1822-1823).
W. Hunt:
History of Italy,
1868 (1828).
J. N. Murphy:
The Chair of St. Peter,
2498 (2438).
(d) Genoa.
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
1452-1453, 2606-2607 (1419-1420, 2538-2539).
J. A. Symonds:
Renaissance in Italy,
2227, second column, (2183).
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
1454, 2251-2252 (1421, 2207-2208).
G. B. Malleson:
Genoese History,
1454 (1421).
J. N. Larned:
Venice and Genoa,
3220 (3709).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1454 (1421).
(e) Venice.
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
3726 (3606).
The Republic of Venice,
3726 (3606).
E. Pears:
The Fall of Constantinople,
3726 (3606).
W. C. Hazlitt:
The Venetian Republic,
3727 (3607).
J. Yeats:
The Growth of Commerce,
3727 (3607).
G. Finlay:
Byzantine and Greek Empires,
523-524 (509-510).
F. A. Parker:
Fleets of the World,
3728 (3608).
J. T. Bent:
Genoa,
3729 (3609).
J. C. L. Sismondi:
Italian Republics,
1869 (1829).
STUDY XVIII.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.
THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH: FROM PENTECOST TO GREGORY THE GREAT
(A. D. 30(?)-600).
1. JUDÆA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CHRISTIAN ERA:
E. de Pressensé:
Jesus Christ,
1961-1962 (1920-1921).
E. Schürer:
The Jewish People,
1678 (1639).
A. Edersheim:
Life of Jesus,
446 (432).
H. W. Hulbert:
Historical Geography,
446 (432).
{754}
2. HEROD AND THE HERODIANS
(B. C. 40-A. D. 44):
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1958-1959 (1917-1918).
T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1960 (1919).
H. H. Milman:
History of the Jews,
1960 (1919).
3. THE BIRTH OF JESUS:
T. Keim:
Jesus of Nazara,
1960-1961 (1919-1920).
W. Hales:
Analysis of Chronology,
1011 (984).
4. PENTECOST, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST CHURCHES:
G. Y. Lechler:
The Apostolic Times,
447 (433).
A. Sabatier:
The Apostle Paul,
447 (433).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
448 (434).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
448 (434).
J. E. Wiltsch:
Statistics of the Church,
448 (434).
J. B. Lightfoot:
The Apostolic Age,
449 (435).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
449 (435).
5. THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD (A. D. 30(?)-100):
(a) The Church at Antioch.
C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2107, 2960 (2063, 2883).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
448 (434).
J. J. von Döllinger:
European History,
449 (435).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
449 (435).
W. Moeller:
The Christian Church,
449 (435).
B. Weiss:
Introduction to the New Testament,
450 (436).
G. B. Brown:
From Schola to Cathedral,
450 (436).
(b) The Missions of St. Paul.
G. P. Fisher:
The Christian Church,
450 (436).
A. Sabatier;
The Apostle Paul,
450-451 (436-437).
A. Sabatier;
The Apostle Paul,
451, second column, (437).
J. B. Lightfoot:
Biblical Essays,
451 (437).
W. M. Ramsay:
The Church in the Roman Empire,
451 (437).