Sir John Proby, first Baron Carysfort. He succeeded to the title on
his father’s death in 1772, and was raised to an earldom in 1789. He
married, first, in 1774, Elizabeth, daughter of the Right Hon. Sir
John Osborne; and, secondly, in 1787, Elizabeth, daughter of the Right
Hon. George Grenville. He held the post of Minister Plenipotentiary in
Berlin from 1800 until 1802.
[146] Prince Ferdinand Augustus of Prussia (1730–1813), youngest
brother of Frederick the Great.
[147] Frederick William III. married, in 1793, Louise, daughter of Duke
Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was born in 1776, and died in
1810. Frederick William, who was son of Frederick William II. and his
second wife, Princess Louise of Hesse Darmstadt, became King of Prussia
in 1797.
[148] Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802), another brother of Frederick
the Great.
[149] Hugh Elliot, British Minister in Dresden until 1803, when he was
transferred to Naples.
[150] Strict regulations were at this time in force against any
voluntary visit to places in the French dominions or under the rule
of the Republic. Lord Holland mentions in his _Memoirs of the Whig
Party_, that to obviate this he applied for a special permit, but
received no answer. As they had, however, passports from Bournonville
and La Valette, the French Ministers at Berlin and Dresden, and having
read a letter from Lord Grenville to Lord Carysfort saying that all
would be well if they did not visit Paris, they decided to go on. This
was fortunate, he says, for the Duke’s letter, which he did not receive
until his return to England, gave no decided permission, while as it
was they had no difficulty, on reaching Dover, in obtaining leave to
land.
[151] Duchess Amalia of Saxe-Weimar, a Princess of Brunswick. She
married Ernest Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who died in 1758, and
acted as guardian to her infant son, Charles Augustus, who lived until
1828.
[152] James Henry Lawrence (1773–1840), miscellaneous writer, son of
Richard James Lawrence, Esq., of Jamaica. His essay on the customs of
native caste in Malabar was inserted by Wieland in his _Merkur_,
and he later published a romance on the same subject. In later life he
asserted that he was a Knight of Malta, and called himself Sir James
Lawrence.
[153] Stephen, born January 18, 1799.
[154] ‘The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, otherwise called the Imperial Parliament, was opened, by
commission, on the 22nd of January, 1801.’... The King, however, did
not meet Parliament till the 2nd of February (_Annual Register_).
[155] His medical attendant.
[156] William, fourth Earl Fitzwilliam (1748–1833), Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland in 1795.
[157] The attempt to blow up Bonaparte on the way to the Opera
took place on December 24, 1800. The plot was hatched by three
Chouans--Limoëlan, Saint-Réjant, and Carbon. The two latter were taken
and executed; but the first-named escaped to America. An extract from
Lord Wycombe’s diary relating to the atrocity appears on p. 142.
[158] Hon. William Stuart (1755–1822), fifth son of Lord Bute.
Appointed Bishop of St. David’s, 1793, and Archbishop of Armagh in 1800.
[159] Hon. Mary Elizabeth Nugent, daughter of Robert, Viscount Clare
(afterwards Earl Nugent). She married, in 1775, George Grenville,
second son of the Right Hon. George Grenville. He succeeded his uncle
as second Earl Temple in 1779, and was created Marquess of Buckingham
in 1784. He was twice Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1782–3, 1787–9: and
died in 1813. Lady Buckingham was created Baroness Nugent in 1800, with
remainder to her second son, George, at whose death in 1850 the title
became extinct.
[160] Charles, afterwards second and last Marquess Cornwallis
(1774–1823).
[161] John Fitzgibbon, appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland in 1789,
and raised to an earldom in 1795, as Earl of Clare. He married, in
1786, Anne, daughter of Richard Whaley, Esq.
[162] This of course was not the case. The King recovered sufficiently
to permit of the necessary arrangements being made.
[163] Lord St. Vincent became First Lord of the Admiralty in
Addington’s Government, giving up the Channel Fleet.
[164] Admiral the Hon. William Cornwallis (1744–1819), Marquess
Cornwallis’ brother, when proceeding as commander-in-chief to the West
Indies in 1796, put back owing to damage to his ship. He was ordered
to start again at once in a small frigate, but declined to do so on
the grounds of health. For this he was brought to a Court martial, but
though practically acquitted, he resigned his command.
[165] Margaret Georgina, eldest daughter of the Right Hon. Stephen
Poyntz. She married John, first Earl Spencer, in 1755, and died in 1814.
[166] This is not true. E.V.H., November 1801.
[167] Grey’s wife was George Ponsonby’s niece. Ponsonby was the leader
of the Whigs in the House of Commons from 1808 till 1817.
[168] Sir Walter Farquhar (1738–1819), the well-known doctor: physician
in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, and created a Baronet in 1796.
[169] _Deaf and Dumb_, first acted on February 24. It was a free
translation of a play of Kotzebue.
[170] See _ante_, ii. 74. The general impression in the minds of
Fox’s followers all through this vexed question of secession appears to
have been that those who did attend, and especially Tierney, were not
really anxious for Fox’s return to active political life, and preferred
to make the most of their own opportunities. Hence the somewhat biassed
feelings with which Lady Holland approaches the subject. Fox himself
was perfectly ready and willing that anyone should attend who wished
to do so, but there was an uneasy feeling which rankled in the hearts
of his friends, that interested and insidious motives underlay the
professions of goodwill towards him in certain quarters.
[171] The letter is printed in the _Memorials and Correspondence of
C. J. Fox_, iii. 189. In it he states that he thinks he will go to
town no more that year. If he can be of service to the public or the
party he would do so, but he can see no chance of doing any good.
[172] This was a second protest against the Bill. Lord Clare moved on
March 31 to have it expunged, and carried his point by ninety-two votes
to twenty. The first protest remains on the Journals. It was signed by
the same four Lords, and in addition by Lord Ponsonby.
[173] The attempt to blow up Bonaparte on December 24 (3 Nivôse) 1800,
referred to previously, ii. 127.
[174] The first performance in Paris of Haydn’s _Creation_.
[175] Fouché.
[176] Horne Tooke stood against Charles Fox for Westminster in 1790 and
in 1796, but was each time rejected by a large majority. Fox, however,
strongly opposed the Bill, aimed at Horne Tooke, forbidding clergymen
to sit in Parliament.
[177] Lord Grenville refused to continue to support the Government,
because of the utterly inadequate terms on which he considered peace
had been obtained, and wrote to Addington, on October 14, informing him
of his reasons.
[178] Lady Holland’s old friend Thomas Pelham, now Lord Pelham. His
father was created Earl of Chichester in June 1801.
[179] Afterwards fourth Lord Holland. He was born on March 7, 1802.
[180] Hugues Bernard Maret (1763–1839), created Duc de Bassano in
1809. Appointed Secretary of State, after the _coup d’état_ of 18
Brumaire, he succeeded Bourrienne as the Emperor’s secretary in 1804.
Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1811.
[181] The horses, which were taken from Venice in 1797 and were
restored in 1815, stood on the triumphal arch in the Carrousel.
[182] General Fitzpatrick.
[183] Lord Robert Spencer.
[184] Hon. Frederick Ponsonby (1785–1837), second son of Frederick,
third Earl of Bessborough. He became a Major-General and K.C.B., and
was Governor of Malta from 1826 till 1835. He married, in 1825, Emily,
daughter of the third Earl Bathurst.
[185] John Bernard Trotter (1775–1818), who accompanied Fox to assist
him in transcribing certain material for his _History of the Reign of
James II._ He became his private secretary in 1806, and published
_Memoirs_ of the later years of his chief’s life in 1811,
including an account of this visit to Paris.
[186] Washington George Louis, Marquis de la Fayette (1779–1849),
Washington’s godson, and a French deputy. La Fayette’s son-in-law, De
Lasteyrie, had finally to leave the army on account of the treatment he
received.
[187] Antoine François, Count Andréossy (1761–1828), grandson of the
maker of the Languedoc Canal. He was appointed Ambassador to England
early in 1802, but left upon the recommencement of war. He was
successively Ambassador at Vienna (1809), and at Constantinople (1812).
[188] Charles Ambroise de Caffarelli (1758–1826), born at Falga.
Originally a priest, he left the Church on the outbreak of the
Revolution, and after suffering imprisonment held several posts under
Napoleon. After the Restoration he again took up his ecclesiastical
duties. His brother, Louis, was a distinguished general, and had
already lost a leg when he joined the Egyptian expedition.
[189] Cyrus-Marie de Timburne-Timbronne, Comte de Valence (1757–1822).
He served under Dumouriez, but did not desert the French cause for the
Austrian. He sent in his resignation, however, shortly after, and came
to England. He returned to France after 18 Brumaire, and commanded a
division in Spain and Russia. He married a daughter of Madame de Genlis.
[190] Amédée-Bretagne-Malo de Durfort, Duc de Duras (1771–1838). He was
attached to the suite of Louis XVIII. when in exile, but returned to
France during the Consulate. He married Claire de Kersaint (1779–1828),
the well-known writer and friend of Chateaubriand.
[191] Trophime Gérard, Comte de Lally-Tollendal (1751–1830), the
legitimate son of Lally, of Indian fame, and Félicité Crafton. At
the outbreak of the Revolution he sided with the Third Estate, but
disgusted with excesses he went over to the Court party and was obliged
to fly to England. He returned to France after 18 Brumaire, and was
made a peer by Louis XVIII.
[192] Adélaïde Marie Filleul (1761–1836). She married the Comte de
Flahaut, who was more than three times her age, when eighteen. She went
abroad at the commencement of the Revolution, and after the Count’s
death on the scaffold, supported herself and her son by her pen. She
returned to France in 1798, and married, in 1802, the Portuguese
Minister in Paris, the Marquis de Souza-Botelho. Her novels are well
known, among the most celebrated being _Adèle de Sénanges_ and
_Emilie et Alphonse_.
Her son, Auguste Charles Joseph (1785–1870), served with distinction
in Napoleon’s wars, and resided outside France from 1815 to 1830.
Returning after the Revolution he held various high diplomatic posts,
and was Ambassador to England from 1860 to 1862. He married, in 1817,
Baroness Keith and Nairn, and one of his daughters married the fourth
Marquess of Lansdowne.
[193] René Louis, Marquis de Girardin (1735–1808), who distinguished
himself in the Seven Years’ War, and afterwards settled at
Ermenonville. There he gave an asylum to Rousseau, who died in his
house. He was fortunate in saving his life in the Terror, and left
France to return after the troubles were over.
[194] Jean Antoine Gallois (1761–1828), the friend of Cabanis. He
was made President of the Tribunate in 1802. He took but little part in
politics after 1814.
[195] André Morellet (1727–1819), French writer. Made a Senator in
1808.
[196] Louis Mathieu, Comte de Molé (1781–1855), who was imprisoned with
his father in 1794, but escaped death owing to his youth, and came to
England. He held various offices under Napoleon, and was continued in
his employment by Louis XVIII. He continued to take a leading part in
politics until 1851, and held several important posts.
[197] Giuseppe Acerbi (1773–1846), an Italian naturalist. His book was
first published in English. He was Austrian Consul-General in Egypt,
1826–36.
[198] Louis, Comte de Narbonne (1755–1813). He was son of one of
Princess Elizabeth’s ladies, possibly by Louis XV. At any rate he
was educated at the Court, and given a position in Madame Adélaïde’s
suite. He escorted the Princesses to Rome in 1791. After his return he
was made War Minister by Madame de Staël’s influence, but only held
the post three months. He fled abroad soon after, and did not return
till after 18 Brumaire. He offered his services to Napoleon, and was
variously employed by him until his death of typhus at Torgau.
[199] Octave Gabriel, Comte de Ségur (1778–1818), son of Louis
Philippe, Comte de Ségur, and Antoinette d’Aguesseau. He married his
first cousin, daughter of Henri Cardin d’Aguesseau. He showed great
literary promise, but drowned himself in the Seine in 1818.
His brother, Philippe Paul (1780–1873), gained much distinction by his
military services, and became a recognised writer on military history.
[200] Arnail François, Marquis de Jaucourt (1757–1852), born of a
Protestant family. He escaped death during the Terror and left France
in 1793. After his return in 1800 he became a Tribune and a Senator,
and later held several offices under Louis XVIII.
[201] Giambattista Casti (1721–1803). Born at Montefiasconi, he entered
the Church, but gave up a canonry at his native town to travel. He is
best known by his poems, and became Poet Laureate of Austria after the
death of Metastasio.
[202] Jean Baptiste Chevalier (1752–1836), secretary to the Ambassador
to Turkey, Comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, with whom he travelled in Asia
Minor in 1784–. He remained abroad during the Revolution, and on his
return was made keeper of the Sainte-Geneviève library.
[203] Casimir, Comte de Montrond (1768–1843). He was incarcerated
during the Terror, and met in prison Mlle. de Coigny (Duchesse de
Fleury), the _Jeune Captive_ of André Chénier, whom he soon
afterwards married. After his divorce he became the bosom friend of
Talleyrand, and was one of the best known men in French society until
obliged to fly the country in 1812 on account of intrigues against
Napoleon.
[204] Arcadi Ivanovitch Markoff, the favourite of Catherine II. He
was appointed Ambassador to Paris in 1801, but was recalled ere long
at the instance of Napoleon, who feared his diplomatic skill and
_finesse_. He held several other diplomatic posts, and died at a
great age.
[205] Perhaps Pierre Marie, Marquis de Grave (1755–1823), successor to
Narbonne as War Minister. He only held the post a few months, as he
was obliged to leave the country on account of his devotion to Louis.
Trotter says Madame Roland describes him in one of her works as ‘a
good-natured little man, unfit for an ordinary situation--rolling his
blue eyes and falling asleep over his coffee.’
[206] Edouard Dillon, son of Robert Dillon, and his second wife, Miss
Dicconson; one of a family of thirteen.
[207] Joseph François Talma (1763–1826), the friend of David. He was
educated as a dentist, and first went on the stage in 1787. He quite
overcame a certain thickness of speech and stiffness of manner, and was
later justly celebrated for the purity of his accent.
[208] Roch Amboise Sicard (1742–1822), the head of the Deaf and Dumb
Asylum in Paris initiated by the Abbé de l’Épée. The objective of this
institution, which still exists, has been to educate the inmates so as
to fit them to go out into the world and earn their own living.
[209] Possibly Antoine Henri Bertrand the sculptor. He worked for some
years in Italy with Canova.
[210] Charles de Noailles, afterwards Duc de Mouchy (1771–1834), eldest
son of Philippe de Noailles, Prince de Poix. He left France in 1792 and
came to England, where he remained till the Consulate. On his return he
continued his career in the army, and became Field-Marshal in 1815. He
was the bearer of the message from the Provisional Government in 1814
asking Louis XVIII. to return to France.
[211] With the battle of Austerlitz, late in 1805, ended all hope of a
successful European coalition against Napoleon. The wavering counsels
of the Prussian Cabinet were decided once and for all by the action
of their envoy, Haugwitz, who concluded a treaty with Napoleon upon
receipt of news of the battle. The Austrians had to take the best
terms they could obtain, and by the Treaty of Presburg, in December,
retired from the struggle bereft of their fairest provinces. Napoleon,
who had given the kingdom of Naples to his brother, Joseph, now turned
to make peace with England. He found Fox, the new Foreign Minister,
less pliant than he had hoped. The restitution of Hanover, which had
been handed over to Prussia a few months before, was insisted upon, as
well as the maintenance in Sicily of Ferdinand. To the former demand
Napoleon agreed, and seemed inclined to accede to the latter request,
until he found that the Russian envoy, d’Oubril, was prepared to throw
over England, and sign a separate treaty. He then changed his tone and
demanded the cession of Sicily to Joseph; but by so doing lost the
opportunity for peace with both countries, for the Czar repudiated
the preliminaries signed by d’Oubril, and Fox recalled his envoy from
Paris. The failure of these negotiations put an end for the moment to
Napoleon’s designs on Portugal. A large portion of the French army
never actually reached Bayonne, but was elsewhere employed against the
Prussians. Lord St. Vincent remained with his fleet at Lisbon until it
was evident that the danger of an invasion of Portugal was past; and a
large force of troops, under Lord Rosslyn, who had been assembled at
Plymouth to await eventualities, was at the same time disbanded.
[212] Three months (_Annual Register_ for 1806, Chapter ix.).
[213] Francis Charles, Earl of Yarmouth (1777–1842), eldest son of
Francis, second Marquess of Hertford, whom he succeeded in the titles
in 1822. He married, in 1798, Maria Fagniani. He had been one of those
English who were detained in France after the rupture of the peace
of Amiens. He was released early in June owing to Fox’s personal
intervention, and was a bearer of a verbal message from Talleyrand
to him on the subject of peace. As it was necessary to keep these
communications secret, and as Lord Yarmouth’s return to his family
in France would not in any way excite attention, Fox sent him back
to Paris with orders to conduct the subsequent negotiations with the
French Government.
[214] Talleyrand first offered the Hanse Towns.
[215] Adam Georges Czartoriski (1770–1861). He was first brought to
Petersburg as a hostage, but gained the Emperor’s friendship, and was
made Foreign Minister at his accession. The views he held were liberal
and enlightened, and every influence he possessed over his master was
for the best. Despairing, however, of carrying out his schemes he
resigned in 1807, but still retained the Emperor’s ear.
[216] James, second Earl of Rosslyn (1762–1837), nephew of the Lord
Chancellor, whom he succeeded in 1805. He had already served in
Portugal, 1796–9, as second-in-command to Sir Charles Stuart.
[217] The Russian Ambassador in England.
[218] Lord Holland in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_ maintained
his entire disbelief in these rumours.
[219] Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke (1765–1818), afterwards created
Duc de Feltre. He was War Minister 1807–13, and held the same post
under Louis XVIII. in 1815. It was said of him, ‘C’est l’homme d’épée
qui doit le plus à sa plume.’
[220] The town of Gaeta was besieged by the French under Masséna, and
capitulated before the Neapolitan and English forces, fresh from their
victory at Maida, were able to intervene. By this capture, Masséna’s
army of 18,000 was freed to make common cause with Regnier against the
Calabrians, and as all hope of success in that quarter was thereby
removed, Sir John Stuart withdrew his troops to Sicily.
[221] Manuel de Godoy (1767–1851), Prime Minister of Spain. He obtained
this title from having concluded the peace with France in 1795.
[222] Spanish Ambassador in Paris.
[223] Lord Howick was First Lord of the Admiralty, and Lord Henry Petty
Chancellor of the Exchequer.
[224] Ali Pacha, vizier of Janina (1744–1822), son of an Albanian
chief. He made his name by cruelty and brigandage, and was appointed
Governor of Trikala by the Turks for his assistance against Russia. He
allied himself to Napoleon in 1797, and again in 1807, but went over
to the English after the treaty of Tilsit. He made himself practically
independent of the Turks, who decided to rid themselves of him, and
having taken him prisoner, treacherously put him to death.
[225] Two important points were at issue between England and the United
States, and popular excitement had risen to such a pitch in the latter
country that a non-importation order had been issued against British
goods, to take effect on November 15. The first ground of complaint was
the right claimed by England of searching and taking deserters out of
American ships; the second, the practice of seizing ships engaged in
the carrying trade between France and her colonies, although they had
touched at a neutral port.
[226] James Monroe (1758–1831) who took a leading part in the war of
Secession and sat in the United States Senate from 1790 to 1794. He was
then sent as Ambassador to Paris, but was recalled two years later. He
was again sent there in 1802, and was employed for some years in London
and Madrid. He returned to America after the refusal of Jefferson
to ratify this treaty. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1811,
and was elected President in 1816, a post which he retained until he
retired from public life in 1825. He was the author of the message
to Congress in 1823, embodying the principles known as the ‘Monroe
doctrine.’
[227] William Pinkney (1764–1822), an Englishman by birth, who gained
distinction in the legal profession. He was first sent to London in
1796 by Washington and added diplomacy to his other employments. Going
back to America in 1804 he returned to England two years later, and
remained as Minister till 1811. He was Attorney-General of the United
States for three years, and was Minister to Russia for a short time.
[228] The latter was taken ill on the journey, returned immediately to
England, and died a few days after his arrival.
[229] The correspondence relating to these negotiations is given in the
_Annual Register_ for 1806.
[230] ‘His tenacity about the _uti possidetis_, and his frequent
recurrence to that phrase, led Napoleon to reproach him with an
adherence to “des formules Latines,” which to those well acquainted
with the nature of Lauderdale’s acquirements in classical phraseology
was diverting enough.’ (_Memoirs of the Whig Party_).
[231] Comte de Montrond. See _ante_, ii. 159.
[232] Baron André Jakovlevitch Budberg (1750–1812).
[233] Ambassador to Russia, 1804–06, and again in 1807.
[234] Jerome Bonaparte’s ship, the _Veteran_, was one of Admiral
Villaumez’s fleet, now France’s sole hope on the high seas. Originally
detailed for the Cape of Good Hope, Villaumez had crossed over to the
West Indies on hearing of the capture of the African settlement by the
English. He was unable to elude the vigilance of Sir Thomas Cochrane,
and three squadrons under the command respectively of Sir John Borlase
Warren, Sir Richard Strachan, and Admiral Louis were despatched to
confront him. Villaumez seeing that his fleet could not hope to escape
_en masse_, gave the order for his ships to separate. Only one
however, was successful in regaining France safely, and Jerome was only
able to save his crew and guns by running his ship ashore on the coast
of France. Sir John Warren’s fleet was despatched with exemplary haste,
but lost several days at Spithead owing to contrary winds. To this
delay Mr. Allen, in the _Annual Register_ for 1806, attributes the
escape of Villaumez’s squadron.
Sir John Borlase Warren (1753–1822), son of John Borlase Warren, of
Stapleford, Nottinghamshire. He entered the Navy in 1771, and saw much
service. He became Rear Admiral in 1799, and was sent to Russia in 1802
to compliment Alexander on his accession.
[235] Mr. Fox had been lent Chiswick House by the Duke of Devonshire,
and was moved there at the end of July.
[236] Near Malmesbury, in Wilts.