[55] Duchess of Leinster.
[56] William Gifford (1756–1826), a friend of Canning and editor of the
_Anti-Jacobin or Weekly Examiner_. He was subsequently editor of
the _Quarterly Review_ from its commencement in 1809 until 1824.
[57] Charles Nevison, Viscount Andover (1775–1800), eldest son of
John, fifteenth Earl of Suffolk. He married, in 1796, Jane Elizabeth,
daughter of Thomas William Coke, afterwards created Earl of Leicester.
[58] Lords Morpeth, Granville Leveson-Gower, Boringdon, Duke of
Bedford.
[59] Don Raymond della Massa.
[60] Hon. Charles Kinnaird (1780–1826), eldest son of George, seventh
Baron Kinnaird. He succeeded his father in 1805, and married the
following year Lady Olivia Fitzgerald, youngest daughter of William
Robert, second Duke of Leinster. He sat in the House of Commons for
Leominster from 1802 to 1805.
[61] The subject of this correspondence was a remark of Lord Kenyon in
June 1799, when in dealing with a case, Host _v._ Whalley, he mentioned
that General Fitzpatrick had lost 400_l._ or 500_l._ in a gaming house,
which he refused to pay, and animadverted somewhat severely on his
conduct. General Fitzpatrick, in his first letter, dated August 27,
1799, denied that these were the true facts. He stated his reasons
for refusing to discharge his debt for the present to Mr. Martindale,
an undischarged bankrupt, and informed him that he had the latter’s
sanction to the course he was taking. He said he hoped, therefore,
that Lord Kenyon would take an early opportunity of correcting his
statement, but as he did not do so, he wrote again, on January 20, that
his only course was to publish his letters. These appeared in the _True
Briton_, March 5, 1800.
[62] Sir Archibald Macdonald, Chief Baron of the Exchequer.
[63] Sylvester Douglas (1743–1823), created Lord Glenbervie in 1800.
[64] Jacques Etienne Macdonald (1765–1840), one of Napoleon’s generals;
made a Marshal, and created Duke of Tarento, after Wagram.
[65] Benedetto Menzini (1646–1704), Italian poet and satirist.
[66] Louis Léon de Brancas, Duc de Lauragais (1733–1824), French
_savant_ and writer.
[67] The island was captured by the English in 1655.
[68] The Royal Institution, founded in March 1799 by Count Rumford,
Sir Joseph Banks, and others. It was incorporated January 13, 1800, by
royal charter.
[69] Horne Tooke opposed Fox and Sir Alan Gardner at Westminster in the
election of 1796, and was returned at the bottom of the poll. He was
ordained in 1760, at his father’s bidding, but did very little clerical
duty. After he obtained a seat in Parliament for Old Sarum in 1801, a
bill was brought in by Addington declaring the ineligibility of clergy.
This was passed, but Tooke was allowed to retain his seat until the end
of that Parliament.
[70] Charles François de Riffardeau, Marquis de Rivière (1763–1828).
He left France with the Comte d’Artois, but returning was implicated
in the Cadoudal conspiracy in 1804, and was condemned to death. The
sentence was commuted by Napoleon to perpetual imprisonment, and it
was not until the Restoration that he regained his liberty. He was
Ambassador at Constantinople from 1816 to 1820.
[71] Sir Benjamin Hobhouse (1757–1831), son of John Hobhouse, of
Bristol, and father of John Cam Hobhouse, created Lord Broughton. He
sat in Parliament from 1797 until 1818, and was made a Baronet in 1812.
[72] The Duc de la Rochefoucauld was killed in 1792 by the
revolutionaries at Gisors. The Duc de Liancourt was his first cousin.
[73] Claude Carloman de Rulhière (1735–1791), a French writer, was
aide-de-camp to the Maréchal de Richelieu for some years.
[74] _His History of James II._, which was published, after his
death, in 1808, with a preface by Lord Holland. Lord Brougham, in his
_Statesmen of the time of George III._, says of his writings,
‘The practice of composition seems never to have been familiar to
Mr. Fox.... His _History_ shows the same want of expertness in
composition. The style is pure and correct, but cold and lifeless;
it is even somewhat abrupt and discontinuous, so little does it flow
naturally or with ease.’
[75] Rev. Francis North (1772–1861), afterwards sixth Earl of Guilford.
He was eldest son of the Hon. Brownlow North and Henrietta Maria,
daughter of John Bannister. His father held successively the sees of
Lichfield (1771), Worcester (1774), and Winchester (1781), and died
in 1820. Mr. North married, in 1798, Esther, daughter of Rev. John
Harrison, who died childless in 1823. He married, secondly, in 1826,
Harriet, daughter of Lieut.-General Sir Henry Warde, G.C.B. On the
death of his cousin Frederick, fifth Earl of Guilford, in 1827, who
never married, he succeeded to the earldom.
[76] John Courtenay (1741–1816), son of William Courtenay. He was
private secretary to Lord Townshend in Ireland, and was returned by him
in 1780 for Tamworth, for which place he sat until 1796. From that year
until 1807 he was member for Appleby.
[77] The Royal Institution.
[78] Joseph Stock (1740–1813), appointed Bishop of Killala in 1798,
and transferred to Waterford and Lismore in 1810. Lord Holland, in
his _Memoirs of the Whig Party_, states that this pamphlet was
supposed to have interfered with his chances of promotion.
[79] Holland House.
[80] Henry Rich (1590–1649), second son of Robert, Earl of Warwick,
and his wife Penelope Rich (the ‘Stella’ of Sir Philip Sidney). A
favourite with James I., he was, in 1623, created Baron Kensington,
having married Isabel, daughter and heiress of Sir Walter Cope, who had
built what was then called Cope Castle in 1607. There was probably a
house near, if not on the same site, but this was removed in order to
make way for Sir Walter’s mansion, erected from designs of John Thorpe.
Rich was raised to an earldom in 1624. Lady Holland has somewhat
exaggerated his intimacy with the Queen, but he certainly owed his
rapid advancement at Court greatly to her favour after James’ death.
[81] Sir James Mackintosh, in a fragment of a _History of Holland
House_, preserved among the MSS., says that Van Dyke lived there for
about two years. He produces no authority, however, for this statement,
nor is the fact referred to in any recent biography of the great
painter.
[82] This picture, as well as that of his brother, Robert, Earl of
Warwick, now belongs to the Hon. Mrs. Baillie Hamilton, a granddaughter
of the first Marquess of Breadalbane, at Langton, Duns. Lady Mary
Rich, daughter of Lord Holland, married, in 1657, Sir John Campbell,
of Glenorchy, who was created Earl of Breadalbane and Holland in 1681.
Lady Holland is, however, mistaken in her description of the picture.
Lord Warwick is in court dress, while Lord Holland wears the leather
doublet and steel breast-plate of the period.
[83] These passages are not from Clarendon. They both are quoted in
Faulkner’s _History of Kensington_, published in 1820. The latter
of them is there said to be taken from a journal of the time, the
_Perfect Diurnal_.
[84] Henry, Earl of Holland’s elder brother, Robert, became second Earl
of Warwick in 1618. On his death in 1658 the title passed in succession
to his sons Robert and Charles. The latter died in 1673, and leaving
no male issue the earldom passed to his cousin Robert, second Earl
of Holland, who had succeeded his father in 1649. He died two years
later, and both titles passed to his son Edward, who married Charlotte,
daughter of Sir Thomas Middleton (afterwards wife of Addison), while
his daughter married Francis Edwardes of Haverfordwest. Edward, Earl
of Holland and Warwick, died in 1701, and was succeeded by his only
son Edward Henry, above mentioned. On his death, unmarried, in 1721,
the properties passed to William Edwardes, his first cousin, who was
created Baron Kensington in 1776, while the earldoms reverted to a
distant cousin, at whose death the titles became extinct.
[85] Horace Walpole, in a letter to George Montagu (May 16, 1759),
writes, ‘Unluckily, he died of brandy.’
[86] ‘In 1749 it was let on lease, at a rent of 182_l._
16_s._ 9_d._, to Henry Fox, first Lord Holland, who bought it
in 1767’ (Princess Liechtenstein’s _Holland House_).
[87] Lady Georgina Caroline Fox, created Baroness Holland in 1762, was
Charles, second Duke of Richmond’s eldest daughter. She died in 1774,
twenty-three days after her husband’s death.
[88] Sister of Sir Lionel Copley and of Lord Abercorn’s first wife,
who died in 1791. Her second brother, Joseph, who succeeded to the
baronetcy on Sir Lionel’s death in 1806, ran away with and married Lord
Abercorn’s second wife.
[89] Lady Ann’s brother, who succeeded his father in 1809 as third Earl
of Arran (1761–1837).
[90] Lord Archibald Hamilton’s sister, and eldest daughter of
Archibald, ninth Duke of Hamilton. The marriage took place on June 24.
She died in 1827. Her youngest sister, Susan, married, in 1803, George,
fifth Earl of Dunmore.
[91] Lord Auckland was Chief Secretary in Ireland under Lord Carlisle,
but was included in Lord Shelburne’s Government of 1783, and went out
of office with Pitt, to whom he attached himself.
[92] The treaty of El Arish was concluded in January. By it the French
troops were to be allowed to return to France, without any stipulation
as to their non-employment in the future. This was directly contrary
to the instructions of the British Government, which only reached Sir
Sidney Smith after the conclusion of the peace. The Ministers, however,
on hearing that his word was pledged, assented to the Articles, but
meanwhile the French victory at Heliopolis over the Turks made them
disinclined to accept terms, and the fighting was renewed.
[93] Charles, Lord Whitworth (1752–1825), Minister Extraordinary at St.
Petersburg from 1788 till 1800. He was raised to the peerage at Paul’s
own special request, but before the news of the honour arrived the Czar
had quarrelled with him and dismissed him from his dominions.
[94] Paul’s views on the European question underwent a radical change
soon after Napoleon’s accession to the Consulate. He conceived a great
admiration for the conqueror of Italy, and this feeling was fostered by
the latter’s action in restoring him 7000 Russian soldiers, clothed in
new uniforms, whom the English had refused to include in a cartel of
exchange. Instead of the ally he suddenly became the active opponent of
England and Austria, seized all British ships in his ports, and ordered
Lord Whitworth to retire to Riga.
[95] Grey in his speech disclaimed the fact that the object of his
motion was the reform of Parliament, though he owned he wished it was
so. As, however, this was impracticable he wished only to try to keep
Parliament in its present state.
[96] John Gale Jones (1769–1838), a Radical politician of the advanced
school, though by profession a surgeon.
[97] Fox, in a letter to Lord Holland, dated March 1798 (_Memorials
and Correspondence_), says: ‘With regard to secession (that is
_declared_ secession) I confess I do not like it as a measure,
but I believe the Duke of Bedford does. I should dislike to a degree
I cannot express to attend again myself: ... but I am so far from
wishing others to do the same, that I even wish for occasions when you
and others may have opportunity of attending.’ Again, on October 21,
he writes: ‘The Duke of Bedford, who is here, confirms what you say
of Grey’s intention to attend occasionally, and I shall not be at all
sorry to find myself the sole seceder.’
[98] Lord Holland points out in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_
that this was the first motion in the House of Lords on a subject which
finally received the assent of Parliament in 1829. The motion was not
directly negatived, but the debate was concluded by Lord Boringdon, who
moved the previous question.
[99] A bill on this subject was brought in by Lord Auckland in April,
but was dropped after passing the second reading. The same gentleman
introduced a new Bill on May 16, which passed through the House of
Lords, though on third reading the figures were only 77 to 69. It was
also read twice in the House of Commons, but was thrown out on a motion
that it should be considered in Committee. The first was to prohibit
the intermarriage of the offending parties. The second contained an
additional clause making the offenders liable to imprisonment and fine.
[100]
From every latent foe,
From the assassin’s blow,
God save the King!
O’er him thine arm extend,
For Britain’s sake defend
Our father, prince, and friend,
God save the King!
[101] Mr. William Fawkener, clerk to the Privy Council, and eldest son
of Sir Everard Fawkener, a London merchant.
[102] Philip, fifth Earl of Chesterfield (1755–1815), son of Arthur
Stanhope, Esq., of Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, succeeded his relation
and godfather, the celebrated politician and wit, in 1773. His former
tutor, Dr. William Dodd (1729–1777), whom he appointed to the living
of Wing, forged his name in 1777 for a bond of 4200_l._ Dodd
was arrested, and notwithstanding great efforts made to save him, he
suffered the supreme penalty of the law.
[103] Duke of Sussex. He had married Lady Augusta Murray secretly in
1793.
[104] He was acquitted, upon the grounds of insanity, and was ordered
to be confined for the remainder of his life.
[105] J. D. Carlyle (1759–1804), appointed Chancellor of Carlisle in
1793. He accompanied Lord Elgin’s mission to Constantinople as chaplain.
[106] Masséna was forced to capitulate on June 4, but the delay had
given Bonaparte necessary time to cross the passes while Melas and his
Austrians were still busily engaged at Genoa. Part of the French army
of the Rhine was also liberated by Moreau’s successes over Knay, near
Ulm, and French reinforcements poured into Italy by the Simplon and St.
Gothard. Melas, probably unaware of the new arrivals, turned to defend
himself against Bonaparte, but was signally defeated on June 14 at
Marengo.
[107] Count Semen Vorontzoff was appointed Russian Ambassador in
London, 1784, and remained there until 1806. He obtained permission
from his Government to continue to reside there after his official
connection with England had ceased, and died in 1832 at the age of
eighty-nine.
[108] The Duke of Clarence used these quotations in a speech in
the House of Lords on the Divorce Bill. The sermon referred to was
delivered in 1795 by Samuel Horsley, Bishop of Rochester. The reason
for the Duke’s reference was to oppose the arguments which the Bishop
used on that occasion to his statements made on the Bill. Samuel
Horsley (1733–1806) was appointed Bishop of St. David’s in 1788, was
transferred to the see of Rochester in 1793, and to that of St. Asaph
in 1802.
[109] Georgina Elizabeth, second daughter of George, fourth Viscount
Torrington, who married Lord John Russell (afterwards sixth Duke of
Bedford) in 1786, and died in 1801, leaving three sons, one of whom
was the celebrated statesman, Lord John Russell. Her husband succeeded
his brother in the dukedom in 1802. He was born in 1766, and married,
secondly, in 1803, Georgina, daughter of Alexander, fourth Duke of
Gordon. He held the post of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1806–7, and
died in 1839.
[110] Lady Georgina Dorothy Cavendish, eldest daughter of William,
fifth Duke of Devonshire, and Georgina, daughter of John, Earl Spencer.
She married Lord Morpeth in 1801, and died in 1858.
[111] Sir William Scott (1745–1836), created Lord Stowell in 1821. He
practised in the Admiralty and Ecclesiastical Courts, and was appointed
Judge of the Consistory Court in 1788, Master of the Faculties in 1790,
and Judge of the High Court of Admiralty in 1798.
[112] Grey married, in 1794, Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of William
Brabazon, first Baron Ponsonby, of Imokilly. She died in 1861. His
eldest sister, Elizabeth, married Samuel Whitbread in 1789. The latter
(1758–1815) was only son of Samuel Whitbread, of Southill, Beds. He was
elected as member for Bedford in 1790, and sat in Parliament until his
death by his own hand in 1815.
[113] Magistrate at Bow Street. He retired on a pension the following
year.
[114] Charles Abbot (1757–1829). He first entered Parliament in 1795,
and was made Speaker in 1802. He retired in 1816, and was then created
Baron Colchester.
The Bill was the result of a Committee appointed by Pitt in 1797,
with Abbot as chairman. It was designed to put an end to the habit,
prevalent in the preceding century, of persons in high office placing
the public moneys to their own account and appropriating to their
own use the interest which thus accrued. It was not even considered
necessary to refund the capital sum at the expiration of their term of
office, when the accounts were closed, and the matter was allowed to
drag on, as in the Hollands’ case, until it was found convenient to pay
off the whole.
The monies were outstanding from Lord Holland’s grandfather’s (Henry
Fox, first Lord Holland) Paymastership. The practice was looked on
as a right, though certain statesmen of the time--the Pitts and
others--refused to benefit by it, and thereby obtained the praise and
increased confidence of the public. The retrospective clauses were not
finally included in the Bill.
[115] George O’Brien, third Earl of Egremont (1751–1837), the
well-known connoisseur and patron of the fine arts, who succeeded to
the title in 1763.
[116] By her grandfather Florentius Vassall’s will the property was to
be equally divided among all her sons at her death.
[117] John Lens (1756–1825), became a Serjeant-at-law in 1799, and
King’s Serjeant in 1806.
[118] On him and his share in the quarrel between Lord Carlisle and
Lord Kenyon.
[119] He was appointed Louis XV.’s doctor in 1731.
[120] Joan, daughter and co-heiress of Major-General Scott, of
Balcomie, co. Fife. She was created Viscountess Canning in 1828, after
her husband’s death, and died in 1837.
[121] John Millar (1735–1801). He accepted a professorship in law at
Glasgow in 1761. His lectures on civil law and jurisprudence were
renowned. He was strongly inclined to Whiggism, and favoured the
principles of the French Revolution, though detesting the excesses
which afterwards arose in that country.
[122] Mr. Fox, writing of Lord Henry in 1802, says, ‘I never did see
a young man I liked half so much. Whatever disappointments Lansdown
may have had in public life, and of a still more sensible kind in Lord
Wycombe, he must be very unreasonable if he does not consider them all
compensated in Lord Henry.’
[123] Mme. de Staël mentions Bonaparte’s visit to her father in her
_Considérations sur la Révolution française_, but does not allude
to having seen him herself. Bourrienne quotes Napoleon’s opinion of
her: ‘I do not like women who make men of themselves, any more than I
like effeminate men.... I cannot endure that woman: for one reason,
that I cannot bear women who make a set at me, and God knows how often
she has tried to cajole me!’
[124] Charles, third Earl Stanhope (1753–1816), an outspoken admirer of
the doctrines of the French Revolution, and a social reformer of a most
advanced type.
[125] Mrs. Warren Hastings, the divorced wife of Baron Imhoff. She
married Hastings in 1777.
[126] Edward Law (1750–1818), created Lord Chief Justice and Baron
Ellenborough in 1802.
[127] John, sixth Earl of Stair (1749–1821), only son of John, fifth
Earl of Stair, and Miss Middleton, daughter of George Middleton,
Esq. He succeeded his father in the earldom in 1789. He was Minister
Plenipotentiary in Poland, 1782, and to Berlin, 1785.
[128] Sheridan’s second wife, whom he married in 1795--Esther Jane,
daughter of Newton Ogle, Dean of Winchester.
[129] A note in the _Annual Register_ for 1800, dated May 7,
states that the Duke, having disposed of the materials of Bedford
House, ordered a sale of the contents. A list of the most valuable of
these is given.
Russell and Bloomsbury Squares, connected by Bedford Place, were
erected on the site of the house and gardens. The idea of a statue of
Lord Russell was not carried out, but in Russell Square a statue of the
Duke himself, by Sir Richard Westmacott, erected in 1809, now stands
facing Bedford Place. At the other end, in Bloomsbury Square, is a
bronze one of Charles James Fox by the same sculptor.
[130] William V., the last Stadtholder, who left Holland in 1795 when
the Batavian Republic was declared, and died in 1806. His son was
restored as King in 1813.
[131] Henry Webster, her son.
[132] Sir Thomas Maitland (_d._ 1824) a brother of Lord
Lauderdale. He was in command of the troops in this expedition, with
local rank of major-general, while the naval force was under Sir
Edward Pellew. The peninsula of Quiberon was attacked and forts on it
captured, but nothing decisive was achieved.
[133] John William, Viscount Duncannon (1781–1847), eldest son of
Frederick, third Earl of Bessborough, and Henrietta, daughter of John,
Earl Spencer. He succeeded to the titles on his father’s death in 1844.
[134] Jean François Bourgoing (1748–1811), appointed Minister at
Copenhagen in 1799.
[135] As soon as Napper Tandy took refuge at Hamburg in 1798, Lord
Grenville summoned the Senate to hand him over to the British
representative on the charge of high treason. After some delay he was
sent to England, and was tried early in 1800. He was acquitted on one
charge, but was condemned to death on a second. The sentence was never
carried out, and he was released in 1802. His surrender, however, cost
the Senate dear, for Bonaparte fined the city four and a half million
francs, for their action in handing over an individual who claimed to
be a French subject.
[136] Perhaps the adventurer, James George Semple, alias Semple Lisle,
the son of an exciseman, who lived an adventurous life on the Continent
and in England, where he was several times sentenced to imprisonment
for fraudulent transactions. It is stated in the _Dictionary of
National Biography_ that the last thing known of him is in 1799,
when he was still in confinement in Tothill Fields prison.
[137] Thomas Holcroft (1745–1809), the dramatist and novelist. His best
play, _The Road to Ruin_, was first performed at Covent Garden
in 1792. He was indicted of high treason in 1794, but was acquitted.
He left England in 1799, owing to want of money, but only stayed in
Hamburg a short time. He then went to Paris for two years, and died in
England.
[138] Charles Maclean, writer on politics and on medical subjects. He
spent the best years of his life in India in the service of the East
India Company.
[139] Henriette de Sercey, Mme. de Genlis’ niece (‘_A Circe_,’
according to Miss Burney), and companion on her visit to England in
1791, married M. Mathiessen at Hamburg in 1795 or 1796.
[140] Lady Edward Fitzgerald.
[141] Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge (1774–1850), and
father of the late Duke of Cambridge. He was educated at Göttingen, and
served in the Hanoverian army until 1804.
[142] Ahlden.
[143] The heiress was Lady Elizabeth Percy, daughter of the eleventh
Earl of Northumberland. She was married at the age of eleven to the
Earl of Ogle, son of the Duke of Newcastle, who died the following
year. When fourteen her mother married her to Mr. Thynne, of Longleat,
in order to preserve her from Königsmark, who was trying to marry her.
As Thynne refused to fight a duel with a friend of Königsmark, who was
put up to pick a quarrel with him, his assassination, while driving
in Pall Mall, was arranged and duly carried out. In the ensuing trial
Königsmark was acquitted of complicity, but had to fly the country.
[144] Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He was
born in 1735, and married, in 1764, Princess Augusta, sister of George
III. He was killed at the battle of Auerstadt in 1806. Their daughter,
Caroline, married George IV. The Duchess returned to England in 1807,
after the death of her husband, and died in 1813.