=Fieldhand.= } Ex.
=Millionnaire.= }
A fieldhand is a labourer who lives by the sweat of his brow, and eats
not what he does not earn. A Millionnaire is at the opposite pole, and
can have a superabundance of all things. It is a case of opposition.
_Where two ideas pertain to one and the same idea, but occupy opposite
relations in regard to it, it is a case of Exclusion._ The means of
subsistence is the common idea and Fieldhand and Millionnaire occupy
opposite positions in respect to that idea. Other examples: "Upper,
Under;" "Above, Beneath;" "Before, After;" "Entrance, Exit;" "Appear,
Vanish;" "Cheap, Dear;" "Empty, Full;" "Col. Ingersoll, Talmage;"
"Washington, Arnold;" "Minnehaha, Minneboohoo."
=Millionnaire.= } Ex.
=Pauper.= }
Here is opposition between millionnaire and pauper. It is a case of Ex.
Other examples: "Superfluity, Scarcity;" "Fertile, Barren;" "Sorrow,
Happiness;" "Straight, Crooked;" "Irregular, Circle;" "Prompt, Tardy;"
"Liberal, Stingy;" "Wide, Narrow;" "Open, Shut;" "Inclusion, Exclusion;"
"Beginning, End;" "Industry, Idleness;" "Addition, Subtraction;"
"Infernal, Celestial;" "Cellar, Garret;" "Miser, Spend-thrift;"
"Assimilation, Learning by _rote_," &c.
=Pauper.= } Ex.
=Wealth.= }
Here is the extreme of opposition. The state or condition of destitution
of the pauper is contrasted with the state or condition of being over
supplied. Other examples: "Insufficient, Enough;" "Work, Play;" "Crying,
Laughing;" "Awkward, Graceful;" "In, Out;" "East, West;" "North, South;"
"Saint, Sinner;" "Fast, Slow," &c.
=WEALTH.= } In. by S. & s.
=CommonWEALTH.= }
If "Wealth" is taken as "Private" or individual, and "Commonwealth" be
taken in its derivative sense, as "wealth in common," or, the "public
wealth," then this would be a case of Exclusion. If "Wealth" is taken
as the condition of great abundance, and "Commonwealth" as the political
body, known as a State, then this is a case of Inclusion by sight, or by
sound, the word "wealth" belonging to both alike.
=COMMONwealth.= } Ex.
=UNcommon.= }
Considering "Common" in relation with "Uncommon" we have Exclusion. In
the previous pair, we used wealth of commonwealth to make a relation
with the simple word wealth. Here we use the first two syllables of the
word to contrast with _un_common.
=Uncommon.= } Syn. Inclusion.
=Rare.= }
These words are nearly _alike in meaning_. Other examples: "Choice,
Preference;" "Resolute, Determined;" "Economical, Frugal;" "Ugly,
Ill-looking;" "Insane, Mad;" "Lie, Untruth;" "Reliable, Trustworthy;"
"Air, Atmosphere;" "Resident, Dweller," etc.
=Rare.= } Ex.
=Well done.= }
This pair requires careful notice. "Rare" with reference to "Uncommon"
means _unusual_, _seldom met_, or _unfrequent_; but considered in
reference to "well done," it means _partially cooked_ or _underdone_.
This, then, is a clear case of Exclusion. Other examples: "Men whose
heads do grow beneath their shoulders, and men whose shoulders do grow
beneath their heads;" "Cushion, Mule's Hoof;" "Ungoverned, Henpecked;"
"Bed of Ease, Hornet's Nest;" "Waltz, Breakdown."
=Well done.= } Ex.
=Badly done.= }
A clear case of Exclusion. They are both "done," but one is done "well,"
and the other "badly done," or the opposite of well.
=Badly done.= } Ex.
=Good.= }
A relation is sometimes found between one word and a part of another
word or phrase. Here "Bad" is the opposite of "Good."
=Good.= } In. by G. & S.
=Good Princess.= }
"Good" covers all cases, whatsoever, of its kind, but "Good Princess" is
a particular kind of species of good things or persons. Examples:
"Snake, Copperhead;" "Spider, Tarantula;" "Horse, Dray horse," etc.
Now carefully read over the eleven words, and _recall_ or ascertain the
relations between them:
Fieldhand.
Millionnaire.
Pauper.
Wealth.
Commonwealth.
Uncommon.
Rare.
Well done.
Badly done.
Good.
Good Princess.
When you have _carefully realised the relations_ between these words,
lay aside the lesson and recall the entire series from memory,
proceeding from Fieldhand to Good Princess, and back from Good Princess
to Fieldhand. Do this five times--_each time from memory and more
rapidly than before_.
Again, repeat from memory, at least five times, the series from Building
to Good Princess, and back from Good Princess to Building, reciting as
fast as possible each time.