=Building.= } In. by G. & S.
=Dwelling.= }
If we examine the _meaning_ of these two words--Building and Dwelling,
we find that both indicate _structures made by man_. This idea is
_common_ to both. Now when we find that two words express the same
thought, either completely or partially, we say that it is a case of
Inclusion, because the pair of words contains or includes the same idea.
Inclusion is the first law of memory.
There are several kinds of Inclusion. What variety have we here? Let us
see. Building applies to many kinds of structures; _house_, _stable_,
_church_, _depot_, _store_, etc. It is applicable to all of these in a
general way, but it designates none of them. But dwelling means a
_special_ kind of structure--_a building occupied by man_--a place to
live in. This pair of words therefore illustrates Inclusion by Genus and
Species, indicated by the abridgement, In. G. & S. or simply by In.
Other examples: "Planet, Mars;" "Mountain, Vesuvius;" "River,
Mississippi;" "Building Material, Potsdam Sandstone;" "Fruit, Peaches."
We may for convenience include in this class, cases of the Genus and the
_Individual_ as "Man and George Washington;" "Judge, Hon. John Gibson;"
"New Yorker, Hon. W. W. Astor;" and cases of Species and the Individual,
as, "Frenchman and Guizot;" "American, Abraham Lincoln." And also
Co-equal Species under a common Genus, as under "Receiver" we may
include "Can" and "Bin"--under carnivorous birds we may include the
Eagle and the Hawk. "Head-Covering, Hat, Cap;" "Hand-covering, Gloves,
Mittens;" "Foot-covering, Boot, Shoe."
=Dwelling.= } Synonymous In.
=House.= }
_Inhabitability by man_ is the thought common to both of these words.
Being _nearly alike_ in meaning, we call them a case of Synonymous
Inclusion, indicated by "Syn. In." Other cases: "Near, Close to;"
"Likeness, Resemblance;" "Lift, Raise;" "Meaning, Signification;" "John,
Jack;" "James, Jim;" "Elizabeth, Bessy;" "Margaret, Maggy;" "Gertrude,
Gertie;" "Ellen, Nellie."
=House.= } In. by Whole & Part.
=Parlor.= }
Another case of Inclusion. House is the whole containing as it does
the _parlor_, _dining-room_, _kitchen_, _bedroom_, etc. Parlor is a
_part_ of the whole house. Hence this pair of words illustrates
Inclusion by Whole & Part designated by In. W. & P., or merely by In. We
may include in this class for convenience _the material and the product_
as "Bureau, Oak;" "Tower, Brick;" "Harness, Leather." Other cases:
"Wagon, Wheel;" "Razor, Blade;" "Table, Legs;" "United States of North
America, New York;" "State, County;" "City, Street;" "Bird, Feathers;"
"Year, Month;" "Week, Sunday;" "Engine, Boiler;" "100, 50;" "10, 5," &c.
=PARlor.= } In. by S. & s.
=PARtridge.= }
Here we see that there is nothing in common in the _meaning_ of the
words, but there is the syllable "Par" belonging to both alike. It is
the same in _spelling_ in both words, and virtually the same in
_pronunciation_, the same by Sight and by sound, represented by In. by
capital S for In. by sight, and In. by small s for In. by sound, or
merely by In. Examples: "Nice, Gneiss;" "Pole, Polarity;"
"Popular, Popgun;" "Jeffer_son_, Madi_son_."
=Partridge.= } In. by W. & P.
=Feathers.= }
Partridge is the name of the bird and feathers constitute _part_ of the
Partridge. Other cases: "Coat, Buttons;" "Elephant, Trunk;"
"Bottle, Neck;" "Pen, Nib;" "South Africa, Cape Colony."
=Feathers.= } In. by A. & C.
=Light.= }
Feathers are _things_ perceived by touch and sight. They imply the
quality of _lightness_, but say nothing about that quality. Light has
several meanings. Here taken in connection with feathers, it means
nearly destitute of weight, or the quality of lightness. It is an
abstract term that describes an attribute, but feathers are things and
therefore concrete. Hence the pair of words illustrate Inclusion by
Abstract and Concrete, and is indicated by In. by A. and C., or merely
by In. Other examples: "Sour, Vinegar;" "Sweet, Sugar;" "Coward, Fear;"
"Swiftness, Express train," &c.
=LIGHT.= } In. by S. & s.
=LIGHTerman.= }
As before remarked, "Light" has several meanings. Here it means that
which _enables us to see_. "Lighterman" is the man who works upon a boat
called a "Lighter." There is nothing in common in the meaning of this
pair of words, but the word or syllable "Light" belongs to both alike.
It is In. by Sight and sound. Other cases: "Dark, Darkness;"
"Starch, March;" "Rage, Forage;" "Barber, Barbarism," &c.
=LighterMAN.= } In. by S.
=Lord MANsfield.= }
Here the word or syllable "man" appears in both cases. In the former it
signifies the man that manages a Lighter, and in the latter it was
primitively connected with Field, as "A Man's Field." After a time it
became Mansfield. It is a perfect case of In. by S. and s. Other cases:
"Tempest, Temperature;" "Antepenult, Antediluvians."
=Lord MansFIELD.= } In. by S. & s.
=FIELDhand.= }
As "Field" belongs to both words, it is a case of perfect In. by S. and
s. Other cases: "Regiment, Compliment;" "Sell, Selfish;"
"Miniature, Mint," &c.
Now let the pupil read over very thoughtfully the ten words just
examined, and _recall_ the _relation_ which we found to exist between
every pair of them.
Building.
Dwelling.
House.
Parlor.
Partridge.
Feathers.
Light.
Lighterman.
Lord Mansfield.
Fieldhand.
Having finished the reading, let the pupil close the lesson, or put it
out of sight and endeavour to recall the ten words from Building to
Fieldhand from memory. He will find no difficulty in doing so. He
learned the series by heart without any suspicion that he was committing
it to memory.
Now let him realise how he did this. It was because he made use of the
cementing Laws of the Memory. He sought out and found the relations
between the words. By _thinking_ of those relations, he _exercised_ his
intellect on those words in a double way--the _meaning_ and the _sound_
of the words were considered and then the _similarities_ of meaning and
of sound were noticed. A vivid _First Impression_ was thus received from
the words themselves and from the relations between them and an easy and
certain recall thereby assured.
Now _recall_ the series in an inverse order, beginning with "Fieldhand,"
and going back to "Building." You do it easily, because each word was
cemented to its predecessor and its successor, and hence it makes no
difference whether you go forward or backward. When, however, you learn
by _rote_ you know the task as you learned it, and not in the reverse
way. Before proceeding, repeat the ten words from memory, from
"Building" to "Fieldhand," and the reverse way, at least five times;
each time, if possible, more rapidly than before. These repetitions are
not to _learn_ the series; for this has been done already, but it is to
consolidate the effect of learning it in the right way.