=Good Princess.= } In. & Con.
=Pocahontas.= }
A proper name as such has little meaning. It is usually a mere _sound_
to which the person that bears it answers as the dog responds to the
name "Carlo." It is a sound which we call a name, and which we apply to
one person to distinguish that person from all others, as in this case
Pocahontas is used to distinguish the daughter of Powhattan from all
other Indian women. She knew who was meant when that name was applied to
her. But the name Pocahontas does not indicate that she was wise or
unwise, learned or unlearned, tall or short, old or young. In saving the
life of Capt. John Smith she became entitled to be called a "_Good_
Princess." In this case it would be In. by G. & S. We have heard of all
this, and now when we think of Pocahontas, we are apt to remember that
she was a good Princess for saving Smith's life. The connection between
these words I call Concurrence. We have thought of these words together,
and the mind by its own operation has cemented them together, so that
when we think of one it is apt to make us remember the other.
_Concurrence means that which has been accidentally, or as cause and
effect, conjoined in our experience._ Between the words or ideas thus
conjoined, there is, strictly speaking, neither Inclusion or Exclusion.
Whenever there are unrelated things which the mind holds together simply
because it has occupied itself with them, then we have a case of
concurrence to be represented by Con. Other examples: "Harrison,
Tippecanoe;" "Columbus, America;" "Washington, Cherry Tree;" "Andrew
Jackson, To the Victors belong the Spoils;" "Newton, Gravitation;"
"Garfield, Guiteau;" "Gladstone, Home Rule," &c.
=Pocahontas.= } Con.
=Capt. John Smith.= }
We have read the story of the rescue of Smith by Pocahontas. We have
_thought of these names together_ and they have united in our memories
by the Law of Concurrence. When we recall the name of Pocahontas, we are
apt to revive also the name of Capt. John Smith and _vice versa_.
Another case:--A gentleman was present at Ford's Theatre in Washington
when John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln. Just a moment before, he
recognised the odour of a hyacinth held by a lady in front of him. The
next moment he heard the fatal shot, and turning whence the report came,
he saw the murderous result. After the lapse of a quarter of a century,
he could not smell, see, or think of hyacinth without at once thinking
of that scene, nor could Lincoln's assassination be mentioned in his
presence without his instantly thinking of hyacinth. Nothing could have
been more purely _accidental_ than the quick succession of the sensation
of the odour and the murder of the President. But they were _experienced
together_ or nearly together. They became cemented together, so that the
revival of one is apt to call up the other, and this is concurrence.
=Capt. John Smith.= } Con.
=Anvil.= }
A proper name may be also used in other relations. The word, sound, or
name Smith may also be a general term applicable to many classes of
persons, as _coppersmith_, _goldsmith_, _silversmith_, &c. When we think
of _Capt. John_ Smith we use the word as a proper name. But when we
think of Smith and Anvil we use the word Smith in its general sense. In
either case it is an act of Concurrence. Smiths use anvils. We have
thought of these words together, and that mental act has had a tendency
to unite them together.
=Anvil.= } In. by A. & C.
=Heavy.= }
Anvil is a _concrete thing_ that possesses the attribute heaviness; and
heavy is an abstract term that applies to heavy things, but does not
state what they are. The idea or thought of heaviness is _common_ to
both words, and therefore it is a case of In., and as one term is
concrete and the other abstract, it is a case of In. by A. & C.
=Heavy.= } Con.
=Gravitation.= }
Things are heavy that press toward the earth, in consequence of the
action of gravity in their case. Gravitation, whatever that is, is what
makes them tend toward the earth. We may say it is a Cause, and as we
think of Cause producing Effect, and Effect as produced by Cause, such
cases are _thought of together_, or almost simultaneously, and hence we
have a case of Concurrence.
=Gravitation.= } Con.
=Sir Isaac Newton.= }
There is no In. or Ex. here, but Con. We have read or heard that Newton
discovered the Law of Gravitation. We have exercised our minds in regard
to these two words, in thinking of them together, and that is
concurrence.
=Sir Isaac Newton.= } Con.
="Diamond."= }
Newton went out of his library on one occasion, leaving his pet dog
"Diamond" in the room. The dog jumped up on to the table, overturned the
light, which set fire to most valuable manuscripts. They burned up. When
Newton returned and discovered what his pet had done, he exclaimed, "O!
Diamond, Diamond, thou little knowest what thou hast done." The name
Diamond becomes thus vividly associated in our minds with the
forbearance of the great Newton. We cannot forget it. We hold them
together hereafter by Con.
=Diamond.= } In. by s.
=Dying.= }
A plain case of Inclusion by sound.
=Dying.= } Con.
=Cholera.= }
We know that cholera _causes_ numerous deaths; that people die in great
numbers wherever it prevails.
=Cholera.= } Con.
=Terror.= }
Concurrence includes all cases of Cause and Effect, Instrument or Means
to End, Person by whom or Thing by which, &c. Cholera causes terror.
Terror is the _effect_ of the existence of the cholera. Now carefully
read over the eleven words just considered, and think out the relations
between them.
Good Princess.
Pocahontas.
Capt. John Smith.
Anvil.
Heavy.
Gravitation.
Sir Isaac Newton.
"Diamond."
Dying.
Cholera.
Terror.
Now recite them from memory at least five times forward and backward,
and then recite the entire thirty words from Building to Terror, and
from Terror to Building, the same number of times.
For further training, let each pupil recite the foregoing series of
thirty words forward and backward two or three times per day for an
entire month. He need not stop further study, but whatever else he
learns let him at least practise this daily recital for one month.