gives curari to a rabbit, or cuts the spinal marrow of a dog, or poisons
a frog: ‘Here is an experiment which will relieve or will cure the
disease of some men.’ No, in truth, he does not think of that! He says to
himself ‘I shall clear up an obscure point, I will seek out a new fact.’
And this scientific curiosity which alone animates him, is explained by
the high idea he has formed of Science. This is why we pass our days
in fœtid laboratories (_dans les salles nauséabondes_), surrounded by
groaning creatures, in the midst of blood and suffering, bent over
palpitating entrails.”--_Ibid._
“Science has nothing to do with utility, or rather the true utilitarians
are those who have hope in the science of the future.”--_Ibid._
=Ringer, Sydney=, 15, Cavendish Place, W., M.D. Lond., 1863; M.B., 1860;
F.R.C.P. Lond., 1870, M. 1863; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1859 (Univ.
Coll.); Prof. of Med. Univ. Coll.; Phys. and Prof. of Clin. Med. (late
Res. Med. Off.) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; late Asst. Phys. Childr. Hosp. Great
Ormond Street and Clin. Asst. Consump. Hosp. Brompton.
Author of “Ringer’s Handbook of Therapeutics,” 10th Edit., London, 1883;
“On the Temperature of the Body,” &c., London, 1883.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College London
Physiological Theatre in 1878 and 1879._
“In addition to these experiments, we have made some observations
clinically. To eighteen adults--fourteen men and four women--we ordered
ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of
these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it. They came
back, protesting loudly, and required no questioning as to the symptoms
produced. They seemed to be pretty unanimous on one point--that it was
about the worst medicine (!) they had ever taken. They said if they ever
took another dose they would expect to drop down dead, and it would serve
them right. One man, a burly, strong fellow, suffering a little from
rheumatism only, said that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’
as if he would ‘go off insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned
blue, and he had to lie down for an hour and a half before he dared move.
His heart fluttered, and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. He
was urged to take another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a
wife and family. Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the
dose, and said that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to
think that the medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have
suffered more than the men! at all events, they expressed their opinions
more forcibly. One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first
dose--she did not try a second--she felt a trembling sensation all over
her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there she perspired
profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until
she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would
have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration,
and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed
for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get
over it. The only one of the fourteen patients who made no complaint
after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect
on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to
increase the dose.”--_Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883.
“In addition to these observations on patients, I made six temperature
experiments on rabbits, but the results obtained were simply nil. I soon
found--a fact with which I was previously acquainted--that, in those
animals, fright exerts a marked influence on the temperature.”--_Handbook
of Therapeutics_, p. 516.
“Dr. Rickards and I gave to an habitual drunkard, making him ‘dead
drunk,’ twelve ounces of good brandy in a single dose, without the
slightest reduction of temperature.”
“In a boy aged ten, who had never in his life before taken alcohol in any
form, I found, through a large number of observations, a constant and
decided reduction of temperature.”--_Ibid._, pp. 340-1.
=Roberty, O.=, 4, Place de la Corderie, Marseilles. Prof. of Exper.
Physiol. School of Medicine.
=Robin, Ch. Phil.=, 94, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1846;
Prof. Histol. Med. Faculty Paris, 1862; Mem. Acad. Med., 1858; Mem.
Biol. Entomological Anatomical Socs. of Paris; Corr. Acad. Med. Chir.
Stockholm; Mem. Institute of France; Senator.
Author of “Fermentation” 1848; “Microscopical Anatomy;” 1868-69;
“Cellular Anatomy and Physiology,” 1873, and numerous other works;
“Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie normales et Pathologiques de
l’homme et des animaux” Paris, 1864-1880.
=Röhmann, F.= M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Breslau.
Author of “Beobachtungen an Hunden mit Gallenfistel,” Pflüger’s Archiv.,
Vol. XXIX., p. 509.
=Rolleston, George=, M.D. Oxon., 1857; M.B., 1854; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1859,
M. 1856, (St. Barthol.); late F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.; Mem. Gen. Med.
Counc. Linacre Prof. of Anat.; Hon. Phys. Radcliffe Infirmary; late Lee’s
Reader in Anat., etc., etc.
Contrib. “The Brain of Man, and the Brains of Certain Animals,” “Medical
Times and Gazette,” 1862, etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Anatomical
Department of Museum in 1878._
“Vivisection is specially likely to tempt a man into certain
carelessness; the passive impressions produced by the sight of suffering
growing as is the law of our nature, weaker, while the habit of, and the
pleasure in experimenting grows stronger by repetition.”--Evid. Roy.
Com., Q. 1287.
“It is not so easy a thing to know when you have an animal thoroughly
anæsthetised; and what is more, some animals recover with much greater
rapidity than others of the same species from the same doses of
anæsthetics.”--_Ibid._, Q. 1349.
=Rollet= (Prof.), Gratz University.
=Rosenthal, Isidor=, B. 1836, Erlangen. M.D. Berlin Univ.; Prof. Physiol.
and Hygiene at Med. Fac. Univ. of Erlangen.
Author of “Athembewegungen u. Innervation derselben, thierische Wärme,”
in Hermann’s “Handbuch der Physiologie;” “Allgemeine Physiologie der
Muskeln u. Nerven,” in “Internationale Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek;”
“Bier u. Branntwein u. ihre Bedeutung für die Volksgesundheit,” 1881.
=Rossbach, Michael Joseph.= Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena; Director of the
Clinic and Policlinic.
Author of “Pharmakologische Untersuchungen,” Wurzburg, 1876; “Ueber
den Einfluss der Künstlichen Respiration auf Strychnin-vergiftung,”
Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1873, No. 24; “Neue Studien ueber den
Physiologischen Antagonismus der Gifte,” Pflüger, Vol. XXII., p. 1.
Experiments on curarised dogs and cats: Nerves dissected out and
stimulated, drugs injected. (_See_ Luchsinger.)
“At the same time Rossbach also studied the influence of artificial
respiration on the cramps induced by strychnine. He totally contradicts
the results observed by Leube. Artificial respiration, he finds, does not
alter the effects of poison, whether it be given in doses sufficient to
produce cramps only or in fatal doses.”--Eckhart’s _Beiträge_, Vol. X.
(1883), p. 40.
=Roth, Wladimir.= M.D.; ex-Chef de Clin. at Univ. of Moscow.
Made experiments with the Venom of Salamanders on frogs.--Rep. in _Gaz.
Med. de Paris_, 1877, p. 409.
=Roy, Charles Smart=, Cambridge. M.B. Edin. and C.M. 1875 (Univ. Edin.)
M.D. Edin. 1878, (Edin.) G. H. Lewes, Scholar; late Brown, Prof. of
Pathol. Univ., of London; Prof. of Pathol. Univ. of Cam., 1884; formerly
Asstn. to Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Strasburg.
Contrib. to Journ. of Physiol., Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv. and Virchow’s
Archiv.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University New Museum
Physiological Laboratory and at Brown Institution, London, in
1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for
Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses, in 1882. Special
Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics and Certificate
permitting Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1883. No
Experiments returned on Horses, Mules or Asses._
“Let me refer to what has been done by Dr. Roy in 1880, partly in
the Physiological Laboratory at Cambridge, and partly in the Leipsic
Philological Institute, the experiments being carried out on rabbits,
cats, and dogs. The animal was placed under curare, artificial
respiration was used, that is to say, a tube was pushed down the animal’s
windpipe, and worked by an engine in regular puffs in order to keep the
blood oxygenated. Then the back, skull, chest, and abdomen were opened.
I don’t suppose these were always opened in one animal, as in many cases
the animal would have died. No doubt sometimes part of the experiment
took place on one, and sometimes on another. The various organs were
dissected out. The principal nerves such as the sciatic nerve and so
on, were tied in two places and cut. This lasted for many hours. It is
stated the animal was under the influence of anæsthetics, but the use
of curare is admitted. In the most scientific opinion, when curare is
used, it neutralizes the use of the anæsthetic. I feel myself at a great
disadvantage in treating of these matters as compared with the gentlemen
beside me; but if I am making a mistake, I trust I may be corrected. In
this instance, however, I believe I am right. Curare creates paralysis,
it paralyses the muscles and prevents the animal resisting or showing the
symptoms by which alone the existence of anæsthesia can be tested.”--_Mr.
Reid’s Speech in House of Commons_, April 4th, 1883.
“It was first sought to obtain information upon this subject by
investigating the manner and extent to which the action of the heart
is affected by obstruction of the renal arteries and the other large
branches of the aorta; the facts obtained by taking this line of inquiry
were not however of a kind fitted to throw light upon the problem which
it was specially desired to solve. It soon became evident that an
investigation of the manner in which the renal secretion and circulation
are nominally regulated, and the relation which these bear to the
regulating mechanism of the systemic circulation, would be best fitted
to supply information of the kind required. The method employed, was to
record graphically the changes in volume of one or both kidneys, while
at the same time the changes in the blood-pressure in the aorta and the
rapidity with which the urine was secreted were also recorded on the same
revolving cylinder or, as continuous tracings, upon the paper of Ludwig’s
kymograph. The method used for recording the changes in volume of the
kidney is the same in principle as that of the plethysmograph. The kidney
is enclosed in a rigid metal box, the arrangement being such that while
the organ can freely expand or contract, and while the changes in volume
are recorded by a lever writing with a light glass pen upon the kymograph
paper, no obstruction is offered to the entrance and exit of blood by
the renal vessels nor to the outflow of urine by the ureter. The kidney
is surrounded by warm olive oil, which, however, is not in immediate
contact with its surface, but is separated from it by a delicate flexible
membrane of a kind which has already been referred to by the author in
several of his published papers, and which prevents any escape of the oil
by the side of the blood-vessels and other structures entering the hilus
of the gland.… When the instrument is in use, the kidney lies between
two delicate, exceedingly flexible membranes, which apply themselves
closely to its surface and to the surface of the structures entering the
hilus of the organ, and each of these membranes forms with each of the
symmetrical halves of the box a chamber which is filled with oil and
which communicates by a relatively wide flexible tube with the recording
instrument.”
Experiment “4. After the immediate effect of the operation has passed
off, the volume of the kidney will usually remain unchanged (with
exception of the changes due to the pulse and respiration) for many hours
unless some change in the conditions of the experiment be intentionally
introduced.
“5. When the _Traube-Hering_ curves of the blood-pressure present
themselves, the volume of the kidney does not expand with the rhythmic
rise in the blood-pressure. With each rise of the blood-pressure the
kidney _contracts_, expanding with each fall of the blood-pressure. The
renal vessels are, therefore, amongst those to the rhythmic contraction
and expansion of which the _Traube-Hering_ waves are due.
“6. Arrest for 3 or 4 minutes of the artificial respiration, where that
is employed, and where curare has been previously injected, causes a
contraction of the renal vessels (which may reach 12 per cent of the
post-mortem volume of the kidney) simultaneously with the rise of aortic
blood pressure which is produced by the asphyxia.
“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes
a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.
“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, _e.g._, sciatic,
brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal
vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure.
Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the
kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate
reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels _contract_ whether
the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a fall of
the aortic blood-pressure.
“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax,
and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks causes contraction
of the kidney of the _opposite_ side. The extent to which the kidney
contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable.
In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced
current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of
the post-mortem volume of the organ.
“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut
splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes
contraction of _both_ kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the
nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same
side as the stimulated nerve.
“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla
oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the
renal vessels after _both_ splanchnics have been cut at their point of
entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor influences may
therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by some other path than
the two splanchnics.
“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the
renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular
tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or
centres in the spinal cord is normally present.
“13. Stimulation of the _central_ ends of the majority of the fine nerves
which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the
vessels of the kidney.
“14. Stimulation of the _peripheral_ end of each and all of the renal
nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of the organ.
“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves
accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral end of
the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the
kidney which differs but little in amount from that produced by the same
stimulation when all the renal nerves were intact, but which takes
longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”--Extracts from paper
“_On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion_,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read
before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.
=Russo, Antonio.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo University.
=Rutherford, William=, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh.
M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. Eng.; (Univs. Edin.,
Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Edin.;
formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual
Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s Coll. Med. Soc.
Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text Book of
Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System;”
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the Physiological Action of Drugs
on the Secretion of Bile;” _Ibid._, 1879; “Lectures on Experimental
Physiology;” _Lancet_, 1871-72; etc., etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological
Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; also a Certificate for
Experiments without Anæsthetics; two Certificates dispensing with
obligation to kill; and two Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs,
Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or
Asses._
“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor
Rutherford, and reported in the _British Medical Journal_. I refer to
the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, 1878. These
experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were hundreds of dogs
sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring
to one set beginning as I say on the 14th of December, 1878. There were
in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were
sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this:
The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down; the
abdomen was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass
tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct
leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs
was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these
experiments was simply nothing at all--I mean it led to no increase of
knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at that, because these
wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances--their condition was
so abnormal--that the ordinary and universally recognised effect of
well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed
without anæsthetics--the animals were experimented upon under the
influence of a drug called curari.”--_Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of
Commons, April 4th, 1883._
“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that
description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect
would be on the human being?--Certainly not, but merely as suggesting
what the action would be; that is all. The experiment must also be tried
upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”--_Evid. Roy. Com._ Q. 2966.
“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether
animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?--When the mode of
rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result
being obtained from the experiment, we do not so render them. Is that
any large proportion of the experiments?--I should say a considerable
proportion. Would it be more than half the experiments?--I should have
a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the
experiments that I have done.”--_Ibid._, 2841-3.
“Where did you study physiology yourself?--I studied it in Berlin
chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments
performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure of time
and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me alone.”--_Ibid._, Q.
2867.
=Sanderson, John Burdon=, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, M.D. Edin.,
1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell.
Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., Univ. College;
Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton;
Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of
Medicine by Research.
Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook for the
Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and University
College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83.
Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without
Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures
in 1879-80-81-83._
“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed air tight
in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog,
may be enumerated as follows:--_First minute_--Excessive respiratory
movements.… Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes
convulsed.… _Second minute_.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye
does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react
to light; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.… _Third and fourth
minutes._--As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements,
which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as
shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an
asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or
arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and
the nostrils dilate.”--_Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory_, p.
320.
“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained in
the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from
the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the trachea. The
external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two
places, and divided between ligatures.… Both ganglia having been thus
prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and
vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then
divided.”--_Ibid._, p. 278.
“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a
rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone,
moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to
assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the
skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards
through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for
sugar.”--_Ibid._, p. 515.
“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… When the
bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four hours; but
when it is not tied they will live for a week.”--_Ibid._, p. 505.
=Savory, Wm. Scovell=, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med.
Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; F.R.S.; Mem. Comt.
Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.;
Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and
Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.
Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. Bart. Hosp.
Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. Trans. and Med.
Journ.
Made experiments on dogs--to study the relative temperature of arterial
and venous blood.--_Lancet_, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.
=Schäfer, Edw. Albert=, University College, Gower Street, W.C. M.R.C.S.
Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.;
formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.
Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; Contrib. Proc.
Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; Editor of Microscopic Part
of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London,
Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the Jodrell
Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s Rooms in
1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and
Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83._