clinically. To eighteen adults--fourteen men and four women--we ordered
ten grains of the pure nitrite of sodium in an ounce of water, and of
these seventeen declared that they were unable to take it.… One man,
a burly, strong fellow, suffering from a little rheumatism only, said
that after taking the first dose he ‘felt giddy,’ as if he would ‘go off
insensible.’ His lips, face, and hands turned blue, and he had to lie
down for an hour and a half before he dared move. His heart fluttered,
and he suffered from throbbing pains in the head. _He was urged to take
another dose, but declined on the ground that he had a wife and family._
Another patient had to sit down for an hour after the dose, and said
that it ‘took all his strength away.’ He, too, seemed to think that the
medicine did not agree with him.… The women appear to have suffered more
than the men.… One woman said that ten minutes after taking the first
dose--she did not try a second--she felt a trembling sensation all over
her, and suddenly fell on the floor. Whilst lying there, she perspired
profusely, her face and head seemed swollen and throbbed violently, until
she thought they would burst.… Another woman said she thought she would
have died after taking a dose; it threw her into a violent perspiration,
and in less than five minutes her lips turned quite black and throbbed
for hours; it upset her so much that she was afraid she would never get
over it. The only one of the fourteen patients _who made no complaint_
after taking ten grains was powerfully affected by fifteen.… The effect
on these patients was so unpleasant that it was deemed unadvisable to
increase the dose.”--Drs. Ringer and Murrell in _Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London,
Physiological Theatre in 1878._
=Nasse, Hermann.= Prof. Med. Fac., Univ. Marburg.
Author of “Ueber die Ausfluss geschwindigkeit des Blutes aus den
Halsgefässen der Hunde und über die modification derselben durch Infusion
von Kochsalz in die Gefässe,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXII., p. 513.
“Exper. No. 121, was made on a dog of about 14 kgr. weight, very thin,
whose blood was particularly poor. Blood was drawn from the carotid
artery, the jugular vein, and the vena cava superior at the same
time, the last drops of which already thickened in the glass cannula.
Respiration had ceased. Only once after a long rest, did the dog draw
a deep breath with open mouth as usually happens immediately before
death. The pulsations of the heart were scarcely perceptible. I then
tried electric stimulation of the nervus vagus, after dissecting it
out, but without causing any pulsation of the heart or breathing,
either during the stimulation or when it ceased. Death was undoubtedly
near. I then injected into the jugular vein a solution of common salt.
Tetanus followed each injection--immediately afterwards the heart began
to beat again and the blood streamed out of the arteries. When the
bleeding ceased, I again injected the solution rather weaker than at
first. No cramps followed but the flow of blood continued. The third
injection produced the same result, but death followed soon after.
The whole experiment had lasted an hour and a-half.”--“_Ueber die
Ausflussgeschwindigkeit d. Blutes_,” _etc._, Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol.
XXII., pp. 547-8.
=Naunyn, Bernhardt.= B. in Berlin, 1839. Studied at Bonn and Berlin.
Asst. Med. Clin., Berlin, under Prof. Frerichs, 1863; Prof. Med. Clinic.
Dorpat, 1869; Prof. Berne, 1871; Prof. Med. Fac. Univ., Königsberg, 1872.
Co-editor with Klebs and Schmiedeberg of “Archiv für experimentelle
Pathologie.” Author of “Handbuch der Intoxicationen” and “Handbuch der
speciellen Pathologie,” jointly with R. Boehm, 1874; jointly (with
Schreiber) of “Experiments on compression of the brain,” Arch. f. exper.
Pathol. u. Pharmak., Vol. XIV., No. 2, p. 1. Contrib. various articles to
“Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv.”; also to Ziemssen’s “Cyclopædia of Medicine.”
“The authors [B. Naunyn and Schreiber] have experimented upon dogs.
A trephine is applied to the parietal bone. A tube is inserted into
the opening thus made. Besides this another tube is brought into
communication with the cerebro-spinal cavity on a level with the swelling
formed by the meninges round the cauda equina. For this purpose it is
sufficient to take out a few of the spinal apophyses of the corresponding
vertebræ. One obtains thus, as it were, two receptacles communicating
by the intermediary of the cephalo-spinal liquid, and it becomes easy
to augment the pressure of this liquid.… Pain is one of the very first
results produced, and it is the more intense, if the pressure be
immediately brought to its greatest height. Soon, convulsions follow.
These seldom are epileptiform.… Breathing becomes slower, then irregular,
then disappears.”--_Archives Générales de Médecine_, VIIᵉᵐ. Série, Vol.
I., 1882, p. 743.
=Nepveu, G.= Surgeon, Paris; form. Res. Hosp. Sur., La Pitié Mem. Chir.
Soc. Paris.
=Newman, David=, 18, Woodside Place, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasg. (with
high commendations), 1883; M.B. Glasg. and C.M. 1878; F.F.P.S. Glasg.
1881 (Univs. Glasg. and Leipsig); Mem. Philos. Path. and Clin. and Med.
and Chir. Socs. Glasg.; Exam. in Physiol. and Path. Univ. Glasg.; Extra.
Disp. Surg. Western Infirm.
Contrib. “Some Physical Experiments relating to the functions of the
Kidneys,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological
Laboratory in 1879-81-82-83. Certificates dispensing with obligation to
kill in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned at the above place. Mr.
Newman might also perform experiments at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical
School, and under his Certificates was not limited to a registered place._
=Nicolaides, R.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol., Athens Univ. Contrib. to Du
Bois Reymond’s Archiv, for 1882. Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab.,
Athens.
=Nothnagel, Herrmann.= B. 1841 in Alt, Lietzgöricke, Brandenburg. Studied
at Berlin; Asst. of Leyden at Königsberg, and Instruct. at Univ., 1863;
Prof. Univ. Berlin, 1868; Prof. Breslau, 1870; Prof. Freiburg, in Baden,
1872; Prof. Clin. Med. and Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Jena, 1874.
Author of “Ueber den epsileptischen Anfall,” 1870; “Ueber Neuritis in
diagnostischer und pathologischer Beziehung,” 1870; “Die symptomologie
der Darmgeschwüre,” 1881. Contrib. to “Handbuch der Krankheiten des
Nerven systems,” 1874; and to “Ziemssen’s Cyclopædia of Medicine.”
“Nothnagel considers himself justified in concluding from his experiments
on rabbits that all the will fibres, without exception, traverse the
lenticular nucleus. This is denied by the French investigators, who
attribute the complete annihilation of voluntary movement, which
Nothnagel achieved by the injection of caustic solutions into both
lenticular nuclei, to a simultaneous destruction of the internal capsule
which, owing to the small size of the lenticular nuclei in the rabbit,
might easily have been overlooked on dissection. Nothnagel, however, has
lately published a brief statement, in which he adheres to his original
assertion.”--Kussmaul, “_On Disturbances of Speech_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop.
of the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XIV., London, 1878, p. 680.
“Unfortunately, the results of experiments upon animals, as respects the
exact localisation of lesions, cannot be transferred directly to the
case of man, except that we have reason to believe, through an important
experiment of Hitzig’s upon an ape, that the motor centres for the nerves
of the extremities and the cranial nerves lie in the gyrus præcentralis,
or centralis anterior (Huschke, Ecker), in other words, that affections
of the cortical substance of this convolution may produce motor
paralysis.”--Nothnagel, “_Anemia of the Brain_,” _Ziemssen’s Cyclop. of
the Pract. of Med._, Vol. XII., London, 1877, p. 152.
=Oehl, Eusebio.= B. 1827, at Lodi. Laureate in Med., Pavia, 1850; studied
Vienna, Paris, and Berlin; Prof. extraord. of Histol., Pavia, 1860; Prof.
of Exper. Physiol., 1864.
Author of “Indagini di anatomia miscroscopica per servire allo studio
della cute e dell’ epidermide palmare della mano,” Milan, 1856; “Sui
cristalli di emoglobina,” Florence, 1862; “Contribuzione allo Fisiologia
del pneumogastrico,” Naples, 1863; “Della influenza che il 5ᵒ pajo
cerebrale dispiega sulla pupilla,” Florence, 1863; “Sull’ ormento di
temperatura dei nervi eccitati,” Milan, 1865; “Manuale di Fisiologia per
Medici e studenti,” Milan, 1868-77, &c.
=Ogston, Alexander=, 252, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Aberd. 1866; M.B.
and C.M. 1865; Surg. Aberdeen Roy. Infirm.; Regius Prof. of Surg. Univ.
Aberdeen.
Author of “On the functions of the semi-circular canals, &c.,” 1869.
_Held a License for Vivisection at 252, Union Street, Aberdeen,
1880-81-82. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in
1880-81-82. No Experiments returned in 1882. At the expiration of Dr.
Ogston’s License the above address ceased to be registered for the
performance of Experiments._
“To ascertain the influence of pus alone, injections were first of all
made with that from cold abscesses, which contained no organisms.…
Introduced under spray into a pure subcutaneous syringe, quantities
varying from one to ten minims were injected into the subcutaneous tissue
of the back in chloroformed guinea-pigs, white mice, and wild mice. In
all twenty such injections were made, with the invariable result that
no illness or abscess ensued.… But a very different effect was produced
when similar injections were made with pus containing micrococci. In
every instance, with the qualifications to be presently made, well-marked
disease was set up. Quantities varying from one to three minims produced
in the animals already mentioned symptoms of blood-poisoning, lasting
from two to five days. The animals refused food, sat cowering in a
retired place in their cage, were listless and apathetic, their coat
was disordered and sometimes wet, their eyes were kept closed save
when startled; and the mice showed the purulent conjunctivitis and
glueing together of the eyelids described by Koch in his experiments on
septicæmia.”--_Report on “Micro-Organisms in Surgical Diseases,” Brit.
Med. Journ._, March 12, 1881, p. 371.
=Ollier, Louis Navier Edouard Léopold=, Lyons. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1856;
Chief Surgeon Hôtel Dieu, and Prof. Clin. Chir. Med. Faculty Lyons, 1850;
Corr. Mem. Acad. Med., 1874; Corr. Mem. Institute of France.
Author of “Des moyens chirurgicaux de favoriser la reproduction des os,”
1859; “Recherches expérimentales sur la production artificielle des os,”
1859; “Des résections des grandes articulations,” 1870; “De l’occlusion
inamovible comme méthode générale de pausement des plaies,” 1874; “De
l’éléphantiasis du nez et de son traitement,” 1876; “Traité expérimental
et clinique de la régénération des os et de la production artificielle du
tissu osseuse,” 1867; “Recherches expérimentales sur la greffe osseuse”
in Journal de Physiologie de Brown-Séquard, Vol. III., 1867.
=Oreste, Cavaliere Pietro=, Naples. Scuola Veterinaria.
=Orfila, Matthieu Joseph Bonaventure.= B. at Mahon (Minorca), 1787. D. at
Paris, 1853.
Studied the effects of narcotine on animals.
“Orfila poisoned 6,000 dogs.”--Blatin, _Nos. Cruantés_, p. 206.
=Osawa, K.=, Tokio, Japan.
Author of “Untersuchungen über die Leitungsbahnen in Rückenmarke des
Hundes.” Jointly (with E. Tiegel) of “Beobachtungen über die Functionen
des Rückenmarks d. Schlangen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XVI., p. 90.
Made experiments in physiological laboratory at Strasburg; also in the
physiological laboratory of Tokio, on the spinal marrow of serpents;
spinal marrow cut through, and burning coals afterwards applied to the
skin of the animals.
=Ott, Isaac.= Fell. in Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, U.S.A. Late
Lect. on Exper. Physiol., Univ. Pennsylvania.
Author of “Observations on the physiology of the spinal cord,” Journ. of
Physiol., Vol. II., p. 42; “On crossed hyperæsthesia,” Ibid., Vol. III.,
160; “Notes on Inhibition,” Ibid., p. 163.
“Method.--The animals employed were young cats with unpigmented feet:
These not only bear the operations better than older animals, but sweat
more easily, and the secretion is more readily observed. In cases where
the cord was to be exposed, the animal was placed belly downwards, with
a block of wood under its abdominal surface to elevate the vertebræ, and
make them more accessible. The muscles having been separated from the
vertebral arches, and held at a distance by means of weighted hooks, the
spinous processes were cut off, and a small trephine employed to make
openings, about half an inch apart through the arches. The intervals
between these openings were subsequently broken through by means of
strong cutting forceps.… To stimulate the nerves, or the central nervous
systems, a Du Bois coil was used, with Helmholtz’s arrangement to
prevent unipolar action. Tetanizing currents were employed.”--_Journ. of
Physiol._, Vol. II., p. 42.
=Paladino, Giovanni.= B. 1842, at Potenza. Studied at Naples and in all
the principal physiological laboratories of Europe, under Ludwig, Du Bois
Reymond, and Leukart. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Naples, 1867; Prof. Anat. and
Exper. Physiol. Vet. School, same place.
Author of “Istituzioni di Fisiologia,” Naples, 1878; “Lezioni d’Istologia
e Fisiologia Generale,” 1871; joint author (with Lanzilotti Buonsanti)
of “Sulla minuta struttura e sulla fisiologia dei peli tattili,” in
“Bulletino dell’ Assosazione dei Medici e Naturalisti di Napoli,” 1871,
No. 7.
“Paladino and Lanzilotti Buonsanti have studied the tactile hairs of
the various domestic animals, and of the mouse.… Section of the nervous
facialis (in the horse) and stimulation of its peripheral end produces
action of the tactile hairs. Simultaneous section of the trigeminus
reduces considerably the energy of the action caused by stimulation of
the facialis.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissensch._, 1874, p. 116.
=Panum, P. L.= B. 1820. Prof. Physiol. and Direct. Physiol. Lab.
Copenhagen, 1863; formerly Direct. Phys. Lab. at Kiel.
Author of “Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Veränderungen
der Mengenverhältnisse des Blutes und seine Bestandtheile durch
die Inanition,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, 1861; “Haandbog i Menneskels
Physiologie,” Copenhagen, 1872; “Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der
Misbildungen zunächst in den Eiern der Vögel,” Kiel, 1860.
Has principally experimented on transfusion, feeding, and starvation. Has
starved dogs four weeks till death occurred. A whelp was bled till death
convulsions set in and then revived by transfusion; then again bled till
even reflex movements could no longer be excited by touching the cornea,
and again revived by transfusion. This was repeated four times; but the
dog died half an hour after the last transfusion.--_Scandinavian Med.
Archives_, 1875.
“On a dog of middle size I opened the trachea and inserted into it a
glass tube.… Then I dissected out and isolated the nervi vagi; the
animal was laid on its back and the thorax opened by cutting through the
cartilage of the ribs and entirely removing the sternum. The pericardium
was now opened … and artificial respiration introduced. Partly through
the suffocation and partly through pain and terror, the movements of the
heart grew very slow, small, and irregular … but after the artificial
respiration had commenced, they got more vigorous.… Five minutes after
I cut asunder both nervi vagi, at which operation the animal uttered no
sign of pain. A minute after the movements of the heart were so greatly
accelerated that it became difficult to count them.… It struck us that
the heart seemed to have grown smaller than before we cut asunder the
nervi vagi.… Then I stimulated (irritated) the peripheric ends of the
cut nervi vagi with Neif’s electric apparatus. Almost immediately the
heart stood still in diastole.… The movements of the heart recommenced
and grew more rapid and vigorous than ever, but this soon passed away.
The ends of the nervi vagi were for a second time stimulated … and this
proceeding was repeated six times, always with the same result.… The
pain, which otherwise results from the nervi vagi being cut asunder, was
eliminated, because the far greater pain, occasioned by the opening of
the thorax, had, as every very painful operation will do, diminished the
sensitiveness of the animal so much that it gave no evidence of pain at
the cutting asunder of the nervi vagi. Without introducing artificial
respiration at the opening of the thorax, I have repeated this experiment
scores of times, and always with the same result.”--Panum, _Scand.
Medical Bibl._, 1857.
“26th Ex.: I had opened the thorax of a dog and kept its life up by
artificial respiration, having also cut the nervi vagi. Everything
had gone as we desired. The heart worked vigorously and regularly,
and the animal had full consciousness and sensitiveness. On applying
the electrodes of Neif to the heart, its regular movements ceased
immediately.”--_Ibid._, p. 134.
Prof. Panum states that he has “employed” a great number of animals
in experiments of transfusion and injections of putrid humours. For
experiments on death by embolism he has employed some eighty dogs and
rabbits.--“_Experimental Observations_,” _Virchow’s Archiv._, Vol. XXIX.,
1864.
=Pasteur, Louis.= B. at Dole (Jura), 1822. Studied at Besançon; M.D.,
1847; Prof. Physics, Lyceum, Dijon, 1848; Prof. Strasburg, 1852; Dean
Fac. Sciences, Lille, 1854; Scien. Dir. Norm. Sch., Paris, 1857-1867;
Prof. Geol. Physics and Chem. École des Beaux Arts, 1863; Prof. Chem.
Sorbonne, 1867; Mem. Acad. Sci., 1862; Direct. Lab. of Chem. Research,
Fac. Sci., Paris; Med. (2) Roy. Soc. of Gt. Brit.; received Prize of
10,000 fls. from Austria, and another of 12,000 frs., and a State annuity
for his works on silk-worms, beer, wines and vinegar.
Author of “Nouvel exemple de fermentation déterminé par des animalcules
infusoires, pouvant vivre sans oxygène libre,” 1863; “Études sur le vin,
ses maladies, causes qui les provoquent, etc.,” 1866; “Études sur le
vinaigre, ses maladies, moyens de les prévenir, etc.,” 1868; “Études sur
la maladie des vers à soie,” 1870; “Études sur la bière,” 1878; “Les
Microbes,” 1878, jointly with M. Tyndall, etc. Contrib. paper on “The
attenuation of the virus of rabies,” Académie des Sciences, May 19, 1884.
“M. Vulpian injected under the skin of rabbits saliva collected at the
very moment of the experiment, from perfectly healthy individuals, and
this injection killed the rabbit so inoculated in forty-eight hours.
The blood of these rabbits was found to be filled with microscopic
organisms; among which was a special organism discovered by M. Pasteur in
the course of his experiments with inoculation of the saliva of a child
who had died of rabies. One drop of this blood, diluted in ten grammes
of distilled water, and injected under the skin of other rabbits, also
brought on the death of these animals; the blood of which was similarly
filled with microscopic organisms. These singular results, of which the
interpretation is by no means easy, present also the no less singular
peculiarity of not being stable. Rabbits placed in identical conditions,
and inoculated with the same saliva, experienced no ill effects from
their inoculation, and continued in excellent health. It would therefore
appear that experimental microbiology is not yet on the way to become
either an easy or clear science, notwithstanding M. Pasteur’s _fiat
lux_.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April 9, 1881, p. 571.
“The question of spontaneous generation I will not attempt to treat here
as it would require special discussion. The experiments of M. Pasteur
have only shown that under the experimental conditions with which he
surrounded himself, conditions which were far from natural, he did not
detect any spontaneous organisation of matter. Moreover, all those who
have devoted themselves to science, with the sole aim of seeking the
truth, as G. Bernard, Huxley, Häckel, etc., while admitting that M.
Pasteur’s experiments had been properly conducted within the very narrow
circle they occupied, have unanimously rejected the assertions and
generalisations drawn from them by that savant himself.”--Dr. Jousset de
Bellesme, _Progrès Médical_, Vol. X., 1882, p. 340.
“It is now four years since the study of rabies was first commenced in my
laboratory, and it has been continued without any other interruption than
the enforced cessations which depend on the conditions of the enquiry,
conditions which are very unfavourable. The incubation of the disease is
always of long duration. There are never sufficient facilities to enable
one at a given moment to multiply experiments. In spite of these material
hindrances, which however the French Government, in its care for the
great scientific interests involved, has done everything in its power to
remove, the experiments which we, my fellow-workers and I, have carried
out, have nevertheless passed beyond the possibility of numbering them.…
If you take any street-dog you please and inoculate rabies in this manner
by trephining, using as inoculating-material a portion of the bulb of an
animal which has died of the disease, you will invariably convey rabies.
The dogs to which the disease has been communicated in this manner are to
be counted by hundreds. The method has never failed. The same operation
has been performed on hundreds of guinea-pigs and on a yet greater number
of rabbits, without a single failure.”--_Pasteur’s_ “_Address Delivered
at the International Med. Congress at Copenhagen_,” Aug. 11th, “_Med.
Times and Gazette_,” Aug. 23rd, 1884.
“In the case where rabies is produced by a bite, or by hypodermic
injection, interference with the length of the incubation period must be
chiefly ascribed to the great variation which is possible in the amount,
always indefinite, of inoculated poison which reaches the central nervous
system. If then we wish to determine the intensity of the virus from the
length of the incubation period, it is unavoidably necessary to have
recourse to inoculation by trephining, which is absolutely certain in its
effects, and to employ larger quantities than such as would be necessary
simply to produce rabies. When we operate in this way, irregularities
in the length of incubation with the same virus will show a tendency to
entirely disappear, because we always obtain the maximum of effect which
the virus can produce; that maximum corresponding to the minimum duration
of incubation. Thus we have at length obtained a method which has
enabled us to enquire into the possible existence of varying degrees of
virulence, and to mutually compare them. The only secrets in this method,
I repeat, are to inoculate by trephining, and to use a quantity of virus,
which, although very weak, is more than sufficient to produce rabies in
and by itself.”--_Ibid._
“As he says substantially in his published report on the subject of
canine madness, which he read before a meeting of the Academy of Sciences
on May 19, the first experiments he has made give him almost certain hope
of success. But, notwithstanding his sanguine views as to the finally
favourable results of his investigations, and their unqualified benefit
to mankind, he has to ‘multiply the proofs _ad infinitum_ on different
species of the brute creation.’ When this shall have been done he will
then try the remedy on man.”--_Report of a Conversation with M. Pasteur_,
“_Daily Telegraph_,” June 6, 1884.
=Pavy, Frederick Wm.=, 36, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1853;
F.R.C.P. Lond., 1860; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path.
Soc.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Anat. Paris, and Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Mem.
(formerly Vice-Pres.) Paris Med. Soc.; Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Phys. and
Lect. on Med. (formerly Lect. on Physiol. and on Comp. Anat.) Guy’s
Hosp.; Goulston Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1862 and 1863; Croonian Lect., 1878;
Lettsom Lect. on Physiol. Med. Soc., 1859.
Author of “Researches on Sugar Formation in the Liver,” Philos. Trans.,
1861; “Immunity of Stomach from being Digested by its own Secretion
during Life,” Ibid., 1863; “Remarks on Physiological Effects of Strychnia
and the Woorali Poison,” Guy’s Hosp. Reps., 1856; “Lesion of the Nervous
System producing Diabetes,” Ibid., 1859; “Lettsom Lectures on certain
points connected with Diabetes,” “Lancet,” 1860; etc.