Majendie was the founder of the School of Experimental Physiology,
and was so indifferent to the sufferings of the animals experimented
upon that he has been called cruel by his fellow workers, and was even
accused of having performed experiments on human beings. On the occasion
of his first visit to England he was openly accused in Parliament, but
was so warmly defended by James Mackintosh and a strong party, that the
accusation led to no result.
“I recall to mind a poor dog, the roots of whose vertebral nerves
Majendie desired to lay bare. The dog, already mutilated and bleeding,
twice escaped from under the implacable knife, and threw his front paws
around Majendie’s neck, licking him, as if to soften his murderer and beg
for mercy. Vivisectors may laugh, but I confess I was unable to endure
the heartrending spectacle.”--Dr. Latour, Lancet, No. 2,086, pp. 224-5.
=Malassez=, 168, Boulevard Saint Germain, Paris, M.D., 1873. Asst. Direc.
Lab. Histol., College of France; formerly Res. Hosp. Phys.
Author of “De la Numération des globules rouges du sang, &c.” Paris,
1873. “Sur les perfectionnements les plus récents apportés aux méthodes
et aux appareils de numération des globules sanguines, et sur un nouveau
compte-gouttes,” Arch. de Physiol. norm. et path. 1880, p. 377; “Sur la
digestion pancréatique,” _Gaz. Méd. de Paris_ No. 51, p. 1880, &c.
Extirpated the spleen of dogs; the result of these experiments being that
the dogs became mangy, and had to be killed.--_Gaz. Méd. Paris_, 1878, p.
317.
=Mantegazza, Paolo.= B. at Monza, 1831. Stud. Med. Pisa, Milan, and
Pavia; Prof. Chem. Tech. Sch., Milan; Prof. Path. Univ. Pavia; Prof.
Anthrop. Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence; Senator; Practised Med.
in South America. On returning to Italy founded Lab. of Exper. Path. at
Pavia, the first in Europe; founder Mus. Anthrop., Florence.
Author of “Sulla America Meridionale, lettere mediche,” Milan, 1859;
“Rio de la Plata e Teneriffe,” _Ibid._, 1867; “Dell’azione del dolore
sulla respirazione,” 1867; “Un giorno a Madere,” 1868; “Profili e
paesaggi della Sardegna,” Milan, 1869; “Dizionario delle Scienze
medicale” (jointly with A. Corradi and G. Bizzozzero). _Ibid._, 1869,
etc.; “Enciclopedia Igienica popolare,” _Ibid._, 1870; “Fisiologia dell’
Amore,” _Ibid._, 1873; “Fisiologia del piacere,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il bene
ed il male,” _Ibid._, 1874; “Il Dio Ignoto,” Florence, 1877; “Fisiologia
del dolore,” 1880.
Inventor of a machine called “The Tormentatore,” capable of inflicting
“intense,” “cruel,” “most atrocious” agony.
“The _Gazzetta Italiana di Milano_ contains an essay of Prof. Mantegazza
on experiments carried on under his direction at the laboratory of
experimental pathology of the University of Pavia. It will suffice to
state that the experiments were intended to study the action of pain on
digestion and nutrition. They were, as the Professor himself confesses,
agonising to the animals subjected to them, and distressing to the
experimenters, and simply proved that loss of appetite, great weakness,
and a peculiar imbibition of moisture were the result of the pain
inflicted. It is added that no alteration of the spinal marrow could be
detected after the agony had been protracted for _one month_. Very meagre
results of unpardonable cruelty.”--_Lancet_, March 25th, 1871, p. 415.
=Mapother, Edward Dillon=, 6, Merrion Square North, Dublin. M.D. Qu.
Univ. Irel. (with 1st Honour and Gold Medal), 1857; F.R.C.S.I. 1862; L.
1854 (Richm. Hosp., Qu. Univ. and R.C.S. Irel.); Pres. Stat. Soc. Dub.;
Prof. Physiol. and Ex.-Pres. R.C.S.I.; late Exam. Surg. Qu. Univ. Irel.
Author of “A Manual of Physiology and of the Principles of Disease,” 3rd
edit. 1832; “The Medical Profession and its Educational and Licensing
Bodies” (1st Carmichael Prize), 1868; “Lectures on Public Health,” 2nd
edit., 1867; “The Body and its Health, a Book for Primary Schools,” 4th
edit.; “Lectures on Skin Diseases,” “Hip Joint,” 1853 (obtained Gold
Medal of Path. Soc.) Contrib. to _Dublin Med. Journ._ and _Brit. Med.
Press_, etc.
_Held a License far Vivisection at Royal College Surgeons Dublin
Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No Experiments
returned._
=Marey, Etienne Jules=, 11, Boulevard Delessert, Paris. B. at Beaune
(Côte d’Or), 1830; stud. Med. at Paris; M.D. 1859; Prof. Nat. History
College of France, 1869; Mem. of the Acad. of Med., 1872; and Mem. Acad.
of Sci. 1878, in the place of Claude Bernard.
“To meet the views of M. Marey a physiological station is being
established in the Bois de Boulogne. In his Laboratory at the College
of France M. Marey has been able to make a number of researches on
the physiology of the nerves and muscles; but from want of space, he
has encountered difficulties when he required to study the functional
movements of the various animals. The new physiological station of
the Bois de Boulogne, which will have a roadway of 3,500 yards in
length, will enable M. Marey to make interesting experiments on this
subject.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, 19 Nov., 1881, p. 826.
Dr. Marey devoted himself to scientific Research, and founded a Free Lab.
of Physiology, which was for some time the only one in France.
Author of “Recherches sur la circulation du sang à l’état physiologique
et dans les maladies,” Paris, 1859; “Physiologie Médicale de la
circulation du sang,” 1863; “Études physiologiques sur les caracterès
graphiques des battements du cœur,” 1863; “Du mouvement dans les
fonctions de la vie,” Paris, 1868; “Physiologie médicale de la
circulation du sang basée sur l’étude graphique des mouvements du cœur,”
Paris, 1868; “Expériences sur la résistance de l’air pour servir à la
physiologie du vol des oiseaux,” Paris, 1869; “Mémoire sur le vol des
insectes et des oiseaux,” 1869; “Mémoire sur le Torpille,” 1873; “La
machine animale,” 1873; “Physiologie expérimentale,” 1875 (being an
account of the works carried on in his laboratory); “La méthode graphique
dans les Sciences expérimentales,” 1878.
“If it is necessary to register the movements of the heart a small
instrument invented by M. Marey is very useful. The animal is fastened on
its back to a wooden table, and its heart being laid bare, can be held
level with the abdominal region by a pair of bent tongs.”--_Traité de
Physiologie_, Béclard, Vol. II., p. 37.
=Martin, H. Newell.= M.A.; D. Sc.; Prof. Biol., John Hopkins’ University,
Baltimore, U.S.
Author of “The normal respiratory movements of the frog, and the
influence upon its respiratory centre of stimulation of the optic lobes,”
_Journ. of Physiol._, 1878, p. 131; “On the respiratory function of the
internal intercostal muscles,” jointly with E. Murray Hartwell, M.A.,
_Ibid._, Vol. II., No. 1, p. 24.
“After dividing the skin in the middle line, I have always removed a
piece of the skull with a small trephine applied in a lozenge-shaped
area which is seen to be bounded on the sides by four small vessels. The
posterior edge of the opening thus made extends back to about opposite
the posterior margin of the cerebral hemispheres, and the aperture was
enlarged with scissors until the front edges of the optic lobes came into
view. These were carefully and completely separated by a cataract knife
from the parts of the brain in front of them, and the latter were removed
from the cranial cavity; the incision in the skull being usually carried
forwards to facilitate this removal. The edges of the skin were then
brought carefully in contact, without sutures, and the animal placed
in a dish containing a little water and left until the wound healed up
… they were not fed, as experience showed me that for the week or two
during which I desired to keep them, they did better without food; or at
least without the exhausting struggle which the attempt to open their
mouths called forth.”--_Journ. Physiol._, Vol. I., p. 155.
“Dogs and cats were employed in our experiments.”--_Journ. Physiol._,
Vol. II., p. 25.
=Martin, Hippolyte=, 62, Rue de la Chaussée-d’Antin, Paris. Phys. Hos.
Dis. Children.
“M. Hippolyte Martin has presented to the Biological Society of Paris,
specimens of artificially excited tuberculosis in rabbits, resulting from
the injection of apparently inert powders (lycopodium, etc.), into the
peritoneal cavity.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, April, 2, 1881.
=Martini, Adolfo.= M.D. Asst. Prof. Pisa Univ.
=Matthias-Duval=, 11, Rue des Martyrs, Paris. Agrégé de la Faculté.
=Mayer, Sigmund.= Prof. Histol. Med. Fac. Univ. Prague.
Author of “Speciellen Nerven Physiologie” in “Hermann’s Handbuch der
Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1879; “Studien zur Physiologie des Herzens und
der Blutgefässe;” “Ueber die Erscheinungen im Kreislaufsapparate nach
zeitweiliger Verschliessung der Aorta,” Sitzber d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
(Wien), Vol. 79, part III., 1879; “Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen ueber die
Hemmung und Wiederherstellung des Blutstroms im Kopfe,” (11) Centralb. f.
d. med. Wiss. No. 8 (1880), p. 129; “Zur Lehre von der Herzthätigkeit,”
Prag. Med. Wockenschr., No. 14 (1880), p. 135; “Ueber ein Gesetz der
Erregung terminaler Nerven-Substanzen,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
(Wien), Vol. 81 (1880), p. 111.
=McBride, Peter=, 16, Chester Street, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881;
M.B. and C.M., 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879; L. 1876 (Edin. and
Vienna); Mem. Edin. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Lect. on Dis. of Ear Edin. Sch.
of Med., etc.
Contrib. to “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” “Lancet,” “Med. Times and
Gazette,” etc., etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Edinburgh Materia Medica
Department, in 1879 and 1880; Certificates for Experiments without
Anæsthetics in 1879 and 1880._
=McDonnell, Robert=, 89, Merrion Square, W. Dublin. A.B. and M.D. Dub.,
1857; F.R.C.S.I. (Exam.), 1853; L.M. Rot. Hosp. Dub.; (Carm. Sch. and
T.C. Dub.); F.R.S., M.R.I.A., Mem. Counc. Univ. Dub.; Mem. Path. Soc.
Dub., Roy. Zool. Soc. and Stat. Soc. Irel.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.
Lond.; Surg. Dr. Steeven’s and Jervis St. Hosps.; late Med. Supt.
Mountjoy Govt. Prison; Asst. Surg. Brit. Civ. Hosp. Smyrna and Civ. Surg.
Med. Staff, Crimea; Ex.-Pres. R.C.S., Irel.
Author of “Lectures and Essays on the Science and Practice of Surgery;”
“Lectures on Physiology of the Nervous System,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz.;
“Observations on the Habits and Anatomy of the Lepidosiren Annecteus,”
Journ. Roy. Dub. Soc.; “On the Functions of the Liver,” 1865. Contrib.
“Physiology of Diabetic Sugar in the Animal Economy,” Dub. Quart. Journ.;
“Observs. on the Operation of Trephining the Spine in Cases of Fracture,”
_Ibid._, 1865; also to Dub. Hosp. Gas., Dr. Brown-Séquard’s Journal of
Physiology, Trans. Roy. Irish Acad., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc.; Editor of
“Colles’s Works” (Syd. Soc.)
_Held a License far Vivisection at the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin,
Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Rooms, at Laboratory Medical
College, Dr. Steven’s Hospital, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin,
in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned._
Those who desire to advance science should begin as soon as they have
passed their final examination to experiment independently in the
laboratory; did so himself, and has also made a very few experiments at
his own house, 4, 514-7.--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 33.
=McKendrick, John Gray=, University, Glasgow. M.D. Aberd. and C.M., 1864;
F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; LL.D., 1882; (Univs. Aberd. and Edin.); F.R.S.
Edin.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ., Glasg.; Fuller Prof. of Physiol.
Roy. Inst. Gt. Brit.; formerly Thomson Lect. on Nat. Sci. Free Church
Coll., Aberd., 1879-80; Lect. on Insts. of Med. Extra. Acad. Sch., Edin.;
Lect. on Physiol. Dick Vet. Coll., etc., etc.
Author of “Outlines of Physiology,” 1878; various Papers on Physiological
Subjects in Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University, Glasgow, Physiological
Laboratory and Physiological Class Room; also unrestricted as to place in
1878-79-80. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80._
Experiments on the eyes of living birds and mammals.
Does not see how legislation can regulate vivisection (3953-4); and
fears it would retard the advancement of science (4012); has a private
laboratory himself (3960-5); and disapproves of licensing places as
likely to inconvenience competent and earnest men.…--_Digest Ev. R.
Com._, p. 30.
“On an etherized animal, the degree of reflex stimulation produced by an
electric current of predetermined intensity in immediate contact with
the skin was noted. Afterwards the exposed cerebral hemispheres were
simultaneously stimulated, to observe whether the reflex action produced
by the first stimulation increased or diminished. This method only led to
uncertain results.”--Review of “On the inhibitory or restraining action
which the encephalon exerts on the reflex centres of the spinal cord” by
John McKendrick (_Edin. Med. Journ._, Feb., 1874, p. 733), “_Revue des
Sciences Médicales_,” Vol. IV., No. 7, p. 64.
“At this stage of the inquiry we examined the action of light on the eyes
of living animals.… We accordingly instituted a series of experiments
which were practically very troublesome. We examined the eyes--(1) of the
living cat; (2) of the living pigeon; and (3) of the living owl. In all
cases the animals were deeply under the influence of chloroform during
the experiments.
“1. The Cat.--The animal was securely fixed in Czermak’s rabbit-holder.
The skin around the orbit was reflected. The zygomatic arch was snipped
through by bone forceps, so as to expose as much as possible of the side
of the orbit. The cellular tissue of the orbit was then pushed aside
along the superior and the lateral aspect of the eyeball, so as to reach
the optic nerve with as little disturbance as possible to the vascular
arrangements of the eyeball. On exposing clearly the optic nerve, and
staunching hæmorrhage, the nerve was cut through transversely with
sharp scissors. When this was done the globe could be pulled downwards,
inwards, and forwards, so as to expose a clear transverse section of
the nerve. With the head firmly fixed, one narrow clay point was now
placed on the cornea, while the other was in contact with the transverse
section of the nerve.”--“On the physiological actions of light,” by Dr.
McKendrick and Mr. James Dewar.--_Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin._, 1876, p. 160.
=McReddie, George.= M.D. India.
“Dr. McReddie (Proceedings of the N.W. Provinces Branch of the British
Medical Ass., 1883), after injecting strychnine into dogs, has tried the
effects of antidotes on the animals, using inhalations of chloroform,
amyl nitrite, atropine, and eserine. He finds that all these remedies
are inefficacious, neither preventing the fatal result nor arresting the
convulsions.”--_Brit. Med. Journ._, May 19th, 1883, p. 973.
=McWilliam, John Alexander=, Univ. Coll., Gower Street, W. M.D. Aberd.
(highest Honours for Thesis), 1882; M.B. and C.M. (highest Acad. Honours
and John Murray Medal and Schol.), 1880; Univs. Aberd. and Edin., Univ.
Coll. Lond., and Univ. Leipsig; Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Coll. Lond.;
late Teacher of Exper. Physics and Asst. Demonst. of Anat., Char. Cross
Hosp. Med. Schl., and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Aberd.
Contrib. “Case of Renal Abnormality,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” 1882.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College New Physiological
Theatre and Rooms comprised in Physiological Laboratory, together with
Curator’s Rooms, 1883; also Certificate for Experiments in Illustration
to Lectures. No experiments returned._
=Meissner, G.= Prof. Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Göttingen Univ.; Lec.
Physiol. Instit.
=Meren, Giovanni.= M.D., Asst. Prof. Cagliari University.
=Metzdorf, R.= Prof. Lab. Vet. School, Breslau.
=Miescher, F.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Bâle Univ.
=Milne-Murray, Robt.=, 10, Hope Street, Edinburgh. M.A. St. And., 1875;
M.B. Edin. and C.M. (Honours) 1879; M.R.C.P. Edin., 1881 (Univ. Edin.);
Mem. Edin. Obst. Soc., late Res. Phys. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin.
Author of “Chemical Notes and Equations;” Contrib. to _Edin. Med.
Journ._, 1881 and 1882.
_Held a License for Vivisection, no place named, in 1882 and 1883; also
Special Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics same years._
=Moleschott, Giacomo.= Rome Univ. Prof. B. 1822 at Herzogenbusch. M.D.
Heidelberg (Univ. Heidelberg and Haarlem); Practised Med. Utrecht;
Private Prof. of Physiol. Chem. and Anthropol. Heidelberg, 1847; later
Prof. Physiol. Zurich; Univ. Turin 1861; naturalised Italian and Senator,
1876; Prof. Physiology Univ. Rome 1878.
Author of “Physiology of Food,” 1859; “Physiology of Transformation of
Substances in Plants and Animals,” 1851; “Physiological Sketches,” 1861;
and joint author (with Donders and Van Deen) of “Holländische Beiträge zu
den anatomischen und physiologischen Wissenschaften.”
Founded a Physiol. Lab. at Heidelberg in 1853.
“M. Moleschott’s experiments consisted in taking the liver out of animals
capable of resisting this mutilation (frogs, for instance, may survive
from eight to fifteen days). More than one hundred frogs have been thus
prepared by M. Moleschott.”--Note, Béclard’s _Traité de Physiologie_, p.
716, Vol. I., 1880.
=Mollière, Daniel.= Paris.
Contrib. to “Progrès Médical,” 1873, p. 163.
Cut the spinal nerves of rabbits and kittens to produce artificial
deformity of the spine.
=Morgan, C. Lloyd,= Prof. Geol. and Biol. Univ. Coll., Bristol; formerly
of Rondibosch, South Africa.
“I will now briefly describe the nature of my experiments:--
1. Condensing a sunbeam on various parts of the scorpion’s body.…
2. Heating in a glass bottle, as this admits of most careful watching. I
have killed some twenty or thirty individuals in this way.…
3. Surrounding with fire or red-hot embers.…
4. Placing in burning alcohol.…
5. Placing in concentrated sulphuric acid.… The creature died in about
ten minutes.…
6. Burning phosphorus on the creature’s body. I placed a small pellet of
phosphorus near the root of the scorpion’s tail, and lit the phosphorus
with the touch of a heated wire.…
7. Drowning in water, alcohol, and ether.
8. Placing in a bottle with a piece of cotton-wool moistened with benzine.
9. Exposing to sudden light.…
10. Treating with a series of electric shocks.
11. General and exasperating courses of worry.”
“I think it will be admitted that some of these experiments were
sufficiently barbarous (the sixth is positively sickening) to induce
any scorpion who had the slightest suicidal tendency to find relief in
self-destruction. I have in all cases repeated the experiments on several
individuals.”--C. Morgan Lloyd, in _Nature_, Feb. 1st, 1883.
=Moriggia= (Prof.), Rome University.
=Mosso, Angelo.= Prof. Physiol. Univ. Turin. B. at Turin, 1846. For two
years Mosso assiduously attended Schiff’s Laboratory, afterwards he
studied two years at Leipsig under Ludwig. Then he studied at Paris.
From thence he returned to accept the chair of Materia Medica at Turin,
and soon after with a subsidy from the Government and his University,
he founded the first Laboratory of experimental Chemistry in Italy. When
the Professorship of Physiology became vacant by the translation of
Moleschott to Rome, Mosso accepted it.
Author of “Movimenti dell’œsofago,” Experimental Researches (Turin,
1872); “Sopra alcune nuovæ proprieta delle pareti dei vasi sanguini,”
1873; “Sull’ azione dell’ emetico,” 1874; “Sui movimenti dell’ iridi,”
1874; “Critica sperimentale della diastole attiva del cuore,” 1874;
“Sopra un nuovo metodo per iscrivere i movimenti dei vasi sanguigni nell’
uomo,” 1875; “Sull’ azione fisiologica dell’ aria compressa,” 1875;
“Sopra Palternarsi del campo della visione,” 1875; “Sull’ azione del
cloralio,” 1875; “Tre memorie intorno alla circolazione del sangue nel
cervello dell’ nomo,” etc.
Made experiments with nitrite of amyl in the Lab. of experimental
Pharmacology of the Univ. of Turin (_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_, 1878, p. 174);
also jointly with Guarechi injected extract of putrified human brain into
animals.
=Mott, Frederick Walker=, 65, Grove Street, Liverpool. M.B., London
(Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in For. Med., 1st Honours in Med.) and
B.S., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1880 (Univ. Coll. and Vienna); Demonst. of
Physiol. Univ. Coll., Liverpool; late House Phys. and Opht. Asst. Univ.
Coll. Hosp., Lond.
Contrib. “Bacteria, or their Antecedents in Healthy Tissues,” Journ. of
Physiol.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory,
Liverpool School of Medicine in 1883; also Certificate dispensing with
obligation to kill._
=Munk, Immanuel.= B. 1839. Assist. Demonst. Chem. Micros. Physiol. and
Histol. Med. Fac. Univ.; Assist. Vet. School, Berlin.
Author of “Ueber die Resorption der Fettsäuren, ihre Schicksale und ihre
Verwerthung im Organismus,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu Berlin, Vol.
XIII., 18 Ap., 1879; “Die physiologische Bedeutung und das Verhalten des
Glycerins im Organismus,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. LXXVI. (1879), p.
119; “Ueber den Einfluss sensibler Reizung a. d. Gallenausscheidung;”
Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. VIII.; “Physiologie des Menschen und der
Säugethiere,” Berlin, 1881.
Experiments on rabbits. Biliary fistula established. The animals then
submitted to electric stimulations.
=Munk, Hermann.= Prof. exper. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Berlin.
Author of “Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der Nervenerregung,” Leipsig,
1868; “Ueber die Sehsphäre und die Riechsphäre der Grosshirnrinde,”
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1880, p. 449; “Ueber die Functionen der
Grosshirnrinde,” Berlin, 1880.
Made experiments on dogs and monkeys. After the destruction of their
frontal lobes, dogs showed no signs of impaired intellect, but
disturbances were produced in their hind quarters. They turned round in
the direction of the lesion, and a cat-like bending of the spine took
place. Sometimes during the first weeks the dogs held their heads down,
could scarcely seize their meat; monkeys lost their power of springing,
but their intelligence remained unimpaired. Also experimented with
electricity on the exposed muscles.--_Berl. Akad. Sitzungsber_, 1882, p.
36.
=Murrell, William=, 38, Weymouth Street, Portland Place, W. M.D.,
Brussels, 1879; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; L. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1875;
L.S.A. 1874 (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on
Mat. Med. and Therap. (late Lect. on Pract. Physiol. and Med. Regist.),
Westm. Hosp.; formerly Sharpey Physiol. Schol. and Demonst. of Physiol.
Univ. Coll.; Obst. Asst. Univ. Coll. Hosp. and Res. Clin. Asst. Consump.
Hosp. Brompton.
Author of “Nitro Glycerine as a remedy for Angina Pectoris,” 1880;
“What to do in cases of Poisoning,” 1882 (jointly with Dr. Ringer);
“Action of Atropia on the Nervous System”; “Journ. Anat. Physiol.,”
1877; “Physiological Action of Aconitia,” Ibid., 1877, etc. Contrib. to
“Lancet,” “Practitioner,” etc.
Has made numerous experiments jointly with Dr. Sydney Ringer to test the
actions of various drugs on cats and frogs.