Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.--As the cat was now very
weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined to make the diabetic
puncture. The cat was therefore laid prone, a cut made through the skin
over the occipital protuberance, and the chisel applied immediately
underneath this. After dividing the occipital bone, the chisel was
passed in a direction downwards and forwards, so as to cut the line made
by joining the two auditory meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it
met with the basilar bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over
at 12.30. Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little
milk.”--“_On the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile
Ducts_,” _Barth. Hosp. Reps._, Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.
=Lemoigne= (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila.
Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.
=Leopold, G.= Prof. Univ. Leipsig.
“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments
of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise,
seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from
making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded
thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then
the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the
embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from
the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he
closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.…
As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups--one in which
peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in
which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In
the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at
periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”--_Med.
Times and Gazette_, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.
=Lépine, R.=, Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.
Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875;
jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent
les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue
de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path.
1883, p. 93.
“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which
were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba,
a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which
at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part;
above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine
scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then
the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper
opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe
was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of
the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same
process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate
as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the
intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up,
and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time--generally an hour
or an hour and a-half--killed, and the contents of the tied loops were
examined.”--_Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1883, p. 679.
=Lesser, A.= Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.
=Lesser, Baron Von L. L.= Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. Fac., Leipsig
University. Path. Institute.
=Leube, Wilhelm Olivier.= B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; studied Med.
Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; studied Physiol. under Du
Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. Chem. under Kühne; First Asst.
Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med.
Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. Erlangen, 1874.
Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren
Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv,
1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du
Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.
Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.
=Lewaschew= (Dr.), St. Petersburg.
“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on
the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of
the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’s
_Archiv._, by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of
investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of
the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by
means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that
rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation,
because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about
gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be
employed.”--_Lancet_, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.
Dr. Lewaschew drew a thread moistened with acid through the nervus
ischiadicus of the one leg to set up an irritation in the nerve. At
intervals of from three to six days a thread was sewn nearer the
peripheric end of the nerve. This was continued till the death of the
animals. Some died rapidly of gangrene of the extremities and septicemia,
others at the end of two to four weeks only of putrid infection and
dysentery; many, however, supported the operation for two or four months.
Some of the animals became seized with epileptic fits, which increased
till life ended.--_Petersburg Med. Wochenschrift_, Vol. XXXI., 1880.
=Lewes, George Henry.= B. London, 1817; d. 1878.
Studied med., anat., and physiol.
Author of “On the spinal cord,” 1858; “The nervous system,” 1859;
“Physiology of Common Life,” 1860; “Aristotle,” 1864; “Problems of Life
and Mind,” etc.
“A triton whose cord had been divided some weeks was completely cut in
two. The head-half immediately began crawling away with great activity,
which, as this half contained the heart, and almost all the viscera,
was not surprising. The tail half remained for some time in a standing
posture, and then began to crawl forward. After three steps it paused,
remaining quiet during five minutes, and began again, but feebly. The
tail moved spontaneously, but with great slowness; when it was touched
both tail and legs moved. I then placed it under a glass, with a
moistened sponge inside to prevent evaporation from the skin, and left
it there for two hours, watching its spontaneous, though very languid
movements. If any reader remains still unconvinced, I can only recommend
him to divide the spinal chord of a frog a little below the shoulders,
and keep the animal for some days or weeks (care must be taken to prevent
water getting to the cord, as that soon kills the animal), watching it,
and testing its sensibility.”--_Physiol. Com. Life_, Vol. II., pp. 255-6.
“Marshall Hall reports the case of a man in whom accident had destroyed
all sensation and voluntary motion, yet who drew up his legs when they
were tickled, without once feeling the sensation of tickling.… This case
is constantly cited, and is, indeed, very striking. It seems to have a
far greater value than any experiments on animals can have, because we
cannot question animals as to their sensations; we do not _know_ whether
they feel or not. We can only infer: whereas we can interrogate the human
patient.”--_Ibid._, p. 861.
“Has performed a great many experiments (6,354), nearly all relating
to the nerves, (6,365), mostly on frogs and other cold-blooded animals
(6,357), and not more than a dozen rabbits and pigeons in a dozen years
under anæsthetics (6,361-4).… Could not himself bear to experiment on
dogs or cats (6,360, 6,379), rabbits would nearly always do instead
(6,413-7).”--_Digest Ev. R. Com._, p. 41.
=Lewin, L.= M.D. Asst. at the Pharmacol. Instit., Berlin.
Author of “Untersuchungen ueber Wirkung and Verhalten des Tannins
im Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._,” Vol. LXXXI., 1880;
“Untersuchungen ueber das chemische Verhalten der Folia Uvae Ursi im
Thierkörper.”--Virchow’s “_Archiv._” Vol. XCII., 1883.
Made experiments on rabbits with tannin and other substances.
=Leyden, Ernst Victor.= B. Danzig, 1832. Studied Med. Chir., Inst.
Friedrich Wilhelm, Berlin; Milit. Surg. Dusseldorf, Danzig, Gumbinnen
and Königsberg; Battaillon Surg. Berlin, 1862-65; then Prof. and Direct.
Med. Clin. Polyclin. Königsberg; Prof. Strasburg, 1872; succeeded Traube,
Berlin, 1876; Privy Councillor in Med. affairs; Prof. Path. and Therap.,
Direct. Med. Clinic, Berlin.
Author of “Beiträge und Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathologie des
Gehirns,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXXVII., p. 519; Editor “Zeitschrift
fuer Klinische Medecin.”
Inventor of an instrument which can be screwed into an opening made in
the skull of dogs to facilitate the study of the movements of the then
exposed brain. Injected blood of patients suffering from pneumonia into
guinea-pigs.
“Nasse and Rosenthal, but especially Leyden, had, a few years ago,
studied the effects of pressure and agitation on the functions of the
brain mass. Leyden injected a solution of sodium chloride between
the skull and dura mater. A more extended series of experimental
investigations was subsequently undertaken by Dr. F. Pagenstecher.
Pagenstecher injected a mixture of white wax and tallow heated to 50° C.
between the skull and dura mater of dogs. As regards the sensibility of
the dura mater, Leyden and Pagenstecher differ.”--Bartholow’s “_Functions
of the Human Brain_,” _Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci._, April, 1874, pp.
305-306.
=Lindgren, H. O.= Prof. Med. Fac. Lund University.
=Lingard, Alfred=, 91, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W., M.R.C.S.
Eng., 1873; L.S.A., 1874 (St. Thos.’s, Vienna, Berlin, and Paris); Fell.
Roy. Micros. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc., Lond., Brit. Med. Ass., Anthrop.
Inst. Great Brit. and Irel., and Soc. Anthrop. Paris; late House Phys.
St. Thos.’s Hosp.; Transl. of Fournier’s “Syphilis and Marriage;”
Contrib. “Ueber den Bau der Symphgefässe in pathologisch veränderter
Haut;” Allge. Wien. Med. Zeit. 1876; “On an Infectious Ulcerative
Disease of Skin and Mucous Membrane caused by a Specific Bacillus,”
_Lancet_, 1883.
_Held a License for Vivisection in a building belonging to Mr. George
Lacey, 213, Wandsworth Road, S.W., and situated in the Stag Yard,
opposite side of the Wandsworth Road to the above address in 1883.
Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments returned
1883._
=Liouville, Henri.= B. Paris, 1837; D. 1882. M.D. 1870; Chief Direct.
Lab. Hôtel Dieu, 1872.
Author of “De la Généralisation des Anéurismes Miliaires,” 1871; “De
l’abus en thérapeutique,” 1875; Contrib. to various Med. Journals.
=Lister, Sir Joseph=, Bt., 12, Park Crescent, Portland Place, W. M.B.
Lond., 1852; B.A., 1847; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1852; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1855;
F.F.P.S. Glasgow, 1860; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; LL.D. Edin., 1878; M.D.
Dub., 1879; LL.D. Glasg., 1879; D.C.L. Oxon., 1880; LL.D. Cantab., 1880;
Knt. Comm. 1st Class, Danebrog; Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond.; Cothenius
Medallist German Soc. of Naturalists, 1877; Roy. Medallist Roy. Soc.
Lond., 1880; Laureate French Acad. Sci., 1881; Hon. Mem. numerous Foreign
Societies; Mem. of Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research; Surg.
Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Prof. Chir. Surgery, King’s Coll.
Author of articles “Amputation” and “Anæsthetics” in Holmes’s System
of Surgery; “Croonian Lecturer on Coagulation of the Blood,” Proc.
Roy. Soc.; “On Ligatures of Arteries on the Antiseptic System;” “De
l’influence qu’exerce la position du corps sur la circulation sanguine,”
paper read before Acad. de Méd., Paris, June, 1878.
Made experiments on horses and calves.
“Considers that experiments on living animals is one of the most
important means of increasing knowledge (4,291-2). Attaches very great
importance to demonstration as a means of instruction (4,339-43).” Thinks
that “demonstrations should be performed under anæsthetics, but that not
so much for the purpose of avoiding pain to the animals as for the sake
of avoiding a demoralising influence on the students” (4,328).--_Digest
Ev. R. Com._ pp. 30-31.
=Livon, Charles Marie=, Marseilles. M.D., 1873; Prof. Exper. Physiol.
Sch. Med.
Author of “Nouveau Manuel de Vivisections,” Paris, 1882; “Du Traitement
des Polypes Laryngiens,” 1873.
=Loewenfeld, L.= Prof., Munich.
Author of “Experimentelle und Kritische Untersuchungen zur
Electrotherapie des Gehirns,” Munich, 1881.
“Dr. Loewenfeld, of Munich … also made an experimental inquiry into the
effects of both currents, when applied to the brains of rabbits and
kittens, on intercranial circulation.… We cannot, however, help remarking
on an important discrepancy in the results of his experiments on animals,
of which the author himself does not appear to be aware.”--_Med. Times
and Gaz._, March 4th, 1882, p. 238.
=Loewenthal, N.= Asst. to Schiff Physiol. Lab. Geneva.
Author of “Ueber den Unterschied Zwischen der Secundären Degeneration
des Seitenstrangs nach Hirn und Rückenmarks verletzungen.”--Pflüger’s
_Archiv._, Vol. XXXI., p. 350.
=Lombardini= (Prof.), Pisa. Scuola Veterinaria.
=Longet, François Achille.= B. St. Germain-en-Laye, 1811; d. Bordeaux,
1871. Mem. Acad. Med. Paris, late Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Paris.
Author of “Mouvement Circulaire de la Matière dans les trois règnes,”
1866; “Traité de Physiologie,” 1850; “Recherches Expérimentales sur
les fonctions de l’epiglotte et sur les agents de l’occlusion de la
glotte dans la deglutition, le vomissement, etc.,” 1841; “Recherches
Expérimentales sur les fonctions des nerfs, des muscles, du larynx,”
1841; “Recherches Expérimentales sur l’irritabilité musculaire,” 1841;
“Anatomie et Physiologie du systéme nerveux de Phomme et des animaux
vertébrés,” 1846; “Expériences relatives aux effets de l’inhalation de
l’ether sulfurique sur le systéme nerveux,” 1847; “Du Sulfocyanure de
potassium consideré comme un des éléments normaux de la salive,” 1856;
“Fragments sur les phénomènes chimiques de la digestion,” 1857.
“His (Longet’s) experiments to confirm those of Majendie, led him to
conclusions completely opposed to those of Flourens.”--Art. “Brain,”
_Encyclopédie des Sci. Med._, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 204.
“Experiments on animals of a different species, so far from leading to
useful results as regarded human beings, had a tendency to mislead us.
In seeking to benefit mankind by vivisections, it would be necessary to
have recourse to pathological facts founded on experiments on _human_
beings.”--_Longet, quoted in Fleming’s Essay_, p. 42.
=Lovèn, Christian.= M.D., Prof. Med. Chir. Inst. Stockholm.
Author of “Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung,” Ludwig’s
Arbeiten, 1866, p. 1.
“I now come to the results of stimulation of the central nerves. When
a powerful unnarcotised animal was submitted to the experiment, I
observed that in most cases, the arteria auricularis became smaller
at the commencement of the stimulation. This occurred more surely and
quickly as the animal expressed its sufferings more violently by cries
and struggles. This narrowing of the artery lasted for different, but
always very short periods of time, and then gave place to an enlargement
even during continued stimulation.… This is, however, not always the case
when a great number of experiments are made.… Once it happened that in an
unnarcotised animal, immediately at the commencement of the stimulation
without any signs of narrowing a very powerful distention occurred.
This result appeared in the same animal as long as the sensitiveness
of the nerves remained sufficient to allow the experiment to be
continued.”--_Erweiterung von Arterien durch Nervenerregung, Ludwig’s
Arbeiten_, 1866, pp. 9-10.
=Luchsinger, B.= Prof. Physiology Vet. School, Berne, formerly Asst.
Physiol. Lab. Zurich; Prof. Exper. Pharmacol. Gen. Physiol. Med. Fac.
Univ. Berne.
Author of: “Zur Kenntniss der Functionen des Rückenmarkes,” Pflüger’s
_Archiv._, Vol. XVI.; “Neue Versuche zu einer Lehre von der Schweiss
secretion, ein Beitrag zur Physiologic der Nervencentren,” _Ibid._,
Vol. XIV., p. 869; “Zur Physiologie der Schweiss secretion,” Virchow’s
_Arch._, Vol. LXXVI., p. 529; “Zur Allgemeinen Physiologie der irritabeln
Substanzen,” Bonn, 1879; “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._,
Vol. XXII., p. 179, etc., etc.
Made experiments in the Physiological Laboratory of Zurich (jointly with
Drs. von Borosnyai, Steger, and Pestalozzi) on electrical stimulation of
the cerebral cortex. Also experiments on dogs, horses, cats, pigs, oxen,
and goats. Cut the nervus ischiadicus to study the action of muscarin and
pilocarpin on the excretory glands. Also experiments on cats and kittens
with Miss J. A. Kendall.
“At the sight of a strange dog, still more so on being bound to the
vivisecting table, the cat often breaks out in a violent perspiration
on all four feet. It strikes us naturally that the first thing to do is
to remove totally all these psychical influences, if it is wished to
study thoroughly other causes which may have the effect of stimulating
the perspiratory centres. A method frequently employed--narcosis--I
have purposely never used; indeed, I _never_ make use of it except for
preliminary operations. If the brain is really narcotised, the other
nerve centres must also have lost much of their excitability, lesser
degrees of narcotisation seem to me to offer very little advantage for
the purpose we have in view.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XIII., p. 375.
“By the following experiments Luchsinger believes himself to have found
the most irrefutable proof of the existence of a really antagonistic
action of atropin and pilocarpin on the excretory glands, and to have
finally disposed of my thesis on physiological antagonism. When he had
fully convinced himself of the functions performed by the sweat glands
on the hind feet of chloroformed cats, by cutting both hip nerves,
and stimulating their peripheral ends, and also by injecting 0·01
grs. of pilocarpin under the skin of the back; when he had succeeded
in completely arresting all secretion of sweat by the injection of
0·001-0·003 grs. of atropin under the skin of the back, so that the
very strongest stimulation of the hip nerves remained entirely without
effect, he always succeeded in causing a spontaneous secretion of sweat
in the balls of the toes by the injection of 0·301 grs. of pilocarpin
either into the feet or under the skin of the back. If he injected less
than 0·001 grains of pilocarpin, the natural secretion of sweat might
not result, but could be excited by stimulation of the nerves which had
been without effect before. The feet into which no pilocarpin had been
injected remained dry and could not be brought to perspire by electrical
stimulation of the nerves. Luchsinger considers these experiments to be
practically the most simple and theoretically the most explicit, and
hence he believes that I shall also allow myself to be convinced by them
of the fallacy of my third thesis. Our experiments on the same subject
have shown us however on the contrary that Luchsinger’s theories are only
partially founded on correct observation, also that the conclusiveness of
his experiments only appears to him so simple and clear because he has
not thoroughly worked out the whole question, and has allowed himself
to be duped too rapidly by the surprising results which happened at
first.”--Rossbach, “_Neue studien ueber den Physiologischen Antagonismus
der Gifte_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXI., pp. 2-3.
=Luciani, Luigi=, 3, Via San Sebastiani, Florence. B. 1842 at Ascoli,
Piceno. Studied Univs. Bologna and Naples. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Univ.
Bologna, 1868; sent to Leipsig to study Exper. Physiol. under Ludwig,
1872; Prof. Gen. Path. Univ. Parma, 1875; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Siena,
1879.
Author of “Sulla fisiologica degli organi centrali del cuore,” Bologna,
1873; “Nacoro pretodo per la trasfusione diretta del sangue,” 1874;
“Sulla natura frenzionale del centro respiratorio” (experimental
researches made jointly with Prof. Prattili) 1874; “Sulle funzioni del
cervello,” ricerche sperimentali (with Prof. Tamburini), 1878-79, &c.
Experiments on starving dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol. V.,
p. 338.
=Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm.= B. Witzenhausen, 1816. Studied Med. at
Marburg and Erlangen; Prof. extraord. Comp. Anat. Marburg, 1846; Prof.
Anat. and Physiol., Zurich, 1849; Prof. Physiol. and Physics, Josephinum
at Vienna, 1855; Prof. Leipsig, 1865; Privy Court Councillor; Prof. at
Physiol. Inst.; Vice-President Leipsic Thierschutzverein (Society for the
Protection of Animals).
Author of “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Heidelberg, 1852; “Die
physiologischen Leitungen des Blutdruckes,” Leipsig, 1865.
Inventor of an apparatus for cutting through the spinal marrow of living
mammalia, recommended by Prof. Cyon; also of an engine for measuring the
rapidity of the circulation of the blood.
=Lussana Filippo.= B. Senate, San Leone. Studied at Clusone, Bergamo and
Pavia; Prof. Physiol. Univ. Padua; Direct. Univ. Padua.
Author of “Osservazioni fisio-patologiche sul sistema nervoso,” 1856;
“Il Pancreas,” 1852: “Atropine e Belladonna,” 1852; “Patologia del
Cervelletto,” 1856; “Sperienze sul gran-simpatico,” 1857; “Fisiologia
del dolore,” 1859; “Sur la fibrine du sang,” 1866; “Fisiologia della
donna,” 1867; “Sui processi digestivi” 1868-69; “Fisiologia dei centri
nervosi encefalici,” 1871; “Sui canali semicircolari, Richerche
fisio-patologiche,” 1872; “Des centres moteurs encéphaliques,” 1877; “I
movimenti del dolore,” 1878, &c.
=Lyon= (Dr.), St. Petersburg.
=Macewen, William=, 73, Bath Street, and 5, Ure Place, Montrose Street,
Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1874;
(Glasg.); Mem. Nat. Hist., Path. and Chir., and Med. and Chir. Socs.,
Glasg.; Lect. on Chir. Surg., and Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm.; Casualty
Surg. Glasg. City; late Disp. Surg. Glasg. Roy. Infirm., and Western
Infirm., Glasg.; House Phys. Roy. Infirm. and Asst. Phys. City Asyl.,
Glasg.
Author of “Wounds, in relation to the instruments which produce them;”
“Antiseptic Osteotomy for Genu Vulgum,” 1878; “Osteotomy, with an Inquiry
into the Ætiology and Pathology of Knock Knee, Bow Legs, and other
Osseous Deformities of the Lower Limbs,” 1880; “Observations concerning
Transplantation of Bone,” 1881; “On the Immediate Treatment of Wounds,”
1881; “Chromic Gut and Chicken-bone Drainage Tubes,” 1881. Contrib. to
“Glasg. Med. Journ.,” 1874; “Edin. Month. Med. Journ.,” 1875; “Brit. Med.
Journ.,” 1880.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School
1881 and 1882. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881
and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882._
=Mackay, J. Yule.= M.B.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow
Physiological Laboratory and Physiological Class-room, 1883._
=Maclagan, Douglas=, 28, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1833; F.R.C.P.
Edin., 1864.; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1831 and 1833; Vice-Pres. F.R.S. (Edin.);
Prof. of Med. Jurisp., Police and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; Surg. Gen.
Queen’s Body Guard for Scotland; Surg.-Maj. Q.E.R.V.B.; Hon. Mem. Pharm.
Soc. Gt. Brit., etc., etc.
Contrib. Papers on Mat. Med. and Therapeutics, Pract. of Med. and Med.
Jurisp. in Edin. Med. Journs.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh Medical
Jurisprudence Department in 1878 and 1879. Certificates for Experiments
without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned._
=MacLeod, Neil=, Stoney Down, Walthamstow. M.D., 1883.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Licensee’s House, Stoney Down,
Walthamstow, 1883._
=Maier, Rudolf.= B. Freiburg, 1824. Prof. Path. Med. Fac. Univ. Freiburg.
Author of “Experimentelle Studien ueber Bleivergiftung,” Virchow’s
_Archiv._, Vol XC. (1882), p. 435.
Fed rabbits and guinea-pigs with lead.
=Majendie, François.= B. at Bordeaux, 1783; d. at Paris 1855. M.D. Paris,
1808; Mem. Acad. Science and Med. 1821; held a Professorship of Medicine
at the College of France, which he converted in 1830 into a Professorship
of Experimental Physiology.