que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, possèdent,
chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage et sur
l’estomac.”--_Gaz. Med. de Paris_, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.
=Kaess, C.= M.D. Prosector, Giessen.
Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883.
Experiments on dogs.
=Kahler, O.= Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine.
Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie
des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. Psychiat.,
Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” Prag. Med.
Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.
Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects of
pressure on the spine.--_Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde_ (Prague and Leipsig),
Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.
=Kelsch= (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty.
=Kinberg, J. G. H.=, Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst.
=Klebs, Edwin.= B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. Königsberg, Wurzberg,
Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. Königsberg; assistant to Virchow,
1861; Prof. Path. Anat., Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at
Prague, 1873; Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry
Med. Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883.
Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen
Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber
Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10,
11, 13.
=Klein, Emanuel,= M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown Instit.,
Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s Hosp.;
formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna.
Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory;”
“Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des Zellkernes und der
Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17
(1879), p. 289; “Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division
of Nuclei in the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV.
(1879), pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian
cornea,” _Ibid._, Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the dog,”
_Ibid._, July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System,” 1883,
London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879.
(_Chairman_) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the
use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (_Dr.
Klein_): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use
anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate,
I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries in pathological
research, except for convenience sake, as for instance on dogs and cats,
I do not use them. On frogs and the lower animals I never use them.
(3,539). When you say that you only use them for convenience sake, do you
mean that you have no regard at all to the sufferings of the animals?--No
regard at all. (3,540.) You are prepared to establish that as a principle
which you approve?--I think that with regard to an experimenter, a man
who conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no
time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer.
His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from
it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for
your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering
of the animal in performing a painful experiment.--I do. (3,542.) Why
do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?--Because I know
that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, and
when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the opinion
or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One must take
regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before whom one does
the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing to you that you
separate yourself entirely from the feeling which you observe to prevail
in this country in regard to humanity to animals?--I separate myself
as an investigator from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to
your proceedings as an investigator, you are prepared to acknowledge
that you hold as entirely indifferent the sufferings of the animal which
is subjected to your investigation?--Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that
that is a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the
feelings of the animals?--I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that,
generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?--Not
among the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)--_Min. of Ev.
R. Com._, London, 1876.
=Köbner, Heinrich.= Prof. in Berlin.
Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.”
Experiments to give leprosy to animals.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, 88 vol., p.
282.
“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white mouse,
two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog were
inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, and also
small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted.
Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”--_Note by O. Israel_,
_Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5_, 1883, p. 79.
=Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert.= M.D. Geheimrath. Direct. of the Pathol.
Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin.
“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity of tubercle
bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal cavity, and produced an
exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, the dog finally recovered
entirely, and seemed perfectly well. Then the same dog was used again,
and a large number of bacilli were introduced into the abdominal cavity.
You will see that the dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred
immunity, it ought to have been impossible to produce this second attack.
Hence I do not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor
do I think it necessary to try it.”--“_Dr. Robert Koch interviewed_,”
_Med. Times_, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.
“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad)
discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on animals
that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and contract it
from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, which were
claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis.
The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which Dr. Formad
inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while it is likely that
they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks were received with
marked interest, and were followed by a brief discussion, participated
in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, Cohen, and others. Some of
the speakers seem to have adopted Koch’s views, and it was spoken of
as a matter of congratulation that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad
should have presented the arguments against them, since the truth
would be arrived at all the more surely if the new doctrine were put
upon its defence, and not allowed to establish itself without due
scrutiny.”--_Philadelphia Med. News_, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in _Med.
Times_, Dec. 2, 1882.)
“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable _succès d’estime_, but
that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly understood that the
original intention, and indeed the justification, of the method of dry
cultivation has been quietly dropped, while the method itself has been
put to a use for which it is not at all suited.”--_Med. Times_, July 15,
1882, p. 78.
“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously
ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, which have
hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, have either given
a negative result, or, if they were said to give a positive result,
they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or were disputed by
other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, nevertheless, in the most
careful and detailed manner, with experiments on animals. Because great
value must be laid on the results on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I
took fifty mice with me from Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments
on them,” but … “our mice remained healthy. We then made experiments
on monkeys, cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we
were able to get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything
in animals similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all
the animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too,
which come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.…
We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording
proofs.”--_Koch’s_ “_Address to the German Board of Health_,” “_Brit.
Med. Journ.,”_ Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.
=Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht.= B. 1817, at Zurich; Studied Univs. Zurich,
Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol.
and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847.
Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte und
Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und
der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen ueber die Letzten
Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862 (in progress).
=Krabbe, H.= M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. Vet. Coll.,
Copenhagen.
=Kraft= (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute.
=Kries, J. Von.= Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. Movement
and Sensation, Physiol. Inst.
Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften Muskels,”
Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die Gesichtsempfindungen und
ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 (Supplement).
=Krivoratow, M.=, Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil of Prof. Goltz.
=Kronecker, H.=, 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. Physiol.
Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol.
Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische Reize
zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May 16,
1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen
Wissenschaften.”
Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological
Institute in Berlin.
=Kueltz, E.= Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in Physiol. Lect.
on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883.
Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der Leber,”
Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale des
Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” _Ibid._, Vol.
XXVIII., 1882.
Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg.
=Kühne, W.= Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., Heidelberg
University.
Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, 1856;
“Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die peripherische
Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; “Untersuchungen
ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber
das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” Untersuchungen aus dem physiol.
Institute d. Universität, Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die
Netzhautfarbe belichteter menschlichen Augen,” _Ibid._, Vol. III., 1879;
“Beobachtungen ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea),
_Ibid._, Vol. II., 1882.
=Kussmaul, Adolf.= B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; studied at
Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, 1848; Prof. extraord.
Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg,
1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876.
Author of “Die Entwickelungs--Phasen der exacten Medicin,” “Ueber die
Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, 1866; “Zwanzig Briefe
über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with
Tenner); “Untersuchungen zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,”
1856; “Untersuchungen ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen
Zuckungen bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort,
1857.
“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts originate
from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the localization of
the functions of speech in portions of the cortex follows as a necessary
postulate of logic.… Physiological Experiment, as we might expect, leaves
us here in the lurch.”--Art. “Disturbances of speech,” _Ziemssen’s
Cyclopedia of Medicine_, Vol. XIV., p. 720.
=Laborde, J. V.=, 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Prof. Pract.
Physiol., Pract. Courses.
Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.”
Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated
criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it,
bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions.
=Lacerda (M.) de=, Rio de Janeiro.
Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and
guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote.
=Landois, Leonard.= B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at Physiol. Inst.,
Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. Physiol. and Dir.
Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., and Exper. Physiol.
Med. Fac., same place, 1883.
Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, 1879-80;
“Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 18, 1880,
p. 321.
=Lankester, Edwin Ray=, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; Educated St. Paul’s
School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872;
Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc.,
1875.
Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone of
Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; “Contributions to
the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” 1875; and the English Edition
of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy,
Nature,” Chief Editor of “Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”
“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific Experiment
on live animals.”--_Men of the Time_, 10th Edit., p. 604.
“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it the
better, since it is certain that for many years to come the problems of
physiology demanding experimental solution will increase in something
like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”--E. Ray Lankester,
_Spectator_, Jan. 10, 1874.
=Lange, O.= B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; formerly Asst.
to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence.
Editor of “Hospital Journal.”
=Langendorff, Oscar.= Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Königsberg.
Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der Vögel,” Mueller’s
Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat.
u. Physiol., etc.
Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for several hours
in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by ligature of the
aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.--_Med. Centralb._, 1882,
No. 50.
=Langley, J. N.= M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb.
Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary gland of the
dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III., 1877, p. 42. “On
the changes in serous glands during secretion,” Journ. of Physiol.,
Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the structure of serous glands in rest and
activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of
the structure of the cells of the liver and the changes which take place
in them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., 1882, p.
20.
“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, owing to
its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with which its nerves can
be isolated; a few experiments were made on the parotid, but these were
not increased in number, since there seems little reason to doubt that
that which is true for one salivary gland is also true for the rest.…
In observing the flow of blood all the veins going to the jugular were
tied, except the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular
was tied and cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the
blood allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made just
at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and the
blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected sometimes into
the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial artery direct into
the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… In every case the
stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a Du Bois Reymond’s induction
apparatus.”--_Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb._, Part III. (1877),
pp. 44, 45, 46.
Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological
Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificate dispensing
with obligation to kill in 1879._
=Lannegrace= (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Montpelier.
=Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola.= B. Ferrandina, 1846; Studied Salerno
and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; Phys. and Vet. Sur.
Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. of Surg. and Exper.
Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan.
Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” Milan,
1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, 1872; “Trattato
di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale e speciale degli animali
domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina sperimentale e le Scuole
Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, 1878, the journal “La Clinica
Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e Chirurgia practica degli Animali
domestici.”
=Lapper, Edwin=, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P.
Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on Chem.
Ledw. Sch. of Med.
Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin,
Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No experiments
returned._
=Lassègue, Jean Louis.= B. Paris, 1800.
Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour servir à
l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825.
Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after the
operation.
=Latschenberger, Joh.= M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. Chem. Univ.
Freiburg.
Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der reflectorischen
Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_, Vol. XII., p. 157.
Made experiments jointly with Deahna.
“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood
pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves.
The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… The
nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, and N.
ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central end was
stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases drawn outwards and
laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that the stimulated portion
should be completely surrounded by air.”--_Beiträge zur Lehre von der
reflectorischen Erregung, &c._, pp. 159, 160.
=Lautenbach, B. F.= M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva.
Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol.
II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” _Ibid._, pp. 1
and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of Nerv. and
Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.
Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying the
portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two hours in the
dog, and less in cats and rabbits.--_Philadelphia Med. Times_, May 26th,
1877.
=Lazarus, Moritz.= B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. Bern; Prof.
Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868.
Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.”
Made experiments on dogs and sheep.
=Lea, A. Sheridan=, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. New Museum.
Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine Ferment,”
Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological
Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned
in 1878._
=Lebedeff, Alexander.= Physician, Moscow, Russia.
Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882.
=Lebedoff, S. A.= Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg.
Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the secretion
of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. XCI., p. 2.
=Legg, John Wickham=, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. M.D. Lond., 1868;
M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path.
Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp.
Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of the
Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., Brit. Med.
Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.
“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon the
changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The animals
used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better than dogs.
Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days after. The
way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:--The animal was
first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform given largely, so as
to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then made through the linea alba
from the xiphoid cartilage downwards for about two inches.… Pushing
aside to the left the stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge
of the liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and gall
bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common duct and tied close
to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the duct, about half an inch
nearer to the liver, and the duct between the two ligatures divided by
a pair of scissors, the vessel being held out from the portal vein for
that purpose. In two of the cats the bile found its way again into the
intestine; in the later operations, therefore, I removed altogether about
half an inch of the common duct as is done in making biliary fistulæ.
The belly walls were then brought together with ordinary sutures. It is
well to place these close together, as I lost three of the cats from the
giving way of the sutures and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All
the operations recorded in this paper were done in the pharmacological
laboratory of my friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.…
“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very
fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. 26.
Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…
“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.--Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. Bile
duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died on Jan. 26.
Examined on Jan. 28.…
“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.--Large tabby cat, weighing immediately after
operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but not cut.
Feb. 6.--Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but lies on side
mewing. Feb. 7.--Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same place where left
yesterday.…
“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.--A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any fat
on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile ducts
tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the chloroform,
but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen alive on Feb.
7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, and already much decomposed.
Cause of death, prolapse of bowels.…