of the cervical region, made a wound in each ear, and inserted a fragment
of glass into the sore, which was then sewn up. At the end of six days a
tumour was set up in the left ear. At the end of twelve days the wound
on the right ear was opened by tearing its borders.… In the other ear
meanwhile the swelling had considerably increased, and a vast purulent
abscess was formed in its interior.… Here are some more curious results.
Cut the right nerve in the neck of a rabbit, and when the vessels of
the globe of the eye are dilated pour concentrated acetic acid on both
eyes. The sight is instantly violently distressed; the epithelium being
cauterised soon becomes detached, … and at the end of four weeks the
pupil of the eye can no longer be seen.”--_Traité de Physiologie_,
Béclard, 1862, p. 1,019.
=Dowdeswell, George Francis=, Physiol. Lab. New Museum, Oxford. M.A.,
F.C.S., F.R.S., &c.
Contrib. “On the structural changes which are produced in the liver under
the influence of the Salts of Vanadium,” “Journal of Physiology,” Vol.
I., Nos. 4 & 5, p. 257.
_Held License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, and University
College Physiological Laboratory in 1878-79-80; also at Cambridge
University Physiological Laboratory, besides former places in 1881-82-83.
Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1879;
Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880; Certificates
for Experiments without anæsthetics, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs,
Horses, Mules, and Asses in 1881-83, and Certificates for Illustrations
of Lectures, and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses
in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1878, 1879, and 1880. No Experiments
on Horses, Mules, or Asses._
=Du Bois Reymond, Emil.= B. Berlin, 1818. Studied Geology at Bonn;
Anatomy and Physiology at Berlin under J. Müller; Ph. D. 1843 (Bonn and
Berlin); Prof. Physiol. Univ. Berlin (successor to J. Müller), 1858; Mem.
and Perpetual Sec. of Imp. Acad. of Science, Berlin, 1867.
Author of “Untersuchungen ueber thierische Elektricität,” Berlin, 1848,
etc.; “Ueber Thierische Bewegung,” Berlin, 1851; “Ueber die Grenzen des
Naturerkennens,” Leipsig, 1872; “Abhandlungen über allgemeine Muskel und
Nervenphysik,” 1877; “Der physiologische Unterricht sonst und jetzt,”
Berlin, 1878; “Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft,” Leipsig, 1878.
Since 1857, co-editor, with Reichart, of Müller’s Archives of Anatomy.
In 1841 he experimented on animal electricity, and published the results
in “Poggendorf’s Annals” (1843).
It was Du Bois Reymond who said: “Standing on the loftiest summit of
Doubt, the man of science bravely disdains to fill the yawning desert
around him with phantoms of his imagination. He looks without terror into
the merciless machinery of Nature, utterly devoid as it is of any spark
of Deity.”--_Dr. Nordwall’s Address to Scandinavian League_, 1883.
=Du Castel= (Dr.), 14, Rue de Bellechasse, Paris. Phys. Hospital, Teuon.
=Durham, Arthur Edward=, 82, Brook Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.),
1860; M. 1858 (Guy’s) 1st M.B. 1857; Prizem. 1854, Univ. Lond.; F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Chairm. Bd. of Exam. R.C.S. Eng.;
Mem. Path. Clin. and Hunt. Socs.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg.; late Lect. on
Anat. and Lect. on Use of Microscope, Guy’s Hosp.; Con. Surg. St. Alban’s
Hosp. and Disp.; late Demonst. of Anat., Lect. on Nat. Philos., and Surg.
Regist. Guy’s Hosp.; late Pres. Quekett Micros. Club.
Late Editor Guy’s Hosp. Reps.; Author of “Sleeping and Dreaming,” an
Essay on Physiological Science; “The Physiology of Sleep,” etc.
“… It occurred to me that the artificial exposure of the brains of
living animals might afford opportunity for more definite observation
and further inquiry. With this idea I made numerous experiments and
observations.… It was suggested to me that the perforation of the skull
placed its contents in an unusual condition with regard to atmospheric
pressure, and that thus an unnatural state of the circulation might be
induced.… To obviate this and other possible objections, I replaced
the portions of bone removed by accurately fitting watch glasses, and
rendered the junction of their edges with the bone air-tight, by means
of inspissated Canada balsam.… I satisfied myself of the accuracy of
these observations by repeated experiments upon different animals. My
experiments upon dogs were the most satisfactory; those upon rabbits
least so.”--From “_Physiology of Sleep_” Guy’s Hospital Reports, Vol.
VI., 1860, p. 153, &c.
“The method employed by Donders and Ehrmann was the same as that
employed by Durham in the experiments he made upon animals to verify the
observations of Blumenbach, Caldwell, and others, on human patients.”…
“The results obtained by physiological experimentation, to prove that
sleep is accompanied by cerebral congestion, according to some, and
according to others by cerebral anemia, are not more valuable than the
results of clinical observation. Firstly, the animals upon which the
experiments have been made have been wounded more or less severely, and
thereby both excitement and pain have been caused; all have, therefore,
necessarily been placed under pathological conditions. It is impossible
to wound the head and open the skull without causing a severe shock to
the system of the animals, and a more or less violent irritation of the
brain; that is to say, not without producing a certain amount of pain.
And we know the influence that pain can have, not only on the functions
of the great organic apparatus (circulation, respiration, animal heat),
but also on the anatomical and physiological state of the nerve centres.
Another influence which, according to our idea, very considerably
diminishes the value of the results of physiological investigation, is
that sleep has always been produced by narcotics and anæsthetics in the
animals submitted to experimental observations.”… “We conclude from
this study that the real state of cerebral circulation, during natural
sleep, does not seem to have been arrived at, notwithstanding the great
number of observations and experiments lately made on this interesting
subject.”--DR. MARVAUD, _Gazette Médicale de Paris_, 1878 (p. 81-2).
=Eckhard, C.= M.D. Prof. Univ., Giessen.
Author of “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie,” Giessen; “Die Bildung
und Prüfung des Arztes;” “Experimental physiologie des Nervensystems;”
“Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen.”
“It is known that there is no unity of opinion amongst the observers
of the phenomena which occur during artificial respiration in animals
poisoned by strychnine, and that furthermore those who agree about
the facts insist upon giving these different meanings.”--“_Ueber den
Strychnintetanus während der Künstlichen Respiration_,” “Beiträge,” p.
37.
“Expansion of the walls of the chest and abdomen by injection of gas into
the lungs. First I cut away so much of the larynx through the open mouth
of a frog that the animal can no longer close it at will. Then I sew the
under jaw firmly to the upper jaw. I stop up the one nostril by forcing
into it a short thick piece of wire. Then a similarly short and thick
canula which is in communication with the gasometer is fixed into the
other nostril. As soon as the frog shows symptoms of strychnine cramps,
its lungs are set in communication with the gasometer by opening the tap;
a side offshoot of the tube leads to the hdrg. manometer.”--“_Strychnine,
&c._” p. 48.
=Eichhorst, Hermann.= M.D.; Prof. Clin. Med., Univ. of Göttingen.
Author of “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie für practishe
Aertzte und Studirende;” “Die trophischen Beziehungen der Nervi vagi
zum Herzmuskel,” in Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879; “Lehrbuch der
Physikalischen Untersuchungs-Methoden innerer Krankheiten,” Brunswick,
1881; “Ueber Nervendegeneration und Nervenregeneration,” Archiv. für
path. Anat., Vol. LIX., 1874, p. 7.
Made experiments on birds.
=Ellenberger= (Prof.) Prosector Veterinary Sch., Berlin.
“Professor Ellenberger, of Dresden, cut through the facial nerves of five
old and emaciated horses. In the fifth it is stated ‘that it showed signs
of considerable pain during the operation.’ The others were apparently
so exhausted that even this operation made little impression on them.
Claude Bernard once made the same operation on a horse, and gave as
the result that the nostrils are no more capable of opening, and thus
the animals die of suffocation, since they breathe only through the
nostrils. This explanation has been hitherto accepted but is now disputed
by Ellenberger, who maintains that there is no danger for animals so
operated on if kept quiet, but only if they exert themselves, and he
recommends if paralysis of these nerves occurs, as is not unfrequently
the case, that one shall leave the cure to natural means.”--_Archiv. f.
Thierheilkunde_, vii., 4.
=Emery, C.= Prof. of Zoo., Univ. Bologna.
Joint editor, with A. Mosso, of “Archives italiennes de Biologie,” Paris,
1882, &c.
Studies on the kidneys of fishes.
=Engelhardt, Gustav= (Dr.) Prof. at Nuremberg.
Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Bewegungen der Iris,” in
“Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” 1869,
p. 308.
Experiments on the eyes of rabbits.
=Engelmann, Theodor W.= Prof. at Utrecht.
Author of “Physiologie des Ureters,” “Beiträge zur Physiologie des
Protoplasma,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. II., “Beiträge zur allgemeinen
Muskel und Nerven Physiologie,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. III.; “Zur
Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol.
XXIII., 1880; “Ueber Reizung Contractilen Protoplasmas durch plötzliche
Beleuchtung,” Onderzack, Physiol. Lab. Utrecht, 1880; “Ueber die
Bewegungen der Oscillarien und Diatomeen,” Ibid; “Ueber Degeneration
von Nervensfasern, Ein Beitrag zur cellular physiologie,” Pflüger, Vol.
XIII., p. 474.
Experiments with electricity on the exposed ureters of rabbits; also on
curarized frogs.
=Ercolani, Count Giovanbattista.= B. at Bologna, 1819. Prof. at the
Veterinary Institute of the University of Bologna. Perpetual Secretary
of the Academy of Sciences of the Institute. Member of many learned
Societies, and of the Institute of France. Exiled from Florence for
political causes he repaired to Turin, where he devoted himself to
scientific studies and experiments, Director of the Veterinary School of
San Salvario. Rector of the Univ. of Bologna from 1868 to 1871, &c., &c.
Mem. Inst. of Rome, and of Acad. of Berlin and St. Petersburg.
Author of “Sulla Transformazione degli Elementi Istologico Nell’
Organismo Animale,” Bologna, 1864; “Metamorfosi delle Piante,” Bologna,
1878, &c., &c.
=Erichsen, John Eric=, 6, Cavendish Place, W. F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.),
1845, and Mem. Council (Univ. College); F.R.S.; Mem. various Socs. home
and foreign; Surg. Extraordinary to H.M. the Queen; Emerit. Prof. of
Surg. and Clinical Surg., Univ. Coll.; Cons. Surg., Univ. Coll. Hosp.;
late Exam. in Surg., Univ. Lond., Roy. Coll. Phys., Lond. Roy. Coll.
Surg., and Univ. Durham; late Pres. R.C.S., Eng., and Roy. Med. and Chir.
Soc.
Author of “Science and Art of Surgery,” 8th Edit.; “Pathology and
Treatment of Asphyxia,” 2nd Edit. for which the Roy. Humane Soc. awarded
the Fothergill Gold Medal, value 50 guineas; “A Practical Treatise on
the Diseases of the Scalp;” “Observations on Aneurism, &c.” (Sydney
Society); “Railway Injuries of the Nervous System,” 1868; “Hospitalism
and the Causes of Death after Operations and Surgical Injuries,” 1874;
“Concussion of the Spine,” 2nd Edit., 1882. Contrib. various papers on
surgical subjects to Lancet, Med. and Chir. Trans., Med. Gaz., and Edin.
Med. Surg. Journal.
“‘Experiment 9. Three mongrel terriers, A, B, C, were properly secured.…
One of the jugular veins of the centre dog was then exposed, and a
ligature was passed under it, so that it might be punctured so as to
avoid the occurrence of plethora and apoplexy when the carotid arteries
of the two lateral dogs were connected with the corresponding vessels of
the central one.… The central dog began to struggle.… The lateral dogs
were both alive, but evidently enfeebled by loss of blood.’”--_Edinburgh
Medical and Surgical Journal_, Vol. LXIII., Art. 1, “An experimental
Inquiry into the Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia,” by John E.
Erichsen.
=Esbach=, Dr., 6, Place de Valois, Paris. Lab. Hosp. de Necker.
=Ewart, J. Cossar=, Univ., Edin. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1878; M.B.
and C.M. (Honours), 1874; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; Regius Prof. of Nat.
Hist. Univ. Edin.; Director Scott. Zool. Station; formerly Demonstrator
of Anat. Univ. Edin.: Conserv. Mus. Univ. Coll. London, and Lecturer on
Anat., Edin. Sch. of Med.
Author of “Manual of Pract. Anat.,” Part 1, 1879. Contrib. Journ. Anat.
and Physiol. Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.
_Held License for Vivisection at Aberdeen University; Physiological
Laboratory, and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881 and
1882. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics 1881 and 1882. No
Experiments returned in 1882._
=Exner, Sigismund.= Asst. Prof. at the Physiol. Inst. Vienna.
Author of “Zur Lehre von den Gehörsempfindungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_,
Vol. XIII., p. 228.
=Falchi= (Dr.) Chef de Clinique Ophthalmogique, Turin.
Very numerous experiments, injecting tubercular matter into the eyes of
animals.
=Fano, J.=, M.D., Free Prof. and Asst. in Physiol. Univ. Florence.
Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique
dans le tractus bulbo spinal,” “Arch. Ital. de Biol.,” 1883, Vol. III.,
p. 365.
Experiments on turtles, toads, and fishes.
“On turtles alone I have made more than fifty experiments. The
experiments on fishes I have only just commenced, and they do not allow
me to draw from them any valid conclusions on the subject. My attempts
to extend my researches to the superior vertebrates--that is to say, to
mammals and birds--are limited to two experiments on unweaned puppies and
one experiment on a pigeon.”--_Arch. Ital. de Biol._, Vol. III., 1833, p.
367.
=Fayrer, Sir Joseph=, K.C.S.I., 53, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, W.
M.D. Edin., 1859; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1858; F.R.C.S.
Eng., 1878; M. 1847; LL.D. Edin., 1878; F.R.S. Lond. and Edin.; F.R.G.S.
Lond.; Vice-Pres. Zool. Soc., Lond.; Pres. Epidem. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Med.
Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med Chir. and Obst. Socs., etc.; Mem. (late Pres.)
Asiat. Soc. Bengal; Fell. Acad. Sci. Philadelph.; Hon. Phys. to H.M. the
Queen and to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to H.R.H. the Duke of
Edinburgh; Phys. to Sec. of State for India in Council; Pres. Med. Board,
India Office; Mem. Army Sanit. Commiss.; Mem. Senate Army Med. Sch.,
Netley; late Prof. Med. Coll. and Sen. Surg. Med. Coll. Hosp. Calcutta;
late Pres. Med. Fac. Univ. Calcutta; Member of the Association for the
Advancement of Medicine by Research.
Author of “Clinical Surgery in India,” 1866; “Clinical and Pathological
Observations in India,” 1873; “On the Physiological Action of the Poison
of Najatripudians, and other Venomous Snakes (conjointly with Dr. L.
Brunton),” etc. etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical
School, also unrestricted as to place, in 1878. Certificates for
Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs,
Horses, Mules, or Asses in 1878. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or
Asses._
“The experiments, of which this is a summary, were commenced in October,
1867, and have been continued as regularly since, at such intervals as
time and other and more important avocations permitted.… The living
creatures experimented on have been the ox, horse, goat, pig, dog, cat,
civet, mongoose, rabbit, rat, fowls, kites, herons, fish, innocent
snakes, poisonous snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, snails.”--“_Summary of
Experiments on Snake Poison_,” by J. Fayrer, M.D., C.S.I., Med. Times,
April 1st, 1871, p. 374.
“After careful consideration, fully admitting that in permanganate of
potash we have an agent which can chemically neutralize snake-poison,
I do not see that more has been done than to draw attention to a local
remedy already well known as a chemical antidote, the value of which
depends on its efficient application to the contaminated part (which Dr.
Wall has pointed out is too uncertain to be reliable). We are still,
then, as far off an antidote as ever, and the remarks made by me in 1868
are as applicable now as they were then. They were as follows:--‘To
conceive of an antidote, as that term is usually understood, we must
imagine a substance so subtle as to follow, overtake, and neutralise
the venom in the blood, and that shall have the power of counteracting
or neutralising the poisonous or deadly influence it has exerted on
the vital force. Such a substance has still to be found, nor does our
experience of drugs give hopeful anticipations that we shall find
it.’”--_Sir J. Fayrer_, “_Address to Medical Society of London_,”
_British Medical Journal_, Feb. 2, 1884.
=Fede, Francesco.= Prof. Naples University.
=Fehleisen, F.= M.D.; Private Lecturer Clinical Institute Berlin, 1877.
Author of “Die Aetiologie des Erysipels,” Berlin, 1883.
“The beautiful experiments of Fehleisen, on erysipelas, have definitely
established the fact that this disease is due to the growth of micrococci
in the lymphatic vessels of the skin. He succeeded in cultivating these
organisms in gelatinised meat-infusion, and inducing the disease by the
cultivated micrococcus in rabbits, and also in man.”--_British Medical
Journal_, Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1208.
=Feltz= (Prof.) Nancy Med. Faculty; Prof. Path. Anat. and Physiol. Med.
Fac., Nancy.
=Ferrari, Italo.= Assist. Prof. at the Physiol. Lab. Univ., Parma.
=Ferrier, David=, 16, Upper Berkeley Street, Portman Square, W. M.D.
Edin., 1870; M.B. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1868; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1877;
M. 1872; M.A. Aberd. (Double First), 1863; LL.D. (Edin. and Heidelberg);
F.R.S.; Corr. Mem. Soc. Clin., Paris; Accad. Reale de Med., Turin;
Lauréat de l’Institut de France, 1878; Prof. Forensic Med. King’s Coll.;
Asst. Phys. King’s Coll. Hosp.; Marshall Hall Prizem., 1883; Prof. of
For. Med. King’s Coll.; Phys. Nat. Hosp. for Paralysed and Epileptic,
etc.; Lecturer on Physiol. Middlx. Hosp. Med. Sch. and Exam. For. Med.
Univ. Edin. and Univ. Lond.
Author of Gold Medal Thesis on “The Comparative Anatomy of the Corpora
Quadrigemina,” 1870; “Experimental Researches in Cerebral Physiology and
Pathology,” W. Rid. Med. Reps. 1873; “The Localisation of Function in
the Brain;” “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” (Croonian Lecture),
Phil. Trans., Part II., 1875, etc., etc. Joint Author of “Guy’s Forensic
Medicine;” “The Functions of the Brain;” Gulst. Lects. on Localisation of
Cerebral Disease; Joint Editor of “Brain,” and author of various Papers
therein.
_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological
Laboratory, in 1882-83, with Certificate dispensing with obligation to
kill in same years._
Made experiments at Wakefield in regard to the examination of various
parts of the skull.--_Ev. Roy. Com._, p. 169.
(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments
in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the
country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would
entirely prevent them from carrying on research.--(3327.) Do you think
that there are many such persons? Yes.--(3328.) And who are practising in
their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean?
I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St.
Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.”
…
(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s
College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work
if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my
experiments.”--_Ibid._, p. 173.
(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express
yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to
avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the
means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other
anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would
prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the
experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might
inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”--_Ibid._, p. 170.
“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the
fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he
had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the
dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been
operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been
destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia”
(paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of
the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis
was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first
there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to
lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of
the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey,
as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently
entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps
in close proximity to the head.”--_Lancet’s_ Report of the Proceedings at
the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.
“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.--The right hemisphere of a monkey had been
partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the
region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending
parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and
the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After
having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered
sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the
animal placed in its cage.
“June 19th.--The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and
drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was
perceptible during the whole of this day.
“June 20th.--The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but
there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely
watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch
them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of
the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss
of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic
actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding
its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms
frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic
nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general.
This state continued till.…
“June 23rd.--…
“June 24th.--Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and
face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right
after it.
“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”--_Croonian Lecture_,
“_Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys_,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.
“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.--This, though not successful as regards
the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left
occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior
extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires,
which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the
temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During
the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The
operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor
for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and
then with its left limbs.