Opuscolo,” Napoli, 1870; “Manuale di Materia medica e di Terapia,
compilato secondo gli ultimi progressi della scienza,” Napoli,
1871--Presso V. Pasquale, nella R. Università; “Sul valore febbrifugo
della chinina; studii sperimentali e clinici, Memoria di concorso, con
medaglia di 1ᵃ categoria dalla Facoltá medica di Napoli, 1872”--Presso
l’Autore; “Se la dilatazione patologica del cuore avvenga durante
la diastole, Lettera al Prof. L. Luciani (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873;
“L’infezione malarica e l’azione della chinina del Prf. Cantani.
Considerazioni critiche (Lo Sperimentale),” 1873; “Meccanismo di azione
della chinina sulla circolazione ed azione sulla fibra muscolare in
generale. Esperienze eseguite nel laboratorio del Prof. A. Bernard nel
Giardino della Piante, in Parigi;” “Parte prima (Lo Sperimentale), 1874;
parte seconda (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Mécanisme de l’action de la
quinine sur la circulation. Recherches expérimentales, executées au
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,” Paris, 1875--Masson éditeurs; “Due parole
sul nesso naturale tra le funzioni del pulmone e quelle del cuore.
Lettera al Prof. F. Pacini (Lo Sperimentale),” 1874; “Due parole sull’
iniezione nelle vene dell’ idrato dictoralis. Lettera al Prof. Cav. Carlo
Ghinozzi (Lo Sperimentale),” 1875; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’ azione
biologica della ciclamina. Comunicazione preventiva (La Clinica),” 1876;
“Azione comparativa degli alcooli omologhi ottenuti per fermentazione.
Lezione dettata nella R. Università di Napoli, raccolta e redatta da
Gaetano Materazzo (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876; “La doppia attivitá muscolare
e l’azione della chinina. Critica e sperimenti, Risposta ai Dott. A.
Mosso e L. Pagliani (La Rivista clinica di Bologna),” 1876; “Due parole
di risposta alla lettera dei Dott. A. Mosso e L. Pagliani (L’Osservatore,
Gazzetta delle cliniche di Torino),” 1876; “Ricerche sperimentali sull’
azione biologica della Ciclamina (Renditonto della R. Accademia delle
Scienze fisiche e matematiche di Napoli, fasc, di giugno),” 1877; “Azione
fisiologica della chinina sulla circolazione del sangue, Esperienze fatte
nel laboratorio di Fisiologia dell’ Università di Bruxelles” (1876),
dal Dott. Leone Stiénon. “Rivista critica (Lo Sperimentale),” 1876;
“La Scienza e l’arte del ricettare, manuale pratico per gli studenti,
pei medici e pei farmacisti.” Napoli, 1877, Presso l’Autore, L. 10;
Collaborazione all’ “Enciclopedia Medica Italiana,” Articoli, Bettonica,
Bezoardo, Bile, Brodo (monografia), Cainea, Calabar (Fava del),
Calaguala, Calamo aromatico, Cammomilla, Campegio, Cedron, Cera, Cerato,
Cerfoglio, Chelidonia, Chenopodio, Chermes animale, China (monografia),
Chiodi di garofano, Cibozio, Cicoria, Circuta (monografia), Cioccolatte
medicinali, Cloralio (monografia).
=Chossat, Charles Etienne.= B. 1796. M.D., Paris, 1820. Prof. Univ.
Geneva. Mem. Soc. Nat. Geneva.
Author of “Recherches expérimentales sur l’inanition,” Paris, 1843; “De
l’Influence du système nerveux sur la chaleur animale,” Paris, 1823.
“… During all the operations, and in a great number of thermometrical
observations, the animal has been placed upon its back, the fore and hind
feet secured to make certain that the body should remain motionless.
This position, which is extremely convenient for the experimenter, is
no doubt far less so for the animal experimented upon.… As Legallois
had affirmed, probably from the results of his own experiments on
rabbits, ‘that by tying an animal down on its back its temperature may
be sufficiently lowered so as even to cause death, if it is kept long
enough in that position,’ I thought I ought to repeat that experiment by
prolonging its duration.”--_Mémoire sur l’Influence du Système Nerveux
sur la Chaleur Animale_, Paris, 1820, pp. 11 and 12.
“After long and conscientious researches, M. Chossat concluded that the
sympathetic nerve is the real heat-producing agent in animals. But if,
after having cut the brain transversely in front of the pons varolis,
after having suppressed all nervous action by a cerebral shock violent
enough to cause death, after having cut both the pneumo-gastric nerves,
after having made various sections of the spinal cord, after having
dissected out the sympathetic nerve above the solary plexus, after having
practised ligature of the aorta below the diaphragm; if after all this,
the temperature of the animals submitted to these mutilations has been
lowered and they have died, notwithstanding that pains were taken to keep
up artificial breathing when natural respiration was becoming impossible,
it cannot be right to affirm that these animals died from the effects of
cold. In the experiments made by M. Chossat, the decreased temperature
was evidently the consequence and not the cause of death.”--Gavarret,
Art. “_Chaleur Animale_” _Dict. des Sciences Médicales_, Vol. XV., 1874,
p. 27.
“M. Chossat and M. Strelzoff (very recently) have made experiments on
pigeons, turtle-doves, hens, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and cats, and have
arrived at this result--that the animals die when they have lost in
weight thirty per cent., that is to say, one-third of their original
weight.”… “M. Chossat subjected twelve animals to complete deprivation
of food and drink, and abandoned them thus until they died. He examined
them all every twenty-four hours at noon and at midnight.”--Gavarret’s
“_Animal Heat_” p. 394.
=Chudzinski= (Prof.), Paris. Professor at the Institute of Anthropology.
=Ciaccio= (Prof.), Bologna. Scuola Veterinaria.
=Ciniselli, Giuseppe.= Prof. Pavia University.
=Cleland, John=, 2, The College, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1856; L.R.C.S.
Edin., 1856; F.R.S.; Prof. of Anat. Univ. Glasgow; formerly Prof. of
Anat. and Physiol. and Clin. Lect. Qu. Coll. Galway.
Author of “Animal Physiology,” 1874; “Directory for the Dissection of the
Human Body,” 1876. Contrib. to Philos. Trans. and various other papers.
=Coats, Joseph=, 7, Elmbank Crescent, Glasgow, N.B. M.D. Glasgow, 1870;
M.B. (Honours), 1867; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1872; (Univ. Glasg., Leipsig, and
Wurzburg); Hon. Sec. Med. Chir. Soc. Glasg. and Glasg. Br. Brit. Med.
Assoc.; Mem. (late Pres.) Path. and Chir. Soc., Glasg.; Lect. on Path.
and Pathologist Glasg. Western Infirm.; Exam. in Path. Univ. Glasg.;
Editor of Glasg. Med. Journal. Contrib. “Arbeit des Herzens,” Ludwig’s
Arb., 1869; “Results of some Injections of Kidneys in Bright’s Disease,”
Glas. Med. Journ., 1875, etc. etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the University of Glasgow
Physiological Laboratory 1878 and 1879; also in 1882 with Certificate
dispensing with obligation to kill. No experiments in 1882._
=Cocco-Pisano, Adolfo.= Prof. Sassari University.
=Cohnheim, Julius.= B. 1839, at Demmin, Pomerania; d. Aug. 14, 1884.
Leipsig University Path. Institute. M.D. Berlin (Univs. Berlin, Wurzburg,
Greifswald, and Prague); Assist. to Virchow at Path. Inst. Berlin, 1864;
Prof. Path. Anat. at Kiel, 1868; Prof. Path. Anat. at Breslau, 1872,
where was founded under his direction a new Pathological Institute.
Accepted the Professorship of Gen. Path. and Anatomy at Leipsic, 1876.
Author of numerous articles in Medical Journals, “Lectures on General
Pathology,” 1871; joint author with Dr. Anton von Schultheis Rechberg,
of Zurich, of “Ueber die Folgen der Kranzarterienverschliessung für das
Herz.”
Made experiments, in conjunction with Prof. Roy (_whom see_) “to
elucidate a number of questions bearing upon the relation which exists
between certain diseases of the kidney and cardiac hypertrophy.”
“If we now try to explain the striking phenomena which so invariably
accompany our experiments, it is quite impossible not to conclude from
the outset that they are the result of the closing of the coronary
artery. It is quite true that less frequent beating of the heart, and
even irregularities of the pulse, may occur spontaneously, and certainly
without ligature of the coronary artery. Any one who has made frequent
experiments on dogs in which the pressure of the blood has been noted
down during a long period, knows very well that intermittent pulsation,
and even greater irregularities, are not unfrequent occurrences in
narcotised and bound or curarised animals--irregularities which disappear
or re-appear, as the case may be. But the sudden ceasing of the diastolic
beating of the heart may also occasionally be observed in dogs whose
coronary arteries have not been touched. However, this only happens
spontaneously (according to our experience) in dogs which have already
been used for a long succession of experiments, which have resulted
in the natural alteration of the action of the heart, and in whom the
arterial pressure has been lowered to a great degree, more especially
when for hours the thorax has been open, and experiments have been made
on the greater vessels, or the functions of the heart, or on pericardial
pressure, etc.… However, there can be no question that the manipulations
of the heart, which are inseparable from our experiments, should be the
cause of this result.” … (Here M. Cohnheim makes this naif remark), “Many
observers have expressed surprise at the amount of pain which a dog’s
heart can bear!”--“_Ueber die Folgen der Krauzarterienver schliessung für
das Herz_,” Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol. 85, 1881, pp. 520-21.
“The great majority of our experiments were made on dogs under curari
with artificial respiration, but several were under morphia; with
rabbits there is no particular difficulty in dispensing with all
narcotics.”--Virchow’s _Archiv._
=Colasanti, Joseph.= M.D. Univ. Rome.
Author of “Researches on Uric Acid,” Atti della R. Accademia di Roma,
1881; “Action of Oxygenated Water in Poisoning Dogs;” “Zur Kenntniss der
Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol.
XVI., pp. 157-8, &c.
Made experiments with curare at the Physiological Institute at Bonn. “…
For these experiments we used middle-sized dogs, with well developed
muscles and little fat. The method of preparing them for the desired
experiments was as follows:--The dog was fastened on to the vivisection
table. The abdomen was opened by a long cut in the linea alba from the
sternum to the symphysis oss. pub.; to the right and left of the linea
alba the muscles of the skin and abdomen were cut across and separated,
so as to leave space for the preparation of the aorta abdominalis and
the vena cava ascendens. Both these vessels were dissected out of their
sheaths, and the threads required for binding the canula passed under the
artery. While the animal bleeds to death a canula, which is intended to
supply defibrinised blood, is fixed into the aorta.…”--“_Zur Kenntniss
der Physiologischen Wirkungen des Curaregiftes._”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._,
Vol. XVI., pp. 157-8.
=Colin, Gabriel Constant.= B. at Mollars, Haute Saône, 1825. Prof.
Veterinary College, Alfort. Mem. Acad. of Med., Paris.
Author of “Expériences sur la secretion pancréatique chez les grands
ruminants,” 1851; “Traité de physiologie comparée des animaux,” 1854-56;
“Recherches sur une maladie vermineuse des moutons, due à la présence
d’une linguitale dans les ganglions mésentériques,” 1861. Contrib. a
number of articles to the “Receuil de Méd. Vétérinaire;” “les Annales des
Sciences Naturelles,” “Les Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. des Sciences, &c.”
“The following are experiments practised by Messrs. Boulay and
Colin:--Starve a horse, make an open wound in the æsophagus, and inject
thirty grains of alcoholic extract of nux vomica, or from three to four
grains of strychnine. At the end of a quarter of an hour the horse will
die in characteristic convulsions.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, p.
155.
=Cornil, André Victor=, 6, Rue de Seine, Paris. B. 1837. M.D. Paris,
1865, Prof. of Path. Med. Faculty; Physician to the Hospital de Lourcine.
Author of “Manuel d’histologie pathologique,” 1869-72; “Leçons
élémentaires d’hygiène,” 1872; Editor (chief) of “Journal des
Connaisances Médicales.” Joint author with M. Ranvier of “Manuel
d’Histologie Pathologique.”
=Corona, Augusto= (Prof.) Director of Sassari University.
=Corrado= (Commandatore), Rome. Professor of Physiological Pathology
Hospital of San Spirito.
=Couty= (Mons.), Rio Janeiro.
=Coyne, Paul,= M.D., Paris. Formerly Resident Hospital Physician. Prof.
Med. Faculty, Lille. Director of the Laboratory of Histology of the
Hospital La Charité, Paris.
Author of “Recherches sur l’Anatomie normale de la muqueuse des larynx et
sur l’anatomie pathologique des complications laryngeés de la rougeole,”
Paris, 1874. Contrib. to Gaz. Med. de Paris.
=Cryan, Robert,= 54, Rutland Square West, Dublin. F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1873;
L. 1849; L.M. 1861; L.R.C.S.T. 1847 (Richm. Hosp., Carm. Sch. Dub. and
Univ. Glasg.); Phys. St. Vincent’s Hosp.; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Cath.
Univ.; M.R.T.A. Mem. Med. Soc., Coll. Phys. Irel., Surg. Soc. Irel. and
Path. and Obst. Socs. Dub.; late Lect. on Anat. and Physiol. Carm. Sch.
Author of various Contributions to Path. Soc. Dub.; _Dub. Quart. Journ.,
and Med. Press and Circular_.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory of
Catholic University, Dublin, in 1878, and Certificate for Illustrations
of Lectures._
=Cunningham, Daniel John=, University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Gold
Medal), 1876; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours) 1874, Edin.; F.R.S.,
Edin.; Senior Demonstrator of Anat. (late Asst. and Junior Demonst. of
Anat.), Univ. Edin.; Lect. on Physiol. Roy. Vet. Coll., Edin.
Author of “Dissector’s Guide,” Parts I. and II. Contrib. several Articles
to _Journ. Anat. and Physiology_, etc.
_Held License for Vivisection at the Veterinary College, Clyde Street,
Edinburgh, in 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. Certificates for
Illustrations to Lectures in 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. No experiments in
1878, 1880, and 1882._
=Curci= (Signor).
Engaged with Chirone in experiments on pirotoxine and
cinchonidine.--_Archiv. Ital._
=Currie, Andrew Stark=, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. M.B. Edin., 1874;
M.R.C.S., Eng., 1874.
_Held License for Vivisection at Glasgow University Physiological
Laboratory, 1878._
=Cyon, Elias de=, 99, Boulevard Haussmann, Paris. Prof. Physiology Univ.
St. Petersburg; Mem. Acad. of Med. St. Petersburg.
Author of “Die Lehre von der Tabes dorsualis kritisch und experimentelle
erläutert,” Berlin, 1867; “Principes d’électrothérapie,” Paris, 1867;
“Methodik der physiologischen Experimente und Vivisectionen, mit Atlas,”
Giessen, Leipsig, 1876; “Recherches expérimentales sur les fonctions des
canaux semi-circulaires et sur leur rôle dans la formation de la notion
de l’espace,” Paris, 1878; Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, section
des Sciences Nat., Vol. XVIII., Art. 1--(Experiments on pigeons, dogs,
rabbits, and lampreys made in the laboratory of Claude Bernard.)
Experimented in his private Laboratory at St. Petersburg in 1874; also in
Ludwig’s Laboratory at Leipsig; in his own Laboratory, and that of Claude
Bernard, at Paris. To observe the action excited by barometrical pressure
upon the organism, he placed animals in the iron cylinder invented by
Paul Bert, but improved upon the latter in such a way that the arteries
of the animal were brought into communication with a manometer placed
outside, and the nerves of the animal could be acted upon by an electric
current.
… “The effect of such a division of the semi-circular canals is
appalling. It is impossible to convey any exact idea of the unceasing
movements of the pigeon; it can neither stand, nor lie down, nor fly,
nor perform any systematic movements whatever, nor retain for an instant
even any position in which it may be placed.…. To keep alive pigeons
which have been thus operated upon I have wrapped them in a napkin, so
as to prevent even oscillations of the head. Thus pinioned I placed
them in a hammock, specially constructed for pigeons having had the
semi-circular canals severed. Notwithstanding these precautions, it has
frequently happened that I have found the pigeons dead in a corner of
the laboratory.… So violent were the muscular contractions, that though
enfolded in a napkin, the pigeons still managed to throw themselves out
of the hammock, and roll on to the ground till fatal injuries to the
brain ended their sufferings.”--“Functions des canaux,” etc.; _Bibl. de
l’École des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Naturelles_, Vol. XVIII.,
pp. 45-46.
“The medical man who speaks with horror of the torture of animals in
physiological experiments, will do well to remember how often he has
prescribed most repulsive, and not always safe treatment for a patient,
in order to obtain some insight into how it was likely to act. Many a
surgical operation is performed, _less for the benefit of the patient
than for the service of science;_ and the utility of the knowledge
aimed at thereby is often _much more trifling_ than that attained by
Vivisection of an animal.”--_Methodik_, p. 8.
“The true vivisector must approach a difficult vivisection with the
same joyful excitement, with the same delight, with which a surgeon
undertakes a difficult operation, from which he expects extraordinary
consequences. He who shrinks from cutting into a living animal, he who
approaches a vivisection as a disagreeable necessity, may very likely be
able to repeat one or two vivisections, but will never become an artist
in vivisection. He who cannot follow some fine nerve-thread, scarcely
visible to the naked eye, into the depths, if possible sometimes tracing
it to a new branching, with joyful alertness for hours at a time; he
who feels no enjoyment when at last, parted from its surroundings and
isolated, he can subject that nerve to electrical stimulation; or
when, in some deep cavity, guided only by the sense of touch of his
finger-ends, he ligatures and divides an invisible vessel--to such a
one there is wanting that which is most necessary for a successful
vivisector. The pleasure of triumphing over difficulties held hitherto
insuperable is always one of the highest delights of the vivisector.
And the sensation of the physiologist, when from a gruesome wound, full
of blood and mangled tissue, he draws forth some delicate nerve-branch,
and calls back to life a function which was already extinguished--this
sensation has much in common with that which inspires a sculptor,
when he shapes forth fair living forms from a shapeless mass of
marble.”--_Methodik_, 1876, p. 15.
“The description given by Cyon of the method of operation (_Methodik_,
p. 510) is as follows: ‘The rabbit is firmly fastened to the ordinary
vivisecting table by means of Czermak’s holder. Then the rabbit’s
head is held by the left hand, so that the thumb of that hand rests on
the condyle of the lower jaw. This is used as a _point d’appui_ for
the insertion of the knife.… To reach the hollow of the temple the
instrument must be guided forward and upward, thus avoiding the hard
portion of the temporal bone and leading the knife directly into the
cranial cavity.… The trigeminus then comes under the knife. Now holding
the head of the animal very firmly, the blade of the knife is directed
backwards and downwards, and pressed hard in this direction against the
base of the skull. The nerve is then generally cut behind the Gasserian
ganglion, which is announced by a violent cry of agony (_einen heftigen
Schmerzensschrei_) of the animal.’”
“When I published my treatise on physiological methods and the art of
vivisection four years ago, several of my colleagues of the English
Universities entreated me not to announce my work in any of the English
newspapers, as they feared that public opinion might be still more
aroused.”--Letter to the _Gaulois_, December, 1881.
=Czermak, Johann Nepomuk.= B. at Prague in Bohemia, 1828; Med. and Chir.
Doct.; formerly Prof. Univs. Cracow and Pesth; Prof. Univ. Prague, 1860;
Prof. Physiol. Univ. Jena, 1865; Prof. Univ. Leipsig, 1870; founded
Physiological Laboratories in each of the above Universities; inventor of
the laryngoscope, and also of several instruments for securing animals
during vivisection.
Author of “Beschreibung einiger Vorrichtungen zu physiologischen
Zwecken,” Vienna, 1865; “Nachweis der Erscheinung der sogenannten
Pulsverspätung beim Frosche, und das Verfahren der selbe wahrzunehmen,”
Vienna, 1865; “Populäre physiologische vorträge gehalten im akademischen
Rosensaale zu Jena,” 1867-1869; “Die Physiologie als allgemeines
Bildungselement,” Leipsig, 1870; “Ueber Schopenhauer’s Theorie der
Farbe,” Vienna, 1870; “Der electrische Doppelhebel,” Leipsig, 1871;
“Ueber das Herz u. den Einfluss des Nervensystems auf dasselbe,” Leipsig,
1871; “Nachweiss echter hypnotischen Erscheinungen bei Thieren,”
Vienna, 1873; “Ueber das Ohr und das Hören;” “Ueber das physiologische
Privat-Laboratorium an der Universität Leipsig,” Leipsig, 1873.
=Dareste, Camille,= 37, Rue de Fleurus, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1847; Prof.
Nat. Hist., Lyceum of Versailles; Prof. Zool., Fac. Sci. Lille, 1864;
Direct. of Lab. of Teratology Med. Fac., Paris.
Author of “Recherches sur la production artificielle des monstruosités ou
Essais de tératogénie expérimentale,” 1877 (with maps). M. Dareste has
made a special study of Animal Monstrosities, and articles by him on this
subject have appeared in several journals, including the “Comptes Rendus
of the Académie des Sciences.”
=Dastre= (Prof.), Paris. D. Sc.; Prof. Nat. Hist. Lycée Louis le Grand;
Prof. (Suppléant) of Physiol. Fac. Sci.; Prof. of Physiol., La Sorbonne,
Paris.
Has translated from the English “Des lésions des nerfs et leurs
conséquences,” by Dr. Weir-Mitchell; Edited “Chaleur Animale,” by Claude
Bernard.
=Davidson, Alex. Dyce=, 224, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.A. Aberd., 1863;
M.D. 1870; M.B. and C.M. (both with highest Honours), 1866; M.R.C.S.
Eng., 1866; (Univ. Aberd. and Paris); Lect. on Opth. Surg. and
Ophthalmoscopy Univ. Aberd.; Opth. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Aberdeen; Surg.
Aberd. Opth. Inst. Blind Asyl., and Female Orphan Inst.; Professor of
Materia Medica Univ. Aberdeen; Phys. Hosp. for Incurables. Contrib.
several Papers, etc., to Annales d’Oculietique and other journals.
_Held License for Vivisection unrestricted as to place in 1878, also in
1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878;
Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83._
=Davison, James=, 45, Sandy’s Terrace, South Circular Road, Dublin. M.D.
Qu. Univ. Ireland, 1869 (Belfast and Dublin).
_Held License for Vivisection at Physiological Room, Royal College of
Surgeons, Ireland, and 45, Sandy’s Terrace, Dublin, 1881, and at the
Laboratory, Drimatergh House, Queen’s County, 1883._
=Deahna, Dr. A.= Prof. Physiol. at Freiburg, in Bresgau; Phys. on Staff
of Saxon Sanitary Corps, 1879.
Joint author (with Dr. Joh. Latschenberger) of “Beiträge zur Lehre von
der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässemuskeln,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_,
Vol. XII., p. 157.
Experiments on rabbits, dogs, and cats. The animals were all curarised,
and had various nerves cut and excited by electricity.
=De Paoli, Giovanni.= Prof. Genoa University.
=Descoust= (Dr.), 16, Rue Hérold, Paris. Prof, of Pract. Med. Jurisp.
Med. Faculty.
=Desfossez= (Dr.), Boulogne-sur-Seine. Phys. Hosp. Ophthalmology.
=Desgranges= (Dr.), 55, Place de la République, Lyons. Prof. of Surgery
Med. Faculty.
=Dittmar, Carl.= M.D. 1867, Phys. at Hildesheim; Mem. of Acad. of Sci. of
Saxony.
Author of “Ueber die Lage der sogenannten Gefässnervencentrums in
der Medulla oblongata;” “Ein neuer Beweiss für die Reizbarkeit der
centripetalen Fasern des Rückenmarks” (Ber. der. Sächs. Gessellschaft d.
Wiss., 1870).
=Donders, Frans-Cornelius.= B. 1818. Studied at the Military Medical
School of Utrecht. Was Military Surgeon at the Hospital of Hague.
Professor of Physiol., Histol., and Ophthalmol. at the University of
Utrecht, 1847. In 1863 received from his Government a grant of money
for the construction of a modern Physiological Laboratory, which was
inaugurated 1867. Corr. Mem. Academy of Medicine, Paris, 1873, and
Institute of France, 1879.
Author of “Lehre von den Augenbewegungen,” 1847; “Onder Zockingen gedaan
in het physiologisch laboratorium,” etc., Utrecht, 1849, 1857, 1867,
etc.; and of several articles in Graefe’s “Archiv. für Ophthalmologie.”