dilatation des Cœur,” Thèse, Paris, 1813; “Recherches Expérimentales
sur les Fonctions du Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Paris, 1830;
“Traité Complet de l’Hypochondrie,” Lyons, 1844; “Considérations sur le
Système Nerveux Ganglionnaire,” Lyons, 1846; “Physiologie élémentaire de
l’Homme,” Lyons, 1855; “De la Glycogenie Hépatique,” Lyons, 1856. Made
numerous researches on the uses and functions of the Ganglionary system.
=Braidwood, Peter Murray=, 17, Rodney Street, Liverpool, and 2, Delamere
Terrace, Birkenhead. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist) 1863; F.R.C.S.
Edin. 1881, L. 1863; (Edin., Berlin, Prague, and Vienna); Astley Cooper
Prizem. 1868; Honourable mention from Roy. Acad. Sci. Havana, and from
Imp. Council of Russia 1872; Fothergillian Medallist 1877; F.R.M.S.;
Ext. Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Exam. in Med. Jurisp. Univ.
Edin.; Co-Editor of Liverpool and Manchester Med. and Surg. Reports.
Author “On Pyæmia,” (Astley Cooper Prize Essay 1868); “On the Domestic
Management of Children.” Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of
Dajaksch,” Edin. Med. Journ. 1864; “First and Second Reports on the Life
History of Contagion,” Brit. Med. Journ. 1875-76-77-78, &c.
_Held a License for Vivisection in 1878, also certificates, dispensing
with the obligation to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No
experiments returned._
=Brailey, William Arthur=, 16, Orchard Street, Portman Square, W. M.A.;
M.D. Cantab. 1874; M.B. 1871; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A. 1872; B.A. Lond.
1866; (Guy’s and Univ. Camb.); Fell. Down. Coll. Camb. and late Inter.
Coll. Lect. in Nat. Sci.; 1st Class Nat. Sci. Tripos 1867; Exhib. in
Biol. Prelim. Sci. Exam. M.B. Lond. 1865; Mem. Path. Soc.; Mem. Comm.
Ophth. Soc.; Lect. on Comp. Anat. Guy’s and St. George’s Hosp. Med.
Schs.; Curator and Regist. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Ophth. Surg. Evelina
Hosp.; late House Phys. Addenbrooke’s Hosp. Camb. Contributed “On
Pathology of Increased Tension,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.; Reps. 1877 and
1879; “A Theory of Elancoma,” Roy. Lond. Ophth. Reps. 1880, &c.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum and Lecture Room
in 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1878 and 1880._
=Brewer= (Dr.), Norwich, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Dr. Brewer published in the _Detroit Therapeutic Gazette_ for September,
1882, an account of fifty experiments made by him on frogs, kittens,
cats, and dogs, with the liquid extract of _Manaca_ (a Brazilian plant)
which he either exhibited “_per oram_” (to quote literally) or injected
subcutaneously. The experiments were evidently made with great care,
and entailed a good many difficult vivisectional operations, such as
the cutting of the crural and sciatic nerves, the tying of the femoral
artery, the cutting of the spinal cord, and the ablation of the cerebrum.
Great pains were taken, and no fewer than eight experiments were
instituted, for the sole purpose of ascertaining whether Manaca affected
the nerves directly or through the intermediation of the blood, as most
poisons do, prussic acid not excepted.
=Brodie, Sir Benjamin.= B. 1783, d. 1862. M.R.C.S.E. 1805; Asst. to Mr.
Wilson as Demonst. of Anat.; Asst. Surg. St. George’s 1810; Croonian
Lecturer to Roy. Soc.; Prof. Anat. and Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg. 1819;
Sergeant Surgeon to William IV. 1832; was created a Baronet 1834; Mem.
Court of Exam. Coll. Surg. 1835; President Roy. Coll. Surg. 1844;
President Roy. Soc. 1858.
Author of “Experiments and observations on the different modes in which
Death is produced by certain Vegetable Poisons.” _Edin. Review_, Vol.
XVIII., p. 370, 1811.
As a young hospital surgeon Brodie employed his leisure in observations
and experiments. Tied the bile ducts in cats.--_Quar. Jour. Science and
the Arts_, Jan., 1823, p. 341.
=Brondgeest, P. J.=
Author of “Ueber den Tonus der Willkürlichen Muskeln,” Mueller’s Archiv.,
1860.
The following is an experiment of J. P. Brondgeest’s:--“Cut the spinal
cord beneath the bulb, and lay bare the sciatic nerves on each posterior
limb. Cut one of these two nerves, and suspend the creature by the
head. If we then observe the situation of the two limbs, a difference
is perceived, which has been shown to be invariable in sixty-two
experiments. The foot of which the nerve is cut is limp and pendant; that
of which the nerve is intact is slightly bent in all its articulations.
M. Brondgeest made similar experiments on rabbits and birds.… If we
detach by one of its extremities a muscle newly prepared on a living
animal, taking care to preserve its nerve, and attach to the extremity
of this muscle a certain weight, … we shall see that it will augment in
weight.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, 1862, pp. 640-41.
=Brouardel, Paul.= M.D., Paris, 1865; Phys. St. Andrew’s Hosp. 1873;
Prof. Med. Juris., Med. Fac., Paris, 1879.
Author of “Étude critique des diverses médications employées contre le
diabète sucré,” Paris, 1869; Editor of “Annales d’hygiène publique et de
médecine légale.”
=Browne, James Crichton.= M.D.; Medical officer of the West Riding
Lunatic Asylum.
“Has for ten years given attention to the subject; has performed
two series of experiments, one not involving destruction of life,
to ascertain the action of nitrite of amyl, and one with regard to
pycrotoxine, the essential constituent of coculus indicus; 46 animals in
all, gives details, were operated on; was successful in discovering an
antidote, chloral, for this poison; no opportunity of testing it on human
beings has yet occurred; witness has been denounced for this cruelty,
although pycrotoxine is much used for poisoned wheat; in each case the
animal dies in convulsions.”--_Dig. Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876, p. 25.
=Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard=, Laboratory of Exper. Med., Collége de
France, Paris. B. at Mauritius, 1818. M.D. Paris, 1840; Prof. Med. Fac.,
Paris, 1869; Suc. Claude Bernard as Prof. Exper. Med. at College of
France.
Author of “Dual Character of the Brain,” Toner Lectures, Smithsonian
Institution; “Diseases of the Nerves,” Holmes’s System of Surgery, Vol.
III., 1860; Edit. of Archives of Scientific and Practical Med., New York;
“Advice to Students,” a lecture delivered at the opening of the Medical
Lectures, Harvard Univ., 1876; Lectures on the Physiology and Pathology
of the Central Nervous System, Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng., May, 1858; Lectures
on Diagnosis and Treatment of functional Nervous Affections, 1868, &c.,
Philadelphia, Cambridge, U.S., &c.
“The laying bare of the spinal cord, and its free exposition to the
action of the atmosphere, instead of being a cause or loss or diminution
of sensibility, as it had been said, seems to be followed by a marked
increase of sensibility in the parts of the body which are behind the
place where the cord is exposed.… Deep injuries to the posterior columns
of the spinal cord are always followed by a degree of hyperæsthesia
greater than after the laying bare of the nervous centres--hyperæsthesia
which appeared in all parts of the body behind the place injured.… Before
the operation in rabbits the most energetic pinching of the skin produces
agitation but no shrieking; after the operation, on the contrary the
least pinching produces shrieking and a much greater agitation. Sometimes
the hyperæsthesia is so considerable that the least pressure upon the
skin makes the animal shriek. Whether the operation is performed on the
lumbar, the dorsal, or the cervical region, the phenomena are always
the same--that is, there is manifest hyperæsthesia in the various parts
of the body which receive their nerves from the part of the spinal cord
which is behind the section. It has been so in all the animals I have
operated upon, and I have already made this experiment upon animals
belonging to more than twenty species. As long as the animals live after
the section of the posterior columns, hyperæsthesia continues to exist,
except in the cases where re-union takes place between the two surfaces
of the section; but hyperæsthesia is greater during the first week after
the operation than it is after a month or many months.”--_Brown-Séquard_,
“_Lancet_” 1,823 and 1,819.
M. Brown-Séquard has devoted his time since his graduation almost
exclusively to experimental investigations on physiological topics,
especially on the spinal column, the muscular system, the sympathetic
nerves and ganglions, and on the effect of the removal of the supra-renal
capsules, &c. Author of many Essays and Papers giving details of his
Experiments.
=Bruns, Paul Victor.= B. in Helmstedt, 1812. Stud. Tübingen, 1833; M.D.,
1837; Prof. Anat. College, Brunswick, 1839; Prof. Surg., Tübingen, 1840.
Author of “Handbuch der practischen Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1854-60;
“Chirurgische Atlas,” Tübingen, 1853; “Die Durchschneidung der
Gesichtsnerven,” Tübingen, 1859; “Die Behandlung schlechtgeheilte
Beinbrüche,” Berlin, 1861; “Die erste Ausrottung eines Polypen in der
Kehlköpfröhre,” Tübingen, 1862; “Die Laryngoskopie,” Tübingen, 1862;
“Chirurgische Heilmittellehre,” Tübingen, 1868-73; “Arznei-operationen,”
Tübingen, 1869; “Die Galvano-Chirurgie,” Tübingen, 1870.
=Brunton, Thomas Lauder=, 50, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D.,
Edin., 1868; M.B. and C.M. (Honours and Gold Medal for Thesis), 1866;
B.Sc., 1867; D.Sc., 1870; F.R.C.P., Lond., 1876; M. 1870; (Univ. Edin.,
Vienna, Berlin, Amsterdam, and Leipsig); Baxter Nat. Sci. Schol., Univ.
Edin., 1868; F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc., Bot. Soc., and Med.
Soc., London; Mem. (late Sen. Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc., Edin.; Lect. on Mat.
Med. and Therap., and Asst. Phys. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Exam. in Mat. Med.,
Univ. Edin., and R.C.P., London; late Exam. in Mat. Med., Univ. London;
Member of the Association for the Advancement of Med. by Research.
Author of “On Digitalis, with some observations on Urine” (Prize
Thesis); “Experimental Investigation of the Action of Medicines;”
“Digestion and Secretion,” Sanderson’s Handbook for the Physiological
Laboratory; “Tables of Materia Medica; Pharmacology and its Relations
to Therapeutics,” Goulst. Lectures R.C.P., 1877; “Diabetes Mellitus,”
Reynolds’ Syst. of Med.; “Diabetes Insipidus,” _Ibid._; “The Bible
and Science;” Joint Author (with Sir Joseph Fayrer) of “Nature and
Physiological Action of the Poison of Indian Venomous Snakes,” Proc.
Roy. Soc., Contrib. “On the Use of Nitrite of Amyl in Angina Pectoris,”
_Lancet_, 1867; “On the Chemical Composition of the Nuclei of Blood
Corpuscles,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., 1869; “On the Influence of
Temperature over the Pulsations of the Mammalian Heart and over the
Action of the Vagus,” St. Barthol. Hosp. Reports, and Papers in Philos.
Trans., &c.
“The number of animals required in experiments for research varies
enormously; has himself used in all about 150 animals of different kinds,
chiefly cats, because they are a convenient size, and cheaper than
rabbits. Dogs cannot be got; asks no questions as to how the cats are
obtained.”.… “Used 90 cats in the first series of investigations with
regard to cholera, describes the method pursued, and gives reasons for
it. No beneficial discovery has yet been arrived at; the experiments are
still proceeding.”--_Dig. Ev. Roy. Com._, London, 1876, pp. 38-9.
“Action of Inflammation.… For this purpose we curarise a frog and lay
it on a large plate of cork with a hole at one side, and another piece
of cork half an inch high at the other. We fix the body of the frog to
the raised piece, open its abdomen with a pair of scissors, draw out
the intestines, and fasten the mesentery with very fine pins over the
hole. In an hour and a half, or two hours afterwards, white corpuscles
come rapidly out of the vessels and wander over the field. We may
then inject our drug into the circulation, or apply it locally to the
mesentery.”--_Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines_,
T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 23.
_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical
School in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates in 1878 for Illustrations
of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and for Experiments
on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules and Asses; in 1879 Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics
(this Certificate not acted upon); in 1880 and 1881 Certificates
for Illustrations of Lectures; in 1882 and 1883 Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures and also for Experiments without Anæsthetics.
No experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses in either year._
=Budge, Julius= (Prof.) B. 1811. M.D. Berlin, 1833; (Univs. Marburg,
Wurzburg and Berlin); Prof. Anat. P. and Zoology Univ. Bonn, 1855;
Director of the Physiological Institute of Greifswald, 1856.
Author of “Untersuchungen über das Nervensystem,” Frankfort-on-the-Maine,
1841-42; “Handbuch der Physiologie,” 1875; “Allgemeine Pathologie als
Erfahrungswissenschaft basirt auf Physiologie,” Bonn, 1845; “Memoranda
der Speciellen Physiologie des Menschen,” Weimar, 1850; “Über die Zwecke
des Athems,” Weimar, 1860; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen,”
Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber den Schmerz,” Leipsig, 1866.
“From observations on human patients we have already learnt that pain
causes movements of the bladder. But we can also demonstrate this fact
experimentally. Not always, but in many instances I have seen that in
curarised animals in whom it is well known the sensibility of the nerves
long outlasts their mobility, that the pressure of the water rose when I
galvanized the trigeminal nerve, that is, if I placed the electrode on
the eye or on the mucous membrane of the nose, or when I irritated the
central end of a nervus vagus, which fact Oehl has also observed (C. r.
1865, II., p. 340). Also other sensitive nerves can occasion movements of
the bladder,”--“_Über die Reizbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge._”
Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p. 515.
=Bufalini, Giovanni.= Prof. Siena University.
Author (with L. Luciani) of “Sol de Corso dell’ inanizione; récerche
Sperimentali;” Archives per le Scienze Mediche, Vol. V., p. 338.
Engaged with Luciani on experiments on inanition by the starvation of
dogs.--_Archiv. per le Scienze Mediche_, Vol V., p. 338.
“A very interesting contribution to the doctrine of inanition. The
authors present a graphic table, indicating the quantity of hæmoglobin
in the blood, the temperature, and, according to daily observations on
a bitch subjected for 43 days to an absolute fast with the exception of
one ration of water. At the last there were quick oscillations in the
temperature … an interesting fact, which deserves to be confirmed by
further experiments, which the authors engage to make. A second series
of experiments was made on fasting dogs, on which every three days was
practised the transfusion of blood.”--_Archives Italiennes_, Tom. II., p.
253.
=Burkart, Rudolph.= M.D. Bonn, 1869.
Author of “Die physiologische Diagnostic der Nervenkrankheiten,”
Leipsig, 1875. Contrib. “Ueber den Einfluss des N. Vagus auf die
Athemsbewegungen,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. I., p. 107; “Studien ueber
die automatische Thätigkeit des Athemcentrums, und ueber die Beziehungen
derselben zum nervus vagus und anderen athemnerven,” Ibid., Vol. XVI., p.
427.
The last-named article contains records of experiments on rabbits, such
as inducing cramp through loss of blood, experiments with electricity
on the nervus vagus dexter and nervus vagus sinister; the abdomen cut
open to expose the action of the diaphragm. (In Exp. VII., after a
continuation of the electrical excitement for 2h. 20m., the action of the
diaphragm ceased.) Experiments on frogs are also recorded.
=Cadiat= (Dr.), 7, Rue du Bac, Paris. Agrégé Histol. Practical Courses.
=Capparelli, A.=, M.D. Lab. Physiol. Turin.
Experiment on the bladders of dogs and rabbits. Some dogs under
chloroform; others curarized.--Communicated to Academy of Medicine,
Turin, June, 1882.
=Cash, John Theodore.= M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1879. M.B. and C.M.,
1876; M.R.C.S. England, 1876; (Edin., Berlin, Vienna, and Leipsig); Lab.
St. Barthol., London.
_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew Hospital Medical
School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in
1882-83. No experiments returned in 1881. Dr. Cash can also perform
experiments at the Physiological Laboratory, King’s College, London, and
at the Brown Institution, Wandsworth Road._
=Cerradini, Giulio.= Prof. Univ. of Genoa.
=Chambard= (Dr.), 97, Rue Saint-Lazare, Paris. Phys. Hosp. Mental Dis.
=Charcot, Jean Martin=, Paris. B. 1825. M.D. Paris, 1853; Phys. to La
Salpétrière; Prof. Med. Faculty, Paris; Mem. Acad. of Med., Director of
“Archives de Physiologie.”
Author of “De l’Expectation en Médecine,” Paris, 1857; “De la Pneumonie
chronique,” Paris, 1860; “La Médecine empirique et la Médecine
scientifique,” Paris, 1867; “Leçons cliniques sur les maladies des
vicillards et les maladies chroniques,” Paris, 1868; “Leçons sur les
maladies du système nerveux,” 1873; “Leçons sur les maladies du foie;
des voies biliaires et des reins,” 1877; Joint Editor of “Archives de
Physiologie.” Contrib. “Galvanism and Hypnotism,” Brit. Med. Journ.
=Charles, T. W. Cranstoun=, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, S.E. M.D. and
M. Ch. (with 1st of 1st Honours and Gold Medal), Qu. Univ. Irel., 1869
(Belf., Dub., Lond., Paris, etc.); 1st Schol. Qu. Coll. Belfast, 1865-69;
Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Lect. on Pract. Physiol.
St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch.; late Med. Regist. and Demonst. of Physiol.
St. Thomas’ Hosp.; formerly Demonst. and Asst. Lect. in Chem. Qu. Coll.,
Belfast. Contrib. “Medical Reports of St. Thomas’s Hosp.,” etc., etc.
_Held a license for Vivisection at St. Thomas’s Hospital Physiological
Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No experiments returned in 1879._
=Chauveau, A.=, 22, Quai des Brotteaux, Lyons. Chef des Travaux
d’Anatomie et de physiologie à l’école Vétérinaire de Lyons.
Author of “De l’excitabilité de la moëlle épinière;” “Du nerf
pneumogastrique,” &c.
Describes his own experiments in Brown-Séquard’s _Journal de
Physiologie_. The object was “to ascertain the excitability of the spinal
marrow, and the convulsions and pain produced by that excitability.”
His studies were made almost exclusively on horses and asses, who “lend
themselves marvellously thereto by the large volume of their spinal
marrow,” and he “consecrated 80 subjects to his purpose.” “The animal
is fixed on a table; an incision is made on its back of from thirty
to thirty-five centimetres; the vertebræ are opened with the help of
chisel, mallet, and pincers, and the spinal marrow exposed.” No mention
of anæsthetics. Case 7. A vigorous mule. “When one pricks the marrow
near the line of emergence of the sensitive nerves, the animal manifests
the most violent pain.… Case 10. A small ass very thin, pricked on the
line of emergence--_douleur intense_. Case 20. Old white horse lying on
the litter, unable to rise, but nevertheless very sensitive. At whatever
point I scratch the posterior cord, I provoke signs of the most violent
suffering.”--_Journal de Physiologie_, Vol. IV., No. XIII., p. 48.
=Cheyne, Wm. Watson=, 6, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, London,
W. M.B. Edin., and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1875; F.R.C.S., Eng. (Exam.)
1879; (Edin., Vienna, and Strasbourg); Syme Surg. Fell., 1877; Boylston
Med. Prizeman and Gold Medallist, 1880; Jacksonian Prizeman, 1881; Fell.
Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc; Asst. Surg., King’s Coll. Hosp.;
Demonst. of Surg. King’s Coll.; Late Surg. Regist., King’s Coll. Hosp.;
Demonst. Anat., Univ. Edin.; House Surg., Edin. Roy. Infirm. and King’s
Coll. Hosp., London.
Author of “Antiseptic Surgery, its Principles, Practice, History and
Results,” 1881; Art. “On the Antiseptic Method of Treating Wounds,”
_Internat. Encyl. Surg._ Contribs. to Brit. Med. Journ., and Lond. Med.
Record, &c.
_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London Physiological
Laboratory, also Certificates Dispensing with Obligation to Kill in
1880-81-82-83._
“Two tubes of serum containing micrococci were obtained from M.
Toussaint, who holds that micrococci are the cause of the disease.
Toussaint obtains the organisms by inoculation of flasks containing
serum, or infusion of rabbit with the blood of tuberculous animals;
and he has in some cases succeeded in producing tuberculosis by the
injection of these cultivations into other animals. The material obtained
from M. Toussaint was injected into three rabbits, two guinea-pigs,
one cat, and one mouse, and of these seven animals six were under
observation for a sufficient length of time for the development at
least of local tuberculosis. In no instance did tuberculosis ensue.
(In all the experiments detailed in this report inoculation was made
into the anterior chamber of the eye whenever this was practicable;
syringes purified by heat were employed for the purpose.) Cultivations
of these micrococci were also made, and injected into nine rabbits, and
three guinea-pigs. Of these, four rabbits and three guinea-pigs were
under observation for a considerable time without the development of
tuberculosis in any case. The total result is that thirteen animals
were inoculated with the micrococci with which Toussaint works, and
obtained from Toussaint himself, and in no case did tuberculosis
occur.”--_Lancet_, March 17, 1883, pp. 444-5.
“_Experiment. V., November 7th, 1882._--Experiment with pus from the
wound of a patient suffering from pyæmia. The pus was thick and foul
smelling.
“1. One minim was injected _into the left eye_ of a rabbit. Panophthalmos
[inflammation of the eye, involving every part of it] resulted and the
animal was ill for some time. It, however, gradually recovered, and in
December was apparently well. It died on January 10th, 1883. Lived 64
days.” (P. 267.)
“_Experiment XIV., November 2nd, 1882._--The bacilli were rubbed up
with boiled distilled water as usual. A little of the pure material was
injected _into the right eyes_ of three rabbits. Into the _left eyes_ the
following materials were injected:--
“No. 1.--One part of the fluid containing bacilli was mixed with one part
of a 1 per 1,000 watery solution of bichloride of mercury. This mixture
was allowed to stand for twelve minutes, and then injected into the left
eye of No. 1.
“_Result in No. 1._--On November 23rd, 1882, it was found there was a
well-developed tubercular iritis [inflammation of the iris--the coloured
part of the eye surrounding the pupil] in the right eye, but apparently
nothing in the left. On December 10th, 1882, the left eye was beginning
to show appearances of tubercular iritis; the right eye become converted
into a caseous [cheese-like] mass. This animal died on January 7th, 1883.
Lived 66 days.” (P. 285.)--“Report to the Association for the Advancement
of Medicine by Research.”--_Practitioner_, April, 1883.
=Chirone, Vincenzo.= Prof. at Palermo.
Engaged with Curci in experiments on biological action of pirotoxine and
cinchonidine.