Transcriber’s Note: Each vivisector’s name was given in =bold= in the
original. This is purely for decorative emphasis, and the = signs may
safely be removed if the reader finds them distracting.
THE
VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY;
BEING A LIST OF THE
LICENSED VIVISECTORS IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM,
TOGETHER WITH THE
LEADING PHYSIOLOGISTS IN FOREIGN
LABORATORIES.
_COMPILED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES._
EDITED BY
BENJAMIN BRYAN,
WITH A PREFACE BY
FRANCES POWER COBBE.
LONDON:
Published by the VICTORIA STREET SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF
ANIMALS FROM VIVISECTION,
UNITED WITH THE
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE TOTAL SUPPRESSION OF VIVISECTION.
1884.
Price, 1s. 6d.; Cloth, 2s.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY PEWTRESS & CO.,
_Steam Printing Works_,
28, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS, W.C.
PREFACE.
It was reported at the time of the Franco-German war that the Prussian
soldiers profited much by their general acquaintance with the geography
of France, and by the possession of convenient pocket maps furnished to
them of the invaded districts.
To supply the combatants in the Anti-Vivisection Crusade with some such
knowledge, and such _cartes du pays_ of the physiologists’ ground, was
the original purpose of the _Vivisectors’ Directory_, as prepared for THE
ZOOPHILIST. It was recognised by those engaged in the thick of the fight
against scientific cruelty that it was impossible to retain in the memory
the names of all, even of the most notorious Vivisectors, or to attach to
them their particular class of experiments; nor, in the case of English
physiologists, was it practicable to recall without continual reference
to the whole series of Parliamentary Returns what were the Licenses and
Certificates wherewith they have been annually provided. These facts,--so
often needed in controversy,--it was proposed to marshal in the
compendious form of a _Directory_, so that each Zoophilist possessed of
a copy should be enabled at a moment’s notice to tell in which province
of the “_doloroso regno_” of Research each Vivisector might be found,
what were his titles and address, and the books he had published; and
(if he were a British subject) how many Licenses and Certificates he had
received.
It is hoped that this original purpose of the _Directory_ has been fairly
fulfilled, and that Anti-vivisectionists will universally find it to be
a very serviceable book of reference. It is not pretended that it is a
perfect work, that the names of all the Vivisectors in Europe have been
ascertained, or their worst deeds always ferreted out. Great pains have
been taken to make the list thus complete, and several able agents have
been employed for the purpose abroad as well as at home, under the
editor’s supervision. But years would have been needed for the exhaustive
completion of the task, and the publication would have been indefinitely
delayed. As it now appears, the _Directory_ presents (it is confidently
believed) a mass of reliable information in a convenient form, and at a
moment when it is urgently needed for use in our sorrowful controversy.
But even while this first purpose of the _Directory_ was being patiently
carried out, it became obvious to those concerned that the work would
fulfil at the same time another and still more important end. As name
after name appeared for registration, and cruel experiment followed
cruel experiment in endless variety, the utility of the _Directory_ as
affording evidence of the extent to which Vivisection is now carried on
in Europe, became revealed. No doubt or dispute, it was obvious, could
possibly attach to _this_ testimony. There can be no question here
of that “exaggeration” or those “sensational appeals” wherewith our
opponents are wont to charge us. There can be no “sensational appeal”
in a Dictionary; nay, care has been taken that there should not be one
single epithet editorially applied to any experiment recorded from first
to last. The _Directory_ is a mere dry Register, like an ordinary Medical
or Clerical Directory of names, dates, places, degrees, books, pamphlets,
licenses, and certificates. Only some _verbatim_ quotations are added,
with exact references to chapter and verse. If these should happen to
convey most damning accusations, it is the Vivisectors themselves who
have registered their own offences.
But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for years back
been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. Few or none will
have realized, we believe, till they look into this Directory as a whole,
how infinitely varied have been the devices of the tormentors of animals,
how relentless the diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these
harpists whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers into
living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed potato fields.” Not the
poor humble frogs alone, of which we are wont to hear, but every class
of sensitive and intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of
pitiless experiment,--the commonest of all being the most loving servants
of mankind. Not one organ of their beautiful frames but has been chosen
for the explorations of a dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn
out, or inoculated with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies
which result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly conveyed
to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes nursing their young have
been cut off, and the mutilated creatures dropped back to die among their
little ones whom they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been
continually cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified
human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the special seats
for inoculation, because, through the transparent body the processes
of disease can be most easily watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of
dogs, so that after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the
creatures expired--stewed, as it were, in their own blackened blood.
Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them alive in stoves constructed
for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert and Cyon place them under atmospheric
pressures till a dog comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.”
Brown-Séquard and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs and
rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and irritates
the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the veins, and Watson
Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. Blondlot and Heidenhain
establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours to create kidney disease, and
Köbner leprosy. Bacchi and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the
eyes. Audigé, Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on
various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and Fayrer, Brunton,
and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile ducts of dogs and cats are
ligatured by Wickham Legg and Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs
are opened and the brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by
Ferrier, Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner,
Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, Ott, and
Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are cut into and
diversely dissected alive by a whole host of physiologists, Roy, Gaskell,
Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott,
and Flint.
When it is remembered that, according to Claude Bernard in his latest
work, we may “take for granted that experiments, when not otherwise
described, are performed on curarized dogs”--that is, on highly
sensitive creatures, placed in a condition which he himself describes
as “accompanied by the most atrocious suffering which the imagination
of man can conceive,”--we have before us in this small _Directory_ a
record of agonies before which the brain grows dizzy and the heart sick.
That any man not utterly science-hardened can contemplate them with
indifference, and refuse to lift his voice against them, is difficult to
understand. He who will look through this little book and then “pass by
on the other side,” might, one would think, have strolled round Nero’s
martyr-lighted gardens and turned unmoved away.
F. P. C.
THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY.
=Abraham, Phineas S.=, 5, Clare Street, Dublin. M.A.T.C. Dub.; B. Sc.
Loud.; F.R.C.S.E. 1880; (St. Barthol. Lond.; T.C. Dub. and Paris); 1st
Sen. Mod. and Large Gold Medallist in Nat. Sci. and Mod. in Exper. Sci.,
T.C. Dub., 1871; Hon. Sec. Dub. Biol. Club., Contrib. to Proc. Zool.
Socs., Lond. and Paris, &c.
_Held a License for Vivisection in Physiological Lecture Room of Royal
College of Surgeons, Dublin, in 1880._
=Adams, Hope Bridges= (Miss), Student Bedford College, studied medicine
at Leipzig under Professors Ludwig and W. His. Graduated L.K.Q.C.P.
Ireland and M.D. Zurich. Married to Dr. Walthers. Settled in practice at
Frankfort. Leipzig Pathological Institute.
“Miss Bridges Adams made a number of experiments on the secretion of
hæmoglobin in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig, on rabbits and dogs,
which she poisoned slowly with chlorate of potassium and other similar
substances, by which the kidneys, bladder, and spleen were morbidly
affected. The animals vomited, a deposit collected in the bladder, and
they died after sufferings more or less prolonged. Dr. Lebedoff (of St.
Petersburg), who is continuing the investigations, affirms that she
attained no definite result and that the experiments do not give one the
impression of having been carried out with thoroughness.”--_Thier u.
Menschen Freund_, No. 7, 1883.
=Albertoni= (Prof.), Materia Medica R. Univ. Genoa. Substitute in Chair
of Physiology in absence of Prof. Cerradini, Senior Physician Hospital
for Chronic Diseases.
Author of “Influenza del cervello nella produzione dell’ epilessia; che
cosa avvenga del sangue nella trasfusione;” and joint author with Dr.
Bufalini: “Sull’ aumento delle pulsazioni cardiache dietro l’eccitazione
delle prime radici dorsali;” and with Dr. F. Lussana, of “Sull’ alcool,
ricerche sperimentali”; 3rd art. in “Lo sperimentale,” 1874.
Experiments in transfusion of blood, tried successfully on dogs,
subsequently on three human patients who died, the transfusion having
“hastened the fatal issue.”--_Archiv. Ital._, Tome 2, p. 180. Repeated
experiments of Chirone and Curci on apes, arriving at opposite
conclusions.
=Albini, Commendatore Giuseppe,= Palazzo Dini, Via Museo Nazionale,
Naples. Oculist. Prof. Histology, Anatomy and Physiology. Director of
the Institute of Physiology in Royal University, Naples. Vice-President
of the Academy of Physical and Mathematical Science. President of the
Neapolitan Branch of Italian Alpine Club.
Author of “Ueber das Gift der Salamander Maculata,” Vienna, 1858;
“Sull’ azione aspirante del cuore,” Naples, 1862; “Sul mecanismo della
deglutizione,” 1863; “Guarigione di una Fistola gastrica in un cane,”
1867; “Guida allo studio della Fisiologia normale e sperimentale,”
1870; “Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Parma,” Parma, 1860;
“Rendiconto dell’ Istituto fisiologico di Napoli,” 1860-64.
=Anderson, Richard John=, 58, Wellington Park, Belfast. M.A. Qu. Univ.
Irel. (1st Hons. in Exper. Science, Gold Medal and Prize), 1870; B.A.
(2nd Hons. and Prize in Exper. Science), 1869; M.D. (1st Hons., Gold
Medal and Prize) 1872; M.R.C.S. (Eng., and L.M.) 1872; (Belfast, St.
Barthol. London, Leipzig, Paris, and Heidelberg); Demonstrator of Anat.
Qu. Coll. Belfast; Prof. of Zoology, Galway, 1884.
Contributed “Abnormal Arrangement of Peritoneum,” Journ. Anat. and
Physiol., 1878; “The Presence of an Astragalo-schapoid Bone in Man,”
_Ibid._, 1880; “Respiratory Excitation and Depression,” Dub. Journ. Med.
Science, 1880; and other Contributions to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Dub.
Journ. Med. Science, Virchow’s Archiv., and Brit. Med. Journ.
_Held a License for Vivisection at the Physiological Laboratory, Queen’s
College, Belfast, in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in
1882-83._
=Arloing=, (Prof.) Prof. Anat. and Physiol, and of practical experiments
in the École Nationale Vétérinaire of Lyons.
=Aufrecht=, (Dr.), Magdeburg.
“Experiments in the artificial induction of diseases of the kidneys.
Used formerly to tie the ureter, has now injected _Cantharides_ under
the skin of rabbits, and produced the disease in all its forms.”--_Med.
Centralblatt_, No. 47, 1882.
=Aubert, Hermann.= Prof. Rostock University.
Author of “Physiologie der Netzhaut,” Breslau, 1865; jointly with Gustav
Roever, of Rostock, of “Ueber de Vasomotorischen Wirkungen des nervus
vagus, laryngicus und sympathicus,” Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. II., p.
211. This essay describes experiments on dogs, cats, rabbits, and lambs.
“Constructor of a ‘handy apparatus’ for bringing animals into a state of
asphyxia in air attenuated or deprived of oxygen.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._,
27, p. 566.
=Audigé, R. H. T.=, 26, Avenue Bosquet, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1874.
Author of Thèse “Recherches expérimentales sur le spasme des voies
biliaires,” Paris.
“Alcohols administered in a slow and continuous manner were found to give
rise to various disorders. Vomiting of biliary matter and glairy mucus
together with more or less severe diarrhœa were observed. Difficulty of
breathing, muscular tremor, and even paresis of the hinder extremities
were also recorded. Examination after death revealed congestive changes
of the alimentary canal and of the liver, but no hepatic cirrhosis.
Well-marked hyperæmia of the lungs and atheroma of the large vessels,
especially the aorta were also detected.… Absinthe when given to the
animals gave rise to great excitement with muscular contracture and
cutaneous hyperæsthesia.”--_Lancet_, June 30th, 1883.
“… We must not overlook the extreme sensitiveness of the mucous membrane
which lines the ducts; we have just seen that an injection into the
biliary ducts of water mixed with a small quantity of acetic acid
produces in dogs acute pain.”--_Collection de Thèses pour le Doctorat_,
Paris, 1874, p. 27.
The biliary ducts of a curarised dog dissected out and then excited by
electricity so as to produce spasms.--_Ibid._
=Axenfeld, Alexandre=, Camerino, Italy. Prof. pathologie médicale, Med.
Faculty, Paris.
Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,”
Paris, 1880.
=Bacchi, M. E.= M.D., Turin, Laureate Univ., Turin; M.D. Paris, 1874;
Prof. Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Paris.
Author of “Contribution à l’étude de l’étiologie de la sclérochoroïdite
postérieure, Paris, 1874.”
This Thesis also describes experiments in which neuralgic pains are
produced by the application of electricity to the orbital nerves of a
rabbit--the torture being continued for from half-an-hour to an hour
daily from September 14th to October 30th.
Exper. IV. “I exposed the upper orbital nerve on the left side of another
rabbit, and then I poured on to it a few drops of a strong solution of
acetic acid. The pain was so violent that the animal emitted heartrending
shrieks and writhed in the throes of a violent agony.”--_Collection de
Thèse pour le Doctorat_, Paris, 1874, pp. 59 and 61.
=Baginsky, Benno.= M.D. Berlin, 1872.
Contrib. “Über die Folgen der Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhöhle,”
Virchow’s Archiv., 1881.
Made experiments on dogs in the Veterinary School of Berlin.
=Balbiani= (Prof.). Prof. Embryology, Coll. de France.
Made experiments by varnishing the skins of animals, especially rabbits
and guinea-pigs.--_Traité de physiologie, Béclard_, Paris, 1880, Vol. I.,
p. 495. Chiefly known as an Embryologist.
=Balfour, Francis Maitland.= B. 1851, d. 1882. (Killed by a fall on the
Glaciers of Courmayeur Alps). Educated at Harrow and Cambridge, where
he graduated subsequently; he studied at the Stazione Zoologica at
Naples, under Dr. Dohrn. Was Lecturer on Natural Science, Embryology,
and Comparative Anatomy at Trinity College, Cambridge. Fell. Roy. Soc.
1878; Mem. Counc. Roy. Soc.; Pres. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1881; LL.D.
Glasgow 1880. The Professorship of Animal Morphology at Cambridge was
created specially for him. Was for several years one of the editors of
the _Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science_. A Balfour Fund has been
raised to found memorial at Cambridge.
=Balfour, John Hutton=, Junr., East Brighton Crescent, Portobello, M.B.,
Edin. and C.M., 1881.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, Edinburgh, Materia
Medica Department, in 1882, and Certificate for Experiments without
Anæsthetics, same year._
=Barker, John=, M.D. Deceased, 1879. M.D. Dublin, 1863; M.B. 1846, B.A.;
F.R.C.S.I. 1863; L. 1846; (T.C. Dublin); Exam. in Anat. and Surg. and
Cur. Mus. M.R.C.S.I.; M.R.I.A.; formerly Demonstrator of Anatomy, Univ.
Dublin.
Author of Cryptogamic Part in “Steel’s Handbook of Field Botany,” and
other papers.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin
Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room, 1878-79. No experiments
returned._
=Barlow, John=, 85, Kelvingrove Street, Glasgow. M.D. Edin., 1879; M.B.
and C.M. 1875; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1881; (Anderson
Univ., Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Prof. of Inst. of Med. Anderson’s Coll.
Glasg.; late Muirhead Demonst. of Physiol., Univ. Glasg.; House Surg.
Glasg. Roy. Infirm.
Contributed “Mode of Demonstrating Pflüger’s Law of Contraction,” Jour.
Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XII.; “Physiological Action of Ozonised Air,”
_Ibid._, Vol. XIII.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Glasgow Physiological
Laboratory and Class Room in 1878-79-80-83. Certificate in 1878 and 1879
for Illustrations of Lectures, for Experiments without Anæsthetics, and
for Testing previous Discoveries; in 1880 for Illustrations of Lectures
and for Experiments without Anæsthetics; and in 1883 for Illustrations of
Lectures. No Experiments returned in 1883._
=Bartholow, Robert.= Cincinnati. M.D.
Author of “A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics,” New
York, 1878.
Experiments on the action of Gelsemium sempervirens.
=Battistini, Attilio.= M.D. University of Rome.
=Beatson, George Thomas=, 2, Royal Crescent, Glasgow. B.A. Cantab.,
1870; M.D. Edin., 1878; C.M., 1874; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1874 (Edin. Univ.);
formerly Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.
Contributed “On the causes of Expense in the Antiseptic Treatment of
Wounds,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879; “Origin and Composition of Bodies
found in Compound Ganglia,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.;
“Diagnosis of Malignant Abdominal Tumours,” Glasg. Med. Journ., 1879.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Glasgow Physiological
Laboratory in 1879 and Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill
before recovery from Anæsthetics._
=Beaunis, Henri Etienne.= Prof, of Physiology, Med. Faculty, Nancy.
Author of “Nouveaux éléments de Physiologie humaine,” Paris, 1876;
joint author with M. Bouchard of “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive et
d’Embryologie,” 1873.
Devotes several chapters of his work on Physiology to a detail of the
necessary arrangements of the physiological laboratory, and particularly
recommends students to study physiology by vivisecting frogs, as being
more readily procured than other animals, and easily held by pinning them
on a piece of cork.
=Béclard, Jules=, au Siége de l’Académie, 39, Rue des Saints-Pères. B.
1818; M.D. Paris, 1842; Professor of Physiology Med. Faculty, Paris;
Perpetual Sec. Acad. of Medicine, &c.
Author of “Traité élémentaire de Physiologie,” Paris, 1880; “Expériences
constatant l’électricité du sang chez les animaux vivants,” Metz, 1863.
Contributed to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales,”
Paris, 1880.
“When by the aid of appropriate means, we suppress in animals the
cutaneous evaporation, and thus absolutely prevent the discharge of
water, vapour, and carbonic acid, grave disorders are set up little by
little, terminating in death. In order thus to suppress the functions of
the skin, it is advisable to lay bare, by means of shaving closely, the
whole of the skin of a dog, sheep, rabbit, or horse, and to cover the
exposed surface with a thick drying varnish. Animals thus treated succumb
at the expiration of various periods, but they rarely survive twelve
hours. After death the tissues and organs are found gorged with black
blood. It is probable that the accumulated carbonic acid has brought on
slow asphyxia. When the pulmonary outlet is sealed up, the asphyxia is
rapid.”--_Traité de Physiologie_, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 495.
=Béclard, Pierre Augustin.= B. 1785, d. 1825. Assistant to M. Roux, 1809;
Prosector Med. Faculty Paris, 1811; Prof. Anat., 1818; Mem. Acad. of
Med., 1820.
Made experiments jointly with Legallois on the Act of Vomiting.--_Traité
de Physiologie_, Béclard, Paris, 1880, Vol. I., p. 62.
Author of “Additions à l’Anatomie générale de X. Bichat,” Paris, 1821;
“Éléments d’Anatomie générale,” Paris, 1823; Traité Élémentaire de
Physiologie, Septième Edition, Part I., Paris, 1880; Part II., 1884.
=Bégin, Louis Jaques.= B. at Liège, 1793; d. 1859. Prof. Physiol.,
Military Gymnasium, Metz, 1821; M.D. Strasbourg, 1823; Prof. Anat.,
Physiol. and Surgery, Med. Faculty, Strasbourg; Pres. Acad. of Med.,
Paris, 1847; Mem. of numerous foreign learned societies.
Author of “Traité de Physiologie pathologique,” 1828, &c.; contributed
Art. “Vomissement,” “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.”
=Behrend, F.= Student, Berlin.
Experiments on rabbits under Dr. Lewin on the chemical effect of uva ursi
leaves and arbutin.--Virchow’s _Archiv._, Vol.. 92, Pt. III.
=Bell, Sir Charles.= B. 1778, d. 1842. M.E.C.S., Surg. Roy. Infirm.,
Edin., 1797; M.R.C.S., Lond., Surg. Middlesex Hosp., 1812; Sen. Prof.
Anat. Surg. Roy. Coll. Surg., Lond., and M.C., 1824; Lect. Physiol.,
Univ. Coll., Lond., 1826; knighted, 1831; Prof. Surg. Univ. Edin., 1831.
Author Vol. 3 of “Anatomy of the Human Body,” 3 vols., London, 1793
(by John Bell); “Anatomy of the Brain,” London, 1802; “A System of
Operative Surgery,” 2 vols., London, 1807; “An Exposition of the Natural
System of the Nerves of the Human Body,” London, 1824; “The Nervous
System of the Human Body,” London, 1830; “The Hand, its Mechanism and
Vital Endowments,” London, 1834-52; Various papers in “Philosophical
Transactions,” “Institute of Surgery,” &c., &c. The discoverer of the
double function of the spinal nerves, and the most humane vivisector
on record. Among the published accounts of his experiments is the
following:--
“After delaying long on account of the unpleasant nature of the
operation, I opened the spinal canal of a rabbit and cut the posterior
roots of the nerves of the lower extremity--the creature still
crawled--but I was deterred from repeating the experiment by the
protracted cruelty of the dissection. I reflected that the experiment
would be satisfactory if done on an animal recently knocked down and
insensible--that whilst I experimented on a living animal, there
might be a trembling or action excited in the muscles by touching a
sensitive nerve, which motion it would be difficult to distinguish
from that produced more immediately through the influence of the motor
nerves.”--_Nervous System of the Human Body_ (Longman and Co.), 1830, p.
31.
The following extract contains the well-known conclusions of Sir Charles
Bell respecting the utility of Vivisection and its moral aspect:--
“In concluding these papers, I hope I may be permitted to offer a
few words in favour of Anatomy, as better adapted for discovery than
experiment. Anatomy is already looked upon with prejudice by the
thoughtless and ignorant--let not its professors unnecessarily incur
the censures of the humane. Experiments have never been the means of
discovery--and a survey of what has been attempted of late years in
physiology, will prove that the opening of living animals has done
more to perpetuate error than to confirm the just views taken from the
study of anatomy and natural motions. In a foreign review of my former
papers the results have been considered as a further proof in favour of
experiments. They are, on the contrary, deductions from anatomy, and I
have had recourse to experiments not to form my own opinions, but to
impress them upon others. It must be my apology that my utmost efforts
of persuasion were lost, while I urged my statements on the grounds
of anatomy alone. For my own part I cannot believe that Providence
should intend that the secrets of nature are to be discovered by the
means of cruelty, and I am sure that those who are guilty of protracted
cruelties do not possess minds capable of appreciating the laws of
Nature.”--_Ibid._, p. 217.
Similar sentiments are expressed in his “Essay on the Forces which
Circulate the Blood,” Part II., p. 25.
=Bellesme, Jousset de.= School of Physiology, Nantes.
Author of “Physiologie Comparée Recherches expérimentelles sur les
fonctions du balancier chez les insectes,” Paris, 1879; “Recherches sur
la digestion chez les mollusques céphalopodes,” Comptes rendus Vol.
LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 428; “Recherches sur l’action physiologique du
grenat ou résidu de fabrication de la fuchsine,” Comptes rendus, Vol.
LXXXVIII. (1879), p. 187.
=Belli, Aristide= (Prof.), Director of the School of Veterinary Medicine,
Urbino.
=Bennet, Alex. Hughes=, 13, Old Cavendish Street, W. M.D., Edin. (Gold
Medallist), 1872; M.B. and C.M., 1869, M.R.C.P., Lond. 1876 (Edin.,
Lond. and Paris); Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Ext. Mem. and Emer. Sen. Pres.
Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Physician Hospital for Epilepsy and Paralysis, St.
John’s Wood, and to the Westminster Hospital, &c., &c.
Author of “An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions
of Theine, Caffeine, Quaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine,” 1873; “A
Practical Treatise on Electro-Diagnosis in Diseases of the Nervous
System;” “Illustrations of the Superficial Nerves and Muscles, with their
Motor Points,” &c.
=Bennett, John Hughes=, M.D. Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in
the University of Edinburgh; died 1875.
President of the Committee which performed the experiments on the effect
of mercury, &c., on the livers of dogs. He was accustomed to lecture to
his class on the benefit of vivisection, and advised his students to
resist every attempt to interfere with it. Originator and suggestor of
Rutherford’s experiments on the bile ducts.
=Béraud, J. B.= Author of “Manuel de physiologie,” Paris, 1853.
Experiments on generative organs.
=Bergeron, E. J.=, 75, Rue St. Lazare, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1866; Prof.
Med. Fac. and Insp. of Lunatic Asylums for the Department of Seine,
Knight of the Legion of Honour.
Author of “Les Réactions physiologiques des Poisons,” Paris, 1836;
“Sur l’existence normale du cuivre dans l’organisme,” Paris, 1873;
“L’empoisonnement par la strychnine,” Paris, 1877, &c.
At the age of 26, M. Bergeron was commissioned to undertake a long series
of experiments in several poisoning cases.
=Berlin, W.= (Dr.), Amsterdam University.
=Bernard, Claude.= B. at St. Julien, Rhone, France, 1813; d. 1878. M.D.
Paris, 1843; Pupil and Assistant to M. Majendie; Prof. of Medicine at
Faculty of Science, Paris; Member of the Academy of Science; succeeded
Majendie as Professor of Experimental Physiology at the College of France
in 1855; Prof. Gen. Physiol. at Museum, 1868; Mem. Acad. Med., 1861;
Pres. Biological Soc., 1867; Member of French Academy, 1869; Commander of
the Legion of Honour, 1867. Member of the Institute of France.
Author of “Leçons de physiologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1854-1855, 2
vols.; “Introduction à l’étude de la Médecine expérimentale,” Paris,
1855; “Leçons sur les effets des Substances toxiques et Médicamenteuses,”
Paris, 1857; “Leçons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du système
nerveux,” Paris, 1858; “Leçons sur les propriétés physiologiques et
les altérations pathologiques des liquides de la l’organisme,” Paris,
1859; “Leçons de pathologie expérimentale,” Paris, 1871; “Leçons sur les
anæsthétiques et sur l’asphyxie,” Paris, 1875; “Leçons sur la chaleur
animale,” Paris, 1876; “Leçons sur le diabète et la glycogenèse animale,”
Paris, 1877; “Leçons sur les phénomènes de la vie, etc.,” Paris, 1878;
“La science expérimentale,” Paris, 1878.
“A physiologist” (Bernard wrote) “is no ordinary man. He is a learned
man, a man possessed and absorbed by a scientific idea. He does not hear
the animals’ cries of pain. He is blind to the blood that flows. He sees
nothing but his idea, and organisms which conceal from him the secrets he
is resolved to discover.”--_Introd. à l’étude_, p. 180.
Baked sixteen dogs and numerous rabbits in a stove. These animals,
Bernard tells us (_Leçons sur la Chaleur Animale_, p. 347), survived
respectively eight minutes, ten minutes, twenty-four minutes, and so on,
according to the heat of the stove and according to the position of their
heads within it, or outside of it. “It became impossible,” he says of
them, “to count the pantings. At last the creature falls into convulsions
and dies--uttering a cry.”
“Our hands without doubt are empty at present, but our mouths may be full
of legitimate promises for the future.”--_Sur le Diabète_, p. 43.
=Bernstein, Jules= (Prof.) B. Berlin, 1839. Halle University. M.D.
Berlin; Prof. extraordinary of Medicine, University of Berlin, 1871;
Prof. extraordinary of Medicine at Halle, 1873.
Author of works on the Nervous System; “Herzstillstand durch
Sympathicusreizung;” “Die fuenf Sinne des Menschen,” in “Internationale
Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek,” Vol. XII., 1875; “Untersuchungen ueber den
Erregungsvorgang im Nerven und Muskelsystem.” Heidelberg. Darmstadt, 1871.
Has made a special study of the effects of electric currents on the
nerves, and his work entitled “Untersuchungen ueber den Erregungsvorgang
im Nerven und Muskelsystem,” is well known to physiologists.
=Berruti, Giuseppe.=
Author of “La Crania tornia nella practica ostretica,” Turin, 1876;
with Perosini of “De l’ablation des capsules surrenales,” in _Gazette
Hebdomadaire de Méd._, 1856, p. 863 et 924.
Performed numerous experiments on Horses.
=Bert, Paul=, 9, rue Guy-de-la-Brosse, Paris. M.D., Paris, 1863; Prof.
Physiol. Fac. Sci. at Bordeaux, 1869; obtained the Prize of 20,000 francs
from the Academy of Science for his work on “La Pression Barométrique” in
1875; President Biol. Soc.; Senator and Minister of Public Worship for
France, under the Presidency of M. Gambetta.
Author of “Notes d’Anatomie et de Physiologie comparées,” 1867; “La
Pression Barométrique,” 1877; Contrib. Scientific Articles to “La
République Française.”
“He thought it would be interesting to experiment upon newborn animals
(cats), which, it is well known, he tells us, resist asphyxia much longer
than full grown ones. (P. 571.) From his apparatus for keeping animals
in compressed oxygen he draws a dog in full convulsions, strong enough
to enable him to carry it by one paw, like a bit of wood. (P. 784.) The
attacks of convulsions, under strong tension of oxygen, are, he says,
really curious and startling.” (P. 799.)--_Pression Barométrique._
“In this experiment a dog was first rendered helpless and incapable
of any movement, even of breathing, which function was performed by a
machine blowing through a hole in its windpipe.” All this time, however,
“its intelligence, its sensitiveness, and its will, remained intact,”
“a condition accompanied by the most atrocious sufferings that the
imagination of man can conceive.” (_Vide_ Claude Bernard in _Revue des
Deux Mondes_, 1st September, 1864, pp. 173, 182, 183, &c.) “In this
condition, the side of the face, the side of the neck, the side of the
fore-leg, interior of the belly and the hip, were dissected out in order
to lay bare respectively the sciatic, the splanchnics, the median, the
pneumo-gastric and sympathetic, and the infra-orbital nerves. These were
excited by electricity for ten consecutive hours, during which time the
animal must have suffered unutterable torment, unrelieved even by a cry.
The inquisitors then left for their homes, leaving the tortured victim
alone with the engine working upon it, till death came in the silence of
the night and set the sufferer free.” (Roy. Com., Q. 4,111.)--_Archives
de Physiologie_, Vol. II., 1869, p. 650.
=Betz, Fr. Hugo.= M.D.; Surgeon in practice in Schönan, Silesia, 1877.
Contrib. “Anatomischer Nachweiss zweir Gehirncentra,” Centralblatt f. d.
Med. Wiss., 1874.
Made experiments on the brains of dogs.
=Bezold, Albert Von.= B. 1836, at Ansbach, d. 1868 at Wurzburg. After
studying at Munich and Wurzburg, Bezold went to Berlin to study
physiology under Du Bois Reymond; there he became the friend of Isidor
Rosenthal and Wilhelm Kühne. In addition to the study of physiology,
Bezold followed Virchow’s lectures on pathological anatomy and worked
in the laboratory of Hoppe-Seyler, now Prof. of Physiological Chemistry
at Tübingen. He became assistant to Du Bois Reymond, but was soon after
called to the Chair of Physiology at Jena. Bezold’s experiments on the
nervus vagus produced results opposed to the theories of Schiff and
Moleschott. Professor of Physiology at Wurzburg, 1865, where he extended
the laboratory to be one of the most complete in Germany. While at Jena
he had already enlarged the laboratory there, and had taken a journey to
Edinburgh to superintend the arrangement of Dr. Bennett’s laboratory.
Author of “Untersuchungen über die Innervation des Herzens,” Leipsig,
1863; “Untersuchungen über die electrische Erregung der Nerven und
Muskeln” Leipsig, 1861.
=Bianchi=, (Prof.), 315, Via Salvator Rosa, Naples. Electrotherapist.
Prof. Medical Pathology, Royal University, Naples.
=Bichat, Marie François Xavier.= B. 1771; d. 1802. Studied at Nantes,
Lyons, and Paris, where he became the pupil of Desault, whose works
he edited posthumously, 1795. Relinquished surgery to devote himself
entirely to physiology. Physician to the Hôtel Dieu, 1799, where he
experimented with various drugs.
Author of “Traité des Membranes en général et de diverses Membranes en
particulier,” Paris, 1800; “Recherches Physiologiques sur la vie et la
mort,” Paris, 1803; “Anatomie générale appliquée à la Physiologie et à
la Médecine,” Paris, 1801; “Anatomie descriptive,” Paris, 1802-1803, 5
vols., end of 2nd and 3rd Vols. by Buisson, 5th Vol. by Roux.
“Experimental Physiology dates from Bichat.”--_Traité de Physiologie_,
Béclard, 1880, vol. I., p. 11.
“Bichat has made, in this respect, an experiment on living animals,
which all physiologists have since repeated. A tube with a turn-cock
is introduced and fixed in the trachea of a dog, and an artery is
subsequently opened in the animal. At first the respiration is allowed
free action; then the turn-cock is shut, respiration is thereby
suspended, and with it the entrance of the air into the lungs. The blood
which issued from the wound in the artery was first red; it becomes
analagous to venous blood. When the turn-cock is again opened, the blood
once more takes a bright hue.”--_Ibid._, p. 336.
=Bidder, Alfred Von.= M.D. Berlin.
Author of “Ueber fonctionnel verschiedene und räumlich getrennte
Nervencentra im Froschherzen,” Müller’s Archiv., 1844; Joint author with
M. Schmidt “Die Verdauungs säfte und der Stoffwechsel,” 1852; Contrib.
to Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 1883; Arch f. Anat. u. Physiol.,
1867.
Performed numerous experiments on animals with M. Schmidt.--_Traité de
Physiologie_, Béclard, 1880, Vol. I., p. 662.
=Billroth, Theodor.= B. Bergen, Isle of Rügen, Prussia, 1829. Surgeon,
Physiologist, Microscopist, Univs. Greifsvald, Göttingen, Berlin, and
Vienna. Clin. Asst. Univ. Berlin, 1830; Prof. Surgery, Zurich, 1860;
Prof. Surgery Vienna, 1867.
Author of “Beobachtungsstudien ueber Wundfieber und accidentelle
Wundkrankheiten,” Berlin, 1862; “Die allgemeine Chirurgische Pathologie
und Therapie,” Berlin, 1863; “Handbuch der allgemeinen und speciellen
Chirurgie, &c.,” Berlin, 1865; “Ueber das Lehren und Lernen der
Medicinischen Wissenschaften an den Universitäten der deutschen
Nation, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen ueber Universitäten,” Vienna,
1876; “Untersuchungen ueber die Entwickelung der Blutgefässe, nebst
Beobachtungen aus der Klinischen Chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu
Berlin,” Berlin, 1876, &c.
=Binz, Carl.= Born 1832, at Berncastel on the Moselle; studied Med. at
Univs. Wurzburg, Bonn, and Berlin; M.D. 1855 (Bonn); Private Prof. of
Med. and Pharmacology, Bonn, 1862; Prof. extraordinary and founder of
Institute of Pharmacology University of Bonn, 1868; Prof. in ordinary,
1873. Staff-Surgeon during the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71.
Author of “Beobachtungen zur inneren Klinik,” Bonn, 1864; “Grinidzüge der
Arznei Mittel Lehre,” “Experimentelle Untersuchungen ueber das Wesen der
Chininwirkung,” Berlin, 1868; “Ueber den Traum,” Bonn, 1878, etc.
Experiments with nitrite of sodium on frogs, rabbits, and
dogs.--_Lancet_, Nov. 3, 1883.
“Binz produced fever in dogs artificially by injecting infusion of
hay or putrid animal matter into their veins, and then tested the
action of quinine by injecting it either at the same time or shortly
afterwards.”--_Experimental Investigation into the action of Medicines_,
T. Lauder Brunton, London, 1875, p. 20.
=Biondi, Adolfo=, Strada Nuova, Monteoliveto 6. Prof. Pathological
Medicine, Royal University, Naples.
“I cannot imagine that any man in his senses would attempt to remove a
human lung with a tumour in it. It would not be resection of parts of
four ribs which would permit the removal of a tumour sufficiently large
to admit of accurate diagnosis; and I cannot observe, in the literature
just at the moment accessible, that any other kinds of tumours occur in
the lung, save those of hydatid origin, and those of a cancerous nature.
If the tumour were hydatid, the removal of lung would be unnecessary. If
the tumour proved to be an aneurysm, the disaster would be awful.… The
facility with which Dr. Biondi has removed lungs, and parts of lungs,
from dogs, guinea-pigs, cats, fowls, pigeons, and sheep, and the absence
of mortality from such operations, is likely to be a snare rather than
a help. It does not need saying, that the removal of a healthy lung,
collapsed by the introduction of air into the pleura, would be a very
easy matter, and very different from the removal of a diseased and
adherent organ. There would be as much difference as there is between
normal ovariotomy and removal of a pyosalpinx. It is perfectly clear
that these animals, with their deep and narrow chests, differ very much
from us with our wide and shallow cavities, in their power of enduring
the accident of acute pneumothorax; certainly they would differ from us
immensely in the facility with which pneumonotomy may be performed. Their
chests are built for the endurance of the special efforts of great speed,
and we have lost those physical characters; and I venture to say that, if
acute pneumothorax were suddenly inflicted upon sixty-three healthy adult
human beings, death would be the immediate result in the great majority
of the experiments.”--_Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., Brit. Med. Journ., June 20,
1884._
=Birch, J. de Burgh=, Barnard Castle, Durham. M.D. Edin. (Gold
Medallist), 1880, M.B. and C.M., 1877; (Bristol and Edin. Univ.);
F.R.S.E.; late Demonst. of Physiol. Univ. Edin.
Contributed “Constitution and Relations of Bone Lamellæ, Lacunæ, and
Canaliculi, and some effects of Trypsin Digestion on Bone,” Journ.
Physiol. Vol. II.; also contrib. to Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. and Centralb.
d. Med. Wiss.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Lecture Room
and Physiological Laboratory 1878 and in 1879. Certificate in 1879 for
Illustrations of Lectures; no experiments returned._
=Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig W.= M.D. (Deceased.) Late Prof. Anat. and
Physiol. Munich.
Author of “Commentatio de nervi accessorii Willissii anatomia et
physiologia,” Darmstadt, 1832; “Commentatio de novis quibusdam
experimentis chemico-physiologicus ad illustrandam doctrinam de
respiratione institutis. Praemissae sunt literae L. Gmelin,”
Heidelberg, 1837; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Hundeeiess,” Brunswick,
1845; “Entwickelungsgeschicte des Meerschweinschens,” Giessen, 1852;
“Entwickelungsgeschicte des Rehes,” Giessen, 1854; “Das Hirngewicht
des Menschen,” Bonn, 1880; and joint author with Carl Voit of “Die
Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers durch neue Untersuchungen
festgestellt,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Das Studium und die
Ausübung der Medicino durch Frauem,” Munich, 1872; Contrib. to
Encyclopédie Anatomique.
Performed numerous experiments on dogs and goats, on the accessory
and vagus nerves, which he cut through between the cranium and first
vertebra, with the result that the sound of the voice became changed.
“Was most successful with a goat, in which he succeeded in cutting both
accessory nerves, when it could no longer be said to have a voice at all.”
=Bizzozero, Giulio.= B. at Varese, Lombardy, 1846. M.D. Pavia, 1866;
Prof. of Histology, Pavia; Prof. of General Pathology, 1872; Professor of
General Pathology, Royal Univ. Turin; Free Prof. Microscopy applied to
clinical medicine; Assistant to Mantegazza at the experimental Laboratory
of the University of Pavia. Has founded a Laboratory at Turin. Knight of
the Order of the Crown of Italy.
Author of “Studii comparativi sui nemaspermi e sulle ciglia vibratili,”
1864; “Sulla neo formazione del tersuto connettivo e sulle cettule
sernoventi,” 1865; “Di alcune alterazioni dei linfatici del cervello
e della pia madre,” 1868; “Sul midollo delle ossa,” 1868-69; “Sui
rapporti della tubercolosi con altre malattie,” 1874; “Sui linfatici
e sulla struttura delle sierose umane,” 1876-78; “Recherches sur la
physiopathologie du sang” (for which the Acad. of Turin has lately
awarded him the prix Riberi of 20,000 frs.); “D’un nouvel element
morphologique du sang et de son importance dans la thrombose et la
coagulation,” dans Archives Italiennes de biologie, 1882-83; Editor of
“L’Archivio delle Scienze Mediche” (Turin), a journal which relates the
results of his experiments.
Experiments on constitution of blood. Animals cut open and omentum or
mesentery lifted out. Some under chloroform, but “to avoid objection
to the action of chloroform on the blood,” also performed a great
number of experiments on animals not under anæsthetics, but tied to the
table.--_Archiv. Ital._, Tom. II.
=Blix, Magnus Gustaf.= B. 1849. M.D., Professor Laboratory of
Experimental Physiology and Medical Physics, Univ. of Upsala, 1882.
Author of several treatises in “Transactions of Medical Society, Upsala,”
principally concerning the contraction of the muscles, viz., “Bidrag till
laran om Muskelelasticiteter,” 1874; “Ennymyograph: Ophthalmometriska
studier I.,” 1880; “En lymphcardiograph; Till Melysning affragan,
Muravida varmenomfattes till mekaniskt arbete vid Muskelcontractioner,”
1881; “Mya midsag till ophthalmometriens utoeckling: en Zalfregistrerande
perimeter,” 1882.
=Block, Carl Otto=, Dantzig. M.D., 1876.
Made numerous experiments on healthy dogs, and found they did not die if
a piece of the lung was cut out. Hence he became desirous of making the
same experiment on men. His first victim was a girl of fourteen, who died
a few hours after the operation (resection of a piece of the lung).
=Blondlot, Nicolas.= B. 1810. M.D. Paris, 1833; late Prof. Chemistry and
Pharmaceutics Medical School, Nancy.
Author of “Traité analytique de la Digestion,” Nancy, 1843; “Essai sur
les fonctions du foie et doses annexes,” Paris, 1846; “Recherches sur la
digestion des matières Grasses,” Paris, Nancy, 1855.
In his “Treatise on Digestion” Blondlot gives the results of experiments
on dogs with fistulous openings into the stomach. He is generally spoken
of as the first to obtain gastric juice by the establishment of a fistula
into the stomach of the lower animals. (His method is given in detail in
“Béclard’s Traité,” p. 85.) Longet, another vivisector, mentions in his
Treatise of Physiology that a Dr. Bassow read a paper before the Imperial
Society of Naturalists, in Moscow, in 1842, in which he gave an account
of a number of successful attempts to establish a gastric fistula.
=Boccardo, Giuseppe.= Assistant, Physiological Institute, R. University,
Naples.
=Bochefontaine, Louis Théodore.= Prof. Experimental Pathology, Medical
Faculty, Paris.
Author of “Action physiologique de la quinine sur la rate. Essai de
critique expérimentale;” “Thèse pour le Doctorat, Paris,” 1873.
“All the experiments which we describe on this subject have been made
on dogs and on a cat. Some few which are not mentioned were made on
rabbits and a few on guinea-pigs. The results obtained amount to little
or nothing. We must say once for all that our experiments with strychnine
and quinine have also given no exact result.”--_Collection de Thèses pour
le Doctorat_, Paris, 1873, p. 25.
“… Even in the same species of animals, though the experimenters act
under identical conditions, the results obtained are not always the
same.”--_Ibid._, p. 33.
=Böhm, R.= Prof. in Marburg.
Experiments on cats with arsenic and muscarin concerning the exfoliation
of intestinal epithelium.--Virchow’s _Archiv_, Vol. XCII., part 3.
=Bohr= (Dr.). Prof. of Physiology, Copenhagen.
=Bornhardt, A.= Formerly pupil of Cyon, Lab. Physiol. Acad. Med., St.
Petersburg.
Author of “Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie der Bogengänge des
Ohrlabyrinths.”--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XII, p. 471.
Experiments on pigeons and rabbits after portions of their brains had
been extirpated.--Pflüger’s _Archiv._, Vol. XII. (1876), p. 471.
=Bouchard, Charles.= Prof. of Gen. Path., Paris.
Contributor to “Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales.”
Author of “De la Pathogénie des Hémorrhagies,” Paris, 1869; “Recherches
nouvelles sur la pellagra,” Paris, 1862; “Éléments d’Anatomie descriptive
et d’Embryologie,” 1873.
=Bousfield, Edward Collins=, Wellesley House, Ashley Road, Bristol.
L.R.C.P. Lond. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1878; (St. Barthol.); Physiol.
Prosect. St. Barthol. Hosp. 76-77-78. Contributed “On a hitherto unnoted
feature of the blood in Leucocythaemiæ,” Lancet 1879; “Effects of the
Electric Light on Vision,” Ibid. 1880; “Case illustrating the Pathology
of Herpes,” Ibid. 1880.
_Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Medical School 1880
and 1881. No experiments returned._
=Bowditch, H. P.= Prof. Physiol. Lab. Harvard Med. School, Boston, U.S.
Plethysmographic experiments on the vascular nerves of the extremities.
=Brachet, Jean Louis.= B. at Eivors (France), 1789, d. at Lyons, 1858.
Hosp. Surg., Physician to Prisons, Professor of Physiology School of
Medicine, Physician to Hôtel Dieu, Lyons, Chev. de la Leg. d’Honn.,
Prof. Materia Med. and Therap., Mem. Acads. of Med. Paris, Vienna,
Madrid, Turin; Mem. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Belles Lettres of Lyons, Dijon,
Toulouse, Genoa; Mem. Med. Socs. of Paris, Lyons, Berlin, Göttingen,
Toulouse, Marseilles, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Bordeaux, New Orleans,
Besançon, &c., &c.