[1] _Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution for the Year 1882_ [hereinafter referred to as the
_Smithsonian Annual Report_], pp. 101-103; and introductory
"advertisement" to the lectures published by the Smithsonian
Institution in its Miscellaneous Collections (see bibliography).
[2] Dr. J. J. Woodward's lecture explained the progress of medical
knowledge of morbid growth and cancerous tumors from 1865 to 1872.
It cautioned that uncertain methods of diagnosis at that time
allowed charlatans and uneducated practitioners to report cures of
cancer in instances where nonmalignant growths were "removed by
their caustic pastes and plasters."
[3] The two longest intervals were in preparing the last two lectures:
the ninth in 1884, and the tenth, 1889. Both came after the
establishment in 1881 of the Section of Materia Medica in the U.S.
National Museum, to display the development and progress of the
health professions.
[4] _Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1883_,
pp. 190, 614-615.
[5] For classifying chemical compounds, Dr. Flint relied on the work
of H. E. Roscoe and C. Schorlemmez, _A Treatise on Chemistry_, 2
vols. (New York: D. Appleton, 1878-1800.)
[6] _Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the year 1882_,
vol. 2, part 2, pp. 100, 228, 656-657. Dr. Flint in his article
"Report on Pharmacopoeias of All Nations," ibid., pp. 655-680,
remarks that there were then 19 official pharmacopoeias in the
world, besides three semiofficial formularies in certain
localities in Italy. The pharmacopoeias collected represent
Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Holland,
India, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (two),
and the United States.
[7] The _Universal Formulary_, by R. Eglesfeld Griffith, first edited
in March 1850 (3rd ed. rev. and enlarged by John M. Maisch,
Philadelphia: Lea, 1874) should not be considered an international
drug standard. It was mainly concerned with compiling a great
number of formulas and recipes, methods of preparing and
administering official and other medicines, and tables on weights
and measures for utilization by the U.S. practitioners of the
time.
[8] Other elaborate arrangements were also made to improve and expand
the Section's activities and services, though some have never
materialized. For example, a herbarium was suggested from which
specimens could be obtained for display of the actual drug with
painted pictures of its plant next to it. Consideration was given
to displaying enlarged drawings to show the minute structure of
the specimen for better identification. In addition, an exhibition
of several 10-liter vessels of the most popular mineral waters was
planned. The amount of saline substances which analysis had shown
to be present in each vessel was to be listed in a table to be
attached to that vessel, or the same amount of minerals was to be
put in a small bottle beside it. This plan was carried out to the
best advantage at the Cotton States and International Exposition
held in 1895 in Atlanta, Georgia.
[9] HOLT, "A Sketch of the Development of the Rockefeller Institute
for Medical Research," p. 1. A similar comment was voiced by
GALDSTON, "Research in the United States," p. 366.
[10] _Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association_ (1918), vol.
7, pp. 376-377, 466.
[11] Two decades later, Dr. Whitebread designed a panel showing
photographs of famous medical pioneers of all nationalities. See
his article, "The Odd Origin of Medical Discoveries," p. 321.
[12] GEBHARD, "From Medicine Show to Health Museum," p. 579. The
original plan for this Hall of Health was to feature exhibits on
public health for popular educational purposes, including an
illustrated exhibit on hospital care. See FOLEY, "Smithsonian
Institution Devotes Much Space to Hospital Exhibit," pp. 43-44.
[13] Lack of space notwithstanding, valuable accessions were added
about 1930, including a collection of early x-ray tubes and
personal memorabilia of Drs. William T. G. Morton (1819-1868),
Crawford W. Long (1815-1878), and William Gorgas (1854-1920).
[14] D. RILEY MOORE published a series of short reports under the
title "Committee on Osteopathic Exhibits in the U.S. National
Museum," in the _Journal of the American Osteopathic Association_
(1933-1946), vols. 33-46, regarding the exhibit on osteopathy.
[15] [KLEIN], "He Directs Pharmacy Exhibits at the Smithsonian
Institution," pp. 20-21.
[16] Several other journals reported the exhibition with
illustrations: _Drug Topics_ (July 8, 1946), vol. 90, no. 2, pp.
2, 79; _National Capital Pharmacist_ (September 1945), vol. 7, p.
11, and (September 1946), vol. 8, pp. 11-13; and _The Scientific
Monthly_ (November 1952), vol. 75, p. 268.
[17] DODRILL, and others, "Temporary Mechanical Substitution for the
Left Ventricle in Man," pp. 642-644, and "Pulmonary Volvuloplasty
under Direct Vision using the Mechanical Heart for a Complete
Bypass of the Right Heart in a Patient with Congenital Pulmonary
Stenosis," pp. 584-595.
[18] For the design, expert arrangement of the exhibits, and the
legends that accompany each exhibit in the Hall of Health, we are
indebted to Drs. Bruno Gebhard, Richards H. Shryock, Thomas G.
Hull, James Laster, Walle J. H. Nauta, Leslie W. Knott, Theodore
Wiprud, and other physicians, dentists, and scholars who have
offered their advice, assistance, and expert skills.
[19] TAYLOR, "A National Museum of Science, Engineering and Industry,"
p. 359.
[20] NELSON, PELANDER, and KUMPULA, "Hydraulic Turbine, Contra-angle
Handpiece," pp. 324-329.
[21] MONELL, "Dental Skiagraphy," pp. 313-336.
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