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NOTES

[1] Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada; Vice-President of the

American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology.

[2] [Note to the American Edition: In my opinion, More is the first

author who has noted in a scientific way the relation between

criminality and economic conditions. Before him there were other

authors, to whom this relationship did not remain totally unperceived;

but they treated the subject by chance, as it were, and in a very

superficial way. Cf. J. van Kan, “Les Causes économiques de la

Criminalité”, pp. 15 ff.]

[3] Pp. 28–36.

[4] “Le testament de J. Meslier.”

[5] Pp. 210–212.

[6] Pp. 214, 215.

[7] P. 67.

[8] Pp. 79, 80.

[9] Pp. 144, 145. See also pp. 38 ff., and pp. 150 ff.

[10] P. 9.

[11] P. 10.

[12] P. 167.

[13] Pp. 284–288.

[14] Pp. 186–189. See also pp. 199, 200, and 207–209.

[15] Pp. 33, 34.

[16] Pp. 36, 37.

[17] Pp. 47, 48. See also pp. 72 ff.

[18] Pp. 37–39.

[19] Pp. 43–45.

[20] Pp. 74, 75.

[21] Pp. 331–333.

[22] Pp. 333, 334.

[23] Pp. 15, 16.

[24] Pp. 455–458.

[25] See also the work entitled: “An Inquiry into the Principles of the

Distribution of Wealth” (Chapters II and III), by W. Thompson, a

disciple of Owen. On page 17 he says: “The unrestrained tendency of the

distribution of wealth, being so much toward equality, excessive wealth

and excessive poverty being removed, almost all the temptations, all

the motives, which now urge to the commission of crime, would be also

removed.” In general, the English socialists from the commencement of

the nineteenth century (e.g. Charles Hall, Thomas Hodgskin, Charles

Bray, and others) have had a notion, more or less clear, of the

relation between the nascent industrial capitalism and criminality.

Upon these authors cf. Quack, “De Socialisten” (Tome Supplémentaire),

and Beer, “Geschichte des Sozialismus in England”, I.

[26] See his “Essays on the Formation of Character”; and “Reports of

the Proceedings at the Several Public Meetings held in Dublin.”

[27] One of the laws which, according to Owen, should produce the

change from modern society to the society of the future.

[28] Pp. 40–45. It is well known that Owen put his theories into

practice when he founded the village of New Lanark. The disastrous

consequences of industrial capitalism, such as excessive hours of

labor, insufficient nourishment, unsanitary housing, the lack of

education for children, etc., were diminished there or altogether

avoided. Among the population of the colony, though originally

alcoholized and demoralized by capitalism, little by little the

favorable environment made itself felt, so that for nineteen years

there was no judicial prosecution, and drunkenness and illegitimate

births disappeared. (See Denis, “Le socialisme et les causes

économiques et sociales du crime”, p. 283, and Quack, “De Socialisten”,

II, pp. 279 ff.)

[29] Pp. 315–317.

[30] Pp. 128–131. See also: F. Engels, “Umrisse zu einer Kritik der

Nationalökonomie”, pp. 449 and 459; F. Engels and K. Marx, “Die heilige

Familie oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik”, pp. 239–241. See also, the

following: Plato, “The Republic”, I. 5.; C. A. Helvetius, “De l’homme”,

X. p. 49; J. P. Marat, “Plan de la législation criminelle”, pp. 18 ff.;

J. Bentham, “Traités de la législation civile et pénale”, III ch. V,

pp. 45 ff.; Ch. Fourier, “Théorie des quatre Mouvements”, III; “Théorie

de l’unité universelle” (“Traité de l’association

domestique-agricole”), Introduction. 2. p. 51; “Le nouveau monde

industriel et sociétaire”, Sect. VI; B. P. Enfantin, “Les

enseignements”, pp. 92, 93; W. Weitling, “Die Menschheit wie sie ist,

und wie sie sein sollte”, p. 47; “Garantien der Harmonie und Freiheit”,

pp. 53, 54, and 104, 105; “Das Evangelium eines armen Sünders”, p. 102;

V. Considérant, “Théorie du droit de propriété et du droit au travail”,

p. 33; L. Blanc, “Organisation du travail”, pp. 57 ff.; C. Pequeur,

“Des améliorations matérielles”, pp. 86–88, 232–234, 239–241; J. A. van

Royen, “Wetgeving en armoede beschouwd in betrekking tot het misdrijf”,

pp. 9 ff.; C. J. A. den Tex, “De causis criminum”, pp. 84 ff.; Chaillou

des Barres, “L’influence du bien-être matériel sur la moralité d’un

peuple” (“Journal des Economistes”, 1846); E. Mercier, “Influence du

bien-être matériel sur la criminalité”; P. J. Proudhon, “De la justice

dans la révolution et dans l’église”, pp. 533–534.

[Note to the American Edition: For the opinions of the scientific world

of Holland at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of

the nineteenth: J. A. v. Hamel, “Strafrechtspolitiek van voor honderd

jaar” (Gids, 1909, II).

See for the same period in England: L. von Thót, “Die positive

Strafrechtsschule in einigen europäischen Ländern”, pp. 407 ff.

(“Monatschr. f. Kriminal-Psychologie u. Strafrechts-reform”, VIII).]

[31] Pp. 42, 43.

[32] P. 94, I.

[33] Pp. 95–97, I.

[34] Pp. 278, 279.

[35] P. 281.

[36] Pp. 39–46.

[37] P. 47.

[38] “Du Problème de la Misère et de sa solution chez les peuples

anciens et modernes”, III (“Peuples modernes”). See also by the same:

“Le monde des coquins.”

[39] Pp. 222–224.

[40] P. 2.

[41] [The charts being unnecessarily detailed for the purposes of this

work, and the results being sufficiently summed up in the paragraphs

which follow, they are omitted in this translation, though given by Dr.

Bonger.—Transl.]

[42] Pp. 136, 137.

[43] Pp. 160, 161.

[44] [To avoid awkwardness of expression the term assault will be used

for assaults other than those peculiarly against women, the original

being about equivalent to our “assault and battery.”—Transl.]

[45] “Essai sur la criminalité” (“Journal des Economistes”, 1868).

[46] P. 64.

[47] P. 82.

[48] See Part II of this work, where I have shown that in my opinion

the influence of property upon morality is much more complex than Corne

has suggested, and quite different.

[49] Pp. 89, 90.

[50] See Guerry, “Essai sur la statistique morale de la France,” p. 51,

and L. del Baere, “De invloed van opvoeding en onderwijs.”

[51] P. 93.

[52] P. 10.

[53] P. 24.

[54] P. 58.

[55] [“Arpents de Magdebourg.”—Transl.]

[56] P. 57.

[57] “Die Moralstatistik in ihrer Bedeutung für eine Socialethik.”

[58] P. 239.

[59] On p. 442 of his “Moralstatistik,” von Oettingen criticises

Stursberg for basing his comparison upon the year 1871 in which the

figures were very low as a consequence of the war, and for not having

taken into account that in the year 1876 the new penal code was put

into effect.

[60] P. 58.

[61] “Ueber einige wirthschaftliche und moralische Wirkungen hoher

Getreidepreise.”

[62] “Verbrechen und Verbrecher in Preussen 1854–1878.” This book

(especially the statistical material) has been severely criticized by

Mittelstadt (“Zeitschrift für die ges. Strafrechtswissenschaft”, 1884),

Aschrott (“Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, etc.” von Schmoller, 1884), and

Illing (“Zeitschrift des Königlich Preussischen statistischen Bureaus”,

1885). Körner has refuted their views (“Jahrbücher für d. Nat. Oek. u.

Stat. Neue Folge”, Vol. XIII).

[63] It is not possible for me to treat this question at length here.

The reader is referred to my studies: “Misdaad en socialisme. Tegelijk

eene bijdrage tot de studie der criminaliteit in Nederland” (“Nieuwe

Tijd”, XVI), and “Verbrechen und Sozialismus. Zugleich ein Beitrag zum

Studium der Kriminalität in Deutschland” (“Neue Zeit”, XXX, 2), where I

have proved in a decisive manner, as it seems to me, that the

socialistic movement is not productive of crime, but the contrary.

[64] P. 88.

[65] P. 94.

[66] “Die Würtembergische Kriminalität.”

[67] P. 360.

[68] See upon this book the criticism of Professor F. Tönnies in

“Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik”, 1896.

[69] P. 41.

[70] P. 57.

[71] P. 61.

[72] P. 66.

[73] P. 67.

[74] Cf. by the same: “Studien zur Theorie und Geschichte der

Handelskrisen in England”, II, Chap. I, where still more explicit data

are given.

[75] “La delinquenza e la vita sociale in Russia.” Another publication

by the same author is entitled: “Upon the relations between criminality

and the price of cereals” (published in Russian). Cf. also: “Le

mouvement de la criminalité en Russie, 1874–1894” (“Archives d’anthr.

crim.”, XIII.), and “Répartition géographique de la criminalité en

Russie” (“Arch. d’anthr. crim.”, XVI.).

[76] P. 4.

[77] Pp. 24, 25.

[78] See Lafargue, “Die Kriminalität in Frankreich, 1840–86.” In France

the development of manufacturing did not receive an impetus till 1874,

from which year the decrease in crime dates.

[79] P. 56.

[80] Pp. 60, 61.

[81] Pp. 65, 66.

[82] Cf. H. Berg, “Getreidepreise und Kriminalität in Deutschland seit

1882”, and my study already cited, “Verbrechen und Socialismus”, pp.

805, 806.

See also: Whitworth Russell, “Abstract of the Statistics of Crime in

England and Wales, from 1839 to 1843”; J. Fletcher, “Moral and

Educational Statistics of England and Wales”; G. R. Porter, “The

Influence of Education Shown by Facts Recorded in the Criminal Tables

for 1845 and 1846”; L. Faucher, “Mémoire sur le caractère et sur le

mouvement de la criminalité en Angleterre”; J. Clay, “On the Effect of

Good or Bad Times on Committals to Prison”; R. Everest, “On the

Influence of Social Degradation in Producing Pauperism and Crime, as

Exemplified in the Free Coloured Citizens and Foreigners in the United

States”; “Criminality Promoted by Distress” (“The Economist”, 1856); R.

H. Walsh, “A Deduction from the Statistics of Crime for the Last Ten

Years”; W. Westgarth, “Statistics of Crime in Australia”; Bernard, “De

la criminalité en France depuis 1826 et de la répression pénale au

point de vue de l’amendement des prisonniers”; J. H. Elliot, “The

Increase of Material Prosperity and of Moral Agents Compared with the

State of Crime and Pauperism”; E. Levasseur, “La population française”,

II pp. 442–444; Prof. Dr. B. Földes, “Einige Ergebnisse der neueren

Kriminalstatistik”, pp. 544 ff.; G. F. Kolb, “Handbuch der

vergleichenden Statistik”, pp. 516, 517; M. A. de Malarce, “Moralité

comparée des diverses parties de la France d’après la criminalité”; J.

E. Wappäus, “Allgemeine Bevölkerungsstatistik”, II, pp. 429, 430;

Mayhew and Binny, “The Criminal Prisons of London”, pp. 450, 451; E.

Bertrand, “Essai sur la moralité comparative des diverses classes de la

population et principalement des classes ouvrières”; G. Lindenberg,

“Ergebnisse der deutschen Kriminalstatistik”, 1882–1892, pp. 718 ff.

[Note to the American Edition: See the following recent statistical

studies: For Germany: H. Berg, “Getreidepreise und Kriminalität in

Deutschland seit 1882”; R. Wassermann, “Beruf, Konfession, und

Verbrechen”; G. Schnapper-Arndt, “Sozialstatistik”, pp. 624 ff.; P.

Alterthum, “Das Problem der Arbeitslosigkeit und die Kapitalistische

Wirtschaftsentwicklung”, pp. 47 ff.; W. A. Bonger, “Verbrechen und

Sozialismus.” For Austria: H. Herr, “Verbrechen und Verbrechertum in

Oesterreich.” For the Balkan States: A. Wadler, “Die

Verbrechensbewegung im östlichen Europa”, I. For Belgium: C. Jacquart,

“La criminalité Belge, 1868–1909.” For the Netherlands: J. R. B. de

Roos, “Inleiding tot de beoefening der crimineele aetiologie”; W. A.

Bonger, “Misdaad en Socialisme, etc.”; C. A. Verrijn Stuart, “Inleiding

tot de beoefening der statistiek”, II, pp. 223 ff.]

[83] See Wulffen, “Psychologie des Verbrechers”, I, p. 369.

[84] See (with regard to the social factors of crime and their

importance in comparison with individual causes) my study: “Over de

maatschappelijke factoren van de misdaad en hunne beteekenis in

vergelijking met de individueele oorzaken” (“Tijdschrift v.

Strafrecht”, XXIII, pp. 413 ff.).

[85] See further H. v. Schul, “Kriminalstatistik” (“Handwörterbuch der

Staatswissenschafte”, VI, p. 246).

[86] See v. Liszt, “Kriminalpolitische Aufgaben” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges.

Strafrw.”, IX).

[87] See Levasseur, “La population française”, p. 445; also v.

Oettingen, “Moralstatistik”, p. 445; Dr. E. Würzburger, “Ueber die

Vergleichbarkeit kriminalstatistischer Daten” (“Jahrb. f.

Nationalökonomie u. Statistik”, 1887); Tarde, “Penal Philosophy”, pp.

72, 73 (The Modern Criminal Science Series, Little, Brown, & Co.,

1912); Földes, “Einige Ergebnisse der neueren Kriminalstatistik”

(“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrw.”, XI, pp. 517–518); de Roos, op. cit.,

pp. 192 ff.

[88] The opinions of partisans of the Italian school with regard to the

correlation between criminality and economic conditions are very

different. Garofalo and Ferri especially are not in agreement upon this

point. Nevertheless, I have thought that I ought to class them

together, because of the uniformity of their point of view with regard

to criminality in general.

[89] The Modern Criminal Science Series. Translated by Horton. Boston,

Little, Brown, & Co., 1911.

[90] P. 81.

[91] See Battaglia, “La dinamica del delitto”, pp. 227, 228.

[92] Bodio includes rural thefts.

[93] P. 121.

[94] P. 122.

[95] As the author himself observes, the conclusions drawn from this

table must be taken with reserve, because of the great difference in

the penal laws of these countries.

[96] My exposition would be too long if I should examine this

explanation (which seems insufficient to me) at length. For the chief

explanation of the great number of murders in countries that are

intellectually backward, see “L’homicide en Italie”, by Colajanni

(“Revue socialiste”, 1901).

[97] P. 131.

[98] Pp. 133, 134.

[99] P. 137.

[100] American edition, “Criminology” (The Modern Criminal Science

Series; Little, Brown, & Co., 1913), from which quotations are made.

See by the same author, “La superstition socialiste”, and “Le Crime

comme phénomène social” (“Annales de l’Inst. intern. de Sociologie”,

II).

[Note to the American Edition: See also his report to the Congress of

Cologne, “L’influence des prédispositions et du milieu dans la

criminalité.”]

[101] Pp. 144, 145.

[102] P. 164.

[103] See also “Studi sulla Criminalità in Francia (1826–1876).”

[104] Although I do not wish to attack the proposition that socialism

in Italy at that period (preceding 1880) was unscientific, I cannot

conceal my astonishment that Professor Ferri should fulminate against

socialism in general “because of its lack of the scientific spirit”,

apparently quite ignorant of the scientific socialism of Marx and

Engels, which had existed since the middle of the century!

[105] “Sociologie criminelle”, p. 161.

[106] P. 43.

[107] Pp. 150, 151.

[108] “Soc. crim.”, p. 157.

[109] “Les aptitudes et les actes”, pp. 328, 329.

[110] Upon crime and sex see Pt. II, Ch. II, § I, C., d.

[111] “Genèse normale du crime”, p. 451.

[112] Among the anthropological factors Professor Ferri includes also

education, profession, civil status, etc., called all together the

bio-social conditions. I am of the opinion that these factors ought not

to be classed as anthropological, but as social.

[113] [Note to the American Edition: Among the recent works against the

Italian school must be named that of Dr. S. Ettinger, “Das

Verbrecherproblem”.]

[114] It is not correct, in my opinion, to class agricultural

production among the physical factors as Professor Ferri does. It is

rather one of the social factors.

[115] Pp. 199–201.

[116] See Niceforo; “Criminalità e condizioni economiche in Sicilia”

(“Rivista scientifica del diretto”, 1897), and Colajanni, “L’homicide

en Italie” (“Revue Socialiste”, July, 1901).

[117] “Criminalité comparée”, p. 153.

[118] It is Colajanni in particular who, in his “Sociologia criminale”,

II, has cited a great number of examples of this kind. See Chs. VII,

VIII, IX. See also his “Oscillations thermométriques et délits contre

les personnes” (“Archives d’anthr. crim.”, 1886). See also Földes,

“Einige Ergebnisse der neueren Kriminalstatistik” (“Zeitschr. f. d.

ges. Strafrw.”, XI, p. 544).

[119] “Das Verbrechen in seiner Abhängigkeit von dem jährlichen

Temperaturwechsel” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrw.”, II, p. 13).

[120] See Colajanni, “Soc. crim.”, II, pp. 427 ff.

[121] See: Tarde, “Penal Philosophy”, p. 303; Quetelet, “Physique

sociale”, II, p. 288; Colajanni, “Soc. Crim.”, II, pp. 431 ff.

[122] See “Introduction to the Criminal Statistics of England and

Wales, 1905”, p. 53.

[123] Besides the authors cited, see also, as regards the influence of

physical factors, Mischler, “Hauptergebnisse in moralischer Hinsicht”

(“Handbuch des Gefängniswesens”, II, p. 485); Fr. von Liszt, “Die

sozialpolitische Auffassung des Verbrechens” (“Sozialpolitisches

Centralblatt”, 1892).

[124] [Note to the American Edition: Upon the relation between

criminality and the physical environment see also the recent works:

Aschaffenburg, “Das Verbrechen und seine Bekämpfung”, pp. 13 ff.; de

Roos, “Quelques recherches sur les causes de l’augmentation des vols

pendant l’hiver et des coups et blessures pendant l’été” (“Compte rendu

du VIe Congrès internat. d’anthrop. crim.”); Wulffen, “Psychologie des

Verbrechers”, I, pp. 381 ff.; P. Gaedeken, “Contribution statistique à

la réaction de l’organisme sous l’influence physico-chimique des agents

météorologiques” (“Archives d’anthr. crim.”, XXIV); Verrijn-Stuart, op.

cit., pp. 176 ff.; v. Mayr, “Statistik u. Gesellschaftslehre”, pp. 605

ff.

[125] “Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie”, Preface, p. xi.

[126] “La conception matérialiste de l’histoire”, pp. 229, 230

(“Devenir Social”, 1897).

[127] See the examples given by Professor Ferri, pp. 197–201.

[128] I will not speak of Ch. VI, which is only a repetition of a theme

treated of several times, “how much more scientific the sociologists

are than the socialists.”

[129] [See the author’s explanation of his use of this word, in the

preface.—Transl.]

[130] See “Le crime comme phénomène social” (“Annales de l’institut

international de Sociologie”, 1896, p. 414), and “Kriminelle

Anthropologie und Sozialismus” (“Neue Zeit”, 1895–96, II).

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. the recent work of C. Manes (a

disciple of Ferri), “Capitalismo e criminalità.”]

[131] P. 217. The author insinuates, without bringing the slightest

proof, that persons with criminal dispositions have often contributed

to the formation of the socialistic theories.

[132] See my criticisms upon these authors. It is not clear why Ferri

is cited as an adherent of the opinion expressed by Dr. Kurella; for he

gives an important place in the etiology of crime to economic factors.

[133] P. 179.

[134] “La criminalità e le vicende economiche d’Italia dal 1873 al 1890

e osservazioni sommarie per il Regno Unito della Gran Bretagna e

Irlanda (1840–1890) e per la Nova Galles del Sud (1882–1891).”

[135] Excepting rural thefts, included under a.

[136] Excepting fraudulent bankruptcy.

[137] Excepting rebellion and violence to public authorities.

[138] Pp. 166, 167.

[139] “Actes”, p. 240.

[140] “Compte rendu”, p. 232.

[Note to the American Edition: See also Professor Lacassagne’s preface

to Laurent’s “Le criminel.”]

[141] “Penal Philosophy”, p. 322.

[142] Op. cit., p. 332.

[143] Op. cit., p. 334.

[144] Op. cit., p. 359.

[145] Op. cit., pp. 362, 363.

[146] Op. cit., pp. 383, 384.

[147] Op. cit., pp. 389–391.

[148] Pp. 392, 393.

[149] On this subject see Kautsky, “Die materialistische

Geschichtsauffassung und der psychologische Antrieb”, p. 655 (“Neue

Zeit”, 1895–1896, II). See the criticism of the imitation theory by

Professor Ferri, in the “Devenir Social”, 1895, entitled “La théorie

sociologique de M. Tarde.”

[150] “Crime”, p. 212.

[151] “Compte Rendu”, p. 199.

[152] Ibid., p. 200.

[153] P. 204.

[154] Pp. 203, 204.

[155] P. 142.

[156] P. 430.

[157] P. 431.

[158] Pp. 434, 435.

[159] P. 436.

[160] P. 561.

[161] P. 568.

[162] See also by the same author: “Les crânes des suppliciés”, “Les

aptitudes et les actes”, “L’atavisme et le crime”, and his reports to

the Congress of Criminal Anthropology at Paris and at Brussels.

[163] Pp. 408, 409.

[164] Pp. 409, 410.

[165] Pp. 414, 415.

[166] Pp. 416, 417.

[167] Pp. 418, 419.

[168] P. 419.

[169] P. 429.

[170] Pp. 431, 432.

[171] Pp. 434–436.

[172] Pp. 445, 446.

[173] Pp. 449, 450.

[174] Pp. 452, 453.

[175] P. 455.

[176] P. 456.

[177] [“Somatisch.” Though capable of being translated thus, this word

is plainly not “physical” in the sense in which that is used for one of

Ferri’s three causes.—Transl.]

[178] Pp. 410, 411.

See also: Dr. A. Bournet, “De la criminalité en France et en Italie”;

G. Richard, “Les crises sociales et la criminalité” (“L’année

sociologique”, 1898–99); L. Gumplowicz, “Das Verbrechen als soziale

Erscheinung” (“Soziologische Essays”).

[Note to the American Edition: Compare further the recent works of the

French school: E. Laurent, “Le criminel”; J. L. de Lanessan, “La lutte

contre le crime”; J. Maxwell, “Le crime et la société.”]

[179] P. 13.

[180] Pp. 13–18.

[181] Pp. 19–22.

[182] P. 6.

[183] P. 37.

[184] Cf. Colajanni, “Sociologia criminale”, II, p. 558.

[185] Pp. 82, 83.

[186] Pp. 106, 107.

[187] [14% of 7% is about 1%, of course. The mistake is

Morrison’s.—Transl.]

[188] In his article, “The Interpretation of Criminal Statistics”

(“Journal of the Royal Statistical Society”), 1897, Morrison says: “I

am inclined to agree ... that the attempt to institute ... comparisons

(of international character) is at present impracticable” (p. 15). It

would have been well if he had not forgotten this opinion when he wrote

“Crime and its Causes.”

[189] See, by the same author: “Juvenile Offenders” (chaps. VII and

VIII).

[190] See, by the same author, “Das Verbrechen als sozial-pathologische

Erscheinung.”

[191] P. 59.

[192] Pp. 59, 60.

[193] [Note to the American Edition: I am glad to be able to call the

reader’s attention to the fact that Professor von Liszt has changed his

opinion with regard to the bio-sociological hypothesis of crime, and

must now be ranked with the partisans of the environmental school. (See

“Die gesellschaftlichen Faktoren der Kriminalität”, pp. 438–439,

“Strafrechtliche Aufsätze und Vorträge”, II.)

Chiefly on account of Professor von Liszt’s initiative, there has

appeared in Germany a series of monographs upon the criminality of a

province, of a district, etc. (criminal topography). Here are the

titles in chronological order: K. Böhmert, “Die sächsische

Kriminalstatistik mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Jahre 1882–1887”

(“Zeitschr. d. K. Sächsische Statistischen Bureaus”, XXXV; Damme, “Die

Kriminalität in ihre Zusammenhänge in der Provinz Schleswig-Holstein

vom Januar 1882 bis dahin 1890” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrechtsw.”,

XII.); W. Weidemann, “Die Ursachen der Kriminalität im Herzogtum

Sachsen-Meiningen”; B. Blau, “Kriminalstatistische Untersuchung der

Kreise Marienwerder und Thorn”; P. Frauenstädt, “Kriminalistische

Heimatkunde” (“Zeitschr. f. Socialwissenschaft”, VI.); E. Peterselie,

“Untersuchungen über die Kriminalität in der Provinz Sachsen”; F.

Dochow, “Die Kriminalität im Amtsbezirk Heidelberg”; F. Galle,

“Untersuchung über die Kriminalität in der Provinz Schlesien”

(“Gerichtssaal” LXXI, LXXII); W. Stöwesand, “Die Kriminalität in der

Provinz Posen und ihre Ursachen”; A. Sauer, “Frauenkriminalität in

Amtsbezirk Mannheim”.]

[194] To my great satisfaction Dr. Näcke says, in a criticism of my

book, that through reading it, from a bio-sociologist he has almost

become an out-and-out follower of the environmental theory (of the

French school) (“Archiv f. Krim.-anthr. u. Kriminalstatistik,” XXI, p.

188).

[195] Pp. 96, 97.

[196] P. 98.

[197] Pp. 98, 99.

[198] P. 177.

[199] P. 208.

See also, by the same author: “Die neueren Erscheinungen auf

kriminal-anthropologischen Gebiete und ihre Bedeutung” (“Zeitschrift f.

d. ges. Strafrw.”, XIV.).

[Note to the American Edition: See also Näcke’s “Die Ueberbleibsel der

Lombrosischen kriminalanthropologischen Theorien” (“Archiv f.

Krim.-anthr. u. Kriminalität”, L. (1912), pp. 326 ff.)]

[200] In his introduction this author distinguishes three groups of

factors: the cosmic, the biological, and the social. Consequently he

can be ranked in the same category with Professor Ferri. However, I

have thought that he ought rather to be classed among the

bio-sociologists, because he gives a preponderating importance to the

social factors. As he himself says (p. vii of the introduction), his

work is one of the proofs that the divergences of opinions of the

schools of criminologists is not great.

[201] Pp. 371, 372.

[202] P. 97.

[203] P. 90.

[204] Pp. 100, 101.

[205] Pp. 103, 104.

[206] P. 113.

[207] Pp. 115, 116.

[208] [See the author’s explanation of his use of this term in the

preface.—Transl.]

[209] See also Chaps. II and IV.

[210] P. 346.

[211] Pp. 348, 349.

[212] P. 355.

[213] Pp. 358, 359.

[214] P. 365.

[215] [“Misère.” The word may mean misery, of course, as the author has

interpreted it in proving a contradiction of terms, but Joly seems to

use it, as it is generally used, to describe an external condition

rather than a mental state. In any case, all that Joly seems to mean is

that there are those who deliberately prefer effortless indigence to a

competence acquired by toil, being willing to put up with the indigence

for the sake of the wished for escape from effort.—Transl.]

[216] [Note to the American Edition: Cf. “La Belgique criminelle”, by

the same author.]

[217] “Le crime et la peine.”

[218] Pp. 204, 205.

[219] P. 207.

[220] “Les influences de la misère sur la criminalité.” See also

“L’école d’anthropologie criminelle”, by the same author.

[221] See the following chapter.

[222] Pp. 18–20.

[223] Pp. 22, 23.

[224] Pp. 31, 32.

[225] P. 43.

[226] [Note to the American Edition: Cf. also the following authors:

Dr. G. von Rohden, “Von den sozialen Motiven des Verbrechens” and

“Verbrechensbekämpfung und Verbrechensvorbeugung” (“Zeitschr. f.

Socialwissenschaft”, VII and IX), and F. A. K. Krauss, “Der Kampf gegen

die Verbrechensursachen.”]

[227] [Throughout this section the author uses “religion” as meaning a

professed connection with a cult and “irreligion” as the repudiation of

any such connection. This is not the use we commonly make of these

terms in English, but I know of no others that more accurately express

Dr. Bonger’s meaning.—Transl.]

[228] See Bonger, “Geloof en misdaad” (Religion and crime), p. 6.

[229] See also, as members of the “Terza Scuola”: Vaccaro, “Genesi e

funzione delle leggi penali”; Carnevale, “Una terza scuola di diritto

penale”; Alimena, “Naturalismo critico e diritto penale.” In the

“Mitteilungen der internationalen kriminalistischen Vereinigung”, Vol.

IV, is found an article by Dr. E. Rosenfeld, entitled “Die dritte

Schule”, in which the doctrine of this school is fully treated.

In a discourse more distinguished by hatred of Marxism than by a

knowledge of that doctrine, Professor Benedikt said at the Congress of

Criminal Anthropology held in Brussels: “The partisans of the ‘Terza

Scuola’ are in reality only Marxists.” Among those considered as

belonging to the Third School, there is only one Marxist as far as I

know. Professor Benedikt may have been led into his error by the fact

that Dr. Colajanni, one of the principal partisans of the Third School,

and also one of the few criminologists of this school who has written

upon the affinity between criminality and economic conditions, is in

agreement with the Marxists in this, that he finds the causes of crime,

in the last analysis, in economic conditions. This is why I speak of

Dr. Colajanni, as representing the Third School, and of the socialists

in the same chapter. Although Colajanni calls himself a republican in

political matters, he is nevertheless a partisan of an eclectic

socialism. (See “Il Socialismo.”) It is for this reason also that it is

well to name him in this chapter. Other partisans of the Third School

are also, as it appears, more or less of this opinion (see p. 18 of

“Die dritte Schule”, where Dr. Rosenfeld treats of Professor

Carnevale). However, it is evident from the manner in which Dr.

Colajanni treats the question, that he is not a Marxist.

[230] P. 42.

[231] P. 201.

[232] P. 202.

[233] Pp. 235–238.

[234] P. 404.

[235] See also his, “La delinquenza della Sicilia e le sue cause”, and

“Socialismo e criminalità.”

[236] Dr. Colajanni is in error here. Marx never formulated so strange

a theory.

[237] Pp. 456, 457.

[238] For further details see Dr. Colajanni’s report to the Fifth

Congress of Criminal Anthropology.

[239] See pp. 494–500, where the author proves this with the aid of

numerous quotations.

[240] See pp. 504–510.

[241] P. 513.

[242] With regard to Starke, from whom Dr. Colajanni takes these

figures, see Chap. II of this work.

[243] Pp. 562, 563. See also Chap. XIII, in which Dr. Colajanni treats

of the influence of militarism upon criminality.

[244] [To this point Dr. H. B. Adams, Walther’s translation, “Woman in

the Past, Present, and Future”, (Lovell, 1886) has been followed. The

remainder of the quotation is matter added by Bebel since the

publication of the edition from which the above translation was

made.—Transl.]

[245] [A decimal point is plainly lacking after the first figure in

each of these two numbers.—Transl.]

[246] Pp. 295–297.

[247] P. 107.

[248] Pp. 108, 109.

[249] In examining the statistical tables it must be remembered that

they give no real picture of criminality during the years 1870–71, on

account of the effect of the war.

[250] Lafargue’s idea of combining the curves of failure and of the

price of flour is ingenious, but in my opinion does not give a correct

notion of the truth, since it is upon the mistaken notion that the

effect of these two factors is equal.

[251] P. 116.

[252] Pp. 370, 371. “Actes du troisième Congrès international

d’anthropologie criminelle.” See, by the same author, “L’influence de

la crise économique sur la criminalité et le penchant au crime de

Quetelet”, “Le socialisme et les causes économiques et sociales du

crime”, and “Les index numbers (nombres indices) des phénomènes

moraux.”

[253] “Sozialpolitisches Handbuch.”

[254] Pp. 143, 144.

[255] In the last two columns “crimes” was later corrected by the

author himself to “criminals”. See “Neue Zeit”, 1892–1893, II, p. 179,

and 1893–1894, I, pp. 184 and 535.

[256] P. 150.

[257] Pp. 156, 157.

[258] P. 152.

[259] P. 159.

[260] In 1907 a second edition appeared, revised and corrected.

[261] P. 40.

[262] P. 54.

[263] P. 54.

[264] See also: P. Kropotkin, “Paroles d’un révolté”, pp. 241 ff., and

“The Coming Anarchy”, p. 161 (“Nineteenth Century”, 1887); J. Stern,

“Einfluss der sozialen Zustände auf alle Zweige des Kulturlebens”, pp.

24 ff.; E. Belfort Bax, “Ethics of Socialism”; T. W. Teifen, “Das

soziale Elend und die besitzenden Klassen in Oesterreich”, pp. 132–137,

170–171; J. S(chmidt), “Einfluss der Krisen und der Steigerung der

Lebensmittelpreise auf das Gesellschaftsleben”, pp. 16–19, 23; H.

Wetzker, “Die Zunahme der Verbrechen” (“Sozialistische Monatshefte”,

1902, II); E. Reich, “Criminalität und Altruismus”; E. Gystrow,

“Social-pathologische Probleme der Gegenwart” (“Soz. Monatshefte”, V,

1901).

See also Chapter I, in which I have treated of several socialists, who

had to be placed there because they wrote before the rise of modern

criminology.

[Note to the American Edition: See also E. Fischer, “Laienbemerkungen

zur Reform des Strafrechts” (“Soz. Monatshefte”, X,1 (1906); Dr. S.

Ettinger, “Das Verbrecherproblem in anthropologischer und

soziologischer Beleuchtung”, which, resting upon the socialist theory,

criticises especially the anthropological school; and Robert

Blatchford, “Not Guilty”, an original and popular exposition of the

theory of the environment.]

[265] P. xi.

[266] I do not mean to deny the importance of historical researches

into crime, such as the famous book of Pike, “History of Crime in

England”, or the “Documents de criminologie rétrospective” of Corre and

Aubry. They can give us valuable information with regard to the

etiology of crime, but in my opinion it is indubitable that the

historic method never permits us to give the complete etiology of a

social phenomenon, like criminality, for example.

[267] This sketch is based upon Karl Marx’s “Kapital” and K. Kautsky’s

works primarily, with some indebtedness to Marx’s “Oekonomischen

Lehren”, and “Das Erfurter Programm.”

[268] Marx, “Kapital”, I, p. 4.

[269] “Kapital”, I, p. 6. It is plain that in this exposition it is

needless to add why this law is discarded under a developed system of

capitalism. The exception in no way diminishes the fundamental truth of

the proposition.

[270] In his work “The Condition of the Working-class in England”, F.

Engels, after speaking of the condition of the English proletariat,

says, “The working-class has gradually become a race wholly apart from

the English bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie has more in common with every

other nation of the earth than with the workers in whose midst it

lives. The workers speak other dialects, have other thoughts and

ideals, other customs and moral principles, a different religion, and

other politics than the bourgeoisie. They are two radically dissimilar

nations.” (P. 124. [In original, p. 127].)

[271] Upon the petty bourgeoisie see the excellent article of Dr. B.

Schönlank, “Zur Psychologie des Kleinbürgerthums” (“Neue Zeit”, 1890).

[272] Alcoholism being of great importance for criminality I shall

treat the etiology of this social phenomenon separately (see Chap. IV).

[273] It is plain that I cannot cite proofs in support of this

exposition; I should go beyond the proper limits of this discussion of

the present economic system and its consequences. Furthermore it would

be useless; for those of my readers who do not know from having seen it

that the situation is as I have stated, can be convinced by reading the

rich literature upon the subject. I will refer here only to the more

noteworthy books; For England: F. Engels, “The Condition of the

Working-Class in England” (1845); K. Marx, “Das Kapital” (1867); M.

Schippel, “Das moderne Elend und die moderne Ueberbevölkerung” (1888);

Chas. Booth, “Life and Labor of the People in London” (1892–1897); R.

Blatchford, “Merrie England” (1894), and “Dismal England” (1901); B. S.

Rowntree, “Poverty, A Study of Town Life” (1901). For Germany: Dr. H.

Lux, “Sozialpolitisches Handbuch” (1889); P. Göhre, “Drei Monate

Fabrikarbeiter” (1891); Dr. R. Hirschberg, “Soziale Lage der

arbeitenden Klasse in Berlin” (1897); H. Herkner, “Die Arbeitsfrage”

(1894), treating also of Austria and Switzerland. For Austria: T. W.

Teifen, “Das soziale Elend und die besitzenden Klassen” (1894). For

Holland: “Rapport der Commissie belast met het onderzoek naar den

toestand der kinderen in fabrieken arbeidende” (1872); “Enquête

betreffende werking en uitbreiding der wet van 19 September 1874 en

naar den toestand van fabrieken en werkplaatsen” (1887); “Enquête

gehouden door de staatscommissie benoemd volgens de wet van 19 Jan.

1890” (1800–1894); “Een vergeten hoofdstuk” (1898); H. Roland-Holst,

“Kapitaal en arbeid in Nederland” (1902).

Upon the conditions of women’s work see: L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage.”

Upon the housing of working-men in the great cities see: A. Braun,

“Berliner Wohnungsverhältnisse”; E. von Philippovich, “Wiener

Wohnungsverhältnisse” (“Archiv f. soz. Gesetzgeb.” u. Stat. VII).

[Note to the American Edition: The literature upon the social condition

of the proletariat has increased considerably in recent years. It would

be impossible and also superfluous to cite the whole of this

literature; I note only certain works that seem remarkable for one

reason or another.

For England: L. G. Chiozza-Money, “Riches and Poverty” (1905). For

Germany: K. Fischer, “Denkwürdigkeiten und Erinnerungen eines

Arbeiters” (1903–04); M. W. Th. Bromme, “Lebensgeschichte eines

modernen Fabrikarbeiters” (1905); and Fr. Rehbein, “Das Leben eines

Landarbeiters.” For the United States: R. Hunter, “Das Elend der neuen

Welt” (1908). For Russia: K. A. Pashitnow, “Die Lage der arbeitenden

Klasse in Russland” (1907). For the Netherlands: J. J. Moquette,

“Onderzoekingen over volksvoeding in de gemeente Utrecht”, 1907;

“Arbeidersleven in Nederland” (1908); “Onderzoekingen naar de

toestanden in de Nederlandsche huisindustrie”, 1911–1912. Upon the

condition of working-people in general see especially the very

interesting and original work of Niceforo, “Anthropologie der

nichtbesitzenden Klassen” (1910). Upon the condition of working-women,

see “Die Jugendgeschichte einer Arbeiterin” (1909); R. Kempf, “Das

Leben der jungen Fabrikmädchen in München” (1911); the official

investigation into the work of married women in the factories in the

Netherlands (1911). Upon child-labor: “Das proletarische Kind.”]

[274] See the proof cited by K. Kautsky in his “Sozialreform und

soziale Revolution” (pp. 22–25), in support of the assertion that the

distance between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat has increased.

[275] What the Germans call “Lumpenproletariat.” [The French is “le bas

Prolétariat.” “Submerged class” is perhaps our most common English

equivalent.—Transl.] With the lower proletariat we must include

prostitutes and a part of the criminals. These two groups we shall

naturally treat in detail later.

[276] Pp. 213–215. (“Neue Zeit”, 1884).

[277] Op. cit. p. 215. See also, as regards the condition of the lower

proletariat in Germany, Dr. H. Lux, “Sozialpolitisches Handbuch”, pp.

32 ff.; for Austria: T. W. Teifen, “Das soziale Elend, etc.” IV, pp.

122 ff.; for Russia: O. Zetkin, “Die barfüssige Bande” (“Neue Zeit”,

1885); for England: Ch. Booth, “Pauperism” and “Life and Labour of the

People in London”, VIII; for all Europe: L. M. Moreau-Christophe, “Du

problème de la misère,” III; for North America see R. Hunter, “Das

Elend der neuen Welt”, pp. 51 ff.

[278] There may be found in Dr. L. Woltmann’s “Die Darwinsche Theorie

und der Sozialismus” (pp. 81–135) a detailed résumé of the works of the

authors who hold this opinion. Cf. also Herkner, “Die Arbeiterfrage”,

pp. 178 ff., where also the literature upon this point is to be found.

[279] P. 527, op. cit. I.

[280] P. 529, op. cit. I.

[281] As is well known, Galton is one of the authors who denies this

thesis. One of the rare examples which he produces as proof is

d’Alembert, who, notwithstanding an unfavorable educational

environment, became a celebrity. (See “Hereditary Genius,” pp. 34–39).

Unfortunately for Galton Professor Odin proves that d’Alembert received

an excellent education and was brought up in relatively favorable

economic conditions. (See “Genèse des grands hommes,” p. 538, I.) See

also Professor Odin’s criticism of Galton (pp. 192 ff., op. cit., I).

[282] Op. cit., I, p. 562.

[283] P. 80.

[284] Cf. especially the excellent refutation of the pseudo-Darwinian

theory by Professor Bücher in the chapter “Arbeitsgliederung und

Soziale Klassenbilderung” from his “Entstehen der Volkswirtschaft.”

[285] See Woltmann, op. cit., pp. 32–81 and pp. 334 ff., where he cites

a number of authors who are of this opinion. Upon the whole subject see

Dr. A. Ploetz, “Die Tüchtigkeit unsrer Rasse und der Schutz der

Schwachen”, and Dr. D. van Embden, “Darwinisme en Demokratie.”

[286] “Menschliche Auslese”, p. 10 (Zukunft, 1894).

[287] Under this heading are included all the children below 14, and

the women who live with the person assisted. It is enough to point out

that the indigence of these co-assisted persons does not proceed from

any cause in the persons themselves, but in their circumstances.

[288] “Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich”, X, 1889, pp.

206–208.

[289] Read the following taken from “Illustrations of the Manners,

Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians”, by G. Catlin:

“This cruel custom of exposing their aged people, belongs, I think, to

all the tribes who roam about the prairies, making severe marches, when

such decrepit persons are totally unable to go, unable to ride or to

walk,—when they have no means of carrying them. It often becomes

absolutely necessary in such cases that they should be left; and they

uniformly insist upon it, saying as one old man did, that they are old

and of no further use—that they left their fathers in the same

manner—that they wish to die, and their children must not mourn for

them.” (I, p. 217.)

[290] The figures given by J. S. in “Aus den Ergebnissen der

sächsischen Armenstatistik” (“Neue Zeit” 1894–95, II), confirm those in

the table I have given, if we do not lose sight of the fact that J. S.

does not give the “co-assisted” persons separately. The figures of

Charles Booth in his “Pauperism” show that alcoholism forms a more

important factor in the two districts that he has studied (12.6% and

21.9%); for laziness the figures are 1.9% and 10.6%. Statistics of the

Netherlands confirm in general those of the German Empire:

=========================+========+========++===========================+========+========

Assisted Temporarily. | 1898 | 1899 || Assisted Continuously. | 1898 | 1899

-------------------------+--------+--------++---------------------------+--------+--------

Causes of Indigence. | % | % || Causes of Indigence. | % | %

-------------------------+--------+--------++---------------------------+--------+--------

Illness, etc. | 42.3 | 45.1 || Illness or bodily defects | 18.6 | 18.9

Lack or shortage of work | 30.7 | 28.9 || Old age | 45.4 | 47

Alcoholism | 2.6 | 2.6 || Death of breadwinner | 20.0 | 19.2

Other causes | 24.4 | 23.4 || Alcoholism | 1.8 | 1.5

|--------+--------|| Other causes | 14.2 | 13.4

| 100.0 | 100.0 || |--------+--------

| | || | 100.0 | 100.0

=========================+========+========++===========================+========+========

(Verslagen over de verrichtingen aangaande het armbestuur over 1898 en

1899. Bijlage E. Handelingen 2e Kamer der Staten-Generaal 1899–1900,

1900–1901.)

[291] P. 490. “Biologie und Kriminalstatistik.” (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges.

Strafrechtswissenschaft”, VII.)

[292] See K. Kautsky’s “Das Erfurter Programm”, p. 64.

[293] Upon the period without class see, among others, L. H. Morgan,

“Ancient Society”, and upon the origin of classes H. Cunow,

“Arbeitstheilung und Frauenrecht” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–01, I, p. 178

ff.).

[294] It is well known that sociological studies upon the subject of

marriage date from 1861, when Bachofen’s “Das Mutterrecht” came out.

Since then a very extensive literature on the subject has appeared,

without by any means exhausting the subject. (See Dr. Steinmetz, “Die

neueren Forschungen zur Geschichte der menschlichen Familie”,

“Zeitschr. für Sozialwissenschaft,” 1899.)

[Note to the American Edition: The literature upon the origin and

evolution of marriage and the family has recently been considerably

increased. The following books seem to us to be the most important: H.

Schurtz, “Altersklassen und Männerbünde”; M. Weber, “Ehefrau und Mutter

in der Rechtsentwicklung”; A. Vierkandt, “Das Problem der Familien- und

Stammesorganisation der Naturvölker”; E. Westermarck, “Ursprung und

Entwicklung der Moralbegriffe”, II; F. Müller-Lyer, “Formen der Ehe”,

“Die Familie”, and “Phasen der Liebe”; H. Cunow, “Zur Urgeschichte der

Ehe und Familie.”]

[295] Westermarck (in his “History of Human Marriage”, pp. 51–133) has

led the opposition to the promiscuity theory. It is also combated by

Starcke in his “Die primitive Familie” and by Grosse in his “Die Formen

der Familie und die Formen der Wirthschaft” (pp. 41–45). For a résumé

of the arguments for and against see Dr. C. J. Wynaendts Francken, “De

Evolutie van het huwelijk” (pp. 57–65).

[296] See Ch. Letourneau, “L’évolution du mariage” (pp. 46–48).

[297] See Fr. Engels, “Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums,

und des Staats” (pp. 17–18) [Translated as “The Origin of the family,

etc.” Page references are to the original.]; and C. de Kelles-Krauz,

“Formes primitives de la famille” (pp. 303–304 of the “Revue

Internationale de Sociologie”, VIII).

[298] The following discussion is based upon material drawn from Grosse

(op. cit.), and from H. Cunow (“Die ökonomischen Grundlagen der

Mutterherrschaft” (“Neue Zeit”, 1897–98).

[299] Op. cit., pp. 60–61.

[300] L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, p. 424; Fr. Engels, op. cit., p.

21; and others.

[301] Westermarck believes that there is an innate aversion to sexual

relationships between persons who have lived together from childhood;

and that the sexual aversion that exists between near blood-relations

is in consequence of the fact that these persons have always lived

together. This instinct would thus have been acquired by natural

selection, since those who did not have it would run more danger than

the others of disappearing in consequence of the injurious effects of

such unions. (Op. cit., chaps. xiv and xv.) Cunow on the other hand

makes the point that there cannot be an innate aversion between persons

who have been raised together, for marriages between such persons do

take place, and are not thought at all immoral or contrary to nature.

(“Die Verwandtschaftsorganisationen der Australneger,” pp. 184 ff.)

[302] See Steinmetz, op. cit., p. 817.

[303] Upon the origin of agriculture see H. Cunow, “Arbeitstheilung und

Frauenrecht” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–1901; I, pp. 102 ff.).

[304] See C. N. Starcke, “Die primitive Familie”, pp. 106–107.

[305] The “metronymic” system by which the mother has the right to

transmit her name to the child (Mutterrecht) is quite distinct from the

matriarchate. As to the origin of the matriarchate see Dr. L. v.

Dargun, “Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht”, pp. 67 ff.

[306] L. H. Morgan, “Ancient Society”, p. 345; Dargun, op. cit., pp.

131, 132.

[307] See Morgan, op. cit., Pt. II, chap. X and XIII, and F. Engels,

“Origin of the Family, etc.”, chap. V, VI, VIII; Gumplowicz, “Grundriss

der Soziologie,” pp. 190 ff.; and F. Oppenheimer, “Der Staat.”

[308] Engels, op. cit., p. 51. [Paging of original.]

[309] See Engels, op. cit., pp. 47 ff. [Paging of original.]

[310] See A. Bebel, “Die Frau und der Sozialismus”, pp. 265 ff.

[311] See “Neue Zeit”, 188, p. 239; G. v. Mayr, “Statistik und

Gesellschaftslehre”, II, p. 384; F. v. d. Goes, “Socialisme en

Feminisme” (“Tweemaandelijksch Tijdschrift”, VI, 1900) pp. 430–445;

Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp. 166 ff.; C. Zetkin, “Geistiges

Proletariat, Frauenfrage und Sozialismus”, pp. 4, 5.

[312] See Bebel, op. cit., chapter entitled “Ehehemmnisse und

Ehehindernisse”; v. d. Goes, op. cit., pp. 445–458; Braun, op. cit.,

pp. 166–170; Zetkin, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

[313] See Bebel, op. cit., p. 159; v. d. Goes, op. cit., pp. 458 ff.;

and Braun, op. cit., pp. 165, 166.

[314] See Bebel, op cit., pp. 223 ff.; v. d. Goes, op. cit. (Année VII,

1901), pp. 120 ff.; Zetkin, op. cit., pp. 3, 4, and “Die Arbeiterinnen-

und Frauenfrage der Gegenwart”, pp. 3 ff.

[315] See Braun, op. cit., p. 181.

[316] See Braun, op. cit. Pt. II, chaps. IV and V.

[317] [Note to the American Edition: There has appeared, especially

recently, an extensive literature criticising the conditions of modern

marriage. Cf. among others: Forel, “Die Sexuelle Frage”; M. Weber, op.

cit., chap. vi; T. Bloch, “Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit”, chap. x;

Havelock Ellis, “Geschlecht und Gesellschaft”, II, chap. x; A. Moll,

“Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften”; F. Müller-Lyer, “Die Familie” and

“Phasen der Liebe.”]

[318] “Das Weib und der Stier.” (“Neue Zeit”, 1900–1901, II, p. 6–7.)

[319] Upon marriage in the bourgeoisie see Fourier, “Théorie des quatre

mouvements” (Complete Works, I, pp. 162 ff.); A. E. F. Schäffle, “Bau

und Leben”, etc., III, pp. 36, 50; Nordau, “Die conventionnellen Lügen

der Kulturmenschheit”, pp. 263 ff.; Bebel, op. cit., pp. 103 ff.; and

Dr. E. Gystrow, “Liebe und Liebesleben im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 26 ff.

[320] It is unnecessary to go into the question of marriage in the

petty bourgeoisie, which does not differ fundamentally from that which

we have been treating. See Dr. B. Schönlank, “Zur Psychologie des

Kleinbürgerthums”, pp. 123–124 (“Neue Zeit”, 1890).

[321] Engels, op. cit., pp. 59, 60, and Dr. A. Blaschko, “Die

Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 12.

[322] See “Englands industrielle Reservearmee”, pp. 215–216 (“Neue

Zeit”, 1884).

[323] Engels, op. cit., pp. 63–74 [paging of original].

[324] E. Grosse, “Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der

Wirthschaft”, pp. 49–53.

[325] See Grosse, op. cit., pp. 78–82, 120–123.

[326] Grosse, op. cit., pp. 183–186.

[327] See Grosse, op. cit., pp. 220–223, 226–228, 230–234.

[328] See v. Dargun, op. cit., p. 12.

[329] See M. Kovalewsky, “Tableau des origines et de l’évolution de la

famille et de la propriété”, pp. 150–161.

[330] The law does not produce much change in the situation which would

exist without it, since most parents would perform this duty without

being compelled.

[331] L. Ferriani, “Entartete Mütter”, pp. 24–50.

[332] “Der Selbstmord im kindlichen Lebensalter”, p. 48.

[333] Op. cit. This quotation follows directly upon the one given

above.

[334] Dr. A. Baer, op. cit., p. 49. See also pp. 58, 59.

[335] [Note to the American Edition: Cf. M. Kauffmann, “Die Psychologie

des Verbrechens”, pp. 235 ff.]

[336] C. Zetkin, “Die Arbeiterinnen- und Frauenfrage der Gegenwart”,

pp. 23–39.

[337] See J. Stern, “Thesen über den Sozialismus”, p. 24; and C.

Zetkin, op. cit., pp. 30 ff.

[338] C. Zetkin, op. cit., p. 24.

[339] L. Ferriani, “Schlaue und glückliche Verbrecher”, pp. 34, 35.

[340] To name one among many: M. Kovalewsky. See his “Tableau des

origines et de l’évolution de la famille et de la propriété”, pp. 160,

161.

[341] The number of births is constantly decreasing, and the consequent

decrease in the size of families accentuates the tendency to develop

egoism in the child.

[342] Compare, among others, E. Key, “Das Jahrhundert des Kindes”, p.

316.

[343] “The Book of the New Moral World”, Pt. III., pp. 9–11.

[344] K. Kautsky, “Die Entstehung des Christenthums” (“Neue Zeit”,

1885).

[345] L. Ferriani, “Schlaue und glückliche Verbrecher”, p. 48.

[346] P. 144 [In original, p. 147]. See also L. Braun, “Die

Frauenfrage”, pp. 318 ff.; C. Zetkin, op. cit., p. 26; Herkner, op.

cit., pp. 36 ff.; and especially Rühle, “Das proletarische Kind”, pp.

42 ff. Upon the education of children of the working class in general,

see also: G. Schönfeldt, “Die heutige Arbeiterfamilie und die

öffentliche Erziehung vorschulpflichtiger Kinder” (“Neue Zeit”, I,

1898–1899).

[347] [Note to the American Edition: Upon the situation of illegitimate

children see Rühle, op. cit. pp. 63 ff., and especially the interesting

works of Dr. Spann, “Untersuchungen über die uneheliche Bevölkerung in

Frankfurt a/M.” and “Die unehelichen Mündel des Vormundschaftsgerichtes

in Frankfurt a/M.”]

[348] Dr. C. Hugo, “Kind und Gesellschaft”, p. 562 (“Neue Zeit”,

1894–1895, I). See also L. Ferriani, “Entartete Mütter.”

[Note to the American Edition: At this moment I have before me the

“Annual Report, 1912–1913”, where it is shown that the total number of

children for whom the society in question has cared has increased to

2,101,130 in 29 years, an annual average, therefore, of about 75,000.

For the year of the report the number was 159,000.

Cf. Rühle, op. cit., and especially the report upon Austria of Dr. J.

M. Baernreither, “Die Ursachen, Erscheinungsformen und die Ausbreitung

der Verwahrlosung von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Oesterreich.”]

[349] For a criticism of the present educational system see A. C. F.

Schäffle, “Bau und Leben des sozialen Körpers”, I, p. 262; Ch.

Letourneau, “L’évolution du mariage et de la famille”, p. 444; E. Key,

“Das Jahrhundert des Kindes”, pp. 109 ff.; Th. Schlesinger Eckstein,

“Die Frau im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 54–56.

[350] [Note to the American Edition: There has also appeared in recent

times a considerable literature upon the etiology of prostitution. We

note the following: A. Forel, “Die sexuelle Frage”, chap. x; P.

Kampffmeyer, “Die Prostitution als soziale Klassenerscheinung und ihre

sozialpolitische Bekämpfung”; T. Hermann, “Die Prostitution und ihr

Anhang”; T. Bloch, “Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit”, chap. xiii, and “Die

Prostitution”, I (chiefly historical); A. Pappritz, “Die Welt von der

man nicht spricht”; H. Arendt, “Menschen die den Pfad verloren”; M.

Minovici, “Remarques sur la criminalité en Roumanie”; C. K. Schneider,

“Die Prostituirte und die Gesellschaft”; G. Schnapper-Arndt,

“Sozial-Statistik”, chap. viii; Quiros and Aguinaliedo, “Verbrechertum

und Prostitution in Madrid”; R. Hessen, “Die Prostitution in

Deutschland”; A. Blaschko, “Prostitution” (“Handwörterbuch der

Staatswissenschaften”, VI); H. Ellis, “Geschlecht und Gesellschaft”,

II, chap. viii; “The Social Evil in Chicago” (“Report of the Vice

Commission of Chicago”); A. Moll, “Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften”,

chap. iv; E. von Grabe, “Prostitution, Kriminalität, und Psychopathie”;

A. Neher, “Die geheime und öffentliche Prostitution in Stuttgart,

Karlsruhe, und München.”]

[351] C. Zetkin, “Geistiges Proletariat, Frauenfrage, und Sozialismus”,

pp. 5, 6; Dr. J. Jeannel, “De la prostitution dans les grandes villes

au XIXe siècle”, pp. 187, 188.

[352] Each consequence becomes in its turn a cause; as in this case,

for, while prostitution is largely a consequence of the impossibility

of marrying, prostitution in its turn becomes, through the demoralizing

influence of the prostitutes, a reason why some men do not marry

although their means would permit it.

[353] See also by the same author: “Die moderne Prostitution”, pp. 14,

15 (“Neue Zeit”, 1891–92, II), and “Hygiene der Prostitution und

venerischen Krankheiten”, p. 39; Dr. V. Augagneur: “La prostitution des

filles mineures” (“Archives d’anthropologie criminelle”, III, p. 224).

[354] [Note to the American Edition: Upon the demoralization of poor

children see the works of Baernreither and Rühle already cited, and H.

Arendt, “Kleine Weisse Sklaven.”]

[355] This study may be found in the second volume of

Parent-Duchatelet’s work: “De la Prostitution dans la ville de Paris.”

[356] P. 39 (Session 1882).

[357] Vol. I, pp. 91, 92.

[358] “La Prostitution à Paris et à Londres”, p. 125.

[359] Op. cit., p. 211.

[360] “Le Crime à Deux”, pp. 205, 206. For figures for Berlin see Dr.

B. Schoenlank, “Zur Statistik der Prostitution in Berlin”, pp. 335, 336

(“Archiv für soziale Gesetzgeb. u. Stat.”, VII.).

[361] “La prostitution en Russie”, p. 195 (“Progrès médical”, 1893).

[362] “Die Beziehungen der Prostitution zum Verbrechen”, p. 8 (“Archiv

f. Kriminal Anthropologie u. Kriminalstatistik”, XI.).

[363] “Zur Kenntnis des grossstädtischen Bettel- und Vagabondentums,”

p. 188 (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Strafrw.”, XXXIII).

[364] Op. cit. I, pp. 92, 93.

[365] Op. cit., p. 210.

[366] Op. cit., pp. 215, 216.

[367] “Reports of the Select Committee”, Appendix B, p. 52.

[368] Pp. 42–44 and 46–66.

[369] Appendix B, p. 52.

[370] P. 133.

[371] Op. cit., p. 108.

[372] Op. cit., p. 196.

[373] Op. cit., I, pp. 67–70.

[374] Op. cit., I, p. 68.

[375] Op. cit., I, p. 71. The data of the same author show that out of

3,095 fathers of prostitutes, 1,078 (35%) could not sign their names.

[376] Op. cit., I, p. 108.

[377] “Moralstatistik”, p. 216. Upon this cause of prostitution see

also: Dr. G. Richelot, op. cit., pp. 582, 583; Dr. C. Röhrmann, “Der

sittliche Zustand von Berlin”, pp. 45, 46; “Die Prostitution in

Berlin”, pp. 86, 87; L. Faucher, “Études sur l’Angleterre”, I, p. 74;

Lecour, op. cit., pp. 202–204; Carlier, op. cit., pp. 35, 36; G. Tomel

and H. Rollet, “Les enfants en prison”, pp. 156 ff.; L. Ferriani,

“Entartete Mütter”, p. 161; Dr. O. Commenge, “La prostitution

clandestine à Paris”, pp. 33–35.

[378] Op. cit., p. 216.

[379] Appendix B, p. 52.

[380] P. 42.

[381] Op. cit., p. 108.

[382] Op. cit., p. 197.

[383] Op. cit., I, p. 102.

[384] Op. cit., I, p. 102. Upon this cause of prostitution see further:

Dr. Richelot, op. cit., pp. 574, 575; Dr. Fr. S. Hügel, “Zur

Geschichte, Statistik, und Regelung der Prostitution”, pp. 206, 207;

Dr. Jeannel, op. cit., pp. 145, 146; A. C. Fr. Schäffle, “Bau und Leben

des sozialen Körpers”, I, p. 261; H. Stursberg, “Die Prostitution in

Deutschland und ihre Bekämpfung”, pp. 44, 45; Dr. E. Laurent, “Les

habitués des prisons de Paris”, pp. 585–589 (description of types); G.

Schönfeldt, “Beiträge zur Geschichte des Pauperismus und der

Prostitution in Hamburg”, p. 269.

[385] A. Pappritz, “Die wirthschaftlichen Ursachen der Prostitution”,

p. 14.

[386] “Wiener Wohnungsverhältnisse”, pp. 221–223 (“Archiv f. soz.

Gesetzg. u. Statist.” VII).

[387] “Bijdragen tot de Statistiek van Nederland XXIV, Uitkomsten der

woning-statistiek”, p. 52.

[388] Op. cit., p. 98.

[389] Pappritz, op. cit., p. 15.

[390] v. Philippovich, op. cit., p. 222.

[391] P. 42. See also: Richelot, op. cit., pp. 573, 574; W. Acton,

“Prostitution Considered in its Moral, Social, and Sanitary Aspects”,

pp. 131 ff.; Jeannel, op. cit., p. 143; Lecour, op. cit., p. 246;

“Reports of the Select Committee, etc.”, p. 39 (Session of 1882);

Stursberg, op. cit., pp. 46, 47; Commenge, op. cit., p. 32.

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. Th. M. Raest van Limburg, “In den

strijd tegen de ontucht.” P. Kampffmeyer, “Das Wohnungselend der

Grossstädte und seine Beziehungen zur Verbreitung der

Geschlechtskrankheiten und zur Prostitution”, and “Die

Wohnungsmissstände im Prostitutions- und im Schlafgängerwesen und ihre

gesetzliche Reform”; Pfeiffer, “Das Wohnungselend der grossen Städte

und seine Beziehungen zur Prostitution und den

Geschlechtskrankheiten.”]

[392] Op. cit., p. 54.

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. especially the “Report of the

Departmental Committee on the Employment of Children, Oct., 1903.”]

[393] Op. cit., p. 247. See also Parent-Duchatelet, op. cit., I. p.

103; Röhrmann, op. cit., p. 44; Jeannel, op. cit., pp. 146–148;

“Reports”, etc. (Session of 1882), pp. 15–17; K. Struntz, “Die

erwerbsmässige Kinderarbeit und die Schule”, pp. 183 ff. (“Neue Zeit”,

1898–1899, I).

[394] Dr. A. Blaschko, “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 22;

“Hygiene der Prostitution”, pp. 40, 41.

[395] Appendix B, p. 52.

[396] Dr. Bonhoeffer, op. cit., p. 109.

[397] See the detailed statistics, op. cit., I, pp. 79–84.

[398] Op. cit., p. 148.

[399] Op. cit., p. 336.

[400] Op. cit., p. 197.

[401] Pp. 148, 149 [in original, pp. 151, 152]. See also: L. Faucher,

“Études sur l’Angleterre”, I, pp. 276, 277; M. de Baets, “Les

influences de la misère sur la criminalité”, pp. 35, 36; Stursberg, op.

cit., pp. 49, 50; Commenge, op. cit., pp 13–15; L. Ferriani, “Schlaue

und glückliche Verbrecher”, p 467.

[402] Op. cit., p. 149 [in original, p. 152]. For analogous cases see

A. Bebel, “Die Frau und der Sozialismus”, pp. 195–197; “Les Scandales

de Londres”, pp. 235–238; “Enquête betreffende werking en uitbreiding

der wet van 19 September 1874 en naar den toestand van fabrieken en

werkplaatsen”, 1887, deel V, p. 77; Dr. H Lux, “Sozialpolitisches

Handbuch”, pp. 135, 136; Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 46–48; Commenge, op.

cit., pp. 15–17; G. S., “Die weibliche Lohnarbeit und ihr Einfluss auf

die Sittlichkeit und Kriminalität”, p. 748 (“Neue Zeit”, 1899–1900,

II); L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, p. 308.

[403] See “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 23, 24.

[404] L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp. 409–411; G. S., op. cit., pp.

754–756.

[Note to the American Edition: Upon servants cf. further: O. Spann,

“Die geschlechtlich-sittlichen Verhältnisse im Dienstboten und

Arbeiterinnenstande”; and R. de Ryckère, “La servante criminelle”, ch.

IX.]

[405] Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 48–50.

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. further: C. Jellinek,

“Kellnerinnenelend” and Dr. H. Peters, “Zur Lage der Kellnerinnen im

Grossherzogtum Baden.” Upon prostitution in the theater see V. v.

Lepel, “Prostitution beim Theater.”]

[406] Stursberg, op. cit., pp. 55, 57; Hirsch, op. cit., pp. 42, 43;

Pappritz, op. cit., pp. 13, 14.

[407] Op. cit., I, p. 107.

[408] Appendix B, p. 52.

[409] P. 169.

[410] H. Frégier, “Les classes dangereuses de la population dans les

grandes villes”, I, p. 97; Lecour, op. cit., p. 244; L. Taxil, “La

corruption fin-de-siècle”, p. 42; Commenge, op. cit., pp. 17–20; A.

Aletrino, “Over eenige oorzaken der prostitutie”, pp. 21, 22; E.

Gystrow, “Liebe und Liebesleben im XIX Jahrhundert”, p. 22.

[411] Op. cit., I, p. 107.

[412] Op. cit., I, p. 99.

[413] Op. cit., I, pp. 104, 105.

[414] Session 1882, Appendix B, p. 52.

[415] Op. cit., p. 169.

[416] “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 17, 18. See also B.

Schönlank, “Zur Lage der in der Wäschefabrikation und

Konfektionsbranche Deutschlands beschäftigen Arbeiterinnen”, pp. 126,

127 (“Neue Zeit”, 1888); Hirsch, op. cit., p. 46; Pappritz, op. cit.,

p. 10.

[417] Hirsch, op. cit., p. 57.

[418] P. 161. See also Faucher, op. cit., I, p. 277; Bebel, op. cit.,

p. 194; and Schäffle, op. cit., I, p. 261. Cf. Neher, op. cit., pp. 13

ff.

[419] Pp. 8, 9.

[420] P. 188 (“Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung, und

Volkswirthschaft”, XII, 2). See also L. Braun, “Die Frauenfrage”, pp.

227 ff., and 287 ff.

[421] I, p. 65.

[422] III, p. 168. See also “Reports of the Select Committee,” etc.

(Session 1882), pp. 15, 16.

[423] Op. cit., I, pp. 103–104. See also: Richelot, op. cit., pp.

577–579; Frégier, op. cit., I, pp. 97, 98; Ducpetiaux, “De la condition

physique et morale des jeunes ouvriers”, I, p. 315; “Die Prostitution

in Berlin” (Anon.), pp. 84, 85; Loewe, “Die Prostitution”, pp. 135,

136; Röhrmann, op. cit., pp. 24, 25; Moreau-Christophe, op. cit., III,

pp. 167, 168; Acton, op. cit., pp. 180 ff.; Hügel, op. cit., p. 208;

Jeannel, op. cit., pp. 140–142; Lecour, op. cit., p. 248; Müller, “De

Prostitutie”, pp. 10–11; du Camp, “Prostitution à Paris”, pp. 257, 258

(“Journal des économistes”, 1872); Kühn, “Die Prostitution im XIX

Jahrhundert”, pp. 37, 38; Schäffle, op. cit., p. 261; von Oettingen,

op. cit., pp. 212, 213; Domela Nieuwenhuis, “Zur Frage der

Prostitution”, pp. 254 ff. (“Neue Zeit”, 1884); Stursberg, op. cit.,

pp. 51–53; Lux, “Die Prostitution”, pp. 10–12; Schönfeld, op. cit., pp.

269 ff.; Teifen, “Das Soziale Elende und die besitzenden Klassen in

Oesterreich”, pp. 150 ff.; Taxil, op. cit., pp. 33–38; De Baets, op.

cit., pp. 36, 37; Commenge, op. cit., pp. 28, 29, 36, 37; Blaschko,

“Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”, pp. 16–21.

[424] L. Braun, op. cit., p. 555; Röhrmann, op. cit., pp. 46, 47;

Pappritz, op. cit., p. 12.

[425] Kühn, op. cit., p. 38.

[426] Hatzig, “Der Mädchenhandel”, p. 514 (“Zeitschr. f. d. ges.

Strafrw.” XX); Bebel, op. cit., pp. 190–192; “Reports of the Select

Committee”, etc. (Session 1881); “Les scandales de Londres”, passim;

Collard, “De handel in blanke slavinnen”, pp. 4–56.

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. further: A. Mackirdy and W. N.

Willis, “The White Slave Market”; Willis, “The White Slaves of London”;

and H. Wagener, “Der Mädchenhandel.”]

[427] Pp. 514, 515.

[428] Collard, op. cit., pp. 13–15. Upon the procurer’s trade in

general see: Parent-Duchatelet, op. cit., I, pp. 430–436; Richelot, op.

cit., pp. 583–588; Acton, op. cit., p. 165; Lecour, op. cit., pp.

195–202; Carlier, op. cit., chap. II; Stursberg, op. cit., p. 53;

Commenge, op. cit., pp. 60–90; Blaschko, “Hygiene der Prostitution und

venerischen Krankheiten”, pp. 37, 38.

[429] Op. cit., pp. 600 and 637.

[430] P. 52 (Session 1882), Appendix B.

[431] Op. cit., I, p. 86.

[432] Op. cit., p. 334.

[433] Richelot, op. cit., pp. 664, 665; Acton, op. cit., p. 165;

Pappritz, op. cit., pp. 17, 18.

[434] Tarnowsky, “Prostitution und Abolitionismus”, pp. 108 ff.

[435] Lombroso and Ferrero, “La femme criminelle et la prostituée”, p.

212.

[436] Op. cit., p. 581.

[437] P. 132.

[438] Op. cit., p. 574.

[439] Op. cit., pp. 118, 119.

[440] See some typical examples cited by Dr. Magnan in his report to

the second Congress of Criminal Anthropology: “De l’enfance des

criminels dans les rapports avec la prédisposition naturelle au crime.”

(“Actes,” pp. 60–63.)

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. H. F. Stelzner, “Die

psychopathischen Konstitutionen und ihre sociologische Bedeutung.”]

[441] Commenge, op. cit., p. 107.

[442] Op. cit., I, p. 106.

[443] See further against Lombroso’s theory: R. Calwer, “Die erbliche

Belastung der Prostituirten” (“Neue Zeit”, XII, 2); Hirsch, op. cit.,

pp. 15 ff.; Pappritz, op. cit., pp. 3–6.

[Note to the American Edition: Cf. Näcke, “Die Ueberbleibsel der

Lombrosischen kriminalanthropologischen Theorien.”]

[444] See for example Blaschko, “Die Prostitution im XIX Jahrhundert”,

p. 9.

[445] “The History of Human Marriage”, pp. 70, 71.

[446] [Note to the American Edition: Notable recent works are: E.

Vandervelde, “Le socialisme et l’alcool” (“Essais socialistes”); E.

Wurm, “Die Alkoholfrage”; A. Pistolese, “Alcoolismo e delinquenza”; and

A. Dix, “Alkoholismus und Arbeiterschaft.”]

[447] The abuse of alcohol is much more extensive than is generally

believed. Dr. Grotjahn gives as the amount that a normal man can take

without being injured by it, 30–45 grams of absolute alcohol, the

amount contained in a liter of beer, or a half-liter of light wine.

(“Der Alkoholismus”, p. 143.)

[448] Pp. 126, 127.

[449] Op. cit., pp. 287, 288.

[450] Op. cit., p. 288.

[451] Holst, “Arbeiders en Alkohol” (“Nieuwe Tijd”, VII), p. 527, and

Grotjahn, op. cit., p. 225.

[452] Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, pp. 215, 216.

[453] Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 35–41.

[454] See J. Rae, “Der Achtstunden-Arbeitstag”, pp. 249, 250, where

mention is made of the opposition of public-house keepers in Australia

to the movement for an eight-hour day. Upon the shortening of the day

and the decrease in the use of alcohol, see pp. 96, 107, 108 in the

same work; Lux, “Socialpolitisches Handbuch”, pp. 328–329; Dr. G. M.

den Tex, “Verkorting van den arbeidsdag”, pp. 28, 29, 34, 80, 117–120,

140; “Onmatig lange arbeidstijd en misbruik van sterken drank” (Anon.),

pp. 17–20; Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 288–289; Roland-Holst, op. cit., pp.

530–532; Augagneur, “Les vraies causes et les vrais remèdes de

l’alcoolisme”, pp. 76–77 (“Mouvement Socialiste”, 1900); Verhaeghe, “Le

parti socialiste et la lutte contre l’alcool”, pp. 25–26 (“Mouvement

Socialiste”, 1900).

[455] Given in detail in Grotjahn, op. cit., pp. 277–283.

[456] See also Colajanni, “L’alcoolismo”, pp. 153 ff.; Zerboglio,

“L’alcoolisme: causes et remèdes”, pp. 123, 124 (“Devenir Social”,

1895); Vandervelde, op. cit., p. 260, and “Die ökonomischen Faktoren

des Alkoholismus”, pp. 747, 748 (“Neue Zeit”, 1901–1902, I); Verhaeghe,

op. cit., pp. 203–205.

Upon the fact that the abuse of alcohol has consequences much more

injurious for the badly nourished man than for others, see: A. Baer,

“Der Alkoholismus”, p. 286; Colajanni, op. cit., p. 183; Grotjahn, op.

cit., p. 273; Verhaeghe, “De l’alcoolisation”, p. 203.