known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam
Geography
---------
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and
the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara
Geographic coordinates: 32 00 N, 5 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 446,550 sq km
land area: 446,300 sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 2,002 km
border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km
note: excludes the length of the boundary between the places of
sovereignty and Morocco
Coastline: 1,835 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but
sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a
referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been in
effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of
sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco -
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as
well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la
Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with large
areas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal
plains
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m
highest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc,
fish, salt
Land use:
arable land: 18%
permanent crops: 1%
meadows and pastures: 28%
forest and woodland: 12%
other: 41%
Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosion
resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction
of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation
of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters
natural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable and
subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
People
------
Population: 29,779,156 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 5,696,731; female 5,522,077)
15-64 years: 58% (male 8,577,918; female 8,700,521)
65 years and over: 4% (male 613,712; female 668,197) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.05% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 27.39 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.52 years
male: 67.53 years
female: 71.61 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Moroccan(s)
adjective: Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the
language of business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 43.7%
male: 56.6%
female: 31%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form: Al Maghrib
Data code: MO
Type of government: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Rabat
Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, Al
Hoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,
Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia,
Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra,
Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*,
Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, Sidi
Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,
Tiznit
Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of
King HASSAN II's accession to the throne)
Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil
law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of Supreme Court
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) is a hereditary
monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May
1994) was appointed by the king
cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the king
Legislative branch: unicameral
Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected by
direct, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college of
government, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popular
elections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 222 directly
elected) USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS
6, PDI 3, SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest elections
last held 17 September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 111 indirectly
elected) UC 27, MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura
and Istiqlal 6, USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed on the
recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided
over by the king
Political parties and leaders:
opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammad
al-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress
and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic and
Popular Action (OADP), Mohamed Ben SAID
pro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular
Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND),
Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP),
Mahjoubi AHARDANE
independents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;
Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA),
Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NA
labor unions and community organizations (indirect elections:
Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Union
of Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union of
Workers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA
International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT (associate),
AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS
(observer), OIC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSA
chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982
FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161
consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG
embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat
mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718
telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65
FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61
consulate(s) general: Casablanca
Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of
developing countries - restraining government spending, reducing
constraints on private activity and foreign trade, and keeping
inflation within bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has
pursued an economic program toward these objectives with the support
of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The
economy has substantial assets to draw on: the world's largest
phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and fishing resources, a
sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing sector, and
remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe drought in
1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. Real GDP
contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these setbacks,
initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the banking
sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993-94.
Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by 40%.
In 1995, Morocco suffered from a drought said to be the worst in 30
years. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and
vulnerability to external economic forces remain long-term problems
for Morocco.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $87.4 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -6.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $3,000 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.3%
industry: 32.2%
services: 53.5% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994)
Labor force: 7.4 million
by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9%
(1985)
Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $8.1 billion
expenditures: $8.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994 est.)
Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 0.1%
Electricity:
capacity: 2,620,000 kW
production: 9.9 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: barley, wheat, citrus, wine, vegetables, olives;
livestock
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the
increase for both domestic and international drug markets; shipments
of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for
cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe
Exports: $4 billion (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%,
consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%
partners: EC 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993)
Imports: $7.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994)
commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw
materials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%,
consumer goods 9%
partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993)
External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $297 million (1993)
note: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991)
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.607 (January
1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707
(1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 1,907 km
standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1003 km electrified; 246 km
double track) (1994)
Highways:
total: 59,474 km
paved: 29,440 km (including 73 km of expressways)
unpaved: 30,034 km (1991 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km
(abandoned); natural gas 241 km
Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra,
Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled
Ceuta and Melilla
Merchant marine:
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 175,962 GRT/257,449 DWT
ships by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 7, container 2, oil tanker
4, refrigerated cargo 9, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea
passenger 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 63
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 11
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 7
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2
with paved runways under 914 m: 12
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 11
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 15 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 270,100 (1987 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and
microwave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca and
Rabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and
Tetouan
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave
radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0
Radios: 5.527 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26)
Televisions: 1.21 million (1993 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan
Air Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 7,541,745
males fit for military service: 4,782,028
males reach military age (18) annually: 330,344 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.38 billion,
4.1% of GDP (1995)
======================================================================
@Mozambique
----------
Map
---
Location: 18 15 S, 35 00 E -- Southern Africa, bordering the
Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania
Flag
----
Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black,
and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side;
the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a
yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book
Geography
---------
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel,
between South Africa and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 18 15 S, 35 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total area: 801,590 sq km
land area: 784,090 sq km
comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline: 2,470 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical to subtropical
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus
in northwest, mountains in west
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m
Natural resources: coal, titanium, natural gas
Land use:
arable land: 4%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 56%
forest and woodland: 20%
other: 20%
Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in the
hinterlands have resulted in increased migration to urban and
coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters
natural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central and
southern provinces; devastating cyclones
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified
- Desertification, Law of the Sea
People
------
Population: 17,877,927 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 4,141,915; female 4,115,191)
15-64 years: 51% (male 4,324,102; female 4,868,518)
65 years and over: 3% (male 184,606; female 243,595) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.65% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 45.51 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 18.97 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican
refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa in earlier
years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000
refugees remain to be repatriated from those countries
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 125.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 44.34 years
male: 43.21 years
female: 45.5 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan,
Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%,
Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)
total population: 40.1%
male: 57.7%
female: 23.3%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica Popular de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique
Data code: MZ
Type of government: republic
Capital: Maputo
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular -
provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula,
Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Constitution: 30 November 1990
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary
law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November
1986) was elected for a five-year term by popular vote
head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since December
1994) was appointed by the president
cabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral
Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): the members are
elected by direct, universal, adult suffrage on a secret ballot for
a term of five years; election last held 27-29 October 1994 (next to
be held NA October 1999); results - percent vote by party NA, seats
(250 total) FRELIMO won a slim majority
note: the presidential and legislative elections took place as
called for in the 1992 peace accords; RENAMO participated in the
elections
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges appointed by the president
and judges elected by the Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; Mozambique
National Resistance (RENAMO), Afonso DHLAKAMA, president; Democratic
Union (DU), Antonio PALANGE, General Secretary
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO
chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146
FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis Coleman JETT
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (1) 492797
FAX: [258] (1) 490114
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book
Economy
-------
Economic overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique
has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable
agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed,
national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the
first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of
government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A
sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform
policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late
1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output
is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported.
Industry operates at only 20%-40% of capacity. The economy depends
heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accords between
civil warring factions, signed in October 1992, improved chances of
foreign investment, aided IMF-supported economic reforms, and
supported continued economic recovery. Elections held in 1994
diverted government attention from the economy, resulting in
slippage and delays in the economic reform program. Nonetheless,
growth continued in 1994-95, and the economy should move forward in
the late 1990s, given continued foreign help in meeting debt
obligations. One key event in 1995 was the conclusion of
negotiations with Enron of Houston, Texas, for a $700 million
project to exploit the Pande natural gas fields.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $12.2 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -2.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $700 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 33%
industry: 12%
services: 55% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1994 est.)
Labor force: NA
by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture
Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $252 million
expenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1992 est.)
Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco
Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (1993 est.)
Electricity:
capacity: 2,360,000 kW
production: 1.7 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 58 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava
(tapioca), corn, rice, tropical fruits; beef, poultry
Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: shrimp 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citrus
partners: Spain, South Africa, US, Portugal, Japan
Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)
commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum
partners: South Africa, UK, France, Japan, Portugal
External debt: $5 billion (1992 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 10,908.0 (December 1995),
9,024.3 (1995), 6,038.6 (1994), 3,874.2 (1993), 2,516.5 (1992),
1,434.5 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 3,131 km
narrow gauge: 2,988 km 1.067-m gauge; 143 km 0.762-m gauge (1994)
Highways:
total: 27,287 km
paved: 4,693 km
unpaved: 22,594 km (1991 est.)
note: highway traffic impeded by land mines not removed at end of
civil war
Waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products
289 km
Ports: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba
Merchant marine:
total: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,694 GRT/9,724
DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:
total: 131
with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4
with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5
with paved runways under 914 m: 67
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 32 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 59,000 (1983 est.)
Telephone system: fair system of tropospheric scatter, open-wire
lines, and microwave radio relay
domestic: microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic
Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)