males age 15-49: 1,125,538
males fit for military service: 888,757
males reach military age (18) annually: 37,183 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: 203 million lei, 2.5% of GDP (1995); note -
conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current
exchange rate could produce misleading results
======================================================================
@Monaco
------
Map
---
Location: 43 44 N, 7 24 E -- Western Europe, bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, on the southern coast of France, near the border
with Italy
Flag
----
Description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of
Poland which is white (top) and red
Geography
---------
Location: Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, on the
southern coast of France, near the border with Italy
Geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 24 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total area: 1.9 sq km
land area: 1.9 sq km
comparative area: about three times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
total: 4.4 km
border country: France 4.4 km
Coastline: 4.1 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Agel 140 m
Natural resources: none
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 0%
forest and woodland: 0%
other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: NA
natural hazards: NA
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Law
of the Sea
Geographic note: second smallest independent state in world (after
Holy See); almost entirely urban
People
------
Population: 31,719 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 2,737; female 2,685)
15-64 years: 63% (male 9,746; female 10,318)
65 years and over: 20% (male 2,288; female 3,945) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.59% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 10.66 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 12.11 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 7.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female
all ages: 0.87 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.07 years
male: 74.38 years
female: 81.93 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s)
adjective: Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other
21%
Religions: Roman Catholic 95%
Languages: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Literacy: NA
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco
local short form: Monaco
Data code: MN
Type of government: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers, singular -
quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
Independence: 1419 (rule by the House of Grimaldi)
National holiday: National Day, 19 November
Constitution: 17 December 1962
Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since NA November 1949) is a
hereditary monarch; Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis
Pierre (born 14 March 1958)
head of government: Minister of State Jaques DUPONT (since NA 1995)
was appointed by the prince from a list of three candidates
presented by the French Government
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the prince
Legislative branch: unicameral
National Council (Conseil National): elections last held 24 and 31
January 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by
party NA; seats - (18 total) Campora List 15, Medecin List 2,
independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union
(UND); Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-Louis
MEDECIN
International organization participation: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO,
ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US: Monaco does not have an embassy
in the US
consulate(s): New York
honorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New
Orleans, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, and
Washington, DC
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in
Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to
======================================================================
@Mongolia
--------
Map
---
Location: 46 00 N, 105 00 E -- Northern Asia, between China and
Russia
Flag
----
Description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side),
blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the
national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and
geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the
yin-yang symbol)
Geography
---------
Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area:
total area: 1.565 million sq km
land area: 1.565 million sq km
comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total: 8,114 km
border countries: China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil 4,374 m
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 79%
forest and woodland: 10%
other: 10%
Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies of
the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and
industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects
on the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentration
of factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air;
deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to
agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and
rain; desertification
natural hazards: dust storms can occur in the spring
international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
ratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: landlocked; strategic location between China and
Russia
People
------
Population: 2,496,617 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 38% (male 486,321; female 471,931)
15-64 years: 58% (male 722,485; female 723,065)
65 years and over: 4% (male 39,704; female 53,111) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.69% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 25.55 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
all ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 69.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 60.75 years
male: 58.8 years
female: 62.8 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.04 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazak 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%,
other 2%
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4%
note: previously limited religious activity because of communist
regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988 est.)
total population: 82.9%
male: 88.6%
female: 77.2%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia
Data code: MG
Type of government: republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag)
and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay,
Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi,
Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,
Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of
law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September
1990) was nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected
in general presidential elections for a four-year term; election
last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results -
Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8%
of the vote, other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)
head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August
1992) and Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH (since NA October
1992) and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA September 1990) were
appointed by the State Great Hural
cabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the State Great Hural
Legislative branch: unicameral
State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992
(next to be held NA June 1996); results - percent of vote by party
NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1
note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, serves as appeals court for
people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns
verdicts of lower courts, judges are nominated by the General
Council of Courts for approval of the Great Hural
Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's Revolutionary
Party (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general;
Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman;
Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman;
United Party of Mongolia, leader NA
note: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy: inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the Selbe
Gol, Ulaanbaatar
mailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, Big
Ring Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606
FAX: [976] (1) 320776
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)
Economy
-------
Economic overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered
population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained
economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based
on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years
extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support;
total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The
mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten,
and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber
and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has
been gradually making the transition from Soviet-style central
planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform
and has been soliciting support from international financial
agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not
recovered from the loss of Soviet aid. The country continues to
suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth of the
population below the poverty line.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.9 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,970 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 28%
industry: 35%
services: 37% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 1.115 million (mid-1993 est.)
by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural
note: over half the adult population is in the labor force,
including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $1.5 billion
expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: copper, construction materials, mining (particularly
coal); food and beverage, processing of animal products
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 900,000 kW
production: 3.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats,
cattle, camels, horses
Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool,
hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
partners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports: $223 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
partners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)
External debt: $473.7 million (1994)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 4465.39 (October 1995),
412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation
--------------
Railways:
total: 1,928 km
broad gauge: 1,928 km 1.524-m gauge (1994)
Highways:
total: 46,700 km
paved: 1,000 km
unpaved: 45,700 km (1988 est.)
Waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports: none
Airports:
total: 34
with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7
with paved runways under 914 m: 1
with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 3
with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5
with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10
with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3
with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 (1994 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 89,000 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0
Radios: 220,000
Television broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters 18)
Televisions: 120,000 (1993 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security
Forces and Frontier Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49: 638,560
males fit for military service: 417,620
males reach military age (18) annually: 27,386 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1%
of GDP (1992)
======================================================================
@Montserrat
----------
(dependent territory of the UK)
Map
---
Location: 16 45 N, 62 12 W -- Caribbean, island in the Caribbean
Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico
Flag
----
Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Geography
---------
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of
Puerto Rico
Geographic coordinates: 16 45 N, 62 12 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area: 100 sq km
land area: 100 sq km
comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal
lowland
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak 914 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
meadows and pastures: 10%
forest and woodland: 40%
other: 30%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:
current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared
for cultivation
natural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic
eruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island)
international agreements: NA
People
------
Population: 12,771 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.28% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 15.08 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
all ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 11.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.65 years
male: 73.89 years
female: 77.46 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans
Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,
Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages: English
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970 est.)
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97%
Government
----------
Name of country:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat
Data code: MH
Type of government: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Plymouth
Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint
Georges, Saint Peter's
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
Saturday of June)
Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Legal system: English common law and statute law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NA
February 1993) was appointed by the queen
head of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October
1991)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief
minister, three other ministries, the attorney general, and the
finance secretary
Legislative branch: unicameral
Legislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991 (next to be
held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total,
7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint
Lucia)
Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP),
Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT;
National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE
International organization participation: Caricom, CDB, ECLAC
(associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, WCL
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the
UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Economy
-------
Economic overview: The economy is small and open, with economic
activity centered on tourism and related services. Tourism accounts
for roughly one-quarter of Montserrat's national income. The
island's main export is electronic components which are mainly
shipped to the US. The agriculture sector is small; cabbages,
carrots, cucumbers, and onions are grown for the domestic market;
additionally, some hot peppers and live plants are exported to the
US and Europe. The threat of a volcanic eruption in late 1995 led to
the repeated evacuation of Montserrat's capital, Plymouth, and deep
ash from the volcano destroyed much of the yearend crops. As a
result, production in 1995 dropped precipitously. The likely slow
recovery of tourism and the continued danger of an eruption dim the
prospects for rapid recovery in 1996.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $55.6 million (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 0.5% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $4,500 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.8%
industry: 18.4%
services: 76.8% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1994)
Labor force: 5,100
by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%,
construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%,
manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other
14.4% (1983 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $15.7 million
expenditures: $15.6 million including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994)
Industries: tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity:
capacity: 5,271 kW
production: 17 million kWh
consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products
Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1994)
commodities: electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot
peppers, live plants, cattle
partners: US, Ireland
Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
partners: NA
External debt: $10.2 million (December 1994)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70
(fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation
--------------
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 280 km
paved: 200 km
unpaved: 80 km
Ports: Plymouth
Merchant marine: none
Airports:
total: 1
with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications
--------------
Telephones: 3,000
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 6,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 2,000 (1992 est.)
Defense
-------
Branches: Police Force
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
======================================================================
@Morocco
-------
Map
---
Location: 32 00 N, 5 00 W -- Northern Africa, bordering the North
Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and
Western Sahara
Flag
----